Role of Smart Grids in Renewable Energy Integration

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 60 (2016) 11681184
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rser
Role of smart grid in renewable energy: An overview

M.S. Hossain a, N.A. Madlool b,n, N.A. Rahim a, J. Selvaraj a,n, A.K. Pandey a,
Abdul Faheem Khan a
a
b
Centre of Research UMPEDAC, Level 4, Wisma R&D, University of Malaya, 59990 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kufa, 21 Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
art ic l e i nf o
a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received 28 August 2014
Received in revised form
31 May 2015
Accepted 18 September 2015
Smart grid engineering is the key for a benecial use of widespread energy resources, it is a modernized
electrical grid that uses analog or digital information and communications technology. Renewable energy
itself a thrust area of research due to its availability, applicability and environmental friendly nature and
the application of smart grid in renewable energy makes it vast and more promising. This fusion enables
the efcient use of renewable energies which is a key challenge for now. The present review paper
attempts to investigate the role of smart grid in the renewable energy. The introductory section sets the
role of renewable energy and distributed power in a smart grid system. Subsections cover the concept
and availability of renewable energies, renewable energy power calculation formulae, smart grid concepts and its feasibility, case studied as performed by different researchers around the World, discussion
and future recommendations and nally the conclusions from the study. To achieve this, articles from
different sources such as internet, reports, conferences and journals of Elsevier, Springer, Tailor and
Franacis, Wiley and many more have been collected and reviewed. This paper concludes that renewable
energies can be used efciently and in a smart way by using the smart grids. However, the smart grid
technology is not mature enough and needs more research on the same.
& 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Renewable energy
Smart grid system
Renewable power
Energy
Contents
1.
2.
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1169
Renewable energy: basic concepts and availability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1169
2.1.
Hydro energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1169
2.1.1.
Hydropower technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1170
2.1.2.
Sizes and capacities of hydroelectric facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1170
2.1.3.
World hydroelectric capacity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1170
2.2.
Wind energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1170
2.2.1.
Wind turbine technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1171
2.2.2.
Investigation the power generated from wind turbine plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1171
2.3.
Solar energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1172
2.3.1.
Photovoltaic technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1172
2.3.2.
World photovoltaic power stations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1172
2.3.3.
Concentrating solar thermal power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1172
2.4.
Biomass energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1173
2.4.1.
Biomass technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1173
2.4.2.
Biofuels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1173
2.4.3.
Ethanol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1174
2.4.4.
Biodiesel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1174
2.4.5.
Biopower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1174
2.5.
Geothermal energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1174
Corresponding authors.
E-mail addresses: naseer.alkhalidi@uokufa.edu.iq (N.A. Madlool), jeyraj@um.edu.my (J. Selvaraj), adarsh@um.edu.my (A.K. Pandey).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.09.098
1364-0321/& 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
M.S. Hossain et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 60 (2016) 11681184
1169
2.5.1.
Geothermal technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1175
2.5.2.
Direct-use of geothermal technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1175
2.5.3.
Electricity generation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1175
2.5.4.
Investigate the World Geothermal electric capacity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1175
3. Renewable energy power calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1176
4. Smart grid: an overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1176
4.1.
Substation automation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1178
4.2.
Network reliability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1180
5. Case studies on smart grid: renewable energy perspective. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1180
6. Conclusions, current trends and future recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1182
6.1.
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1182
6.2.
Current trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1182
6.3.
Future recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1183
Acknowledgment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1183
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1183
1. Introduction
Energy is able to do the work. In science, energy can be neither
created nor be destroyed, just transformed into another form.
Energy and its conversion are vital for all life in the world and the
basic part of the energy conversion includes into useable energy
production. During this process, the energy can be transformed
into several different forms. The different form of energy can get
from nonrenewable and renewable energy sources. The most uses
energy sources are form nonrenewable fossil fuels, oil, natural gas
and coal. Another nonrenewable source is element uranium whose
can be created hug heat and ultimately electricity. Fossil fuels and
nuclear energy are the leading energy sources and can be stored in
many countries. The uses of fossil fuels have almost been double
from 630,000 to 121,000 TW h and the uses of coal and natural gas
has also increased in the year 19732010. However, the uses of
nuclear energy are much lower than the fossil fuels, about
84000 TW h in 2010 [1].
The use of renewable energy increased greatly just after the
rst big oil crisis in the late seventies. Although in most power
generating systems, the main source of energy (the fuel) can
manipulate, this is not true for solar, water and wind energies [2].
The solar energy is the main source for renewable energy which
can be used directly as Bioenergy and other related renewable
sources. Where a small part of the solar energy that reaches the
surface of the earth is used in photosynthesis. The irradiation solar
energy to energy stored in the biomass is only 4.66%. According
to International Energy Agency, about 15,000 TW h was used for
energy purposes in 2010. Where wind energy utilization was
574 TW h in 2012 and the hydropower was 3438 TW h in 2010.
However, the utilization of solar energy is very low, about
100 TW h [1].
The main problems with these renewable energy sources are
cost and availability; wind, hydro and solar power are not always
available where and when needed. Unlike conventional sources of
electric power, these renewable sources are not dispatch able the
power output cannot control. Daily and seasonal effects and limited predictability result in intermittent generation. Smart grids
promise to facilitate the integration of renewable energy and will
provide other benets as well [2]. A smart grid is an electrical grid
that uses information and communication technology. The information about the behaviors of suppliers and consumers, which is
automated fashion to improve the efciency, reliability, economics, and sustainability of the production and distribution of electricity [3]. Most smart grids are located aside from closely populated areas, near a fuel source and at a dam site, to take advantage
from the renewable energy sources. They are usually quite large to
take benets of the economies of scale. The electric power, which
generate, stepped up to a higher voltage at which it connects to

the transmission network. The transmission network will move
the long distance, sometime across international boundaries, until
it reaches its wholesale customer (usually the company that owns
the local distribution network) [4]. On arrival at a substation, the
power will stepped down from a transmission level voltage. As it
exits the substation, it enters the distribution wiring. Finally, upon
arrival at the service location, the power is stepped down again
from the distribution voltage to the required service voltage [5].
In this paper attempt has been made to present the overview of
smart grid technology and its role in renewable energy. Section 1
represents the introductory part, Section 2 represent the basic
concept of renewable energy technologies, their sizes and capacities and worldwide availability. Section 3 presents the basic
renewable energy formulae with examples, Section 4 presents an
overview of the smart grid technology, Section 5 presents the case
studies as presented by the different researchers around the world
and nally the conclusions, current trends and future recommendation from the study has been presented in the last i.e.
Section 6.
2. Renewable energy: basic concepts and availability

There are many renewable energy sources available in the
world. The basic part of these kind of energy sources are free and
available. Here will be described all the renewable energy technologies and worldwide their production capacity.
2.1. Hydro energy
The hydropower main source is water, which is sinuous and
then converted into electricity. The power of water is called
hydroelectric or hydropower. In hydro power plant, the water is
reserved or storing from river by using a dam that water will
through a turbine. When turbine spanning, the generator producing electricity [6].
There is another type of hydroelectric plant which is called
pumped storage and that can be able to storage power. This system will work in the turbine by pumping the water from the river
or from lower to upper reservoir and the generator spin the turbine backward. This process will be running continuously and
produces more power which will be ready to use. Electricity
generated from the generators because that spins the turbines
forward. The power production from the big, minor or microhydroelectric plants which will be enough electricity for a farm,
ranch and house.
1170
Fig. 1. Diagram of a hydroelectric power plant [7].
2.1.1. Hydropower technology

A short description of hydropower technology. In the future for
Smart Grid system, hydropower could be an important storage
resource and this is a part of renewable energy which will be a
good market in the power semiconductor. The hydro power station will be dened as three types that will convert mechanical
energy moving water into electrical energy [5]:
1) Conventional storage,
2) Pumped storage and
3) Run of the river.
Whereas, in next future using tidal for generating potential
electricity, not yet widely used. These generated power will be
more powerful than solar and wind energy. Another renewable
energy is the wave source which is also in experimental level and
it will be a very interesting part of semiconductor system. Fig. 1
shows a whole system of hydropower facilities [7].
2.1.2. Sizes and capacities of hydroelectric facilities
The worldwide only three hydroelectric facilities are in operation about 10 GW and above. They are Itaipu Dam at 14 GW, Guri at
10.2 GW and Gorges 3 Dam at 22.5 GW. However, it is a common
view that the largest hydroelectric power plant facilities will be
producing huge amount of power [8]. Present in these kind of
power station with advanced facilities and their production
sometime more than double from their installed capacity which is
larger than a nuclear power station.
2.1.3. World hydroelectric capacity
The world hydroelectric capacity is ranking based on annual
energy production and installation rate. In globally 16 percent of
electricity consumption form Hydro, which is rapidly increasing
during the year from 2003 to 2009 [9]. Whereas, the electricity
production 3427 terawatt-hours in 2010.
32 percent of global hydropower is produced by 150 countries
where are located in the Asia-Pacic region in 2010. Same year, the
biggest country in China has the largest hydroelectric power plant
and their production about 721 terawatt hours, where domestic
electricity used only 17 percent. Hydroelectric power is the main
internal stimulating energy production in some countries, for
instance, Brazil, Canada, New Zealand, Norway, Paraguay, Australia, Switzerland, and Venezuela. Some other countries from the
hydroelectric dams can produce electricity about 100 percent in
Paraguay and 90 percent is exported to Brazil and Argentina, and
9899% of electricity is produced from hydroelectric sources in
Norway [10]. Fig. 2, shows the current and future hydro power
generated by those regions [11].
Fig. 2. Hydroelectricity generation grows steadily by region [11].

Table 1
Ten of the largest hydroelectric producers as at 2009 [6,12].
Country
Annual hydroelectric production

(TW h)
Installed
capacity
(GW)
Capacity
factor
% of total
capacity
China
Canada
Brazil
United States
Russia
Norway
India
Venezuela
Japan
Sweden
652.05
369.5
363.8
250.6
167.0
140.5
115.6
85.96
69.2
65.5
196.79
88.974
69.080
79.511
45.000
27.528
33.600
14.622
27.229
16.209
0.37
0.59
0.56
0.42
0.42
0.49
0.43
0.67
0.37
0.46
22.25
61.12
85.56
5.74
17.64
98.25
15.80
69.20
7.21
44.34
A hydroelectric plant is little operating at its full power rating

over a full year. The ratio between installed capacity and annual
average power rating is the capacity factor. The installed capacity
is the sum of all generator nameplate power ratings. Table 1,
shows the ten countries hydroelectricity installation and production capacity [6].
2.2. Wind energy
Wind power is generated from air ow, using the turbine to
produce mechanical to electrical energy. Here some example of
wind power utilization in windmills, wind pumps, sail for propelling ships etc.
There are hundreds of individual wind turbines in large wind
farms that are connected to the stimulating power transmission
network. It is steadier, stronger, and less visual impact of offshore
wind, while considerably higher cost of construction and maintenance. The small onshore wind farm is adapted for isolated locations. Producing electricity through small domestic wind turbines is
becoming more and more prevalent in utility companies [13].
Wind power is an alternative source to fossil fuels. Where,
wind power is plentiful, renewable, no emission and used the little
land for installation as well [4]. This is a better effect on the
environment than other power sources. Most than a quarter of
electricity is generated from wind in Denmark in 2011. Wind
power is being used economically by 83 countries all over the
world. Wind energy productions were more than 2.5% of total
global electricity use in 2010, and growing rapidly at over 25%
yearly. The cost per unit of energy production almost equals the
cost of new coal and natural gas installation [14].
1171
Fig. 3. Wind turbine power plant ow diagram [14].
2.2.1. Wind turbine technology

A wind turbine can be dened as the tool that changes the
energy of the kinetic from the wind, which is sometimes known as
the wind energy, into automatic power throughout procedures
named the wind power. In the case of the mechanical power is
employed in producing electricity, the tool might be referred to as
a wind power plant or wind turbine. As the mechanical power is
conducted to impel machinery, to pumping water or crush grain
or, the tool known as a windmill. In the same lines, it may be
known a cartridge clip if it used for charging the batteries.
Accordingly, the growth of windmill and up-to-date it's engineering. The wind turbine energy production in vertical axis and
variety of horizontal kinds. The minor turbines are devoted for
uses like charging batteries or sub-power for boats. Moreover, the
big connected arrays of turbines are considered under the present
increasingly signicant provider of wind power-produced electricity [15].
Fig. 3 below indicates a wind-turbine energy plant employed
the active power in wind for conveying the monotonous power.
Wind power can be considered as a live source of energy and even
in the ancient days wind was utilized as a normal source of power.
This power was exploited for carrying out a wind range of automatic works. It can be regarded as the smoothest forms of energy
that is used to produce the power. There are no signicant useless
supplies from wind turbines throughout operations in comparison
with other energy sources. Thus, the approximate every year wind
energy attainable on earth is about 13 1012 kW h, the same to
1500 power stations delivering 1000 MW of energy.
2.2.2. Investigation the power generated from wind turbine plant
The world largest wind energy generated in China by the
report of the Global Wind Energy Council and cannot compare
these production to other countries wind power around the
world. In China, it is estimated that about less than 80 or above
wind turbine farms are presently working. However, the rst
lasting magnetic rising wind turbine was recorded in China. This
turbine permits the electricity production even at low wind
speeds within a function 62,733 MW. China nowadays becomes
the biggest wind energy produced over the United States comparing with 2010. Recently, wind energy has grown spectacularly
the entire world. Now, it is regarded as one of the backbone basis
of the economic development in more than 12 turbine plants
doing business. China has an excellent wind power potential as a
result of a large land mass and long coastline means. On the other
hand, the United States can be considered the second best wind
power generated country is the United States. The country's
generated electricity is generated by wind power is about 3%.
Despite ve states in the US, the level is up 10 percent, Texas
includes the greatest wind energy range with 10,400 MW. If we
consider Texas as the country would be the sixth wind energy all
over the world. In Germany is the third country that used the
wind power as a main supply for power. In April, 2010, Germany
launched its rst the offshore wind park, which is called Alpha
Ventus in the North Sea. Though offshore wind is considered a
main growth place for a government, it aims to produce
7.6 Gigawatts of wind energy established by 2020. Hence, one
obstacle is evolved is that the loss of grid connections from the
North Sea coast to the main markets of southern Germany. Germany's wind power strategy is continuously faced with critics
proclaiming that it has a high cost and being unsteady. In addition, those inquirers claim that these wind patterns are irregular.
The fourth mast using the wind power energy is Spain. In order to
apply the target of producing, even more of the national, electricity demand from wind power, Spain needs a valid and planned grid framework work to support a sector that increased 11
percent in 2011. The fth most using the wind-power energy is
India. In 1990s witnessed the begging of using wind energy in
India. The subcontinent is a relative factor in this eld, but soon it
will become the fth largest wind power market all over the
world. Thus, in 2011, INDIA HAD 16,084 MW of wind power
productivity. The sixth most using the wind power energy is
France with a growing wind power potential, and of 6800 MW. In
2011, France encountered many problems regarding the wind
power installation, i.e., the lack of protection zones and grid
connections whereby wind turbines are not permitted. The
seventh most using the wind-power energy is Italy. The Italian
government, in 1999, planned to launch 2500 MW of wind power
by 2010. Italy increased this intent in 2007 and by 2011; it had
6747 MW of wind power amount supported by the worlds most
generous feed in tariffs for electricity produced by wind farms.
The eight most using the wind power energy is the United
Kingdom. U.K plans to extend up to 29,000 MG of volume by
2020 with a cost of a cost of around 159 billion dollars. The ninth
most using the wind power energy is Canada. The Canadian wind
energy association has a prospective strategy for producing
power through wind energy. They aim to produce 55,000 MW by
2025 to suggest 20% of the country's energy requirements. This
would also redeem 17 megatons of greenhouse gas set forth
every year. Finally is Portugal, which is scaled secondly comparing with Denmark due to wind power's participation to electricity supply; with 15 percent of the country's power produced
out of the wind. Furthermore, it is also planned to raise its wind
energy from 3535 MW in 2009 to 5300 MW by 2012 [14]. Fig. 4
shows the global wind power generation forecasted in GW from
2010 to 2015. Where, Asia is the rst largest region for wind
power production. While, some other regions: Europe, America is
also increasing the production of wind energy as well [16].
Table 2 shows the world ten countries wind energy production
in 2011 [17].
1172
Fig. 4. Global wind energy annual market forecasting (GW) [16].

Table 2
Production wind energy worldwide in 2011 [17].
Country
Produced wind electricity (MW)
Year
China
United States
Germany
Spain
India
France
Italy
The United Kingdom
Canada
Portugal
62,733
46,919
29,060
21,674
16,084
6800
6747
6540
5265
4083
2011
2011
2011
2011
2011
2011
2011
2011
2011
2011
2.3. Solar energy
Fig. 5. Simplied schematics of a grid-connected residential PV power system [22].
Solar energy comes from sunlight as a conversion way. This

energy converted into photovoltaic direct energy or indirectly
concentrated power of solar. The solar concentration systems, the
large amount of sunlight obtains energy through a small beam by
using mirror, lenses or tracing systems. Photovoltaic uses the
photoelectric effect to convert light into electric current [18].
In 1980s the rst solar power concentrated commercial plant
were established. The world largest concentrated solar panel
installation with 354 MW in Mojave Desert of California. Another
two biggest solar power station in Spain, which is Solnova and
Andasol about 150 MW respectively. However, the world's largest
photovoltaic power station in the United Stated in Agua Caliente
Solar project, which is more than 250 MW and the next is in the
Charanka Solar Park in India about 221 MW respectively [19].
countries. Also for those stand-alone systems allows activated at

night and those of limited sunlight can be applied. Fig. 5 shows an
example a residential photovoltaic grid connected system [22].
2.3.1. Photovoltaic technology

In photovoltaic technology, the solar cell can be described as a
device that produces, direct current and power uctuating with
the ux of sunlight. Practically, this normally demands shifting to
wanted voltages or similar current (AC) by using of converters.
Inside the solar modules, the solar cell is collaborating as coined.
They are connected to form series to an inverter. Besides, an
inverter produces AC power by using a desired voltage after the
want to change the frequency and phase [20,21].
These powers come through from wired to smart grid to distribute many residential systems and this a big electric market for
a developed country. The grid connected photovoltaic systems are
utilized for storing the energy. There will be many applications
such systems as like satellites and lighthouses, batteries or power
generators are usually launched as backups in developing
2.3.2. World photovoltaic power stations

The list below shows, photovoltaic power stations that are over
50 MW in current net capacity in Chart 4. Most are unique photovoltaic power stations and others are groups of co-located plants
that are separate transformer connections to the grid by various
independent power productions. In April, 2013 plants have a
combined capacity of over 4 GW on this list. The list indicates that
almost 1/3 of total global capacity of utility-scale plants of more
than 10 MW, reported some 12 GW by Wiki-Solar at the end of
February 2013 [20]. The largest photovoltaic power station and
capacity in the world shown in Table 3.
Fig. 6 shows global solar power generation capacity in GW form
2004 to 2013. The report shows that the Germany is leading the
solar power generation followed by Italy while, China is the third
largest solar power generation country by 2013 [41].
2.3.3. Concentrating solar thermal power
The concentrating solar power system is capable to store
thermal and electric energy over up to a 24 h period. At pick hour
it will be high performance of power, electricity or thermal energy
and demand occurs at about 5 pm. These power systems can be
used abound 35 h for storing thermal and electrical energy
respectively. Table 4 shows a largest operational solar thermal
power station location and their capacity [42].
1173
Table 3
World's largest photovoltaic power stations (50 MW or larger) [23].
PV power station
Country
DC peak power
(MWp)
Agua Caliente Solar Project

Charanka Solar Park
Golmud Solar Park
Mesquite Solar project
Neuhardenberg Solar Park
USA
250 AC
India
221
China
200
USA
150
Germany
145
Templin Solar Park

Toul-Rosires Solar Park
Perovo Solar Park
Sarnia Photovoltaic Power Plant
Montalto di Castro Photovoltaic Power
Station
Finsterwalde Solar Park
Okhotnykovo Solar Park
SolarparkSenftenberg
Lieberose Photovoltaic Park
Rovigo Photovoltaic Power Plant
Olmedilla Photovoltaic Park
Strasskirchen Solar Park
Puertollano Photovoltaic Park
Germany
France
Ukraine
Canada
Italy
128.48
115
100
97
84.2
Germany
Ukraine
Germany
Germany
Italy
Spain
Germany
Spain
80.7
80
78
71.8
70
60
54
Notes
References
397 MW when complete

[24]
Completed 2012
[25,26]
Completed 2011
[23,2729]
up to 700 MW when complete
Completed September 2012. A group of 11 co-located plant by the same [30]
developer but with different IPPs
Completed September 2012
[31]
Completed November 2012
[32]
Completed 2011
[33]
Constructed 20092010
[34,35]
Constructed 20092010
Phase I completed 2009, phase II and III 2010
Completed 2011
Phase II and III completed 2011, another 70 MW phase planned
Completed November 2010
Completed September 2008
[35]
[36]
[37,38]
[39,40]
Opened 2008
Fig. 6. Global solar power generation capacity (GW) [41].
2.4. Biomass energy

The biomass is also a renewable energy and that can be dened
as a biological material. Where the biomass energy came from
living or recently living organisms. Furthermore, this energy came
from plants and some plant-derived materials, which is called
lignocelluloses [49]. The biomass energy used as direct application
and producing heat by combustion and indirect process as biofuel.
During the biofuel process conversion, it will maintain by various
methods into: chemical, thermal and biochemical etc.
2.4.1. Biomass technology
Concerning the biomass-organic issue, many types is there
nominally plants, remaining from woods and agriculture. Power,
fuels and chemicals can be produced by using the organic component of municipal and industrial wastes. As it is known, wood
had been manipulated to supply heat for older ages, which is
resulting in growing the use of biomass technologies. In 2007,
Energy Information Administration reports that 53% of all
renewable energy expended in the U.S were biomass-based [50].
Furthermore, biomass technologies break down organic materials
to discharge reservoir energy out of the sun. The course which is
adopted here relied on the class of biomass, and its designed enduse [51].
Biomass, in the general sense, can be described as a biologically

produced content founded on hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen. The
approximate biomass output approaches 146 billion tons a year,
mostly composed of wild plant outgrowth [52].
In general, biofuels are sorted into two main divisions rested
upon the source of biomass. Producing biofuels the main sources
taken from corn starch and sugarcane etc. The sugarcane has
natural bioethanol and alcohol that can make fuel. That fuel also
can be used to directly produce electricity or act as an additive to
gasoline shows in Fig. 7. Though, utilizing food -based resource for
fuel production leads to food, lack problems [53]. The second
generation of biofuels exploits nonfood-based biomass origins
such as agriculture and municipal waste. It mostly consists of
lignocelluloses biomass, which is not edible and is a low-value
waste for many industries, despite of being the favored alternative
economic production of second generation, biofuel is not yet
performed because of the technological issues. These issues are
mainly related to chemical inertness and structural rigidity of
lignocelluloses biomass. At bellow, a short denition product from
biomass resources [5456].
2.4.2. Biofuels
Biofuels are produced from biomass in liquid or gaseous fuels.
It plays an important role in transportation, and some for electricity production. Wider use of biofuels brings a great deal of
[48]
[47]
[46]
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Palma del Rio Solar Power Station
Manchasol Power Station
Valle Solar Power Station
Helioenergy Solar Power Station
Aste Solar Power Station
Solacor Solar Power Station
Helios Solar Power Station
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Palma del Ro
Alczar de San Juan
San Jos del Valle
cija
Alczar de San Juan
El Carpio
Puerto Lpice
Collection of 9 units
Completed 2010
Completed 2011, with 7.5 h thermal energy storage
Extresol 1 completed February 2010, Extresol 2 completed December 2010, Extresol 3 completed August 2012, with 7.5 h
thermal energy storage
Palma del Rio 2 completed December 2010, Palma del Rio 1 completed July 2011
Manchasol-1 completed January 2011, with 7.5 h heat storage Manchasol-2 completed April 2011, with 7.5 h heat storage
Completed December 2011, with 7.5 h heat storage
Helioenergy 1 completed September 2011, Helioenergy 2 completed January 2012
Aste 1A Completed January 2012, with 8 h heat storage, Aste 1B Completed January 2012, with 8 h heat storage
Solacor 1 completed February 2012, Solacor 2 completed March 2012
Helios 1 completed May 2012 Helios 2 completed August 2012
Mojave Desert California
Seville
Granada
Torre de Miguel Sesmero
USA
Spain
Spain
Spain
Solar Energy Generating Systems
Solnova Solar Power Station
Andasol solar power station
Extresol Solar Power Station
354
150
150
150
Notes
Country Location
Capacity (MW) Name
Table 4
Largest operational solar thermal power stations [42].
[43]
[44,45]
References
1174
Fig. 7. Flow diagram of the whole process of energy from biomass system [57] with
permission from Elsevier.
benet for our energy security, economic growth, and environmental. New forms of biofuels are the main biofuels research at
present. For instance, ethanol and biodiesel, and biofuels conversion processes [58,59].
2.4.3. Ethanol
Ethanol alcohol is composed of the starch of corn grain originally. Generally employed as an addition to petroleum-based
fuels for decreasing noxious air emissions and increasing octane.
Nowadays, probably 1/2 gasoline sold in the US, and 510% are
ethanol among them [60].
2.4.4. Biodiesel
The benets of biodiesel for air quality are meaningful even
small utilize. Under the condition of a catalyst for forming ethyl or
methyl ester, biodiesel is obtained by means of the process that
the compounds organically-derived oils with alcohol (ethanol or
methanol). The biomass-derived ethyl or methyl esters can be
together with conventional diesel, or as an entire user fuel [61].
Fig. 8 shows the global biofuels production in 2013. Where, North
America is ranked No. 1 for biofuels and Ethanol production in
2013, as reported form world energy review 2014. However, the
rest of the world, producing very little amount of biodiesel and
Ethanol [62].
2.4.5. Biopower
Bio power is the production of electricity or heater from biomass resources. Bio power technologies with 10 Gigawatts of
installed capacity are priority options in the US currently. It
includes precise combustion, co-ring, and anaerobic digestion
[50]. We can see the world biomass power station and their
capacity from Table 5.
2.5. Geothermal energy
Geothermal energy is a type of thermal energy. It is derived
from the earth and store inside automatically. The temperature of
the matter depends on the energy of the thermal energy. The
earth's crust has the geothermal energy that includes the imaginative formation of the planet (20%) and radioactive decay of
minerals (80%) [67,68].
The thermal energy is produced by the radioactive decompose
and temperature gets 5000 C (9000 F) at the earths heat. The heat
evolves directly from the core to the encompassing cooler rock. In
the case of high degrees and load, the rock will be melted and
producing magma convention comes up due to it's slighter than the
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Fig. 8. World biofuels production by region [62].

Table 5
World biomass power stations and capacity [63,64].
Rank Station
Country
Capacity
(MW)
Ref
Tilbury B Power Station
750
[63,65]
Alholmens Kraft Power

Station
Poaniec Power Station
Rodenhuize Power Station
Wisapower Power Station
United
Kingdom
Finland
265
[65]
Poland
Belgium
Finland
205
180
150
[64]
[64]
[66]
3
4
5
Fig. 9. Sketch of an atmospheric exhaust geothermal power-plant [73].
concrete rock. Thus, water from the magma and heat from the rock
on the outer surface up reaches to 370 C (700 F) [69].
Hot springs, geothermal energy was used for washing for many
years in the Paleolithic times and for space warming in Roman
times, but only now it is better recognized for electricity generation. It is estimated that about 10,715 MW (MW) of geothermic
power worldwide is online in 24 countries. Additionally,
28 Gigawatts of geothermal heating volume are established for
area heating, spas, space heating, industrial strategies, desalination
and agricultural uses [70].
2.5.1. Geothermal technologies
In general, geothermal technologies employs the pure, maintainable heat from the Earth, so the geothermal resources, involving the heart reserved in deep ground hot water and rock, existed
a few miles under the Earth's surface. That extremely high-temperature, dissolved rock is famous as magma located bottomless in
the Earth [71].
2.5.2. Direct-use of geothermal technologies
The hot water on the Earth's surface might be adopted for
various commercial and industrial uses. Direct-use benets
involve drying crops, heating buildings, heating water at sh
farms, and other industrial usages like boiling milk [71].
2.5.3. Electricity generation
It basically occurs in traditional gas turbines and dual plants
relaying on the properties of the geothermal resource. Additionally, classical steam turbines need liquids at temperatures reaching
minimum 150 C and only present with either compressing
exhausts or atmospherically (back-pressure) [72]. It is noted that

atmospheric exhaust turbines are easier and less price. The steam,
coming directly from dry steam wells or, after separation, from wet
wells, is going under a turbine and burned out into the atmosphere shown in Fig. 9 [73].
In this type of unit, steam using (from the same inlet load) per
kilowatt-hour provided is nearly double of that of a diminished
unit. Nerveless, the atmospheric exhaust turbines are very benecial as pilot plants, stand-by plants, in the case of tiny supplies
from disconnected seedbeds, and for creating electricity from
examining wells throughout eld development 6. In addition, they
are also practiced when the steam has a great non-condensable
steam content ( 412% by weight). The atmospheric exhaust units
can be constructed and installed very quickly and put into
operation in less more than 1314 months from their organized
date. This kind of device is usually presented in 10 MWe size [73].
2.5.4. Investigate the World Geothermal electric capacity
The International Geothermal Association (IGA) referred that
10,715 MW (MW) of geothermal energy in 24 countries are found
online. This is anticipated to produce 67,246 GW h of electricity in
2010 [92], which represent a 20% up in online volume since 2005.
IGA plans to increase to 18,500 MW by 2015 because of the projects under consideration are located in places previously proposed to have little notable resources [74].
Recently, 2012, U.S has become number one in the world of geothermic electricity output with 3086 MW of launching capacity from
77 power plants. The largest group of geothermic power companies
over the world is found at The Geysers where it is a geothermic major
in California [75]. Philippines scones number one regarding the
1176
highest production with 1904 MW of capacity online of geothermic

power producing about 27% of Philippine electricity generation [74].
Fig. 10 shows the world geothermal electricity production and installation capacity based on forecasting report [76].
Table 6 indicates the geothermal energy and its production
volume for a few selected countries in the world.
electrical grid that uses analog or digital information and communications technology. In renewable energy, smart grid is a
sector or a communication area that can connect the production
from renewable energy sources to the grid. However, the communication in between renewable energy production to smart grid
brings many challenges such as stability issues, complicated
operating process and remote control together. The electrical
power system is a principal structure of modern society. This
power distribution network reaches all most every home, ofce,
factory and institution in developed countries and developing
countries such as Malaysia, China and India. Electrical power and
distribution is a combined complex system and no single entity
has complete control of these multi-scale, nor does any such entity
have the ability to evaluate, monitor and manage them in real
time. The grid is not only electrical transmission system from
power plants to the substation, but it also covers the distribution,
electricity from the substations to the individual user. There will
be many challenging processes and technology are included in the
smart grid system, such as monitoring and analysis, automation or
control (active control of high voltage device, robustness, reliability, security and efciency etc), integration and control of distributed energy resources such as micro grid, renewable energies,
solid oxide, fuel cells, battery storage systems etc. There will be
needed advance satellite, communications and computers for
installing several devices, such as phasor measurement units
(PMU), digital frequency recorders (DFR), dynamic swing records
(DSR) and need global positioning system (GPS). The wide area
management systems (WAMS) devices will be installed for big
area such as New York area. Now those devices need protection
and security. For security reason need to develop integrated,
metric analysis and their corresponding states. Another important
need to develop consumers and economic factors for potential
electricity markets. These technologies are covered transmission,
sub-transmission and distribution in smart grid system [83].
The worlds power grids were designed without time-to-time
when they grew. Grid connections began between the generating
stations and the loads of point-to-point. Generally, loads could be
restricted large consumers, for instance, a factory, streetcar line
3. Renewable energy power calculation

Table 7 identies some formulas and examples of the renewable energy. Where, it is very easy to nd the renewable energy
power calculation. For the example, it shows a clear concept to use
those formulas in a practical way. There are several equations, but
these are the basic equations for renewable energy.
4. Smart grid: an overview

The grid is a network of line that can cross each to form a
connection to another connection. A smart grid is a modernized
Fig. 10. The world geothermal electricity production and installation capacity [76].
Table 6
Installed geothermal electric capacity [74,77,78].
Country
Capacity (MW)
2007
Capacity (MW)
2010
Capacity (MW)
2013
Capacity (MW)
2015
Percentage of national electricity production
Percentage of global geothermal production
United States
Philippines
Indonesia
Mexico
Italy
New Zealand
Iceland
Japan
Iran
El Salvador
Kenya
Costa Rica
Nicaragua
Russia
Turkey
Papua-New Guinea
Guatemala
Portugal
China
France
Ethiopia
Germany
Austria
Australia
Thailand
2687
1969.7
992
953
810.5
471.6
421.2
535.2
250
204.2
128.8
162.5
87.4
79
38
56
53
23
27.8
14.7
7.3
8.4
1.1
0.2
0.3
3086
1904
1197
958
843
628
575
536
250
204
167
166
88
82
82
56
52
29
24
16
7.3
6.6
1.4
1.1
0.3
3389
1894
1333
980
901
895
664
537
3450
1870
1340
1017
916
1005
665
519
0.3
27
3.7
3
1.5
10
30
0.1
29
18
11
9
8
6
5
5
204
215
208
104
97
163
56
42
28
27
15
8
13
1
1
0.3
204
594
207
159
82
397
50
52
29
27
16
7.3
27
1.2
1.1
0.3
25
11.2
14
10
1177
Table 7
Basic formulas for renewable energy [5,7982].
Name of Renewable
energy
The energy generates equation
Example
Hydropower (Water
energy)
The power available from falling water can be calculated from The power is calculated for a turbine that is 85% efcient, with water at
the ow rate and density of water, the height of fall, and the 62.25 pounds/cubic foot (998 kg/cubic meter) and a ow rate of 2800 cubic-feet/
second (79.3 cubic-meters/second), gravity of 9.80 m/s2 and with a net head of
local acceleration due to gravity. In SI units, the power is:
480 ft (146.3 m).
In SI units:
P Q gh
where
Power MW 0:85 99879:39:80146:3
1000000

Which gives 96.4 MW.

P is power in watts
is the dimensionless efciency of the turbine
is the density of water in kilograms per cubic meter
Q is the ow in cubic meters per second
g is the acceleration due to gravity
h is the height difference between inlet and outlet
Wind turbine (Wind Consider the power available from the wind: the wind power For a VAWT with 40 tall wings and a 30 diameter arc, the swept area
energy)
equation:
A 12 ft2 1.1 m2
Wind speed @ 15 mph 6.7 m/s
P 1AV 3
2
Solar energy
Where
P power in watts
The air density (1.2 kg/m3 @ sea level and 20 C)
A The swept area of the turbine blades (m2 square meters)
V wind speed ( meters per second)
For solar energy, all of these electrical units of measure are
used together to determine the Volts, Amps and Watts for any
particular solar electric application.
P VI
Where
P is power (W)
V is voltage (Volt)
I is current (amp)
Biomass energy
This equation is simple load analysis but for solar PV power, we can use this
formula, as for:
One single solar panel from type standard 150 W/24 V can deliver a power of
150 W per hour, considering full sunshine.
One solar panel of 150 W/24 V produce between 150 W 4 h 600 W h and
150 W 6 h 900 W h.
One battery of 12 V/110 Ah has a capacity of 12 V 110 Ah 1320 Wh
Consider a gas turbine CHP system that produces steam for space heating with
The most commonly used approach to determining a CHP
(Combined heat and power) systems efciency is to calculate the following characteristics:
total system efciency.
P
WE
Q TH
Fuel Input (MMBtu/hr)
41
3
Q FUEL
Electric efciency:
WE
P Q
EE
Electric Output (MW)

Thermal Output (MMBtu/hr)
Where
Using the total system efciency metric, the CHP system efciency is 68 percent
(3.0 3.41317.7)/41).
Using the effective electric efciency metric, the CHP system efciency is 54
percent (3.0 3.413)/(41 (17.7/0.8).
Q FUEL
3.0
17.7
TH

Geothermal energy
So the Wind Power at 15 mph is: P 1/2(1.2)(1.1)(6.7)3 198 W

Consider if the wind speed doubles to 30 mph (13.4 m/s)notice that the power
increases more than 8 times!
Wind Power at 30 mph P 1/2(1.2) (1.1) (13.4)3 almost 1600 W.
o is total system efciency

WE is net useful power output
QTH is net useful thermal outputs
QFUEL is total fuel input
EE is Effective electric efciency
p is equals the efciency of the conventional technology
The theoretical efciency of the cycle may be calculated from A power plant is operated with a steam temperature of 1000oF and a condenser
the following formula:
temperature of 100oF. Calculate the theoretical efciency.

Ts 1000 460 1460 R
TCE T hTh T l
Where
Tc 100460 560 R

TCE Theoretical cycle efciency
Efficiency 1460 560=1460 100 61:6%
Th absolute temperature of the steam leaving the boiler R
Tl absolute temperature of the condenser R
and substations for residences. Both of the decisions for the

locations and power plants of customers depend upon the topology of the network [84].
There are separate hierarchies for the connections: the greater
and power is being transported, the long distance and the greater
the voltage. There is an indispensable for segments interfaces to
keep switching, circus-breakers, and transformers. Over time,
connections transform into the star topologies from a substation at
the center of each star, and redundant links for the higher levels of
the hierarchy [85].
The network controls and the power-transmission network should
be located in parallel. At rst, the control network utilized for automated switches, for example, electromechanical meters for voltage,
current, phase, and volt ampere reactive (VAR) measurement, and
human's control. It is so convenient for mortal to utilize grid for

automatic circuit breakers at strategic points in case of emergency.
With the development of technology, there are multifarious kinds of
devices for solving that problem. For instance, telemetry, remotely
activated switches, and centralized control rooms. Utilize the Reclosercircuit breaker to close and restore the circuit timely [86].
A compact outlook of a smart grid structure is in Fig. 11. In the
gure, the offshore wind farm, solar plants, fossil fuel based power
plants and power, heat are the distributed generation units which
may be found in any grid system. The smart grid (SG) manages the
generation parts by using remote monitoring and control that are
considered as an intelligent node where using AMI (advanced
metering management) or SCADA (Supervisory control and data
acquisition) operation. Generally SG is operated as transmission
1178
and distribution network. Another operation of SG involves smart

homes and intelligent building through a smart meter to microgrids, household and electrical vehicles etc. All these components
need accurately performed in a grid system to consumption using
the communication and will be more efcient [87].
Fig. 12, a complete smart grid map will show a power generation, transmission, distribution and customer sections. The diagram represents ows of electricity generation and communication. The power production section consists of several sources,
including renewable energies. The T&D section consists substation
and control center which is connected with wired or wireless
sensors. The controller contains switches, meters technical which
is now being managed features of a smart grid.
From Fig. 12, it can be seen refer to the process that is transforming the patchwork of the local devices, telemetry, and remote
controls into the beginning of the Smart Grid network. That will be
held at the situation of solitude, persistent hum, and a faint smell
of ozone in a substation [84].
4.1. Substation automation

The substation is equivalent to the electric power grid in
miniature, which is surrounded by a fence. All the elements of the
grid-expect generators and customers include conductors,
switches, breakers, regulators, power-factor controls, and sensorslots of sensors. The wiring for these devices would have been
being appropriate points into their hubs recently. Then the hubs
would be connected into a central building and owing to the
control building everything would be onto the remote microwave
link or T1 line. Here too nice acronyms that are supervisory control
and data acquisition (SCADA) in Fig. 13. A serious candidate should
be made in one place for the substation to put all the devices on
one measurement and control network [88].
All sensors, actuators, and intelligent devices in the substation
would be linked by principal designers through a denite
industrial-grade Ethernet. A local or remote server could assess
the situation of the substation continuously and adapt to the
Fig. 11. Advance system production and distribution of a smart grid structure [87] with permission from Elsevier.
Fig. 12. The Smart Grid extends measurement and control across generating stations, the distribution network, and power consumers [87] with permission from Elsevier.
Fig. 13. Substations are shifting toward the use of networks for the interconnect of their equipment [88].
Fig. 14. PRP and HSR redundancy standards can differ in network topology [88].
1179
1180
control properly. However, the principle became more complicated after the addition of a connection with the needs for
knowledgeable, certain response and the desire of avoiding
incompatibilities among equipment vendors. The industry produced IEC 61850 (a standard for power-utility network) to address
these problems [88].
The standard is facile for interoperability and specifying a
protocol stack for regional area network (LAN). Making responsetime requirements for critical transaction, for example, transferring real-time data sample and getting safety-critical commands to
circuit breakers. Only IEC 61850-compliant network ample headroom to perform a substation's and protection functions is not
enough [88].
4.2. Network reliability
Network reliability in SG as the continuous electricity supply
for the customers. Its already dened the smart grid transmission
and distribution. If there is a network problem between transmission and distribution, the connection will go through by pass to
the consumers. There will be many reasons by affected the network reliability such as: faults in transmission parts or the generation, force Majeure included weather conditions, earthquakes,
external causes faults due to third parties, poor condition of the
grid, design or network operation etc. With this reason an electric
grid is unreliable to the customers. There are also signicant risks
of nancial and economic loss of power grid equipment. In this
section will introduce an electric grid network topology [8992].
A network-based substation SCADA system creates some fascinating possibilities: for example, a cracked connector or failed
transceiver bringing down an entire substation. Accordingly, utility
operators and equipment developers have resorted to network
redundancy, and have codied their thinking in another standard,
IEC 62439 High Availability Automation Networks [93].
The standard, as currently amended, permits a blend of two
different redundant-network schemes: Parallel Redundancy Protocol (PRP) and the high-availability seamless redundancy (HSR) in
Fig. 14. The former standard species a star topology with
redundant switches so that there are two paths to each node,
while the latter can be used with either a star or bi-directional ring
topologies [88].
5. Case studies on smart grid: renewable energy perspective

The renewable energy distribution in the smart grid system is
one of the most signicant role, which is developing the use of
renewable energy in energy management systems. A smart grid is
the visualized exible communication network of the future
increase in distributed energy resources such as wind, solar, hydro
power etc. The development of renewable, efcient energy use
and smart management systems has been utilized to exchange of
fossil fuel, which reduce climate change and increasing demand
for energy and economic growth. The use of smart system as an
effective part reviewed by many countries for increasing energy
efciency and its issues of sustainable development. A smart system which is smart meter has two ways of communication network established relation between energy utilization and users.
The smart meter is a next generation component of smart grid
systems because it can incorporate information technology into
the grid. Using appropriate devious to collect data from customers,
which can manage by utility companies and make more efcient
way to advise users to consume the power wisely. This is the smart
way by using smart meter to help the consumers a better feedback
or understanding of their energy consumption based on long term
power users. However, smart appropriate control must be
implemented in order to avoid negative effects from communication latencies.

Many countries in Europe are using smart communication in
smart grid. In other countries, such as the US, underway extension
their smart communication system. Some newly developed
countries such as Korea and Taiwan under constructing the smart
meter system. Some regions such as Indonesia and Vietnam are
still in long term planning to setup these systems. Here below
describing some countries smart grid system and their case study
to develop better grid and technology system to guide renewable
energy power disturbances in smart grid.
RedFlow Company (2012) did a survey on utility owned smart
grid and smart cities trial in Australia from 1 March to 31 May
2012. The government of Australia has been chosen 100 million
(Australian dollar) investment on a smart grid project across ve
sites: Newcastle, Sydney and the Upper Hunter region. Their main
focus was building a smart city to apply adding a chain new
technology energy supply. This project includes smart sensors,
new backend IT systems, smart meters and a communication
network. The RedFlow Company successful to supply 61 energy
storage systems in Newcastle, Scone and Newington in Sydney.
Another 40 energy system was installed in Newcastle and 20
systems in Scone has been operated. Their future motivation, they
will reduce in peak demand, network reliability, and energy supply
with peak price, the combined benet between consumer, retail
and network sectors, large capacity storage and optimization of
renewable energy source value [94].
Ann Cavoukian, Information and Privacy commission, Ontario,
Canada in 2011 supported a case study on Hydro One company
smart grid solution in Ontario. This company vision was increasing
the leading role in providing electricity from different supply
sources in Ontario. They're focused on innovating and establishing
as electricity grid with modern, exible and smart system. The
electricity distribution in smart grid will be the leading in the form
of renewable energy such as wind, solar and biomass. These
advanced technologies and other feature of the smart grid to build
a benet to Hydro One and customers. The most important
advantage of Hydro One will improve the analysis, automation and
remote control of the distribution grid. Most of the electrical distribution grid includes a central software component that is called
a distribution management system. The Hydro One provides a
powerful network planning and operations tool that will help to
monitor the grid, telemetry and information about power ow
with real time observation [95].
Ssu-Han Chen (2012) and his research team proposed a
methodology that will describe the technology fronts evaluation
temporal gaps in smart grid in Taiwan. They compared the temporal gaps between two specialties, United States and the global
smart grid technology. The technology fronts have four types:
frontrunner, follower, unique and behinder. Their results showed
the US technology fronts can be described as front-runners or
unique, whereas they are the leading position in developing of
smart grid technology [96].
Daphne Ngar-yin Mah (2012) and his research team did a case
study of the development of smart grids in Korea by governing the
transition of socio-technical system. They did an investigation on
two different studies: one is the development of smart grid in
Korea, based on macroeconomic policy and the other is the government approach to mobilize the private sector and consumer
participation. They also exposed a major obstacle in the electricity
market and public distrust about the smart grid development in
Korea. With the respect of policy change in a smart grid system
using price setting mechanisms and consumer engagement are
given priority in this study. In Korea, smart grid development and
understanding approaches by some companies are included
KEPCO, KPX, LG, Samsung and Hyundai. The approached model
1181
Fig. 15. Smart grid system approach understands in Korea [97] with permission from Elsevier.
shows in Fig. 15. Frist of this model is included macroeconomic

policies, the presence of public distrust, a distorted tariff system,
and an experiment of a remote island. The second of this model is
broad range connection between the government and the electricity sector, which is included consumers and global companies
in the smart grid development. Third is various multi-level that
will comprise of the landscape level at the macro level, the regime
level at the meso level and the niche level at the micro level [97].
Daphne Ngar-yin Mah (2013) and his research team did a case
study of large smart grid demonstration and the role of the state in
sustainable energy transitions in Japan. They found, the Japanese
smart grid model is developed for government-led, communityoriented and business-driven, which is the literature based energy
governance by shedding light on the mechanisms of the role of
government in smart grid diffusion. This case study gives a better
understanding of the complexity and variety for a more effective
sustainability transition [98].
Satya Pogaru (2013) and his research team was investigating
the impacts of modeling variables, demand response in smart grid
in the USA. They developed a demand response program based on
modeling and simulation variables in smart grid capability which
can be implemented by a utility into an electricity distribution
grid. This motivation can implement the robustness of different
demand response design to undetermined factors that may step
up rebounds [99].
Arif and Mounir (2013) did a case study about effects of smart
grid technologies on capacity and energy savings in Oman. In their
investigation carried out to evaluate the long-term load management benets of smart grid. They calculated the cost of generation,
transmission and distribution using the concept of asset distribution in a power system. With this result, the cost benets are
compared with an estimate cost the grid to make it smarter. This
result shows that the long-term load management of smart grid
Fig. 16. Power grid frequency without control [101] with permission from Elsevier.
systems could be outweigh and the cost to upgrade the system

smarter [100].
Kilkki (2014) and his research team did a case study about
agent-based modeling and simulation of a smart grid, its communication effects on frequency control in Finland. Their study
contains a model is designed for reproducing system-level
behaviors in the smart grid by applying accurate frequency control system. The results indicate that the proposed model for
functional frequency control in the smart grid and will be
expanded for additional aspects of smart grid operation. Below to
Figs. 16 and 17 are showing the grid frequency behavior without
and with control. In Fig. 12, shows a demand response to traditional control and failure, where without any control correction
the production of power generation is disconnected and the
frequency level goes to 0.8 Hz and settles at 1.6 Hz. In Fig. 13,
shows demand response with GPRS communication control with
packet loss, where the packet loss is 20% and the response to the
1182
network communication and smart meter and so on. The next

section will give some conclusions and future recommendation
regarding this study.
6. Conclusions, current trends and future recommendation

This section deals with the conclusions of the study and future
recommendations for the research.
6.1. Conclusions
Fig. 17. Power grid frequency demand side load control [101] with permission from
Elsevier.
This review article shows the concept and availability of

renewable energy and the role of smart grid in renewable energy.
All renewable energy concepts, present scenarios and their availability are described one by one. The concept of smart grid and
works of different authors on smart grid in renewable energy has
been reviewed and presented. As far as renewable energy is concerned, the main production is electrical power, which is going to
be utilized and applied in smart grid technology. The main conclusions obtained from the study are given as below:
The literature review about basic sources of renewable energies,
Fig. 18. The number of articles published for smart grid and renewable energies for
the period from 2000 to 2016. Source: Science Direct, solar, wind, hydroelectricity,
biomass and geothermal energy.
frequency variation without any latency presented with communicating the control [101].
Jessica Daz (2014) and his research team did a case study agile
product line architecting in a smart grid system in Spain. They
developed Product Line Architecture (PLA) framework with the
help of Agile Product Line Engineering (APLE) for power metering
management applications for smart grid. It is very easy and
adaptable program and already uses several companies in Spain. In
their nding the APLE supported the successful development and
evaluation of the power metering management application. The
grid system is a complicated a broad range of energy resources
which from large generating systems to the smaller generation
system. During these processes need to apply PLA with respect to
APLE the system will be more exible to solve the complicity. They
promote the integration method of renewable energy resources
and the possibility is successful. They suggested future work on
proving exibility form feature to user stories and architecture and
code to test of Agile Software Development [102].
Mart van der Kam and Wilfried van Sark (2015) did research on
electric vehicles with photovoltaic power and vehicle to grid
technology in a micro-grid in Netherland. They presented a model
for developing self-consumption of photovoltaic power by smart
charging of electric vehicles and vehicle to grid technology. The
simulation results show the self-consumption increased and
demand peaks decrease, which is the benets of smart charging
with PV power. It is also recommended for different renewable
energy sources that can be combined with transport technologies
to reduce any negative impact on the existing energy infrastructure [103].
This section presented a case study review on a smart grid
system with respect to different countries and authors opinion
and discussion from which it is clear that the smart grid is rapidly
improving depending on the advances in power electronics, smart

smart grid systems, and communication and transmission

technology innovation, energy recovering and several other
important ndings shows that smart grid technology has good
potential to be applied in renewable energies to use them in an
efcient way. Smart grids are already in use in some of the
countries and can be used in other countries too for the sustainable development of the countries.
The grid should be updated for maintaining multifarious sources of electricity allocated in space and nd ways of managing
these by more complicated systems.
The implementation of research activities on groundbreaking
technologies for the promotion and progress of renewable
energy sources with a denite focus on geothermal and solar
will be the goal of the future laboratory.
The lessons of the case studies are that, it needs more attention
about a country smart grid development, which depends on the
government policies.
The smart grid will be an alternation process in the future,
communication and information technology from the present
power system. It will be more developed architecture, better
performance and design to look smart grid at various applications where power fault and security has been given more
priority in the future smart grid system.
This paper not only be useful for the engineers for the management of the electricity produced, researchers for their future
research, but will also assist policy makers in making the
appropriate policy for the Nation.
6.2. Current trends

Fig. 18 shows the number of articles published between the
years 2000 to 2016 on the application of smart grid in renewable
energies. It included all the articles published in smart grid with
solar, wind, hydroelectricity, biomass and geothermal energy.
Fig. 18 shows that from the year 2000 onwards, research articles
continuously increasing which shows the interest of researchers
around the world in this particular area. As can be seen from
Fig. 18, in the recent years from 2010 onwards there is signicant
growth in the research article which makes this topic the thrust
area of research.
6.3. Future recommendations

After reviewing the current smart grid technology, it is felt that
present smart grid needs some recommendations for improving
its quality as given below:
The integration system and storage capability need to improve

by using existing and renewable energy sources.
The information and communication technology should be

more advance for power supply system.
To improve the overall existing system by using smart equipment, the network communication needs to be centralized
where it can be operation technology integrated between consumer and supply. Develop new marketing plan for customer's
product and service about renewable sources.
Acknowledgment
The authors are thankful to the University of Malaya, the
Ministry of Higher Education of Malaysia (MOHE) (UM.C/HIR/
MOHE/ENG/32) and UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre
(UMPEDAC) for supporting this research project (PPP Project,
Centre of Research Grant Management (PPGP) (PG096-2014B)),
which made possible the publication of this paper.
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Role of Smart Grids in Renewable Energy Integration

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Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 60 (2016) 11681184

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Role of smart grid in renewable energy: An overview

generate, stepped up to a higher voltage at which it connects to

2. Renewable energy: basic concepts and availability

Fig. 1. Diagram of a hydroelectric power plant [7].

2.1.1. Hydropower technology

Fig. 2. Hydroelectricity generation grows steadily by region [11].

Annual hydroelectric production

A hydroelectric plant is little operating at its full power rating

Fig. 3. Wind turbine power plant ow diagram [14].

2.2.1. Wind turbine technology

Fig. 4. Global wind energy annual market forecasting (GW) [16].

Produced wind electricity (MW)

2.3. Solar energy

Fig. 5. Simplied schematics of a grid-connected residential PV power system [22].

Solar energy comes from sunlight as a conversion way. This

countries. Also for those stand-alone systems allows activated at

2.3.1. Photovoltaic technology

2.3.2. World photovoltaic power stations

Agua Caliente Solar Project

Templin Solar Park

397 MW when complete

Fig. 6. Global solar power generation capacity (GW) [41].

2.4. Biomass energy

Biomass, in the general sense, can be described as a biologically

Fig. 8. World biofuels production by region [62].

Tilbury B Power Station

Alholmens Kraft Power

Fig. 9. Sketch of an atmospheric exhaust geothermal power-plant [73].

exhausts or atmospherically (back-pressure) [72]. It is noted that

highest production with 1904 MW of capacity online of geothermic

3. Renewable energy power calculation

4. Smart grid: an overview

Percentage of national electricity production

Percentage of global geothermal production

The energy generates equation

Which gives 96.4 MW.

Electric Output (MW)

So the Wind Power at 15 mph is: P 1/2(1.2)(1.1)(6.7)3 198 W

o is total system efciency

and substations for residences. Both of the decisions for the

human's control. It is so convenient for mortal to utilize grid for

and distribution network. Another operation of SG involves smart

4.1. Substation automation

5. Case studies on smart grid: renewable energy perspective

implemented in order to avoid negative effects from communication latencies.

shows in Fig. 15. Frist of this model is included macroeconomic

systems could be outweigh and the cost to upgrade the system

network communication and smart meter and so on. The next

6. Conclusions, current trends and future recommendation

This review article shows the concept and availability of

The literature review about basic sources of renewable energies,

smart grid systems, and communication and transmission

6.2. Current trends

6.3. Future recommendations

The integration system and storage capability need to improve

The information and communication technology should be

[23] Resources.com P. Large-Scale Photovoltaic Power Plants Ranking 1-50.

[82] Sahataya T. Biomass Power System. http://nrec.mn/data/uploads/Nom%

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