Programa Inglés MI

INTERLANGUAGES INSTITUTE CRISTOBAL COLON.
PRONOMBRES PERSONALES (PERSONAL PRONOUNS)

Vamos a empezar por conocer los equivalentes en ingls de los pronombres personales en
espaol:
Yo
Tu
You
El
He
Ella
She
El/ella (objeto)
It
Nosotros
We
Ustedes
You
Ellos/ellas
They
Su colocacin en la frase suele ser al comienzo de la misma:

I have a dog.
You are my brother.
Yo tengo un perro
Tu eres mi hermano
El pronombre personal tiene que concordar con el verbo, no obstante, los verbos ingleses,
salvo los auxiliares, no varan, excepto en la tercera persona del singular:
I eat apples.
You eat apples.
He eats apples.
Yo como manzanas
Tu comes manzanas
El come manzanas
El pronombre "it" (3 persona singular) se utiliza para objetos y animales, aunque a veces
con estos ltimos se utiliza "he" (l) o "she" (ella):
I have a car. It is red.
Yo tengo un coche. El es rojo
EL VERBO SER O ESTAR (TO BE)

El verbo "to be" en ingls es equivalente a los verbos "ser" y "estar" en castellano. Su
declinacin en el presente del indicativo (simple present) es la siguiente:
Yo soy/estoy
I am
Tu eres/ests
You are
El/ella es/est
He/she/it is
Nosotros somos/estamos
We are
Ustedes estan/estamos
You are
Ellos/ellas son/estn
They are
Se suelen utilizar contracciones de estas formas:

I am
You/we/they are
He/she/it is
I'm
You/we/they're
He/she/it's
El verbo "to be" se puede utilizar como un verbo ordinario y en este caso sirve para dar
informacin sobre el sujeto:
I am old.
The car is red.
It is cold.
Yo soy mayor
El coche es rojo
Hace frio (el da est frio)
1.
I _______ Spanish.
Yo soy espaol
2.
You _______ old.
T eres mayor
3.
They _______ foreigners.
Ellos son extranjeros
4.
We _______ young.
Nosotros ramos jvenes
5.
He _______ to stay here.
l debe quedarse aqu
6.
He _______ to study medicine.
l va a estudiar medicina
7.
It _______ hot.
Hace calor
8.
He _______ here.
El est aqu
9.
They _______ in Paris.
Ellos estaban en Pars
10. We _______ playing football.
Nosotros estamos jugando al

Ftbol
11.
_______ play tennis.
Yo juego al tenis
12.
_______ are French.
T eres francs
13.
_______ have a car.
Nosotros tenemos un coche
14.
_______ is blond.
Ella es rubia
15.
_______ go to the movies.
Ustedes van al cine
16.
_______ study English.
Yo estudio ingls
17.
_______ speak Italian.
Ellos hablan italiano
18.
_______ watch TV.
Nosotros vemos la tele
19.
_______ are students.
Ustedes son estudiantes
20.
_______ plays football.
l juega al ftbol
1. My name________ James.
2. Mary ________ the secretary.
2
3. John and Lucy ________ at school.

4. I ________ a student.
5. The boys ________ in the garden.
6. He ________ a lawyer.
7. Susie ________ a housewife.
8. She ________ a student.
9. They ________ my friends.
10. You ________ a student
El verbo "to have" en ingls es equivalente a los verbos "haber" y "tener" en espaol. Su
declinacin en el presente del indicativo (simple present) es la siguiente:
Yo he/tengo
I have
Tu has/tienes
You have
El/ella ha/tiene
He/she/it has
Nosotros hemos/tenemos
We have
Ustedes han/tenis
You have
Ellos/ellas han/tienen
They have
Como contracciones de estas formas se utilizan:

I/you/we/they have
He/she/it has
I/you/we/they've
He/she/it's
El verbo "to have" se puede utilizar como un verbo ordinario y en este caso tiene el
significado de "tener":
I have a car.
She has a boyfriend.
Yo tengo un coche
Ella tiene un novio
Y tambin se utiliza en algunas expresiones con el sentido de "tomar":

I have drink after the match.
She has a bath.
Tengo una bebida despus del

partido
Ella toma un bao
Como verbo auxiliar, "to have" se utiliza para construir las formas compuestas:
I have read.
He has a tennis game.
Yo he leido
El tiene un juego de tenis
Nosotros tenemos una pelcula
bonita
We have a nice film.
El verbo "to do" en ingls puede funcionar como verbo ordinario, con el significado de
"hacer", o como verbo auxiliar. Su declinacin en el presente del indicativo (simple present) es
la siguiente:
Yo hago
I do
Tu haces
You do
El/ella hace
He/she/it does
Nosotros hacemos
We do
Ustedes hacen
You do
Ellos/ellas hacen
They do
Como verbo auxiliar, se utiliza para construir las formas negativas y de interrogacin del
presente y del pasado simple:
I don't know that.
Do you go to the cinema?
Yo no se eso
Vas al cine?
Como se puede observar, en las formas negativas se suelen utilizar contracciones:

Do not
Does not
Don't
Doesn't
Otro uso del verbo "to do" es para evitar la repeticin de un verbo que se acaba de
mencionar, especialmente en la contestacin de preguntas:
Do you like coffee?
He likes music...
Yes, I do
... and so do I ( = I like music too)
La oracin afirmativa en ingls se construye de acuerdo con la siguiente estructura:
Sujeto
I
Verbo
eat
Objeto Directo
apples
You
need
Help
We
buy
a car
En la oracin negativa, el auxiliar se sita delante del verbo principal:
Sujeto
I
You
We
Auxiliar negacin
don't
don't
don't
Verbo
eat
Objeto Directo
apples
need
help
buy
a car
En la oracin interrogativa, el auxiliar se sita al comienzo de la misma:
Auxiliar
Do
Sujeto
I
Verbo
eat
Objeto Directo ?
apples ?
Do
you
need
help ?
Do
we
buy
a car ?
Otros complementos de la oracin (lugar, tiempo, etc.) se suelen situar al final de la misma:
I eat apples at lunchtime.

You need help in your job.
We buy a car every year.
Normalmente, el complemento de lugar va delante del complemento de tiempo:

I eat apples at home at lunchtime.
You need help in your job right now.
We buy a car in Palenqueevery new year.
Cuando hay adverbios en las oraciones, stos se suelen situar delante del verbo en las
formas simples, y entre el auxiliar y el verbo principal en las formas compuestas (hay
numerosas excepciones):
I always eat apples at home.
They always visit me in Tuxtla.
You never need help.
We sometimes go to Nututun.
Resuelve los siguientes ejercicios antes de ir a la prctica oral diaria.
1.
_______ you like reading?
Te gusta leer?
2.
I _______ my homework.
Yo hago mis deberes
3.
Who _______ that?
Quin hice eso?
4.
I _______ like this car.
No me gusta este coche
5.
6.
_______ she play basketball?

He _______ come with us.
Juega ella al baloncesto?

l no viene con nosotros
7.
_______ they live in Paris?
Viven ellos en Pars?
8.
_______ you know that person?
Conoces a esa persona?
9.
We _______ go to the party.
Nosotros no vamos a la fiesta
10. Do you like a beer? Yes, I _______ Quieres una cerveza? s, quiero
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
Yo voy al cine
Yo no voy al cine
Voy yo al cine?
Ella juega al tenis
Ella no juega al tenis
Juega ella al tenis?
Ellos viven en Pars
Ellos no viven en Londres
Viven ellos en Pars?
Vamos nosotros a Nueva York?
Se utiliza para hablar de acciones habituales, genricas, que tienen lugar con cierta
frecuencia, sin hacer referencia a si en el momento actual se estn realizando.
I study English at
Cristbal Colon
Institute.
He plays tennis.
I work in a bank.
Yo estudio ingls en la escuela Cristbal Colon; empec

hace algn tiempo y contino, aunque puede que en el momento
presente no est realizando esta actividad.
El juega al tenis; practica este deporte con cierta asiduidad,
pero no significa que en el momento presente est en la pista de
tenis jugando.
Yo trabajo en un banco; sta es mi profesin, aunque puede
que en el momento actual yo est de vacaciones, descansando
en mi casa.
Resuelve los siguientes ejercicios antes de ir a la prctica oral diaria. Pon en orden
las palabras para armar oraciones.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
You, a beer, drink

Drive, a car, we
Don't, coffee, you, like?
We, this book, like, don't
He, in his bedroom, music,
listens, to
My homework, I, do, always
You, to Paris, in June, go
She, the beach, like, doesn't
They, a car, in Madrid, bought
Never, I, football, play
Do you play tennis?

Yes, I do.
Yes, I am.
Does she play tennis?
Yes, she do.
Yes, she does.
Is he a lawyer?
No, he isn't.
No, he don't.
Are you a teacher?
Yes, I do.
Yes, I am.
Does he go to school?
No, he does not.
No, he don't.
Is Marvin a doctor?
Yes, he does.
Yes, he is.
Are you a student?
Yes, you are.
Yes, I am.
Does she speak English?
Yes, she does.
Yes, she do.
Do you work?
Yes, I am.
No, I don't.
Does she play golf?
No, she is not.
Yes, she does.
Tambin se utiliza para hablar de acciones futuras que ya han sido planificadas,
especialmente al referirse a viajes.
I leave to Macuspana tomorrow

morning.
Me voy de Macuspana maana por la

maana
La forma del "present simple" coincide con la del infinitivo sin la partcula "to", salvo en la 3
persona del singular en la que se le aade una "s".
Infinitivo
To eat (comer)
To run (correr)
I / you / we / they
eat
run
He / she / it
eats
runs
Si el verbo termina en "ss", "sh", "ch", "x", "o", al formar la 3 persona del singular se le
aade "-es".
Infinitivo
To kiss (besar)
To watch (observar)
I / you / we / they
I kiss
I watch
He / she / it
He kisses
He watches
Si el verbo termina en "y" tras consonante, al formar la 3 persona del singular se sustituye
esta "y" por una "i", seguida de la terminacin "es".
Infinitivo
To carry (llevar)
To envy (envidiar)
I / you / we / they
I carry
I envy
He / she / it
He carries
He envies
Las oraciones negativas se forman con el auxiliar "to do", habitualmente en sus formas
contradas: "dont" (= do not) para las personas "I, you, we, they", y "doesnt" (= does not) para
las personas "he, she, it".
I don't play tennis.

She doesnt go to the Agua Azul.
We dont know the answer.
Yo no juego al tenis
Ella no va a Agua Azul
Nosotros no sabemos la respuesta
WRITE THE NEGATIVES.

1. I play tennis.
____________________ play tennis.
2. He lives in London.
____________________ in London.
3. You are good.
____________________ good.
4. She is a teacher.
____________________ a teacher.
5. They live in England.
____________________ in England.
6. Joe is a doctor.
____________________ a doctor.
7. Mary is a lawyer.
____________________ a lawyer.
8. They have two cars.
____________________ two cars.
9. We are in London.
____________________ in London.
10. ____________________ I go to school everyday.
WRITE THE NEGATIVES.
1. Laura is very tired.
_______________________________________
2. My hobby is collecting stamps.
_______________________________________
3. Hugh has breakfast at seven.
_______________________________________
4. Thomas and Nick play tennis all day.
_______________________________________
5. The plane is full.
_______________________________________
6. I read a lot of books.
_______________________________________
7. The children like icecream.
_______________________________________
La forma interrogativa se forma tambin con el auxiliar "to do" al comienzo de la oracin
("do" con las personas "I, you, we, they"; "does" con "he, she, it").
Do you play tennis?

Does she go to Agua Azul?
Do we know the answer?
Juegas al tenis ?
Va ella a Agua Azul ?
Conocemos la respuesta ?
Se utiliza para describir acciones que se estn desarrollando en este mismo momento:
I am reading a book.
You are playing football.
Yo estoy leyendo un libro (en este preciso

instante)
T ests jugando al futbol
Tambin se utiliza para describir acciones que se estn desarrollando alrededor del
momento en el que se habla, aunque no necesariamente en ese preciso instante:
I am studying French.
Yo estoy estudiando francs (me he

matriculado en una academia, pero no
necesariamente en este preciso momento estoy
con los libros de francs)
Asimismo, se utiliza para describir una accin que va a tener lugar en el futuro prximo y
sobre la que se ha tomado una resolucin firme. En este caso, siempre se tiene que mencionar
el tiempo en el que se va a desarrollar la accin:
I am going to San Cristobal next

week.
Yo voy a San Cristobal la prxima semana (la

accin se va a desarrollar en el futuro prximo y
existe una decisin firme por mi parte de llevarla a
cabo)
Otro uso del presente continuo es para describir acciones que se vienen repitiendo con
frecuencia; en este caso, la oracin viene acompaada del adverbio "always" (siempre):
He is always working.
El est siempre trabajando (con el significado

de que trabaja frecuentemente, quizs, incluso,
excesivamente)
Formacin del "present continuous": se construye con el presente del indicativo del verbo
"to be", en su funcin de verbo auxiliar, y el "present participle" ( = gerundio) del verbo
principal.
Afirmacin
I am eating
You are eating
He / she is eating
We are eating
You are eating
They are eating
Negacin
Im not eating
You arent eating
He / she isnt eating
We aren't eating
You aren't eating
They aren't eating
Interrogacin
Am I eating?
Are you eating?
Is he/she eating?
Are we eating?
Are you eating?
Are they eating?
Resuelve los siguientes ejercicios antes de ir a la prctica oral diaria. Traduce las
oraciones presentadas en el recuadro.
1.
2.
______________________
______________________
Yo estoy leyendo
T no ests leyendo
10
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
Est l leyendo?
Nosotros estamos jugando
Ustedes no estan jugando
Estn ellos jugando?
Yo estoy tomando un caf
______________________
T no ests tomando un caf
______________________
Est l tomando una taza de

t?
______________________
Yo estoy escuchando msica
CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER.

1. Is Brian reading a book?
Yes, he does.
Yes, he is.
2. What is Brian reading?
He's reading a magazine.
Yes, he does.
3. Is Susan writing a poem?
No, she is not.
Yes, she does.
4. Is this your book?
Yes, it's my book.
Yes, it's your book.
5. Is your brother playing hockey?
Yes, he is.
11
Yes, she is.

6. Does your nephew go to school?
Yes, he does.
Yes, she does.
7. What is your father doing?
He's working.
Yes, he is.
8. Is your aunt studying English?
No, he isn't.
No, she isn't.
9. What are you doing?
I'm studying English.
You're studying English.
10. Is your sister using your computer?
Yes, she does.
Yes, she is.
PASADO SIMPLE (SIMPLE PAST)
Se utiliza para referirse a acciones que se desarrollaron en el pasado y que hace ya algn
tiempo que finalizaron. Su equivalente en castellano es el pretrito indefinido:
I studied English in
Palenque Chiapas.
I bought a car.
Yo estudi ingls en Palenque(fue una actividad que

realic en el pasado y que ya finaliz)
Yo compr un coche
En estas oraciones no se da informacin sobre el presente:
I lost my job.
I bought a car.
Yo perd mi trabajo (puede que en la actualidad lo haya

vuelto a recuperar)
Yo compr un coche (en la actualidad puede que ya no
tenga el coche, que lo haya vendido)
Con frecuencia se indica el periodo de tiempo en el que se desarroll la accin:
I played tennis yesterday.
Yo jugu al tenis ayer.
12
I went to Paris last summer.
Yo fui a Pars el verano pasado
La estructura de la frase es similar a la del presente, utilizando el verbo principal en su

forma pasada.
She listens to music.

She listened to music.
Ella escucha msica (presente)

Ella escuch msica (pasado)
En las formas negativas e interrogativas se emplea, asimismo, una estructura similar: se

utiliza el verbo auxiliar "to do" en su tiempo pasado, que acompaa al verbo principal en su
forma infinitiva:
I didnt go to the party.

Did you go to the party?
Yo no fui a la fiesta
Fuiste t a la fiesta ?
En la formacin del tiempo pasado hay que distinguir entre verbos regulares e irregulares:
los verbos regulares forman el tiempo pasado aadiendo "-ed" a la forma infinitiva (ver Leccin
9), mientras que los irregulares no siguen un patrn determinado, hay que estudiarlos
individualmente (ver dcima clase).
Verbo regular
Verbo irregular
"To listen": forma pasada "listened".

"To go": forma pasada "went"
La forma pasada de los verbos es nica para todas las personas, no hay una forma distinta
para la 3 persona del singular como ocurra en el presente.
I / you / he / she / we / they "listened"

I / you / he / she / we / they "went"
1.
__________ to the cinema?
Fuiste al cine?
2.
I __________ to the cinema.
Yo no fui al cine
3.
She __________ TV.
Ella vio la televisin
4.
I __________ like his house.
No me gust su casa
5.
__________ in the party?
Bail ella en la fiesta?
6.
He __________ his watch.
l no encontr su reloj
7.
__________ to Paris?
Vinieron ellos a Pars?
8.
__________ her boyfriend?
Conociste a su novio?
9.
We __________ the news.
Nosotros no omos las noticias
13
10.
__________ a beer?
Bebi l una cerveza?
Se forma aadiendo "-ed" al infinitivo:
Infinitivo
To need (necesitar)
To listen (escuchar)
Forma pasada
needed
listened
Si el infinitivo del verbo termina en "e", entonces tan slo se le aade una "d":
Infinitivo
To love (amar)
To bribe (sobornar)
Forma pasada
loved
bribed
Si el infinitivo del verbo termina en "y", tras consonante, entonces esta letra "y" se
transforma en "i" y se le aade "-ed".
Infinitivo
To carry (llevar)
To study (estudiar)
Forma pasada
carried
studied
Si el infinitivo del verbo est formado por una sola slaba, con una sola vocal y termina en
consonante, entonces esta consonante se dobla:
Infinitivo
To stop (parar)
To ban (prohibir)
Forma pasada
stopped
banned
Tambin se dobla la ltima consonante de aquellos verbos de dos o ms silabas, cuyo

acento recae en la ltima slaba, y sta contiene una sola vocal y finaliza en una sola
consonante:
Infinitivo
To admit (admitir)
To prefer(preferir)
Forma pasada
admitted
preferred
Por ltimo, se dobla tambin la ltima consonante de aquellos verbos cuyo infinitivo termina
por "l", tras una nica vocal:
Infinitivo
To signal (sealar)
Forma pasada
signalled
14
To cancel (cancelar)
cancelled
En la siguiente lista se incluyen todos los verbos irregulares ingleses. En ella se recoge el
infinitivo y el presente (ambos tienen la misma forma, salvo que el infinitivo va precedido de la
partcula "to"), as como el pasado simple y el participio.
En algunos casos, el verbo tiene dos posibles formas en el pasado o en el futuro que
aparecen indicadas. En otros casos, el verbo no tiene infinitivo (son algunos verbos modales y
en la tabla aparecen sin partcula "to").
Estos verbos no siguen una regla determinada, por lo que hay que aprenderlos de memoria.
Al ser numerosos, entendemos que lo ms prctico es irlos estudiando poco a poco (algunos
de ellos apenas se utilizan).
Infinitivo/Presente
To stand
To come up
To wake
To be
To stand
To beat
To become
To happen
To procreate
To begin
To notice
To bend
To grieve
To keep asking
To bet
To bid
To bid
To bind
To bite
To bleed
To blow
To break
To breed
To bring
To broadcast
To build
To burn
To burst
To buy
Can
To throw away
To catch
To chide
To choose
To cut
To cling
Significado
soportar
surgir
despertar
ser / estar
aguantar
golpear
llegar a ser
ocurrir
procrear
empezar
observar
doblar
estar afligido
preguntar con insistencia
apostar
ordenar
pujar
atar
morder
sangrar
soplar
romper
engendrar
traer
retransmitir
construir
quemar
explotar
comprar
poder
arrojar / lanzar
coger
regaar
elegir
cortar / romper
agarrarse
Forma pasada
stood
came up
woke
was
stood
beat
became
happened
procreated
began
noticed
bent
grieved
kept asking
betted / bet
bade
bid
bound
bit
bled
blew
broke
bred
brought
broadcast
built
burned / burnt
burst
bought
could
threw away
caught
chid
chose
cut
clung
Participio
stood
come up
woke
been
stood
beaten
become
happened
procreated
begun
noticed
bent
grieved
kept asking
betted / bet
bidden
bid
bound
bitten
bled
blown
broken
bred
brought
broadcast
built
burned / burnt
burst
bought
be able
thrown away
caught
chidden
chosen
cut
clung
15
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
clothe
come
cost
creep
sing
cut
dare
deal
dig
do
draw
dream
drink
drive
live in
eat
fall
feed
feel
fight
find
run away
fling
fly
stop
forbid
forget
forgive
leave
freeze
get
make golden
fasten
give
go
grind
grow
hang
have
hear
hide
hit
hold
hurt
keep
kneel
knit
know
lay
lead
lean
leap
learn
leave
lend
let
lie
light
lose
vestir
venir
costar
deslizarse con sigilo
cantar
cortar
desafiar
tratar con
cavar
hacer
dibujar
soar
beber
conducir
habitar
comer
caer
alimentar
sentir
luchar
encontrar
escapar
arrojar
volar
desistir
prohibir
olvidar
perdonar
renunciar a algo
helar(se)
coger
dorar
sujetar con cinturn
dar
ir
moler
crecer
colgar
haber / tener
or
esconder
golpear
sostener
herir
mantener
arrodillarse
tejer
saber
colocar
guiar
inclinar
brincar
aprender
dejar
prestar
permitir
echarse
encender
perder
clothed / clad
came
cost
crept
sang
cut
dared / durst
dealt / delt
dug
did
drew
dreamed / dreamt
drank
drove
lived in
ate
fell
fed
felt
fought
found
ran away
flung
flew
stopped
forbade
forgot
forgave
left
froze
got
made golden
fastened
gave
went
ground
grew
hanged / hung
had
heard
hid
hit
held
hurt
kept
knelt
knit
knew
laid
led
leaned / leant
leaped / leapt
learned / learnt
left
lent
let
lay
lit
lost
clothed / clad
come
cost
crept
sung
cut
dared / durst
dealt / delt
dug
done
drawn
dreamed / dreamt
drunk
driven
livled
eaten
fallen
fed
felt
fought
found
run away
flung
flown
stopped
forbidden
forgotten
forgiven
left
frozen
got
made golden
fastened
given
gone
ground
grown
hanged / hung
had
heard
hidden
hit
held
hurt
kept
knelt
knit
known
laid
led
leaned / leant
leaped / leapt
learned / learnt
left
lent
let
lain
lit
lost
16
To make
May
To mean
To meet
To mow
Must
Ought
To pay
To put
To read
To rent
To rid
To ride
To ring
To rise
To run
To saw
To say
To see
To seek
To sell
To send
To set
To sew
To shake
Shall
hacer
poder
significar
encontrar(se)
segar
deber
deber
pagar
poner
leer
alquilar
eliminar
montar (a caballo)
sonar
subir
correr
serrar
decir
ver
buscar
vender
enviar
poner
coser
agitar
(auxiliar futuro)
made
might
meant / ment
met
mowed
had to
---paid
put
read / red
rented
rid
rode
rang
rose
ran
sawed
said
saw
sought
sold
sent
set
sewed
shook
made
---meant / ment
met
mowed / mown
------paid
put
read / red
rented
rid
ridden
rung
risen
run
sawed / sawn
said
seen
sought
sold
sent
set
sewed / sewn
shaken
----
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
esquilar
perder (hojas)
brillar
herrar
disparar
mostrar
encoger
cerrar
cantar
hundir
sentarse
matar
dormir
resbalar
lanzar (con fuerza)
deslizarse con sigilo
cortar
oler
golpear
sembrar
hablar
acelerar
deletrear
gastar
derramar
dar vueltas
escupir
dividir
extender
saltar
levantarse
robar
sheared / shore
shed
shone
shoed / shod
shot
showed
shrank
shut
sang
sank
sat
slew
slept
slid
slung
snuck
slit
smelled / smelt
hit
sowed
spoke
speeded / sped
spelled / spelt
spent
spilled / spilt
spun
spat
split
spread
sprang
stood
stole
sheared / shorn
shed
shone
shoed / shod
shot
showed / shown
shrunk
shut
sung
sunk
sat
slain
slept
slid
slung
snuck
slit
smelled / smelt
hit
sowed / sown
spoken
speeded / sped
spelled / spelt
spent
spilled / spilt
spun
spat
split
spread
sprung
stood
stolen
shear
shed
shine
shoe
shoot
show
shrink
shut
sing
sink
sit
slay
sleep
slide
sling
sneak
slit
smell
hit
sow
speak
speed
spell
spend
spill
spin
spit
split
spread
spring
stand
steal
17
To stick
To sting
To stink
To strew
To stride
To strike
To string
To strive
To swear
To sweep
To swell
To swim
To swing
To take
To teach
To tear
To tell
To think
To thrive
To throw
To thrust
To tread
To understand
To undertake
To wake
To wear
To weave
To weep
To wet
Will
To win
To wind
To wring
To write
hincar
picar
oler mal
diseminar
andar a zancadas
golpear
colgar algo
esforzarse
jurar
barrer
hinchar
nadar
balancearse
coger
ensear
rasgar
decir
pensar
prosperar
tirar
lanzar adelante
pisar
comprender
acometer
despertarse
usar
tejer
llorar
mojar
(auxiliar futuro)
ganar
dar cuerda
retorcer
escribir
stuck
stung
stank / stunk
strewed
strode
struck
strung
strove
swore
swept
swelled
swam
swung
took
taught
tore
told
thought
thrived / throve
threw
thrust
trod
understood
undertook
waked / woke
wore
wove
wept
wetted / wet
would
won
wound
wrung
wrote
stuck
stung
stunk
strewed / strewn
stridden
struck
strung
striven
sworn
swept
swelled / swollen
swum
swung
taken
taught
torn
told
thought
thrived / thriven
thrown
thrust
trodden / trod
understood
undertaken
waked / woken
worn
woven
wept
wetted / wet
---won
wound
wrung
written
WRITE THE NEGATIVE FORMS
1. Sheila was at work.

____________________________________________
2. The sun was shining yesterday.
____________________________________________
3. They worked for an insurance company.
____________________________________________
4. I was having dinner.
____________________________________________
5. Tom hoped to get a job.
____________________________________________
18
6. I wanted to stay home last night.

____________________________________________
7. I knew what to do.
____________________________________________
8. Did you stay home yesterday?
____________________________________________
9. You had to go.
____________________________________________
PASADO CONTINUO (PAST CONTINUOUS)
El pasado continuo se utiliza para describir acciones que se estaban desarrollando en el
momento del pasado al que nos estamos refiriendo y que continuaron despus de ese
momento:
This morning at 8 o'clock she was A las 8 de la maana ella estaba leyendo: la
reading
accin de leer haba comenzado antes de las ocho
y continu despus de este instante.
Last Monday he was traveling
El pasado lunes, l estaba viajando: la accin
de viajar comenz antes del lunes y continu
despus.
En castellano equivale al pasado continuo (ella estaba leyendo), o tambin se puede

traducir por el pretrito imperfecto (ella lea).
El pasado continuo se utiliza tambin para referimos a dos acciones en el pasado, una de
las cuales se complet, mientras que la otra continuaba: para la primera se utiliza el "past
simple" y para la segunda el "past continuous":
When he arrived, I was watching

TV.
While she was listening to music,
her brother did his homework.
Cuando l lleg, yo estaba viendo al tele: la

accin de ver la tele haba comenzado antes de
que l llegara, y continu despus.
Mientras ella escuchaba msica, su hermano
hizo sus deberes: la accin de or msica tena
ya lugar antes de que el hermano comenzara sus
deberes, y continu una vez que el hermano haba
terminado.
Mientras que en el "past simple" se indica que la accin ya ha terminado, en el "past

continuous" no sabemos si la accin ha concluido:
She wrotre a letter.

She was writing a letter.
Ella escribi una carta: la carta est escrita, la

accin ya ha finalizado.
Ella estaba escribiendo una carta: no sabemos
si lleg a terminar de escribir la carta.
19
El "past continuous" se forma con el verbo auxiliar "to be" en su forma pasada y el gerundio
(present participle) del verbo principal:
She was playing tennis.

They were traveling.
Ella estaba jugando al tenis

Ellos estaban viajando
La forma negativa se forma con la partcula "not" detrs del verbo auxiliar, y la forma
interrogativa con el verbo auxiliar al comienzo de la oracin, seguido del sujeto y del verbo
principal:
I was not listening.
Were they dancing?
Yo no estaba escuchando
Estaban ellos bailando ?
Yesterday at 10 o'clock we
__________ TV.
When he arrived, she
__________ to music.
Estabas estudiando cuando te

vi?
Ayer, a las 10, nosotros veamos
la tele
Cuando l lleg, ella escuchaba
msica
4.
She __________
Ella estaba nadando
5.
__________We when you arrived.
1.
2.
3.
6.
7.
8.
9.
__________when I saw you?
Nosotros jugbamos cuando t

llegaste
Cuando lo vi, l estaba
When I saw him, he __________
estudiando
Yesterday, at 8 o'clock, what
Ayer, a las 8, que estabas
__________
haciendo?
He phoned while we __________ to l llam por telfono mientras
music.
nosotros escuchbamos msica
__________
Estaba l comiendo?
10. We __________
Nosotros no estbamos hablando
EL GERUNDIO (THE GERUND)

El gerundio (present participle) se forma aadiendo al infinitivo la terminacin "-ing", aunque
con algunas peculiaridades que veremos en la prxima leccin:
To listen
To read
listening
reading
El "present participle" se utiliza en ingls para formar los tiempos continuos. Su equivalente
en castellano es el gerundio:
I was reading.
They are laughing.
Yo estaba leyendo
Ellos se estn riendo
Tambin se utiliza a veces como adjetivo:
20
That is very funny.

The book is interesting.
Eso es muy divertido

El libro es interesante
Se forma aadiendo la terminacin "-ing" al infinitivo:
To listen (escuchar)
To hear (oir)
listening
hearing
Si el verbo finaliza con una nica "e", esta letra desaparece delante de "-ing":
To come (venir)
To write (escribir)
coming
writing
Si el verbo tiene una sola slaba, y sta tiene una nica vocal y finaliza en una nica
consonante, entonces esta consonante final se dobla:
To cut (cortar)
To sit (sentarse)
cutting
sitting
Si el verbo tiene dos o ms silabas, con el acento sobre la ltima, y sta ltima slaba
contiene una sola vocal y finaliza en una nica consonante, entonces esta consonante final
tambin se dobla:
To admit (admitir)
To begin (empezar)
admitting
beginning
Si el verbo termina por la consonante "l" detrs de una nica vocal, esta consonante "l" se
dobla:
To cancel (cancelar)
To impel (impulsar)
cancelling
impelling
Si el verbo finaliza en "y", esta letra se mantiene y se le aade la terminacin "-ing":
To study (estudiar)
To try (intentar)
studying
trying
FUTURO SIMPLE (SIMPLE FUTURE)
El "future simple" es un tiempo que sirve para describir acciones que se van a desarrollar en
el futuro. Equivale en castellano al futuro imperfecto:
21
I will play tennis.
Yo jugar al tenis
El "future simple" se puede utilizar con o sin mencionar el tiempo en el que se desarrollar
la accin:
I will listen to music.

I will listen to music tomorrow.
Yo oir msica
Yo oir msica maana
No es el nico tiempo que existe en ingls para referirse al futuro; hay otras formas, que
veremos en las siguientes lecciones, que se utilizan para comunicar la idea de inminencia, de
decisin, etc.
El "future simple" se forma con el auxiliar "will" seguido del infinitivo del verbo principal:
She will buy a car.

We will go to the cinema.
Ella se comprar un coche

Nosotros iremos al cine
Es frecuente utilizar en el lenguaje hablado la forma contrada del auxiliar "will", que se
representa por " 'll ":
She'll buy a car.

We'll go to the cinema.
Ella se comprar un coche

Nosotros iremos al cine
A veces, aunque cada vez menos, se utiliza el auxiliar "shall", o su forma contraida " 'll "
para formar el futuro de la primera persona del singular y del plural:
I will play tennis. = I shall play tennis. = I'll play tennis.

We will go to the cinema. = We shall go to the cinema. = We'll go to the cinema.
La forma negativa se construye situando la partcula de negacin "not" entre el auxiliar y el

verbo principal. Se suele utilizar la forma contrada de "will not" que se representa por "won't"
(la contraccin de "shall not" es "shant"):
I won't (will not) play tennis.
Yo no jugar al tenis
La forma interrogativa se construye comenzando la oracin con el auxiliar "will", seguido del
sujeto y del verbo principal:
Will you play tennis?
Jugars t al tenis ?
22
Will she buy a car?
Se comprar ella un coche ?
Si la interrogacin es negativa, entonces sta se forma con el auxiliar "will", seguido del
sujeto, de la negacin "not" y del verbo principal; pero si se utiliza la contraccin "won't", sta se
coloca al comienzo de la oracin:
Will you not dance with me?

Wont you dance with me?
No bailars conmigo ?
1.
I __________ to the beach.
Yo no ir a la playa
2.
__________ to the theater?
Irs t al teatro?
3.
We __________ in the patio.
4.
__________ the newspaper?
Nosotros jugaremos en el patio

No ir l a comprar el
peridico?
5.
He __________
6.
You __________ with me.
T vendrs conmigo
7.
We __________ soccer.
Nosotros jugaremos al ftbol
8.
__________ in the restaurant?
Cenarn ellos en el
restaurante?
9.
I him.
Yo no lo ver
his homework.
__________ coffee with your
10. friends?
l no har los deberes
Tomars caf con tus amigos?
1.
Tomorrow I __________ to the

beach.
2.
He __________
3.
She __________ a car.
Ella se va a comprar un coche
4.
Tomorrow we __________ to Paris.
Maana volamos a Pars
5.
He doesn't __________ tonight.
l no viene esta noche
6.
We are __________ German.
7.
8.
9.
Maana voy a la playa
home next summer. l viene a casa este verano
She __________ the course next

month.
You are __________ to the cinema
tonight.
They __________ to have dinner
with us.
10. I am __________ this exam.
Nosotros vamos a aprender

alemn
Ella termina el curso el prximo
mes
T vas a ir al cine esta noche
Ellos vienen a cenar con nosotros
Yo voy a aprobar este examen
23
Se puede utilizar el "present simple" para describir una accin en el futuro que est
totalmente planeada:
Tomorrow I fly to Madrid.

Next week I start my course.
Maana vuelo a Madrid (la accin ya esta

planeada y decidida)
La prxima semana empiezo mi curso
Tambin se utiliza el "present continuous" para expresar una accin que se va a desarrollar
en un futuro cercano y que tambin est planeada. En estas oraciones hay que mencionar el
tiempo futuro en el que la accin tendr lugar, ya que de otro modo se entendera que la accin
se est desarrollando en el presente:
Tonight I am having a party.

Next week we are visiting you.
Esta noche voy a celebrar una fiesta

La prxima semana te visitaremos
Otra frmula de expresar el futuro en ingls es con la forma "to be going + infinitivo". Se
utiliza para aquellas acciones que el sujeto ha decidido realizar y sobre las que normalmente ha
hecho ya ciertas preparaciones al respecto:
I am going to buy a house.
Yo me voy a comprar una casa

(estoy totalmente decidido, ya
estoy buscando casa, ahorrando,
etc.)
Next summer I am going to study in Villahermosa. El prximo verano, voy a
estudiar a Villahermosa (ya me
estoy moviendo al respecto, estoy
buscando escuela, etc.)
GENERAL TEANSES REVIEW

I (be) __________ 45 years old.
2. I usually (get) __________ up at 7 o'clock, but tomorrow I (get) __________
up at 9.
3. Christmas (be) __________ on a Thursday next year.
4. Jack (like) __________ going dancing. Last week he (go) __________ to a
disco and (spend) __________ four hours there.
24
5. Andrew (fly)
to Europe next month. He (stay) __________ there three
months. After that, he (come)
back to our country.
6. Charles (look) __________ just like his father. When he was a child, he
(have) __________ brown hair too. That means that when he is 59, he (be)
bald too!
7. Bye for now. I (see) __________you in two weeks' time.
8. In twenty years' time I (be) __________ 45 years old.
up at 9.
disco and (spend)
four hours there.
12. Andrew (fly) __________ to Europe next month. He (stay) __________
there three months. After that, he (come) __________ back to our country.
bald too!
14. Bye for now. I (see) __________ you in two weeks' time.
15. In twenty years' time I (be) __________ 45 years old.
up at 9.
disco and (spend)
four hours there.
19. Andrew (fly) __________ to Europe next month. He (stay) __________
there three months. After that, he (come) __________ back to our country.
__________ bald too!
21. Bye for now. I (see) __________ you in two weeks' time.
25
22. Every day Susan (go) __________ to work by bus. Yesterday, she (get)
__________ up early and (decide) __________ to go by car.
23. Last week, Mr Thomas (buy) __________ a new flat near his office. Every
day, he (arrive) __________ at the office at 9 o'clock. He usually (have)
__________ lunch there too, but yesterday he (go)
to the restaurant across
the street.
24. Mary (like) __________ going to the cinema very much. Last weekend, she
(invite) __________ her friend Nina to go and watch 'Titanic'. They (arrive)
__________ at the cinema around 8.30 and the film (start) __________at 8.45.
25. Once a week, John (play) __________ tennis. But last week, he (stay)
__________ at home and he (play) __________ cards with his wife.
26. We (spend) __________ all the day together. I (like) __________ most of
them except for Neil.
27. Every day he (spend) __________ one hour talking about his holidays. Last
year, he (go) __________ to Germany.
He (spend) __________a month there, and he (visit) __________ many places.
He (rent) __________ a car and he (drive) __________ across the country.
Now he (want) __________ to go to some other country.
28. At 12.30 I usually (go) __________ out for lunch with Helen, the secretary. .
She (work) __________ from 8 am to 8pm. Last week, she (stay) __________
until 9pm to finish her work. Today, she (have) __________ a lot of things to do
but she (want) __________ to stay late again.
GENERAL REVIEW SECOND PART.

1. We (go) __________ to Italy again next year for our holidays.
2. Last year we (be) __________ there for our honeymoon.
3. We (like) __________ all the little Italian towns with their beautiful houses.
4. We (decide) __________ to stay longer in Venice because it was so nice.
5. This city (be) __________ famous for the gondolas.
26
6. So we (ride) __________ one in the evening and it was wonderful.

7. We (see) __________ all the town from the water.
8. There (be) __________ many people on the streets at that moment.
9. We (return) __________ to our hotel at midnight.
10. We (be) __________ so tired that we fell asleep very soon.
11. Sophie (be) __________ ill yesterday.
12. The museum (open) __________ at 10 everyday.
13. Sarah has four dogs, three cats and a bird. She (love) __________
animals!
14. Your girlfriend (call) __________ yesterday.
15. Richard and Pamela (walk) __________ five kilometres everyday.
16. Jeremy (not know) __________ how to play chess.
17. Ellen (not work) __________ on Sundays.
18. The kids (watch) __________ TV right now.
19. You (not come) __________ yesterday! What happened?
20. The train from London (arrive) __________ at 11.15 every Monday and
Thursday.
PRONOMBRES (NOUNS)
Los sustantivos en ingls pueden ser masculinos, femeninos o neutros:
Son masculinos los nombres de varones y los de animales de sexo masculino

Son femeninos los nombres de mujeres y los de animales de sexo femenino
Son neutros los nombres de objetos inanimados
El genero de los sustantivos no afecta ni al artculo ni al adjetivo que los acompaan, ya que
estos no varan de forma:
The red car
El coche rojo
27
The red cars
Los coches rojos
Pero en cambio, si hay que tener en cuenta el genero del sustantivo a la hora de sustituirlo
por un pronombre personal:
The boy is here.

The girl is nice.
The car is big.
He is here
She is nice
It is big
El plural de los sustantivos se forma aadiendo "s" a la forma singular:
Cat
Dog
Cats
Dogs
Pero si el sustantivo finaliza en "o", "ch", "sh", "ss", "x", para formar el plural hay que aadir
"-es":
Fax
Potato
Faxes
Potatoes
Y si finaliza por "y", tras una consonante, el plural se forma eliminando esta "y" y aadiendo
la terminacin "-ies":
Copy
Supply
Copies
Supplies
Algunas palabras en ingls tan slo tienen la forma plural:
Pants
Scissors
Glasses
Pantalones
Tijeras
Gafas
Otras, en cambio, tan slo tienen forma singular:
Beauty
Oil
Gold
Belleza
Petrleo
Oro
ADJETIVOS (ADJECTIVES)
28
Los adjetivos en ingls tienen un nica forma, por lo que no varan ni en funcin del gnero,
ni del nmero (singular o plural) del sustantivo al que acompaan:
The
The
The
The
happy
happy
happy
happy
boy
girl
boys
girls
El nio feliz
La nia feliz
Los nios felices
Las nias felices
En ingls se pueden utilizar el gerundio (present participle) y el participio (past participle)

con funcin de adjetivo:
An
An
An
An
amusing book
amused boy
interesting film
interested student
Un libro divertido
Un nio que se ha divertido
Una pelcula interesante
un nio que est interesado
La diferencia entre el gerundio y el participio est en que el primero tiene un sentido activo
(es el causante del efecto), mientras que el segundo tiene un sentido pasivo (es el receptor del
efecto):
"An amusing boy"

"An amused boy"
Define a un nio divertido, a un chaval con gracia.

Se refiere a un nio que se ha divertido (ha ido al
cine y se lo ha pasado en grande).
El adjetivo en ingls se sita delante del sustantivo:
A big car
An old person
Un coche grande
Una persona mayor
Pero en las frases atributivas se coloca detrs del verbo:
The car is big.

The person is old.
El coche es grande
La persona es mayor
Cuando varios adjetivos acompaan a un mismo sustantivo, estos adjetivos se colocan

siguiendo un orden determinado, que suele ser:
1.2.3.4.5.6.7.-
Tamao
Caractersticas generales
Edad
Forma
Color
Material
Procedencia
Big, smal....
Interesting, Spanish, beatiful....
Old, young....
Round, narrow, broad....
Red, blue....
Plastic, golden, silver....
Spanish, Swiss....
29
Algunos ejemplos:
A big Spanish car

A young pretty woman
An old, red, plastic table
Un coche espaol grande

Una joven mujer guapa
Una vieja mesa roja de plstico
Como ya mencionbamos en la leccin dedicada a los sustantivos, en ingls a veces se

utilizan adjetivos con funcin de sustantivos, normalmente haciendo referencia a colectivos:
The rich
The poor
The Spanish
1.
Los ricos
Los pobres
Los espaoles
A __________ book
Un libro aburrido
2.
A __________ boy.
Un nio aburrido (se ha

aburrido)
3.
A __________ house.
Una casa grande
4.
The house is __________
La casa es pequea
5.
A __________ job.
Un trabajo cansado
6.
A __________ girl.
Una nia cansada
7.
A __________ car.
Un coche blanco grande
8.
An __________ table.
Una vieja mesa de madera
9.
A __________ watch.
Un reloj suizo de oro
10. A __________ girl.
Una joven nia inglesa
ADVERBIOS (ADVERBS)
Muchos adverbios en ingls se forman aadiendo la terminacin "-ly" al adjetivo:
Intelligent (adjetivo)
Intelligently (adverbio)
Bad (adjetivo)
Badly (adverbio)
Inteligente
Inteligentemente
Malo
Malamente
En la formacin de estos adverbios, si el adjetivo finaliza en "-y", esta se cambia por "-i" y se
aade la terminacin "-ly":
Happy
Merry
Funny
Happily
Merrily
Funnily
30
Los adverbios se colocan normalmente en la oracin en el siguiente orden, aunque hay

otras posibilidades:
- adverbios de modo: se sitan detrs del verbo, o detrs del complemento si lo

hubiera
He answered the questions perfectly.
We worked intensively.
- adverbios de lugar: se sitan detrs del verbo, o detrs del complemento si lo

hubiera
He went upstairs.
I placed the table outside.
- adverbios de tiempo: se sitan al principio o al final de la oracin

Tomorrow he will finish the work.
He arrived very soon.
- adverbios de frecuencia: se sitan delante del verbo, o entre el auxiliar y el verbo

principal en las formas compuestas. Con el verbo "to be" se sitan detrs del mismo
He is always in the office.
We have frequently been in Paris.
She usually comes to this bar.
- adverbios de grado: se colocan delante del verbo.

He knew the problem completely.
We hardly play tennis.
WRITE THE SUITABLE ADVERB.

1.
He plays _______________
l juega silenciosamente
We _______________ go to the
cinema
She speaks
English _______________
Nosotros vamos al cine muy a

menudo
4.
Your dog barks _______________
Tu perro ladra ruidosamente
5.
The doctor works _______________ El doctor trabaja intensamente
2.
3.
6.
_______________ I don't feel well.
Ella habla ingls despacio
ltimamente no me encuentro
bien
7.
He works _______________
l trabaja todos los das
8.
We did the exercise

_______________
Nosotros hicimos el ejercicio mal
9.
She walked _______________
Ella camin lentamente
The boy starts his
El nio comienza sus clases por

la maana temprano
10. classes _______________
ARTICULOS (ARTICLES)
En ingls existen dos tipos de artculos: el artculo indefinido "a / an", equivalente en
castellano a "uno / una", y el artculo definido "the", equivalente a "el / la".
31
En ingls los artculos no tienen ni gnero ni nmero, a diferencia de lo que ocurre en

castellano.
The car
The cars
El coche
Los coches
El artculo indefinido "a / an" se utiliza:
- delante de un nombre singular, contable, que se menciona por primera vez en la

oracin:
a table (una mesa)
a dog (un perro)
- delante de profesiones:
I am a carpenter.(yo soy carpintero)
You are a lawyer. (t eres abogado)
- delante de ciertas expresiones de cantidad:

a lot (un montn)
a little (un poco)
- delante de ciertos nmeros:

a hundred (cien)
a thousand (mil)
- con expresiones de precio, velocidad, etc:

10$ a kilo (10$ el kilo)
10 miles an hour (10 millas a la hora)
El artculo indefinido nunca se utiliza:
- delante de nombres en plural:

a table (una mesa)
tables (mesas)
- delante de nombres que no sean contables:

water (agua)
milk (leche)
La forma del artculo indefinido "a" se utiliza delante de palabras que comienzan por
consonante, o por vocal con sonido consonante:
A pencil
A boy
Un lpiz
Un nio
Mientras que la forma "an" se utiliza delante de palabras que comienzan por vocal:
An elephant
Un elefante
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An angel
Un angel
Por su parte, el artculo definido "the" se utiliza:
- delante de un nombre, singular o plural, contable, que ya ha sido mencionado en

la oracin o que por el contexto queda perfectamente definido:
the car (el coche)

the girl (la nia)
- con nombre no contables utilizados con un significado determinado:
the music of the sixties (la msica de los 60's)

the girl (la nia)
- en cambio no se utiliza cuando estos sustantivos tienen un sentido genrico:
Music is life. (la msica es vida)
- delante de nombres utilizados con un significado colectivo:
the
the
the
the
police (la policia)

army (el ejrcito)
cinema (el cine)
radio (la radio)
- delante de nombres de nacionalidades:
the Italians (los italianos)

the Spanish (los espaoles)
- delante de adjetivos utilizados como nombres genricos:
The rich are happy.(los ricos son felices)

The blind need help. (los ciegos necesitan ayuda)
Este artculo definido no se utiliza, en general, en los siguientes casos (aunque hay
excepciones):
- delante de nombres de continentes, pases y ciudades:
Africa
Spain
New York
- delante de nombres de personas:
Peter
Edward
33
Mary
- delante de nombres utilizados en un sentido abstracto:
Life is beautiful. (la vida es

bella)
- delante de nombres de juegos y deportes:
I play football. (yo juego al ftbol)
- con nombres genricos en plural:
Men are strong.(los hombres son fuertes)
En ingls se utilizan como adjetivos demostrativos "this" (este / esta) y "that" (ese / esa):
This car
That girl
Este coche
Esa nia
Estos adjetivos concuerdan en nmero (singular / plural) con el sustantivo al que

acompaan, mientras que en gnero no existen diferencias entre masculino y femenino:
Masculino / femenino
Masculino / femenino
This student is intelligent.

These students are intelligent.
That book is interesting.
Those books are interesting.
Singular
Plural
This (este / esta)

That (ese / esa)
These (estos / estas)

Those (esos / esas)
Este estudiante es inteligente

Estos estudiantes son inteligentes
Ese libro es interesante
Esos libros son interesantes
"This / that" y sus formas plurales "these / those" tambin se utilizan solos, funcionando
como pronombres demostrativos:
This is my book.
That is your car.
These are my friends.
Those are their relatives.
Este es mi libro
Ese es tu coche
Estos son mis amigos
Esos son sus familiares
En este caso, el pronombres demostrativo sustituye al sustantivo al que se refiere y se

utiliza cuando ste ya ha sido mencionado anteriormente o cuando en funcin del contexto
queda perfectamente definido:
Have you seen my book? Yes, this is Has visto mi libro ?. S, este es tu libro
your book.
Who is your father? That is my father. Quin es tu padre ?. Ese es mi padre
34
El adjetivo posesivo en ingls tiene las siguientes formas:
My
Your
His / her / its
Our
Your
Their
Mo / ma / mos / mas
Tuyo / tuya / tuyos / tuyas
Suyo / suya / suyos / suyas (de l, de ella, de ello)
Nuestro / nuestra / nuestros / nuestras
Vuestro / vuestra / vuestros / vuestras
Suyo / suya / suyos / suyas ( de ellos / ellas)
La forma "its" se utiliza cuando el poseedor es un objeto o un animal, pero a veces, cuando
se siente especial cario por el animal, se utiliza la forma masculina "his" o femenina "her".
This is its collar

This is his collar
This is her collar
Este es su collar
Este es su collar (del perro)
Este es su collar (de la perra)
El adjetivo posesivo vara segn el poseedor (1, 2 o 3 persona del singular o plural), pero,
a diferencia del castellano, no concuerda en nmero con el objeto posedo:
Este es mi hijo
Esta es mi hija
Ellos son mis hermanos
Ellas son mis hermanas
This is my son.
This is my daugther.
They are my brothers.
They are my sisters.
El pronombre posesivo sustituye al sustantivo y al adjetivo posesivo que lo acompaa

cuando este sustantivo ha sido ya anteriormente mencionado, o cuando por el contexto queda
perfectamente definido:
Mine
Yours
His / hers
Ours
Yours
Theirs
Mo / ma / mos / mas
Tuyo / tuya / tuyos / tuyas
Suyo / suya / suyos / suyas (de l, de ella, de ello)
Nuestro / nuestra / nuestros / nuestras
Vuestro / vuestra / vuestros / vuestras
Suyo / suya / suyos / suyas ( de ellos / ellas)
This is my car.
This is mine.
Este es mi coche
Este es el mo
This is our house.

This is ours.
Esta es nuestra casa

Este es la nuestra
Those are their books.

Those are theirs.
Esos son sus libros

Esos son los suyos
35
Possessive Adjectives: my - your - his - her - its - our - your - their

Possessive Pronouns: mine - yours - his - hers - its - ours - yours - theirs
WRITE THE CORECT POSSESIVES.
1.
These are _______ pencils
Estos son sus lpices
2.
_______ brothers have come.
Mis hermanos han venido
3.
The dog likes _______ food.
Al perro le gusta su comida
4.
These are _______
Estos son los nuestros
5.
Where are _______ shoes?
Dnde estn tus zapatos?
6.
Has _______ sister come?
Ha venido mi hermana?
7.
I have read _______ book.
Yo he ledo tu libro
8.
Who has seen _______ glasses?
Quin ha visto mis gafas?
9.
This is _______ house.
Esta es su casa (de ella)
10. _______ brother hasn't seen me.
Tu hermano no me ha visto
1. My friend John has a new dog, _______ old dog died last week.
2. Mary hates when somebody touches _______ car.
3. The students must bring _______ certificates tomorrow.
4. Harry Potter has learned how to use _______ wand.
5. Be careful, your cat is annoying _______ neighbours.
6. Don't use Martin's cup! It's _______!
7. Sharon has three sisters. _______ youngest sister lives in Spain.
8. The house where they live is not _______. They are renting it.
9. Can I use your chair? My chair is smaller than _______.
10. Susan will visit _______ friends when she goes to England.
36
11. Paul and Jeannie are going to visit _______ friends tomorrow.
12. He usually goes to England for _______ holidays.
13. Sheila is buying a present for _______ mother.
14. We are living in _______ new home.
15. This is their car. It's _______
16. This is my computer. It's _______.
17. You received a letter from _______ brothers.
18. The dog has _______ own place here.
19. This is his telephone. It's _______.
20. Monica and Sheila will meet parents.
En ingls existen una serie de palabras, con funciones de adjetivo o pronombre, que
comienzan por "wh-" y que se sitan invariablemente al comienzo de las frases interrogativas:
Palabra
Who
Whom
Whose
What
Which
Significado
Quin
(A, con) quin
De quin
Qu
Cual
Who lives here?

Whom did you meet?
Whose dog is that?
What is you favourite song?
Which racket do you prefer?
Utilizacin con:
Persona
Persona
Persona
Cosa
Persona/cosa
Funcin
Sujeto/objeto
Objeto
Posesivo
Sujeto/objeto
Sujeto/objeto
Quin vive aqu ?

Con quin te reuniste ?
De quin es ese perro ?
Cual es tu cancin preferida ?
Qu raqueta prefieres ?
A diferencia del castellano, estas palabras no varan con el numero (singular o plural) del
sustantivo al que se refieren:
Who is this boy?

Who are these boys?
Quin es este nio ?

Quienes son estos nios ?
37
Funcionan como pronombres, aunque algunas de ellas ("whose", "what" y "which" ) tambin
se utilizan como adjetivos:
Who came first?

What name do you prefer?
What is your profession?
Which car is faster?
Pronombre
Adjetivo
Pronombre
Adjetivo
En aquellos casos en los que estas palabras vienen acompaadas de una preposicin, se
utiliza con personas necesariamente "whom", mientras que con objetos se puede utilizar "what"
o "which". En estas frases, la preposicin se coloca al final de la interrogacin:
Whom did you come with?

What do you think about?
Con quin viniste ?

Qu piensas al respecto ?
Se utiliza "which" en lugar de "who" (con personas) o "what" (con objetos) cuando la
pregunta se circunscribe a una serie de personas o objetos determinados:
What book do you prefer?
Which book do you prefer?
Qu libro prefieres ? (se trata de una pregunta

abierta donde hay numerosas posibilidades de
respuesta).
Qu libro prefieres ? (pregunto sobre unos pocos
libros que estoy mostrando).
Los pronombres personales en ingls que desempean en la oracin la funcin de objeto

son:
Me
You
Him / her / it
Us
You
Them
A
A
A
A
A
A
m (me)
ti (te)
l, a ella, a ello (se)
nosotros - as (nos)
vosotros - as (os)
ellos -as (se)
Estos pronombres pueden ir en la oracin como objetos directos o indirectos:
Give me that ball.

He has seen me.
I am lending you some money.
She loves you.
Dame esa pelota

El me ha visto
Yo te presto dinero
Elle te quiere
Objeto
Objeto
Objeto
Objeto
indirecto
directo
indirecto
directo
Si funcionan como objeto indirecto se sitan por delante del objeto directo en el caso de que
lo hubiere:
38
They brought me a book.
I am showing you these photos.
Ellos me trajeron un libro ("me" funciona como

objeto indirecto y se sita delante de "book" que
es el objeto directo)
Yo te enseo estas fotos ("you" ,como
complemento indirecto, se coloca delante de
"photos", complemento directo)
Si en una misma oracin coincidieran dos pronombres personales, uno en funcin de objeto
directo y otro de objeto indirecto, el primero se sita a continuacin del verbo y el indirecto va
en segundo lugar, normalmente acompaado por las preposiciones "to" o "for":
I am giving these flowers to my sister.

Im sending this boy to her mother.
I am buying a present for my brother.
= I am giving them to her.

= I am sending him to her.
= I am buying it for him.
1.
I am showing _____ my house.
2.
She has brought _____ a present.
Ella me ha trado un regalo
3.
We are lending _____ our car.
Nosotros te dejamos nuestro

coche
4.
She has bought _____
Ella me lo ha comprado
5.
Take _____ off.
Qutatelo (el abrigo)
6.
You have sold _____ this picture.
T me has vendido este cuadro
7.
He has given _____ this book.
l nos ha regalado este libro
8.
We have _____ brought
Nosotros te lo hemos trado
9.
You didn't say _____
T no me lo dijiste
10. Buy _____ the newspaper.
Yo te enseo mi casa
Cmprame el peridico
Los pronombres reflexivos en ingls son:
Myself
Yourself
Himself / herself / itself
Ourselves
Yourselves
Themselves
Yo mismo (-a)
T mismo (-a)
El mismo / ella misma
Nosotros (-as) mismos (-as)
Vosotros (-as) mismos (-as)
Ellos (-as) mismos (-as)
Este pronombre se utiliza con verbos reflexivos, es decir, aquellos que vienen acompaados
de un sujeto y de un objeto que son la misma persona:
I cut myself.
You hurt yourself.
Control yourself.
I enjoyed myself very much.
Yo me cort
T te hiciste dao
Contrlate
Yo me lo pas muy bien
39
Pero hay que tener en cuenta que los verbos reflexivos no coinciden necesariamente en
castellano y en ingls:
I dressed slowly.
You shaved this morning.
I didn't wash yesterday.
Yo me vest lentamente
T te afeitaste esta maana
Yo no me lav ayer
Tambin se utilizan los pronombre reflexivos para enfatizar al sujeto, y en este caso se
suelen colocar a continuacin del mismo, o detrs del objeto de la oracin:
I did the job myself.

Lets do it ourselves.
He himself didn't know it.
She herself broke the glass.
Yo mismo hice el trabajo

Vamos a hacerlo nosotros mismos
El mismo no lo saba
Ella misma rompi el cristal
WRITE THE CORRECT REFLEXIVE

1.
2.
3.
She answered the

telephone __________
They enjoyed __________ very
much in the party.
He shaved __________ very
quickly.
Ella misma contest al telfono

Ellos disfrutaron mucho en la
fiesta
l se afeit rpidamente
4.
He has hurt __________
l se ha hecho dao
5.
We fixed __________ the dinner
Nosotros mismos preparamos la

cena
6.
7.
8.
9.
He didn't want to answer

l mismo no quiso contestar
__________.
You have painted __________ the
T mismo has pintado la casa
house
They burnt the house __________. Ellos mismos quemaron la casa
You have dressed __________ very
T te has vestido muy elegante
smartly.
10. I want to answer __________.
Yo mismo quiero contestar
La forma pasiva en ingls, al igual que en castellano, se forma utilizando el verbo auxiliar "to
be", acompaado del participio (past participle) del verbo principal:
The match is played.

The house is built.
The book is read.
El partido es jugado
La casa es construida
El libro es ledo
La diferencia que se puede observar con el castellano es que, mientras en ste el participio
concuerda en gnero y nmero con el sujeto, en ingls, al ser la forma del participio nica, no
se produce dicha concordancia:
40
The boys hair is combed.

The girls hair is combed.
The childrens hair is combed.
El nio es peinado
La nia es peinada
Los nios son peinados
Si mencionamos en la oracin el sujeto agente, es decir, el sujeto que realiza la accin, ste
va introducido por la preposicin "by":
This boys hair is combed by his mother.

The book is read by my sister.
Dinner is cooked by her husband.
Este nio es peinado por su madre

El libro es ledo por mi hermana
La cena es preparada por el marido
Cuando transformamos una oracin activa en su equivalente pasiva el proceso es el

siguiente:
a) El objeto de la oracin activa pasa a ser sujeto de la pasiva

b) El verbo principal se sustituye por el auxiliar "to be", en su mismo tiempo,
acompaado del participio del verbo principal
c) El sujeto de la oracin principal pasa a ser complemento agente de la pasiva
Forma activa
I watch this program.
I cleaned my car.
You have read this book.
Forma pasiva
This program is watched by me
The car was cleaned by me
This book has been read by you
Todas las formas activas tienen su equivalente pasiva, incluidas las formas continuas. Todas
ellas se construyen, como hemos indicado, poniendo el verbo auxiliar de la oracin pasiva en el
mismo tiempo que el verbo principal de la oracin activa:
I
I
I
I
I
I
watch my hands.
watched my hands.
will watch my hands.
am watching my hands.
have watched my hands.
would watch my hands.
My
My
My
My
My
My
hands
hands
hands
hands
hands
hands
are watched by me
were watched by me
will be watched by me
are being watched by me
have been watched by me
would be watched by me
CHANGE THE SENTENCES TO PASSIVE VOICE

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The
El peridico fue comprado
newspaper __________ bought.
The coffee __________ made by my El caf fue preparado por mi
sister.
hermana
The radio __________ plugged in.
La radio no ha sido enchufada
__________ the truck been bought

Ha sido comprado ya el camin?
yet?
The robber __________ captured by El ladrn fue capturado por la
the police.
polica
41
6.
The picture __________ painted by

El cuadro ha sido pintado por m
me.
7.
The TV __________ fixed.
8.
The floor __________ swept by the El suelo fue barrido por la vecina
neighbor.
9.
The flowers __________ watered.

The girl __________ dressed by her
10. mother.
La tele ha sido arreglada
Las flores han sido regadas

La nia fue vestida por su madre
En ingls es frecuente responder preguntas utilizando respuestas cortas para evitar repetir
toda la oracin:
Do you want a cup of coffee?

Have you seen the film?
Yes, I do.
Yes, I have.
Estas respuestas se construyen utilizando nicamente el verbo auxiliar, que se pone en el

mismo tiempo que el verbo de la oracin interrogativa:
Are you going to the cinema ?

Did you go to Paris ?
Had he read the book ?
Yes, I am.
Yes, I did.
Yes, he had.
A veces, cuando alguien realiza una afirmacin, se le contesta con una interrogacin corta
como una manera corts de mostrar inters, que sirve de "comodn" para hacer seguir la
conversacin, o tambin para manifestar sorpresa:
It is very cold.
I like this film.
They come to visit us.
Is it?
Do you?
Do they?
Esta interrogacin se construye utilizando el verbo auxiliar de la oracin principal en su

mismo tiempo, o con el verbo "to do" cuando en la oracin principal no hay verbo auxiliar.
Tambin se utilizan esta forma corta introducida por la particula "so" cuando se coincide con
lo que alguien ha afirmado, o por "neither" cuando se coincide con lo que alguien ha negado.
En estos casos se altera el orden de la oracin, colocando el verbo delante del sujeto:
I like this film.

I don't like this film.
He went to London.
He didn't go to London.
So do I.
Neither do I.
So did I.
Neither did I.
42
En ingls es frecuente que tras una afirmacin o negacin, la misma persona aada una
pregunta corta de signo opuesto:
Do you want coffee?

You have seen the film.
Don't you?
Havent you?
Estas interrogaciones se construyen siguiendo el mismo modelo de frases cortas que vimos
en la leccin anterior: se utiliza el auxiliar en el mismo tiempo que el verbo de la oracin
principal, y en el caso de que la oracin principal no lleve auxiliar, se utiliza el auxiliar "to do":
You like coffee.

You can help me.
He is clever.
Dont you?
Cant you?
Isnt he ?
Se suele utilizar una "question tag" negativa tras una afirmacin:
It is very cold.
She likes this film.
They came to visit us.
Isnt it?
Doesnt she?
Didnt they?
Y una "question tag" afirmativa tras una negacin:
It isnt very cold.

She doesn't like this film.
They didnt come to visit us.
Is it?
Does she?
Did they?
El significado de las "question tags" va a depender de su pronunciacin: si cae la

entonacin indica que simplemente se busca el asentimiento de la otra persona; si, por el
contrario, se eleva el tono, entonces se trata de una verdadera pregunta:
She will come later.
Wont she? (si se baja el tono, se busca slo el

asentimiento del oyente )
She will come later.
Wont she? (si se sube el tono, se trata de una

verdadera pregunta )
A veces, tambin se utilizan las "question tags" para solicitar informacin o para solicitar
algo de un modo ms corts. En estos casos, la oracin principal suele ser negativa y la
"question tag" afirmativa:
You dont have the newspaper.

They dont want to go to the cinema.
Do you?
Do they?
WRITE THE QUESTION TAGS TO

EACH SENTENCES
43
1.
2.
3.
4.
They live in Seville, __________

You play tennis very well,
__________
You have read this book,
__________
She doesn't like this
city, __________
Ellos viven en Sevilla, no?

T juegas bien al tenis, no?
T has ledo ese libro, no?
A ella le gusta esta ciudad, no?
5.
They will come with us, __________ Ellos vendrn con nosotros, no?
6.
He is waiting for me, __________
l me est esperando, no?
We are going to buy a new

car, __________
You weren't at home, __________
Vamos a comprar un coche

nuevo, no?
Nos estabas en casa, no?
You are going to a new restaurant,

__________
Vas a un restaurante nuevo,

no?
7.
8.
9.
10. She would come later, __________
Ella vendra ms tarde, no?
Se utiliza la preposicin "at" para referirnos a horas y a momentos puntuales del da:
At 10 o'clock
At midnight
A las diez en punto

A medianoche
Tambin se utiliza "at" con algunas expresiones de tiempo:
At
At
At
At
Christmas
present
the moment
the weekend
En navidades
Actualmente
En este momento
En el fin de semana
La preposicin "on" se utiliza con das de la semana y con fechas:
On Monday
On my birthday
On the 10th of April
El lunes
El da de mi cumpleaos
El 10 de abril
La preposicin "in" se utiliza con meses:
In January
In the previous month
En enero
En el mes anterior
44
Tambin se utiliza "in" con las estaciones del ao:
In
In
In
In
summer
winter
autumn
spring
En
En
En
En
verano
invierno
otoo
primavera
As como con periodos ms largos de tiempo:
In this century
In the 60's
En este siglo
En los aos 60's
Y con algunas expresiones temporales que se refieren a periodos del da (salvo con
"night"):
In
In
In
At
the morning
the afternoon
the evening
night
Por la maana
Al medioda
Por la tarde
Por la noche
En la siguiente expresin se puede utilizar tanto "on" como "in", pero el significado vara:
On time
In time
En el momento justo (ni antes, ni despus)

Con tiempo suficiente
Entre otras preposiciones de tiempo que se utilizan en ingls destacamos:
Before
After
For
During
Since
From
Till
Antes
Despus
Durante
Durante
Desde
Desde
Hasta
La preposicin "before" se utiliza para indicar que la accin se ha desarrollado antes del
momento indicado:
Before I came here, I lived in

Seville.
Finish your report before Sunday.
Antes de venir aqu, yo viv en Sevilla

Finaliza tu informe antes del domingo
45
Mientras que la preposicin "after" indica, por el contrario, que la accin tiene lugar despus
del momento sealado:
After I went to Madrid, I started

my studies.
You can see him after 6 o'clock.
Despus de irme a Madrid, comenc mis estudios

Puedes verlo despus de las 6
La preposicin "for" se utiliza para indicar la duracin de una accin:
I lived in Madrid for 10 years.

Yo viv en Madrid durante 10 aos
She studied in the university for 5 years. Ella estudi en la universidad durante 5 aos
"During" se utiliza, en cambio, para indicar el periodo de tiempo durante el cual se desarrolla
la accin:
I met my wife during my studies in

Yo conoc a mi mujer durante mis estudios
London.
en Londres
During the summer, I like to play sports. Durante el verano me gusta practicar
deporte
Con la preposicin "since" se indica el comienzo de una accin que en el momento de la

oracin an no ha terminado:
Ive studied English since my childhood.

Estudio ingls desde mi infancia
Weve worked in this company since 1992. Trabajamos en esta compaa desde 1992
La preposicin "from" se utiliza acompaada de las preposiciones "to" o "till / untill",

indistintamente, para indicar el comienzo y el trmino de una accin:
I work from Monday to Friday.

Trabajo de lunes a viernes
I lived in Paris from 1980 to 1984. Viv en Pars desde 1980 a 1994
Si slo se indica el final de la accin, se utiliza "till / untill" (nunca "to"):
Yesterday I worked until midnight. Ayer trabaj hasta medianoche

I didn't drive untill my 30's.
No conduje hasta los 30 aos
1.
I have arrived _____ 8 o'clock.
2.
_____ Monday I have English class. El lunes tengo clase de ingls
3.
4.
5.
The elections will take

place _____ 24th of March.
She celebrated a party _____ her
birthday.
_____ the last century, life was
different.
Yo he llegado a las 8 en punto
Las elecciones sern el 24 de

marzo
Ella celebr una fiesta el da de
su cumpleaos
En el siglo pasado, la vida era
diferente
46
6.
What are you doing _____ spring?
Que hars en primavera?
7.
I will see you _____ half past two.
Yo te ver a las dos y media
8.
9.
_____ midnight a ghost appeared.

_____ summer it is very hot.
A medianoche se apareci un
fantasma
En verano hace mucho calor
10. The train leaves _____ 11 0'clock.

She has been playing
El tren parte a las 11 de la noche
12. you.
Ella juega al tenis desde los 13

aos
Desde que te conoc, me
enamor de ti
13. The office is open _____ 5.
El horario de oficina es de 9 a 5
11. tennis _____ she was 13.

_____ I met you, I fell in love with
The child didn't sleep _____ his
El nio no se durmi hasta que

lleg su madre
_____ 1990 she worked in the
Desde 1980 a 1990 ella trabaj
15. university.
en la universidad
We have studied French _____ 7
Nosotros hemos estudiado
16. years.
francs durante 7 aos
_____ arriving, he started to watch Despus de llegar, se puso a ver
17. TV.
la tele
14. mother arrived.
18. _____ leaving, call your boss.
Antes de salir, llama a tu jefe
_____ Christmas, I have played
19. football.
20. Don't get home _____ 12 o'clock.
Durante las Navidades he jugado

al ftbol
No llegues a casa despus de las
12
En ingls se utilizan diversas preposiciones para referirse a un lugar; entre las ms

frecuentes destacamos:
In
On
At
Dentro
Sobre
Junto a
La preposicin "in" indica dentro de un lugar:
In my room
In my pocket
En mi habitacin
En mi bolsillo
Se suele utilizar tambin cuando nos referimos a pases o ciudades:
The concert is in Madrid.

This match took place in Spain.
El concierto es en Madrid
Este partido se celebr en Espaa
"On" indica sobre un lugar:
47
On the table
On my book
Sobre la mesa
Sobre mi libro
Hay expresiones muy usuales que se construyen con "on":
On the left
On the right
On the fifth floor
A la izquierda
A la derecha
En el quinto piso
La preposicin "at" se utiliza normalmente para indicar "junto a, al lado de":
At the bed
At the bridge
Junto a la cama
Junto al puente
Pero hay una serie de lugares que suelen ir acompaados de la preposicin "at", incluso
cuando estamos dentro de los mismos:
At
At
At
At
At
home
the university
work
the airport
the bus station
En
En
En
En
En
casa
la universidad
el trabajo
el aeropuerto
la estacin de autobuses
Tambin se utiliza "at" para referirnos a acontecimientos:
At the exposition
At the meeting
At the conference
En la exposicin
En el meeting
En la conferencia
En ingls, en expresiones de movimiento, se utilizan, entre otras, las siguientes

preposiciones:
From
To
At
In
Into
Desde
A, hasta
A
A
Dentro de
Con la preposicin "from" se indica el punto de partida o el lugar de origen:
I came from Paris.

She is from Germany.
Yo vine de Pars
Ella es de Alemania
48
Where are you from?
De dnde eres ?
Para indicar que vamos hacia un lugar, utilizamos la preposicin "to":
I went to London.
You drive to Madrid.
We go to the beach.
They went to Italy.
Yo fui a Londres
Ella conduce hacia Madrid
Nosotros vamos a la playa
Ellos fueron a Italia
Si decimos que ya hemos llegado al lugar, utilizamos la preposicin "in" con ciudades y
pases, y "at" con otros lugares (excepcin: "home" no lleva preposicin):
I arrived in London.
She arrived in Portugal.
We arrive at the beach.
When will you arrive home?
Yo llegu a Londres
Ella lleg a Portugal
Nosotros llegamos a la playa
Cuando llegars a casa ?
Para indicar que entramos en un lugar, utilizamos la preposicin "into":
We went into the car.

They went into the movies.
Come into my house.
Nosotros entramos en el coche

Ellos entraron en el cine
Entra en mis casa
En ingls, dependiendo del medio de transporte que se utilice, se emplean distintas

preposiciones.
Cuando subimos a un transporte utilizamos el verbo "to get" (en algunas expresiones el
verbo "to go"), acompaado de las siguientes preposiciones:
"On / onto" en las expresiones:
To
To
To
To
To
To
get on a bicycle
get on a motorbyke
get on a horse
go on board
get on a bus
get on the train
Subirse a una bicicleta

Subirse a una moto
Subirse a un caballo
Embarcar
Subir a un autobs
Subir al tren
"In / into" en las expresiones:
To get in the car

To get in the taxi
Subirse al coche
Subirse al taxi
49
Para indicar como nos estamos desplazando hay distintas alternativas:
Si nos referimos al tipo de transporte que empleamos, utilizamos "by", salvo en la expresin
"on foot" (andando):
To
To
To
To
To
go
go
go
go
go
by
by
by
by
by
bicycle
car
train
plane
bus
Ir
Ir
Ir
Ir
Ir
en
en
en
en
en
bicicleta
coche
tren
avin
autobs
Pero si especificamos el vehculo concreto que estamos empleando, entonces utilizamos

las preposiciones "on" o "in", segn el medio de transporte:
To
To
To
To
go
go
go
go
in my car
on the bicycle
on the black horse
on the 8.15 train
Ir
Ir
Ir
Ir
en
en
en
en
mi coche
la bicicleta
el caballo negro
el tren de las 8.15
Cuando descendemos del transporte, utilizamos el verbo "to get", acompaado de las
siguientes preposiciones:
"Out of" en las expresiones:
To get out of the car

To get out of the taxi
Bajar del coche

Bajar del taxi
"Off" en las expresiones:
To
To
To
To
To
get
get
get
get
get
off
off
off
off
off
the
the
the
the
the
bus
bicycle
train
motorbike
horse
Bajar
Bajar
Bajar
Bajar
Bajar
del autobs
de la bicicleta
del tren
de la moto
del caballo
En ingls se utilizan estas tres expresiones temporales, con matices ligeramente diferentes.
"By the time" significa no ms tarde de la hora sealada:
You have to be here by 6 o'clock.
Tienes que estar aqu no ms tarde de las 6 en

punto
50
The train will arrive by 10:30.
El tren llegar no ms tarde de las 10.30
"On time" significa exactamente a la hora sealada, ni antes, ni despus:
The match begins at 4:30. I will be there on El partido empieza a las 4.30. Yo
time.
estar all puntual (llegar a las 4.30, ni
antes, ni despus)
The bus leaves at 3. I will be there on time. El autobs sale a las 3.00. Yo estar
all puntual (justo a las 3.00)
"In time" significa con tiempo suficiente:
The match begins at 4:30. I will be there in El partido empieza a las 4.30. Yo
time.
estar all con tiempo (llegar antes de
las 4.30)
The bus leaves at 3. I will be there in time. El autobs sale a las 3.00. Yo estar
all con tiempo (antes de las 3.00)
Estas preposiciones coinciden en ingls con el significado de "sobre, por encima de ", pero
ambas tienen, adems, otras acepciones que las diferencian.
Con el significado de "por encima de (a cierta distancia)" ambas preposiciones se pueden

utilizar indistintamente:
The clouds are over us.

The clouds are above us.
Las nubes estn sobre nosotros

Las nubes estn sobre nosotros
Tambin, ambas preposiciones tienen el significado de "por encima en el rango", pero "over"
da a entender que se trata del superior inmediato:
In the company, he is over me.
En la compaa, el est por encima ma (es mi

superior inmediato)
In the company, he is above me.
En la compaa, el est por encima ma (puede

que est muy por encima ma; no tiene por que ser
mi superior inmediato)
La preposicin "over" tiene otras acepciones: de un lado a otro, al otro lado, cubriendo,
sobre algo (tema de conversacin), etc.
There is a bridge over the cliff.
Hay un puente sobre el acantilado
51
I live over the lake.

I put a blanket over the injured.
They talk over sports.
Yo vivo al otro lado del lago

Puse una manta sobre el herido
Ellos hablan sobre ftbol
"Over" se utiliza tambin a veces para indicar que una accin se desarrolla durante el
tiempo de la comida, de la cena, etc.:
We had an argument over lunch.
Tuvimos una discusin en la comida
Por su parte, "above" puede utilizarse como adjetivo o adverbio, con el significado de
"previo":
As mentioned above....
The above definition....
Como fue mencionado previamente

La definicin anterior
Ambas preposiciones tienen el significado de "por debajo de" y en muchos casos se pueden
utilizar indistintamente:
The water flows under the bridge. El agua fluye por debajo del puente
The water flows below the bridge. El agua fluye por debajo del puente
Sin embrago, la preposicin "under" puede implicar que existe contacto fsico entre las dos
superficies:
I put the ticket under the book.

The cat is under the bed.
Yo puse el ticket debajo del libro

El gato est debajo de la cama
Mientras que la preposicin "below" indica que existe cierto espacio entre ambos objetos o
referencias:
The plane flys below the clouds.

El avin vuela por debajo de las nubes
His performance is below expectation. Su rendimiento est por debajo de lo esperado
"Below" y "under" tambin significan "inferior en el rango", pero "under" implica que se trata
del inmediato inferior, mientras que "below" da a entender que la separacin es mayor:
In the army, the lieutenant is under the captain.
En el ejrcito, el teniente est

justamente por debajo del capitn
In the army, the lieutenant is below the general. En el ejrcito, el teniente est por
debajo del general
52
En ingls para indicar "junto a" se utiliza la preposicin "beside":
He is beside me.
El est junto a m
The book is beside the table.
El libro est junto a la mesa
The theater is beside the city hall. El teatro est junto al ayuntamiento
Cuando se quier indicar que algo o alguien se encuentra situado entre dos (o entre un
nmero determinado), se utiliza la preposicin "between":
I sat between my friends.

Me sent entre mis amigos
The ball is between the cars.
La pelota est entre los coches
I put the wallet between the books. Puse la billetera entre los libros
Si se encuentra situado entre un nmero amplio e indeterminado de cosas, entonces se

utiliza la preposicin "among":
I saw him among the public.

Yo le vi entre el pblico
The bird is among the trees.
El pjaro est entre los rboles
The dog runs among the children. El perro corre entre los nios
La preposicin "behind" significa "detrs de":
The boy is behind the house.

The car is behind the bus.
The jacket is behind the door.
El nio est detrs de la casa

El coche est detrs del autobs
La chaqueta est detrs de la puerta
La preposicin "in front of" significa delante de:
The bus is in front of the school.

El autobs est delante del colegio
The monument is in front of the church. El monumento est delante de la iglesia
The dog is in front of the kitchen.
El perro est delante de la cocina
Mientras que la preposicin "opposite" significa "enfrente de". Su diferencia con la anterior
es que "in front of" indica delante, pero puede ser tanto de frente como de espalda, mientras
que "opposite" implica siempre de frente:
In the queue, he was in front of me.
En la cola l estaba delante de m (dndome

la espalda)
The sargent stood opposite the soldiers. El sargento estaba enfrente de los soldados
(mirndoles a la cara)
My house is opposite the park.
Mi casa est enfrente del parque
53
WRITE THE SUITABLE PREPOSITION

1.
_____ the car
En el coche
2.
_____ the horse
En el caballo
3.
_____ the cinema
Junto al cine
4.
_____ the party
En la fiesta
5.
_____ the school
En el colegio
6.
_____ the top of the page
En la parte de arriba de la
pgina
7.
_____ the sea
Junto al mar
8.
_____He arrived London
l lleg a Londres
9.
_____ the wall
En la pared
10.
_____ the box
En la caja
11.
There were _____ 20 persons.
Haba ms de 20 personas
12.
The president is _____ me.
13.
We had a chat _____ a cup of

coffee.
El presidente est por encima

de m
Tuvimos una charla durante el
caf
14.
I put a tablecloth _____ the table.
Puse un mantel sobre la mesa
15.
He lives _____ the river.
l vive al otro lado del ro
16.
117.
18.
19.
The helicopter is _____ the burning El helicptero est sobre la casa

house.
ardiendo
l est inmediatamente encima
He is _____ me.
de ma
Ellos construyeron un puente
They built a bridge the river.
sobre el ro
Me puse un abrigo sobre mi
I put on a coat _____ my suit.
traje
20.
They argued _____ money.
21.
The girl is _________ her mother. La nia est detrs de su madre
Discutieron sobre dinero
El coche est entre los dos
22. The car is _________ the two trees. rboles
El gato est entre los
23. The cat is _________ the students. estudiantes

24. She sat _________ me.
The school is _________ two
Ella se sent enfrente de m
26. children _________ us.
En colegio est entre las dos

calles
No hay ningn nio entre
nosotros
27. The entrance is _________ me.
La entrada est delante de m
28. The bakery is _________ the
La panadera est junto a la

frutera
25. streets.
There isn't any
greengrocer's.
54
29. Put the book _________ the chair.
Pon el libro detrs de la silla
There is a fountain _________ city
Hay una fuente enfrente del

ayuntamiento
30. hall.
El verbo "can" es un verbo modal que significa que algo es posible (posibilidad) o que
alguien es capaz de hacer algo (habilidad). Este verbo se utiliza siempre acompaado de un
verbo principal en su forma infinitiva. En los verbos modales la tercera persona del singular no
aade la "s" que incorporan los dems verbos en ingls.
I can play tennis.

He can open the window.
Yo puedo jugar al tenis

El puede abrir la ventana
El verbo "can" no tiene infinitivo (no existe "to can"); tan slo tiene presente ("can") y pasado
("could"). Para construir el futuro se utiliza la combinacin "to be able" (ser capaz) en su forma
futura.
I can listen to music.

I could listen to music.
I will be able to listen music.
Yo puedo or msica
Yo poda or msica
Yo podr or msica
La forma negativas de "can" en presente es "can not" (o su abreviada "can't") y en pasado

"could not" (o su abreviada "couldn't").
I cannot go to the party.

She couldn't carry the suitcase.
Yo no puedo ir a la fiesta
Ella no poda llevar la maleta.
En las frases interrogativas "can" se coloca al comienzo de la interrogacin, con una

estructura similar a la que vimos para los verbos "to be" y "to have".
Can you come with us?

Could she finish her work?
Puedes t venir con nosotros ?

Pudo ella finalizar su trabajo ?
El verbo "must" es tambin un verbo modal, que tampoco tiene infinitivo (no existe "to
must"). Este verbo modal tiene dos acepciones principales. En su primera acepcin se utiliza
para indicar que estamos seguro de que algo es cierto.
He must have gone.
El debe haberse ido (estoy seguro de que l se

ha marchado)
You must speak English very well. T debes hablar ingls muy bien (estoy seguro
de ello)
55
La forma pasada se construye "must have + past participle del verbo principal".
He must have finished his work.

You must have won the match.
El debe haber finalizado su trabajo

T debes haber ganado el partido
En su segunda acepcin, "must" se utiliza para indicar que es necesario hacer algo,
expresando una opinin del que habla.
You must answer the telephone.

She must study English.
T debes contestar el telfono (yo entiendo que

es tu obligacin)
Ella debe estudiar ingls (sta es mi opinin)
En esta segunda acepcin, "must" slo se utiliza en el presente y en el futuro.
You must study today.

You must study next week.
T debes estudiar hoy

T debes estudiar la prxima semana
La negacin es "must not" (o su forma abreviada "musn't"), que significa que es necesario
no hacer algo.
You musn't go there.

He mustnt sell his house.
T no debes ir all
El no debe vender su casa
Y la forma interrogativa se construye colocando "must" al comienzo de la interrogacin.
Must you water the garden?

Must we play now?
Debes t regar el jardn ?

Debemos nosotros jugar ahora ?
El verbo modal "may" se utiliza para indicar que algo puede ser posible:
He may be lost.
You may find a good hotel.
She may want to come with you.
El puede estar perdido

T puedes encontrar un buen hotel
Ella puede querer venir contigo
Se puede utilizar su forma pasada "might" prcticamente con el mismo significado, aunque
"may" indica un mayor grado de probabilidad:
He might be at home.
He may be at home.
El podra estar en casa

El puede estar en casa
56
Ambas formas "may" / "might" tambin se utilizan para pedir permiso de una manera
educada ("might" es incluso ms corts):
May I
Might
May I
Might
make a call?
I make a call?
open the door?
I open the door?
Puedo
Podra
Puedo
Podra
hacer una llamada ?

hacer una llamada ?
abrir la puerta ?
abrir la puerta ?
Las formas negativas son "may not" y "might not" (o su forma abreviada "mightn't"):
He may not be here

He might not be here
El puede no estar aqu

El podra no estar aqu
Tambin se pueden utilizar ambas formas para indicar posibilidad en el futuro:
This summer I may go to England. Este verano yo puedo ir a Inglaterra

This summer I might go to England. Este verano yo podra ir a Inglaterra
El verbo modal "should" se utiliza para indicar conveniencia:
You should come with us.

I should study German.
He should work harder.
T deberas venir con nosotros

Yo debera estudiar alemn
El debera trabajar ms duro
Se diferencia, por tanto, de "must", ya que ste indica obligacin:
You must do your homework.

You should do your homework.
T debes hacer tus deberes

T deberas hacer tus deberes
Tambin se utiliza "should" para indicar que algo es probable que ocurra en el futuro:
She has studied so hard that she Ella ha estudiado tanto que debera aprobar sus
should pass her exams.
exmenes
I should be at home by 10 o'clock. Yo debera estar en casa antes de las 10
Su forma negativa es "should not" (o la abreviada "shouldn't"):
She shouldn't go alone.

You shouldn't be so disagreeable.
He shouldn't come back so late.
Ella no debera ir sola

T no deberas ser tan desagradable
El no debera volver tan tarde
57
En el pasado se utiliza la forma "should + have + past participle del verbo principal" para
indicar lo que se debera haber hecho y no se hizo:
You should have called me.

T deberas haberme telefoneado
She should have prepared her exams. Ella debera haber preparado sus exmenes
My brother should have come.
Mi hermano debera haber venido
El verbo modal "would" (pasado de "will") se utiliza acompaado del infinitivo "to like" para
expresar ofrecimientos e invitaciones:
Would you like a cup of coffee?

Would you like to come with us?
Would he like a piece of cake?
Te gustara una taza de caf ?

Te gustara venir con nosotros ?
Le gustara un trozo de pastel ?
Tambin se utiliza para manifestar deseos o realizar peticiones de una manera corts:
I would like to be rich.

I would like your help.
Would you lend me your car?
Me gustara ser rico

Deseara tu ayuda
Me prestaras tu coche ?
USE A MODAL TO COMPLETE THE SENTENCES

1.
I _______ answer the question.
2.
He _______ arrive at the airport.
l pudo llegar al aeropuerto
3.
We _______ to help you.
Nosotros podremos ayudarte
4.
_______ you come with me?
5.
You _______ enter in the party.
6.
_______ you see who it was?
Yo puedo contestar la pregunta
Puedes t venir conmigo?

Vosotros no podis entrar en la
fiesta
Pudiste t ver quin era?
7.
I _______ lift this weight.
Yo no puedo levantar este peso
8.
We _______ to come sooner.
Nosotros no hemos podido llegar

antes
9.
She _______ to come this summer.
Ella no podr venir este verano
10. You _______ buy the tickets.
T no pudiste comprar las

entradas
Aparte de estos usos como verbo modal, "would" tambin se utiliza para formar el
condicional:
If that car was cheaper, I would buy it.

Si ese coche fuera ms barato, lo comprara
If it didn't rain, we would go to the beach. Si no lloviera, iramos a la playa
58
As como para formar el futuro de de una accin que se desarrolla en el pasado:
He said that he would buy the tickets.

El dijo que l comprara las entradas
I thought that I would go to the movies. Yo pensaba que ira al cine
Se utiliza "much" (mucho) y "little" (poco) con sustantivos que no se pueden contar:
Did he drink much water?

No, he drank little water.
Do you have much time?
No, I have little time.
Bebi l mucha agua ?

No, l bebi poca agua
Tienes mucho tiempo ?
No, tengo poco tiempo
Mientras que "many " (mucho) y "few" (poco) se utilizan con sustantivos que se pueden
contar:
Do you have many books?

No, I have few books.
Does he have many brothers?
No, he has few brothers.
Tienes muchos libros ?

No, tengo pocos libros
Tiene l muchos hermanos ?
No, l tiene pocos hermanos
"Much" y "many" se utilizan principalmente en oraciones negativas e interrogativas, ya que

en oraciones afirmativas se suelen sustituir ambos por "a lot of" (muchos, un montn):
Do you have many friends?

Yes, I have a lot of friends.
No, I don't have many friends.
Tienes muchos amigos ?

S, tengo muchos amigos
No, no tengo muchos amigos
Did you spend much money?

Yes, I spent a lot of money.
No, I didn't spend much money.
Gastaste mucho dinero ?

S, gast mucho dinero
No, no gast mucho dinero
No obstante, "much" y "many" s se utilizan en oraciones afirmativas cuando van precedidos

por algunas partculas, como "so" (tanto), "too" (demasiado), etc.:
He has so many friends....

You have too many doubts.
We drank too much alcohol.
We spent so much money....
El tiene tantos amigos ...

T tienes demasiadas dudas
Bebimos demasiado alcohol
Gastamos tanto dinero ...
COMPLETE LOS RECUADROS CON HOW MUCH O HOW MANY.
59
__________ birds are there?

There are two birds.
__________ money is there?

There are three thousand dollars.
__________ dolphins are there?

There are two dolphins.
__________ pencils are there?

There are thirteen pencils.
60
__________ books are there?

There are three books.
__________ milk is there?

There are four litres of milk.
CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER
Is there any milk?
Yes, there is.
Yes, there are.
How many people are there in
the cinema?
There are two hundred people.
There is two hundred people.
How much bread is there?

No, there is not.
There is a kilo.
How much sugar do you
need?
Yes, I do.
One kilo.
How many students are there
in your French class?
There are eleven students.
Yes, there are.
How many tomatoes are
there?
Two.
Yes, there are.
How much money do you
have?
I have one dollar.
61
Yes, there is.

How many cups are there?
No, there aren't.
There is only one.
Are there any kids here?
Yes, there are some.
Yes, you are.
Is there any milk in the fridge?
Yes, there are.
Yes, there are two litres.
A special Christmas present

David wants to buy a Christmas present for a very special person, his mother.
David's father gives him $5.00 a week pocket money and David puts $2.00 a week into
his bank account. After three months David takes $20.00 out of his bank account and
goes to the shopping mall. He looks and looks for a perfect gift.
Suddenly he sees a beautiful brooch in the shape of his favourite pet. He says to himself
"Mother loves jewelry, and the brooch costs only $l7.00." He buys the brooch and takes
it home. He wraps the present in Christmas paper and places it under the tree. He is very
excited and he is looking forward to Christmas morning to see the joy on his mother's
face.
But when his mother opens the present she screams with fright because she sees a
spider.
1 What does David want to buy his Mother?
62
a special birthday present

a Christmas present
a spider ring
2 Who does David get his money from?

his pet
his mother
his father
3 How much money does David have in the bank?

$20.00
$5.00
$l7.00
4 What does David buy his mother?

a ring
a brooch
a spider
5 What does David do with the present when he takes it home?

he gives it to his mother
he wraps it in Christmas paper
he is very excited
6 Why does David's mother scream?

because the present is beautiful
because she doesn't like Christmas presents
because she thinks she sees a real spider
63
7 Why does David buy a spider brooch?

spiders are his favourite pet
he loves Christmas
to scare his mother
8 Where does David put the present on Christmas Eve?

under his pillow
under a spider
under the Christmas tree
Two sisters and the cat

Mrs Wilson and Mrs Smith are sisters. Mrs Wilson lives in a house in Duncan and Mrs
Smith lives in a condominium in Victoria. One day Mrs Wilson visited her sister. When
her sister answered the door Mrs Wilson saw tears in her eyes. "What's the matter?" she
asked. Mrs Smith said "My cat Sammy died last night and I have no place to bury him".
She began to cry again. Mrs Wilson was very sad because she knew her sister loved the
cat very much. Suddenly Mrs. Wilson said "I can bury your cat in my garden in Duncan
and you can come and visit him sometimes. Mrs. Smith stopped crying and the two
sisters had tea together and a nice visit.
It was now five o'clock and Mrs Wilson said it was time for her to go home. She put on
her hat, coat and gloves and Mrs Smith put the dead Sammy into a shopping bag. Mrs
Wilson took the shopping bag and walked to the bus stop. She waited a long time for the
bus so she bought a newspaper. When the bus arrived she got on the bus, sat down and
put the shopping bag on the floor beside her feet. She then began to read the newspaper.
When the bus arrived at her bus stop she got off the bus and walked for about two
minutes. Suddenly she remembered she left the shopping bag on the bus.
1 Where does Mrs Smith live?
in a condominium in Duncan
64
in a condominium in Victoria
in a house in Duncan
2 Why is Mrs Smith upset?

because her sister came to see her cat
because her cat died
because Mrs Wislon was sad
3 What did Mrs Wilson do?

take the cat with her on the bus
put her gloves in the shopping bag
prepare dinner for her sister
4 Who did Sammy the cat live with?

Mrs Wilson
Mrs Smith
Mrs Wilson and Mrs Smith
5 What time did Mrs Wilson go home?

when the bus arrived
at 5 p.m.
after she walked for two minutes
6 How did Mrs Wilson go home?

walked for two minutes before she caught the bus
read a newspaper on the bus
took a bus
65
7 What did Mrs Wilson forget?

the newspaper
her handbag
the shopping bag
8 Where did Sammy die?

in Mrs Smith's house in Duncan
in Mrs Wilson's garden
in Victoria
66
One day Nasreddin borrowed a pot from his neighbour Ali. The next day he brought it
back with another little pot inside. "That's not mine," said Ali. "Yes, it is," said
Nasreddin. "While your pot was staying with me, it had a baby."
Some time later Nasreddin asked Ali to lend him a pot again. Ali agreed, hoping that he
would once again receive two pots in return. However, days passed and Nasreddin had
still not returned the pot. Finally Ali lost patience and went to demand his property. "I
am sorry," said Nasreddin. "I can't give you back your pot, since it has died." "Died!"
screamed Ali, "how can a pot die?" "Well," said Nasreddin, "you believed me when I
told you that your pot had had a baby."
1 Who was the owner of the pot?
Nasreddin
Ali
the baby
2 How many times did Nasreddin borrow the pot?

once
twice
three times
3 How many pots did he give back the first time?

none
one
two
4 Why was the neighbour happy to lend his pot a second time?
67
He was greedy.
He was a good neighbour.
He had lots of spare pots.
5 How many pots did Nasreddin return the second time?

none
one
two
6 What probably happened to the pot?

It died.
The neighbour took it back.
Nasreddin kept it.
One day Nasreddin went to town to buy new clothes. First he tried on a pair of trousers.
He didn't like the trousers, so he gave them back to the shopkeeper. Then he tried a robe
which had the same price as the trousers. Nasreddin was pleased with the robe, and he
left the shop. Before he climbed on his donkey to ride home, the shopkeeper and the
shop-assistant ran out.
"You didn't pay for the robe!" said the shopkeeper.
"But I gave you the trousers in exchange for the robe, didn't I?" replied Nasreddin.
"Yes, but you didn't pay for the trousers, either!" said the shopkeeper.
"But I didn't buy the trousers," replied Nasreddin. "I am not so stupid as to pay for
something which I never bought."
1 How did Nasreddin get to the shop?
on foot
by camel
68
by donkey
the story doesn't say
2 What did Nasreddin do first in the shop?
He tried on some trousers.
He tried on a robe.
He tried on a hat.
He greeted the shopkeeper.
3 What did Nasreddin try on next?
a robe
a pair of trousers
a hat
4 Which item did Nasreddin like best?

the robe
the hat
the trousers
5 How many people were working in the shop?

four
three
two
6 Why was the shopkeeper angry when Nasreddin left?

He didn't take the trousers.
He didn't pay for the robe.
He didn't say goodbye.
7 What did Nasreddin actually pay for?

nothing
the robe
the trousers
69
One day, Nasreddin was up on the roof of his house, mending a hole in the tiles. He had
nearly finished, and he was pleased with his work. Suddenly, he heard a voice below
call "Hello!" When he looked down, Nasreddin saw an old man in dirty clothes standing
below.
"What do you want?" asked Nasreddin.
"Come down and I'll tell you," called the man.
Nasreddin was annoyed, but he was a polite man, so he put down his tools. Carefully, he
climbed all the way down to the ground.
"What do you want?" he asked, when he reached the ground.
"Could you spare a little money for an old beggar?" asked the old man. Nasreddin
thought for a minute.
Then he said, "Come with me." He began climbing the ladder again. The old man
followed him all the way to the top. When they were both sitting on the roof, Nasreddin
turned to the beggar.
"No," he said
1 Why was Nasreddin on the roof of his house?
He was looking at the view.
He was waiting for the old man.
He was fixing the roof.
2 Who was the old man?

a beggar
Nasreddin's friend
a roof-mender
3 Why was Nasreddin angry?

It was a hot day.
He knew the beggar only wanted money.
It was a long way to go down the ladder.
70
4 Why did Nasreddin go down the ladder?

He wanted to get away from his work.
Because the beggar asked him to.
He wanted to speak to the beggar.
5 Why did Nasreddin make the beggar climb up the ladder?

He wanted to show him the view from the roof.
He wanted to get his revenge on the beggar.
He wanted the beggar to help him fix the roof.
One day, a poor man, who had only one piece of bread to eat, was walking past a
restaurant. There was a large pot of soup on the table. The poor man held his bread over
the soup, so the steam from the soup went into the bread, and gave it a good smell. Then
he ate the bread.
The restaurant owner was very angry at this, and he asked the man for money, in
exchange for the steam from the soup. The poor man had no money, so the restaurant
owner took him to Nasreddin, who was a judge at that time. Nasreddin thought about
the case for a little while.
Then he took some money from his pocket. He held the coins next to the restaurant
owner's ear, and shook them, so that they made a jingling noise.
"What was that?" asked the restaurant owner.
"That was payment for you," answered Nasreddin.
"What do you mean? That was just the sound of coins!" protested the restaurant owner.
"The sound of the coins is payment for the smell of the soup," answered Nasreddin.
"Now go back to your restaurant."
1 What food did the poor man have?
71
soup
bread
nothing
2 What kind of food did he see in the restaurant?

bread
meat
soup
3 Why did he hold the bread over the soup?

So the steam from the soup would go into the bread.
So he could warm his hand.
So the restaurant owner would get angry.
4 Why did the restaurant owner take the poor man to Nasreddin?
Because Nasreddin was a judge.
So that Nasreddin could pay for the soup.
Because Nasreddin was the man's relative.
5 What did Nasreddin do with the coins?

He gave them to the restaurant owner.
He made a noise with them.
He gave them to the poor man.
6 What was the payment for the smell of the soup?

the sound of money
a few coins
there was no payment
Nasreddin once had an old boat, which he used to ferry people across the river. One day,
he was taking a university professor to the other side.
"I don't know," answered Nasreddin.
72
"How do you spell elephant?" asked the professor.

"I have no idea," replied Nasreddin.
"Didn't you study anything at school?" demanded the professor, surprised.
"No," said Nasreddin.
"Then you wasted half your life," said the professor.
Nasreddin was silent for a little while. Then he said:
"Can you swim?"
"No," said the professor.
"Then you wasted ALL of your life," said Nasreddin. "We are sinking."
1 What was Nasreddin's job?
university professor
ferry man
judge
2 What kind of question did the professor ask him first?

a language question
a history question
a math question
3 What kind of question did he ask second?

a language question
a history question
a math question
4 Why didn't Nasreddin know any of the answers?

He was a history professor.
He never studied at school.
He couldn't swim.
5 Which man was probably able to swim?

Nasreddin
the professor
73
6 Who had the most useful knowledge?

Nasreddin
the professor
Sara Smith, a Pasadena resident, went shopping. She is 30, and has lived at 3037
N. Foothill Street since 1992. Sara has been married to John for seven years. They have
two children; Bob is five years old and Nancy is three. Sara owns a 1995 four-door blue
Toyola. At 9 a.m., Sara got into her car and drove to Barget, a department store a mile
away.
74
Barget was having a holiday sale. Sara bought a four-slice toaster for $29.95 plus
tax. The regular price was $39.95. She paid by check. On her way home, Sara stopped
at MilkPlus to buy a gallon of nonfat milk. The milk was $3.50. Sara got 50 cents back
in change.
Sara arrived home at 10 a.m. John and the kids were still sleeping. She woke them
up and then made a hot and nutritious breakfast for everyone.
II
A 79-year-old man was slightly injured on Saturday while waiting in his brand
new convertible in a drive-through lane at Burger Prince restaurant. Herman Sherman of
Northville suffered a mild burn about 9:00 p.m. when a young female employee
accidentally spilled a cup of coffee into his lap. Sherman said the coffee was hot but not
scalding.
He refused medical aid, saying the only problem was the stain on his slacks, but it
would wash out. He was given a fresh refill. Before Sherman drove off, the restaurant
manager, John Johnson, gave him two free gift certificates--one for an extra-large coffee
and one for the restaurant's newest sandwich, the McRap.
The employee, who was a new hire, was let go later that evening. She was quite
upset. She said she would probably sue Burger Prince for letting her go. She said it was
the man's fault for ordering something that she might be able to spill.
III
Six consecutive days of spring rain had created a raging river running by Nancy
Browns farm. As she tried to herd her cows to higher ground, she slipped and hit her
head on a fallen tree trunk. The fall knocked her out for a moment or two. When she
came to, Lizzie, one of her oldest and favorite cows, was licking her face. The water
75
was rising. Nancy got up and began walking slowly with Lizzie. The water was now
waist high. Nancys pace got slower and slower. Finally, all she could do was to throw
her arm around Lizzies neck and try to hang on. About 20 minutes later, Lizzie
managed to successfully pull herself and Nancy out of the raging water and onto a bit of
high land, a small island now in the middle of acres of white water.
Even though it was about noon, the sky was so dark and the rain and lightning so
bad that it took rescuers another two hours to discover Nancy. A helicopter lowered a
paramedic, who attached Nancy to a life-support hoist. They raised her into the
helicopter and took her to the school gym, where the Red Cross had set up an
emergency shelter.
When the flood subsided two days later, Nancy immediately went back to the
island. Lizzie was gone. She was one of 19 cows that Nancy lost. I owe my life to
her, said Nancy sobbingly.
IV
A fifteen-year-old boy was injured in a car accident when the minivan he was
traveling in was hit by a pickup truck at an intersection. The boy was taken to a nearby
hospital. The paramedics said that it appeared that the boy had nothing more serious
than a broken left leg, but that internal injuries were always a possibility. The boy was
conscious and alert. His mother, who was driving, was uninjured. She said that the truck
appeared out of nowhere, and she thought she was going to die. She turned the steering
wheel sharply to the left, and the truck hit her minivan on the passenger side.
The driver of the truck was a 50-year-old man who was unemployed and
apparently had been drinkingpolice found 18 empty beer cans inside the truck. The
man denied drinking, but he failed the police test for sobriety. When asked to touch his
nose with his arms outstretched and eyes closed, he was unable to touch any part of his
head.
The handcuffed man asked the police if they knew where Mabel was as he was
put into the back seat of the police vehicle. The police asked him if Mabel was his wife.
He said, Shes my dog, my dog! Wheres my baby? A dog with a collar, but no
76
identification, was found minutes later, half a block away. The man was taken to the city
jail and booked on suspicion of driving while intoxicated and on causing an accident.
V
Jerry Baldwin was 30 years old. He was the manager of a pizza restaurant. He
lived in an apartment about one mile north of the restaurant. He walked to and from
work. When it was raining, he took the bus.
Jerry loved gangster movies. When a new one came out, he would go to the theater
and watch the new movie three or four times. Then, when it went to video, Jerry would
buy the video at Barneys Video Store. Jerry had a home collection of over 1,000
gangster videos. Old ones, new ones, color, black and white, English, Spanish,
Japanese--he loved them all. He could tell you the name of the movie, the director, the
stars, and the plot. Did you say you liked Pulp Fiction? Well, Jerry would rattle off all
the details of that movie. And then he would invite you to his place to watch it some
time. He was a nice guy.
Jerry finally decided that he would like to own a gun, just like the gangsters. So he
saved his money for a couple of years. Then he went to a gun store and bought a used .
38 caliber revolver for $300. While there, he also bought a couple of boxes of
ammunition. The following Saturday morning, he went to the gun club to practice with
his new revolver. He was in the club for only 10 minutes when he accidentally dropped
his pistol. The gun went off, and the bullet went into Jerrys right knee.
Jerry now walks with a limp and a cane, just like some gangsters.
The Hours That Count in My Life by Essa Al-Dhaheri

Time is very important in our lives. It organizes our everyday moments. However, time
never had any importance in my life until I received a watch from my father that
organized my life and made me more responsible.
It came from Denmark to the U.A.E. jewelry shop in a gray box. It weighs 8 oz. It's
round in the center with two silver bands that go around my wrist. And all of it is made
77
of silver. This object tells me the importance of time in my life.

I received this gift on a gray-sky day. I had to go to the airport at 9:00 AM to pick up my
Uncle Ali and take him to my father's house. However, I was late because I was hanging
out with my friends. Later on that day, around 11:00 AM, I remembered my uncle, but I
was very late for him. He had left the airport and taken a taxi to my father's house.
I got to my father's house at 2:00 PM on the same day and looked at my angry father's
face. I felt ashamed of myself at that moment. After I said hi to my angry father and
tired uncle, my father asked me to sit next to him where he handed me this watch which
was a gift from him. Then he said, "Essa did you have fun with your friends today?" I
answered, "Yes father, and I'm sorry about not picking up my Uncle Ali." He said,
"What you did was not very nice and you should be sorry for your actions." I was
ashamed and said, "Father I'll never do it again. I promise." He said, "I hope today you
learned something important, and this watch will be a reminder for you." He told me to
take this watch and use it as an organizer of my life.
I learned a very important lesson from my father: to respect time and never be late to get
someone. This watch is important to me, not because of its price, but because of the
lesson that I learned from it.
The Hours That Count in My Life
1 When did time become important to Essa?

When he was playing with his friends
When he lost his watch
When he received a watch from his father
When he went to Denmark
When he met his Uncle Ali
2 Which of the following is NOT true about Essa's watch?
It came from his father.
It weighed about one pound.
It was made of silver.
It will be a reminder to Essa.
It helps to organize his life.
3 Which of the following is true?
Essa was playing with his friends at 2:00 PM.
Uncle Ali took a taxi to Essa's father's house.
78
Essa was supposed to pick up his father at the airport.

Essa never tried to pick up his uncle at the airport.
Essa's uncle had only been on a short trip.
4 Which happened last?
Essa was playing with his friends.
Essa went to meet his Uncle Ali at the airport.
Essa's father talked with him about being on time.
Essa got a watch.
Essa arrived at his father's house.
5 At the end of the story, which was NOT important to Essa?
Pleasing his father
Playing with his friends
The watch
The price of the watch
Being on time and treating people nicely.
When all the people had assembled, the king, surrounded by his court, __________ a
signal. Then a door beneath him opened, and the accused man stepped out into the
arena. Directly opposite him were two doors, exactly __________ and side by side. It
was the duty and the privilege of the person on trial to walk directly to these
__________ and open one of them. He __________ open either door he pleased; he
was subject to no guidance or influence but that of impartial and incorruptible chance. If
he opened the one, there came out of it a hungry tiger, the fiercest and most cruel that
could be found, which __________ sprang upon him and tore him to pieces as a
punishment for his guilt. But, if the accused person opened the other door, out of it came
a __________ lady, and to this lady he was immediately married, as a reward of his
innocence. This was the __________ method of administering justice. Its perfect
fairness is obvious. The criminal could __________ know out of which door would
come the lady; he opened either he pleased, without having the slightest __________
79
whether, in the next instant, he was to be devoured or married. So the accused person
was instantly __________ if guilty, and, if innocent, he was rewarded on the spot.
1.
a)
give
b)
gives
c)
gave
d)
given
2.
a)
b)
c)
d)
alike
different
big
closed
3.
a)
b)
c)
d)
door
doors
people
signals
4.
a)
b)
c)
d)
should
would
must
could
5.
a)
b)
c)
d)
immediately
usually
sometimes
frequently
6.
a)
b)
c)
d)
suddenly
angry
beautiful
old
7.
80
a)
b)
c)
d)
criminal's
king's
lady's
tiger's
8.
a)
b)
c)
d)
even
also
especially
not
9.
a)
b)
c)
d)
10.
a)
b)
c)
d)
interest
belief
idea
reason
punish
punishing
punishes
punished
11. How many doors could the person choose from?

a)
1
b)
2
c)
3
d)
4
12. The main purpose of the custom discussed was
a)
entertainment.
b)
justice.
c)
religious observation.
d)
to get money.
13. Who decided which door was to be opened?
a)
the criminal
b)
the people in the arena
c)
the king
d)
the lady
81
14. The word assembled in the first sentence means

a)
lifted
b)
gathered
c)
expected
d)
opened
15. The word innocent in the last sentence means
a)
not happy
b)
not angry
c)
not usual
d)
not guilty
The most extraordinary dream I ever __________ was one in which I fancied that, as I
was going into a theatre, the cloak-room attendant stopped me in the lobby and insisted
on my __________ my legs behind. I was not surprised; but I was considerably
annoyed. I said I had never heard of such a rule at any respectable theatre __________,
and that I considered it a most absurd regulation. The man replied that he was very
__________, but that those were his instructions. People complained that they could not
get to and from their __________ comfortably, because other people's legs were always
in the way; and it had, therefore, been decided that __________ should leave their legs
outside. It seemed to me that the management, in making this order, had gone
__________ their legal right; and, under ordinary circumstances, I should have disputed
it. However, I didn't want to __________ a disturbance; and so I sat down and meekly
prepared to comply with the demand. I had never before __________ that the human leg
could be unscrewed. I had always thought it was more securely fixed. But the man
showed me how to undo them, and I found that they came off quite easily. The
discovery did not surprise __________ any more than the original request that I should
take them off. Nothing does surprise one in a dream.
1.
a)
b)
c)
d)
was
saw
had
wanted
82
2.
a)
b)
c)
d)
leave
leaves
leaving
left
3.
a)
b)
c)
d)
before
after
during
so
4.
a)
b)
c)
d)
angry
sorry
friendly
helpful
5.
a)
b)
c)
d)
homes
jobs
arms
seats
6.
a)
b)
c)
d)
somebody
everybody
anybody
nobody
7.
a)
b)
c)
d)
beyond
from
to
around
8.
a)
b)
understand
know
83
c)
d)
make
learn
9.
a)
b)
c)
d)
10.
a)
b)
c)
d)
know
known
knowing
knows
him
them
me
us
11. The word extraordinary in the first sentence means

a)
wonderful
b)
unusual
c)
terrible
d)
funny
12. How did the writer feel about being asked to leave his legs hehind?
a)
angry
b)
scared
c)
surprised
d)
happy
13. When the writer was asked to leave his legs behind, he
a)
did not do it.
b)
was not able to do it.
c)
did it.
d)
ran away.
14. True or False: The writer was the only person who had to remove
his legs.
a)
True.
b)
False.
15. True or False: The writer had never removed his legs before.
a)
True.
84
b)
False.
There once lived a poor tailor who had a son called Aladdin, a careless, idle boy
_________ would do nothing but play all day long in the streets with little idle boys like
himself. This so grieved the father that _________ died; yet, in spite of his mother's
tears and prayers, Aladdin did not mend his ways. One day, when he was playing in the
streets as usual, a stranger _________ him if he was not the son of Mustapha the tailor.
"I am, sir," replied Aladdin; "but he _________ a long while ago." On this the stranger,
who was a famous magician, fell on his neck and kissed him saying: "I am your uncle,
and _________ you from your likeness to my brother. Go to your mother and tell her I
am coming." Aladdin ran home and told his mother of his newly found uncle. "Indeed,
child," she said, "your father had a _________, but I always thought he was dead."
However, she prepared supper, and told Aladdin to seek his uncle, who came laden with
wine and fruit. He fell down and kissed the place where Mustapha used to sit, telling
Aladdin's mother not to be _________ at not having seen him before, as he had been out
of the country for forty years. He then turned to Aladdin, and asked him his trade, at
which the boy hung his head, while his mother burst into tears. On learning that Aladdin
was idle and had learned _________ trade, he offered to get a shop for him and stock it
with merchandise. The next _________ he bought Aladdin a fine suit of clothes and
took him all over the city, showing him the sights, and brought him home at nightfall
_________ his mother, who was overjoyed to see her son dressed so fine.
1.
a)
b)
c)
d)
he
who
which
what
2.
a)
b)
c)
he
they
someone
85
d)
nobody
3.
a)
b)
c)
d)
asks
asked
was asking
had asked
4.
a)
b)
c)
d)
dead
is dead
dies
died
5.
a)
b)
c)
d)
saw
thought
understood
recognized
6.
a)
b)
c)
d)
brother
father
friend
nephew
7.
a)
b)
c)
d)
surpise
surprised
surprising
in surprise
8.
a)
b)
c)
d)
a
some
any
no
9.
a)
b)
c)
d)
day
time
one
thing
86
10.
a)
b)
c)
d)
for
with
to
from
11. TRUE or FALSE: Aladdin's father died recently.

a)
TRUE
b)
FALSE
12. TRUE or FALSE: Aladdin had never seen his uncle before.
a)
TRUE
b)
FALSE
13. The word careless in the first sentence means something like
a)
busy
b)
lazy
c)
friendly
d)
hungry
14. TRUE or FALSE: Aladdin's mother did not trust the "uncle".
a)
TRUE
b)
FALSE
15. TRUE or FALSE: Adaddin's mother was angry about the new suit
of clothes that his uncle bought for him.
a)
TRUE
b)
FALSE
87
In Ancient Greece lived a young man called Narcissus, who was greatly _________, for
he was very handsome. Narcissus was very proud of his perfect face and graceful body,
and never lost the chance to _________ his reflection in any body of water he happened
to pass. He would lie for hours admiring his gleaming dark eyes, slender nose, slim hips
and the mop of curly _________ that crowned the perfect oval of his face. You would
think a sculptor had come down _________ heaven to carve such a faultless body as a
living image of mankind's love of beauty. One day, Narcissus was walking close to a
precipice where the clear waters of a cold mountain pool mirrored his beautiful face.
"You are handsome, Narcissus!" he told _________ as he bent down to admire his
reflection. "There's nobody _________ handsome in the whole world! I'd love to kiss
you." Narcissus was suddenly seized by the desire to kiss his own reflection and he bent
down closer to the water. But he lost his balance and toppled into the pool. Narcissus
could not _________ and so he drowned. But when the gods discovered that the
_________ beautiful being on earth had died, they decided that such beauty could not
be _________. The gods turned Narcissus into a scented flower which, to this day,
blossoms in the mountains in spring, and which is _________ called Narcissus.
1.
a)
b)
c)
d)
admire
admires
admiring
admired
2.
a)
b)
c)
d)
look
look at
look out
look up
3.
a)
b)
c)
d)
hat
hair
hill
ears
4.
a)
from
88
b)
c)
d)
to
of
by
5.
a)
b)
c)
d)
him
himself
them
myself
6.
a)
b)
c)
d)
so
such
more
too
7.
a)
b)
c)
d)
stay
help
swim
jump
8.
a)
b)
c)
d)
best
first
greatest
most
9.
a)
b)
c)
d)
10.
a)
b)
c)
d)
forget
forgot
forgotten
forgetful
only
still
just
finally
89
11. Which word describes the character of Narcissus?

a)
modest
b)
dishonest
c)
careful
d)
proud
12. The word admired in the first sentence means
a)
hated and feared
b)
ridiculed or made fun of
c)
loved and respected
d)
misunderstood and unappreciated
13. Which job would Narcissus probably have if he were alive today?
a)
teacher
b)
doctor
c)
actor
d)
gardener
14. TRUE or FALSE: Narcissus thought himself handsome but others
did not think he was.
a)
TRUE
b)
FALSE
15. The gods turned Narcissus into a flower
a)
to memorialize him.
b)
to punish him.
c)
because that is what he wanted.
d)
as a joke.
Ichabod's hair rose upon _________ head with terror. What was to be done? It was now
too late to turn and run; and besides, what chance was there of escaping a ghost or
90
goblin, if such it was, which could ride upon the wings of the wind? Summoning up all
of his courage, he said in a stammering voice, "Who are you?" He received _________
reply. He repeated his demand in a still more agitated voice. Still there was no answer.
Once more he _________ the sides of his horse, and, shutting his eyes, broke into a
religious song. Just then the shadowy object put itself in motion, and with a scramble
and a bound stood at once in the middle of the road. Though the _________ was dark
and dismal, yet the form of the unknown might now in some degree be ascertained. He
appeared to be a large horseman mounted on a powerful black horse. He made no
gesture of threat or greeting. Ichabod, who had no liking for this strange midnight
companion now quickened his horse in hopes of _________ him behind. The stranger,
_________, quickened his horse to an equal pace. Ichabod pulled up, and fell into a
walk, thinking to lag behind, but the other did the same. His heart began to sink within
him; he tried to resume his song, but his dry tongue stuck to the roof of his mouth, and
he could not utter a sound. There was something in the silence of his _________ that
was mysterious and disturbing. It was soon fearfully accounted for. On mounting a
rising ground, which brought the figure of his fellow-traveler in relief against the sky,
gigantic in height, and muffled in a cloak, Ichabod was horror-struck on _________ that
he was headless! but his _________ increased on observing that the _________, which
should have rested on his shoulders, was carried before him on the pommel of his
saddle!
1.
a)
b)
c)
d)
a
the
his
that
2.
a)
b)
c)
d)
a
no
any
some
3.
a)
b)
c)
d)
beat
beats
is beating
was beaten
4.
a)
b)
c)
d)
time
night
song
voice
5.
91
a)
b)
c)
d)
leave
leaves
leaving
left
6.
a)
b)
c)
d)
although
however
moreover
futhermore
7.
a)
b)
c)
d)
friend
enemy
horseman
companion
8.
a)
b)
c)
d)
hearing
seeing
feeling
saying
9.
a)
b)
c)
d)
happiness
interest
enjoyment
horror
10.
a)
horse
b)
saddle
c)
companion
d)
head
11. What was Ichabod afraid of?
a)
ghosts
b)
wild animals
c)
robbers
d)
his horse.
12. What does the word terror in the first sentence mean?
92
a)
b)
c)
d)
enjoyment
hope
fear
effort
13. When Ichabod spoke to the horseman, the horseman

a)
greeted him
b)
said nothing
c)
threatened him
d)
made a gesture
14. The horseman
a)
was Ichabod's friend.
b)
was trying to rob Ichabod.
c)
had no head.
d)
wanted Ichabod's help.
15. The word observing in the last sentence means
a)
fearing
b)
wondering
c)
asking
d)
seeing
VOCABULARIO I
Padre
Madre
Hermano
Hermana
Hijo
Hija
Abuelo
Abuela
Nieto
Nieta
Father
Mother
Brother
Sister
Son
Daughter
Grandfather
Grandmother
Grandson
Granddaughter
Suegro
Suegra
Yerno
Nuera
Cuado
Cuada
Primo
Sobrino
Sobrina
To
Father-in-law
Mother-in-law
Son-in-law
Daughter-in-law
Brother-in-law
Sister-in-law
Cousin
Nephew
Niece
Uncle
93
Ta
Aunt
VOCABULARIO II
Cuerpo
Cabeza
Cuello
Hombro
Brazo
Codo
Mano
Dedo
Pecho
Barriga
Body
Head
Neck
Shoulder
Arm
Elbow
Hand
Finger
Chest
Pierna
Rodilla
Pie
Ua
Msculo
Hueso
Piel
Pelo
Espalda
Leg
Knee
Foot (feet)
Nail
Muscle
Bone
Skin
Hair
Back
Belly
VOCABULARIO
Universo
Estrella
Sol
Planeta
Tierra
Satlite
Luna
Atmsfera
Continente
Mar
Universe
Star
Sun
Planet
Earth
Satellite
Moon
Atmosphere
Continent
Isla
Montaa
Valle
Ro
Lago
Selva
Bosque
Desierto
Oceano
Island
Mountain
Valley
River
Lake
Jungle
Forest
Desert
Ocean
Sea
VOCABULARIO
Pas
Regin
Provincia
Ciudad
Pueblo
Aldea
Luna
Calle
Plaza
Avenida
Monumento
Country
Region
Province
City
Village
Small village
Moon
Street
Square
Avenue
Monument
Aeropuerto
Estacin
Puerto
Metro
Parque
Aparcamiento
Bosque
Cine
Teatro
Restaurante
Fuente
Airport
Station
Port
Metro
Parking lot
Parking
Forest
Cinema
Theater
Restaurant
Fountain
94
VOCABULARIO III
Casa
Puesta
Ventana
Pared
Suelo
Techo
Tejado
Chimenea
Balcn
Pasillo
Saln
Recibidor
Comedor
Dormitorio
Cuarto de bao
Despacho
Escaleras
Garaje
Buhardilla
Cocina
House
Door
Window
Wall
Floor
Ceiling
Roof
Chimney
Balcony
hall
Living room
Foyer
Dinning room
Bedroom
Bathroom
Study
Staircase
Garage
Studio Apartment
Kitchen
VOCABULARIO IV
Mesa
Silla
Sof
Cuadro
Alfombra
Espejo
Lmpara
Jarrn
Armario (general)
Armario (ropa)
Table
Chair
Sofa
Painting
Carpet
Mirror
Lamp
Vase
Closet
Closet
Almohada
Sbana
Manta
Colchn
Colcha
Mesilla de noche
Mecedora
Silln
Cmoda
Cama
Pillow
Sheet
Blanket
Mattress
Bedspread
Bedside table
Rocking chair
Armchair
Chest of drawers
Bed
VOCABULARIO
Carne
Pescado
Huevo
Azcar
Harina
Sal
Aceite
Vinagre
Leche
Mantequilla
Pan
Meat
Fish
Egg
Sugar
Flour
Salt
Oil
Vinegar
Milk
Butter
Bread
Mermelada
Queso
Patata
Tomate
Lechuga
Pimiento
Zanahoria
Salchicha
Nata
Galleta
Tostada
Marmalade
Cheese
Potato
Tomato
Lettuce
Pepper
Carrot
Sausage
Cream
Cookie
Toast
VOCABULARIO VI
Abogado
Mdico
Ingeniero
Lawyer
Doctor
Engineer
Pintor
Frutero
Mecnico
Painter
Greengrocer
Mechanic
95
Economista
Arquitecto
Comerciante
Panadero
Peluquero
Cerrajero
Fontanero
Economist
Architect
Shopkeeper
Baker
Hairdresser
Locksmith
Plumber
Militar
Sacerdote
Artista
Actor (actriz)
Funcionario
Escritor
Carpintero
Soldier
Priest
Artist
Actor (actress)
Civil servant
Writer
Carpenter
VOCABULARIO V
Sombrero
Bufanda
Gabardina
Abrigo
Chaqueta
Guante
Pantalones
Zapato
Bota
Zapatilla
Pijama
Vestido
Hat
Scarf
Raincoat
Coat
Jacket
Glove
Pants
Shoe
Boat
Slipper
Pyjamas
Dress
Chaleco
Corbata
Camisa
Camiseta
Traje
Ropa interior
Camiseta (interior)
Calzoncillo
Sujetador
Calcetn
Bragas
Vest
Tie
Shirt
T-shirt
Suit
Underwear
Vest
Shorts
Bra
Sock
Panties
VOCABULARIO VII
Panadera
Peluquera
Frutera
Taller
Cafetera
Joyera
Carnicera
Banco
Iglesia
Juguetera
Librera
Zapatera
Baker
Hairdresser
Greengrocer
Workshop
Snack-bar
Jeweller
Butcher
Bank
Church
Toyshop
Bookshop
Shoe shop
Optica
Farmacia
Gasolinera
Quiosco
Discoteca
Hospital
Pastelera
Ferretera
Supermercado
Tienda de ropa
Anticuario
Tienda de muebles
Optician
Pharmacy
gas station
Newsstand
Disco
Hospital
Pastery
hardware store
Supermarket
Clothes shop
Antique shop
Furniture place
VOCABULARIO VIII
Perro
Gato
Caballo
Toro
Vaca
Oveja
Cabra
Dog
Cat
Horse
Bull
Cow
Sheep
Goat
Lobo
Aguila
Serpiente
Camello
Hipoptamo
Rinoceronte
Pantera
Wolf
Eagle
Snake
Camel
Hippo
Rhinoceros
Panther
96
Zorro
Cerdo
Elefante
Len
Fox
Pig
Elephant
Lion
Tiburn
Ballena
Tigre
Oso
Shark
Whale
Tiger
Bear
VOCABULARIO
Avin
Helicptero
Globo
Cohete
Coche
Camin
Autobs
Tren
Tranva
Metro
Avioneta
Airplane
Helicopter
Balloon
Rocket
Car
Truck
Bus
Train
Trolley
Underground
Cub aircraft
Taxi
Taxi
Moto
Bicicleta
Barco
Barca
Velero
Yate
Submarino
Petrolero
Crucero
Portaaviones
Furgoneta
Motorcycle
Bicycle
Ship
Boat
Sailing boat
Yacht
Submarine
Oil tanker
Cruiser
Carrier
Van
VOCABULARIO II
Ojo
Nariz
Oreja
Boca
Labio
Diente
Lengua
Ceja
Pestaa
Prpado
Garganta
Eye
Nose
Ear
Mouth
Lip
Tooth (plural: teeth)
Tongue
Eyebrow
Eyelash
Eyelid
Throat
Corazn
Estmago
Rin
Hgado
Intestino
Vena
Cerebro
Piel
Hueso
Sangre
Pulmn
Heart
Stomach
Kidney
Liver
Intestine
Vein
Brain
Skin
Bone
Blood
Lung
VOCABULARIO
Papel
Libreta
Bolgrafo
Lpiz
Pluma
Goma
Tijeras
Pegamento
Mquina de escribir
Ordenadores
Rotulador
Telfono
Paper
Notebook
(Ballpoint) pen
Pencil
Fountain pen
Rubber
Scissors
Glue
Typewriter
Computer
Magic Marker
Phone
Fax
Carpeta
Archivadores (mueble)
Grapa
Grapadora
Clip
Sobre
Carta
Sello
Documento
Copia
Sacapuntas
Fax machine
Folder
Filing cabinet
Staple
Stapler
Paper clip
Envelope
Letter
Stamp
Document
Copy
Pencil sharpener
97
VOCABULARIO
Plato
Vaso
Cuchara
Cucharilla
Cuchillo
Tenedor
Servilleta
Sartn
Cacerola
Jarra
Olla a presin
Fregadero
Plate
Glass
Spoon
Teaspoon
Knife
Fork
Napkin
Frying-pan
Saucepan
Jug
Pressure cooker
Sink
Microondas
Lavaplatos
Horno
Batidora
Sacacorchos
Exprimidor (elctrico)
Abridor
Salero
Azucarero
Grifo
Frigorfico
Microwave
Dishwasher
Oven
Mixer
Corkscrew
Juice maker
Opener
Salt shaker
Sugar bowl
Tap
Fridge; refrigerator
VOCABULARIO
Naranja
Pera
Pltano
Manzana
Limn
Sandia
Meln
Melocotn
Albaricoque
Fresa
Patata
Orange
Pear
Banana
Apple
Lemon
Watermelon
Melon
Peach
Apricot
Strawberry
Potato
Tomate
Lechuga
Pepino
Remolacha
Pimiento
Zanahoria
Perejil
Calabaza
Uva
Dtil
Tomato
Lettuce
Cucumber
Beet
Pepper
Carrot
Parsley
Pumpkin
Grape
Date
VOCABULARIO
Resfriado
Gripe
Fiebre
Vmito
Diarrea
Anginas
Cncer
Infarto
Anemia
Medicina
Termmetro
A cold
Flu
Temperature
Vomit
Diarrhea
Tonsillitis
Cancer
Heart attack
Anaemia
Medicine
Thermometer
Pulmona
Antibitico
Analgsico
Reposo
Lepra
Dolor
Agotamiento
Anlisis de sangre
Leucemia
Jarabe
Pneumonia
Antibiotic
Painkiller
Rest
Leprosy
Pain
Exhaustion
Blood test
Leukaemia
Potion
VOCABULARIO
Planeta
Espacio
Galaxia
Cohete
Planet
Space
Galaxy
Rocket
Mercurio
Venus
Tierra
Marte
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
98
Astronauta
Estrella
Meteorito
Despegue
Orbita
Astronaut
Star
Meteorite
Takeoff
Orbit
Satlite
Satellite
Sol
Sun
Luna
Moon
Jpiter
Saturno
Urano
Neptuno
Plutn
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Pluto
VOCABULARIO
Avin
Azafata
Aeropuerto
Despegar
Retrasar
Ala
Motor
Cabina
Embarcar
Aterrizar
Aterrizaje
Plane
Stewardess
Airport
To take off
To delay
Wing
Engine
Cockpit
To board
To land
Landing
Facturar
To check in
Puerta n 20
Gate n 20
Cinturn de seguridad
Equipaje
Pasajero
Bolsa de mano
Primera clase
Clase ejecutiva
Clase turista
Pasillo de embarque
Tripulacin
Lista de espera
Terminal
Seat-belt
Luggage
Passenger
Handbag
First class
Business class
Tourist class
Shoot
Crew
Waiting list
Terminal
VOCABULARIO
Orgulloso
Entusiasta
Celoso
Estpido
Solitario
Elegante
Soltero
Casado
Viudo
Viuda
Divorciado
Seguro de s
Divertido
Caprichoso
Insoportable
Malicioso
Extrovertido
Trabajador
Vago
Glotn
Proud
Eager
Jealous
Dumb
Lonely
Stylish
Single
Married
Widower
Widow
Divorced
Ingenioso
Extravagante
Carioso
Culto
Torpe
Inteligente
Desconfiado
Avaricioso
Introvertido
Nervioso
Tmido
Slick
Extravagant
Loving
Educated
Clumsy
Intelligent
Distrustful
Greedy
Introverted
Nervous
Shy
Confident
Funny
Fickle
Unbearable
Malicious
Extrovert
Hard-working
Lazy
Gorger
Calmado
Bravucn
Bonachn
Exaltado
Honesto
Envidioso
Enfermizo
Sano
Quiet
Bragging
Goodie
Hotheaded
Honest
Envious
Sickly
Healthy
99
Dormiln
Deprimido
Irnico
Irritado
Sleepyhead
Depressed
Ironic
Irritated
Loco
Malhumorado
Triunfador
Mad
Bad-tempered
Successful
VOCABULARIO
Pino
Palmera
Roble
Ciprs
Encina
Eucalipto
Naranjo
Limonero
Peral
Manzano
Pine
Palm
Oak
Cypress
Holm oak
Eucalyptus
Orange tree
Lemon tree
Pear tree
Apple tree
Higuera
Fig tree
Alamo
Platanero
Alcornoque
Via
Cocotero
Cactus
Ciruelo
Almendro
Castao
Olivo
Poplar
Banana tree
Cork oak
Vineyard
Coconut palm
Cactus
Plum tree
Almond tree
Chestnut tree
Olive tree
VOCABULARIO VIII
Aguila
Halcn
Paloma
Buitre
Cuervo
Cigea
Canario
Gaviota
Gorrin
Golondrina
Bho
Eagle
Falcon
Dove
Vulture
Crow
Stork
Canary
Seagull
Sparrow
Swallow
Owl
Loro
Avestruz
Milano
Jilguero
Ruiseor
Pato
Ganso
Cisne
Cuco
Cndor
Murcilago
Parrot
Ostrich
Kite
Goldfinch
Nightingale
Duck
Goose
Swan
Cuckoo
Condor
Bat
VOCABULARIO VIII
Tiburn
Ballena
Delfn
Orca
Pulpo
Foca
Pingino
Cangrejo
Marisco
Almeja
Cachalote
Morsa
Shark
Whale
Dolphin
Killer whale
Octopus
Seal
Penguin
Crab
Seafood
Clam
Sperm whale
Walrus
Trucha
Salmn
Calamar
Raya
Besugo
Caviar
Cocodrilo
Bacalao
Atn
Tortuga
Caracol
Trout
Salmon
Squid
Ray
Red bream
Caviar
Crocodile
Cod
Tuna
Turtle
Snail
100
VOCABULARIO
Agua mineral
Leche
Vino
Cerveza
Licor
Whisky
Ginebra
Refresco
Zumo
Te
Mineral water
Milk
Wine
Beer
Liqueur
Whisky
Gin
Soft drink
Juice
Tea
Vodka
Vodka
Jerez
Champn
Tequila
Ans
Coac
Vino tinto
Vino rosado
Vino blanco
Batido
Ron
Sherry
Champagne
Tequila
Anisette
Cognac
Red wine
Ros
White wine
Milkshake
Rum
VOCABULARIO VIII
Mosca
Mosquito
Avispa
Abeja
Hormiga
Cucaracha
Escarabajo
Mariposa
Araa
Grillo
Fly
Mosquito
Wasp
Bee
Ant
Cockroach
Beetle
Butterfly
Spider
Cricket
Lagartija
Piojo
Garrapata
Polilla
Lombriz
Saltamontes
Ciempis
Caracol
Pulga
Escorpin
little lizard
Louse
Tick
Moth
Worm
Grasshopper
Centipede
Snail
Flea
Scorpion
VOCABULARIO
Volante
Buja
Batera
Motor
Pistn
Parabrisas
Limpiaparabrisas
Parachoques
Espejo retrovisor
Marcha
Steering wheel
Spark plug
Battery
Engine
Piston
Windshield
Windshield wimpers
Bumper
Rear-view mirror
Gear
Freno
Brake
Embrague
Neumtico
Rueda
Capot
Maletero
Cilindro
Matrcula
Carburador
Depsito
Acelerador
Clutch
Tyre
Wheel
Hood
Trunk
Cylinder
License plate
Carburetor
Gas tank
Accelerator
101
VOCABULARIO
Hierro
Oro
Plata
Cobre
Estao
Plomo
Platino
Aluminio
Mercurio
Azufre
Oxgeno
Iron
Gold
Silver
Copper
Tin
Lead
Platinum
Aluminium
Mercury
Sulfur
Oxygen
Hidrgeno
Carbono
Nitrgeno
Uranio
Calcio
Sodio
Potasio
Fsforo
Fluor
Magnesio
Hydrogen
Carbon
Nitrogen
Uranium
Calcium
Sodium
Potassium
Phosphorus
Fluoride
Magnesium
VOCABULARIO
Guerra
Bomba
Tanque
Can
Mina
Metralleta
Mortero
Granada
Fusil
Trinchera
Paracaidista
Infantera
War
Bomb
Tank
Cannon
Mine
Submachine gun
Mortar
Hand grenade
Rifle
Trench
Paratrooper
Infantry
Armada
Fuerza area
Bombardero
Caza
Bomba atmica
Ametralladora
Pistola
Municin
Bala
Misil
Prisionero
Paz
Navy
Air force
Bomber
Fighter
Atomic bomb
Machine gun
Pistol
Ammunition
Bullet
Missile
Prisoner
Peace
VOCABULARIO
Religin
Dios
Cielo
Purgatorio
Infierno
Demonio
Angel
Santo
Profeta
Apstol
Cristianismo
Catolicismo
Religion
God
Heaven
Purgatory
Hell
Devil
Angel
Saint
Prophet
Apostle
Christianity
Catholicism
Protestantismo
Judasmo
Islam
Iglesia
Catedral
Mezquita
Sinagoga
Bautizo
Misa
Comunin
Confesin
Pecado
Protestantism
Judaism
Islam
Church
Cathedral
Mosque
Synagogue
Baptism
Mass
Communion
Confession
Sin
102
VOCABULARIO
Robo / atraco
Hurto
Homicidio
Asesinato
Rapto
Violacin
Encubrir
Condena
Prisin
Timo
Chantaje
Robbery
Theft
Homicide
Murder
Kidnapping
Rape
To cover up
Sentence
Prison
Con man
Blackmail
Calumnia
Ladrn
Detective
Absolver
Apelacin
Crcel
Celda
Atentado
Vandalismo
Contrabando
Estafa
Defamation
Robber
Detective
To acquit
Appeal
Jail
Cell
Terrorist attack
Vandalism
Smuggling
Fraud
VOCABULARIO
Boda
Matrimonio
Amigo
Amiga
Comprometido
Comprometida
Novia (en la boda)
Novia (en la boda)
Dama de honor
Marido
Wedding
Marriage
Friend
Friend
Fianc
Fiance
Groom
Bride
Bridesmaid
Husband
Pareja
Couple
Luna de miel
Padrino
Madrina
Anillo
Separado
Divorciado
Soltero
Marcha nupcial
Amante
Mujer
Honeymoon
Godfather
Matron of honor
Ring
Separated
Divorced
Single
Wedding march
Lover
Wife
VOCABULARIO
Oficina
Jefe
Puesto
Subordinado
Ascenso
Dimisin
Secretaria
Sueldo
Plantilla
Traslado
Huelga
Office
Boss
Position
Under me/him/her, etc.
Promotion
Resignation
Secretary
Salary
Staff
Transfer
Strike
Sindicato
Accionista
Presidente
Indemnizacin
Permiso de trabajo
Baja laboral
Colega
Jubilacin
Director
Despido
Union
Shareholder
Chairman
Severance pay
Work permit
On leave
Colleague
Retirement
Manager
Fired
VOCABULARIO
103
Embarazo
Aborto (espontneo)
Aborto (provocado)
Gineclogo
Cuna
Bibern
Paal
Chupete
Pediatra
Guardera
Gemelo
Pregnancy
Miscarriage
Abortion
Gynecologist
Cradle
Baby's bottle
Dipper
Nipple
Padiatrician
Nursery
Twin
Nacimiento
Parto
Nacer
Dar de mamar
Vacuna
Bautizar
Gatear
Cesrea
Feto
Sillita (de paseo)
Birth
Labor
To be born
To breastfeed
Vaccine
To baptize
To crawl
Cesarean
Fetus
Stroller
VOCABULARIO
Sombrilla
Arena
Toalla
Playa
Flotador
Bronceador
Cubo
Pala
Pelota
Ola
Baador (hombre)
Baador (mujer)
Beach umbrella
Sand
Towel
Beach
Float
Suntan lotion
Bucket
Shovel
Ball
Wave
Swim suit
Swim suit
Insolacin
Bronceado
Socorrista
Piscina
Trampoln
Rastrillo
Baarse
Nadar
Bucear
Tomar el sol
Castillo de arena
Sunstroke
Suntan
Lifeguard
Swimming pool
divingboard
Rake
To bathe
To swim
To skin-dive
To get some sun
Sandcastle
VOCABULARIO
Peridico
Artculo
Corresponsal
Redaccin
Periodista
Tirada
Suscripcin
Portada
Revista
Anuncio
Redactor
Newspaper
Article
Correspondent
Editorial department
Journalist
Circulation
Subscription
Front page
Magazine
Advertisement
Editor
Locutor
Programa
Televisin
Presentador
Retransmisin
Audiencia
Canal
Antena
Columna
Seccin
Radio
Broadcaster
Program
Television
M.C.
Transmission
Audience
Channel
Antenna
Column
Section
Radio
VOCABULARIO
Pintura
Escultura
Msica
Teatro
Cine
Literatura
Poesa
Painting
Sculpture
Music
Theater
Cinema
Literature
Poetry
Msico
Opera
Tenor
Escritor
Compositor
Pianista
Violinista
Musician
Opera
Tenor
Writer
Composer
Pianist
Violinist
104
Verso
Actor
Actriz
Pintor
Escultor
Verse
Actor
Actress
Painter
Sculptor
Museo
Exposicin
Arte
Poema
Director de orquesta
Museum
Exhibition
Art
Poem
Conductor
VOCABULARIO
Enfermo
Hospital
Camilla
Quirfano
Cirujano
Anestesista
Bistur
Enfermera
Ambulancia
Operacin
Amputar
Patient
Hospital
Stretcher
Operating Room
Surgeon
Anesthetist
Scalpel
Nurse
Ambulance
Operation
To amputate
Transfusin
Cardilogo
Pediatra
Gineclogo
Anlisis
Clnica
Neurlogo
Dermatlogo
Psiclogo
Psiquiatra
Transplante
Ambulatorio
Outpatients' department
Transfusion
Cardiologist
Pediatrician
Gynecologist
Blood test
Clinic
Neurologist
Dermatologist
Psychologist
Psychiatrist
Transplant
VOCABULARIO
Amistad
Amigo
Conocido
Compaero
Enemigo
Socio
Colega
Pariente
Amor
Odio
Conocer
Friendship
Friend
Acquaintance
Coworker
Enemy
Partner
Colleague
Relative
Love
Hate
To meet
Presentar
Vecino
Pandilla
Grupo
Club
Asociacin
Comunidad
Compaerismo
Cordialidad
Llevarse bien
Convivir
To introduce
Neighbor
Gang
Group
Club
Association
Community
Fellowship
Cordiality
To get along with
To live with somebody
105

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INTERLANGUAGES INSTITUTE CRISTOBAL COLON.

PRONOMBRES PERSONALES (PERSONAL PRONOUNS)

Su colocacin en la frase suele ser al comienzo de la misma:

Yo tengo un coche. El es rojo

EL VERBO SER O ESTAR (TO BE)

INTERLANGUAGES INSTITUTE CRISTOBAL COLON.

Se suelen utilizar contracciones de estas formas:

You _______ old.

They _______ foreigners.

Ellos son extranjeros

Nosotros ramos jvenes

He _______ to stay here.

l debe quedarse aqu

He _______ to study medicine.

They _______ in Paris.

Ellos estaban en Pars

10. We _______ playing football.

Nosotros estamos jugando al

_______ play tennis.

_______ are French.

_______ have a car.

Nosotros tenemos un coche

_______ go to the movies.

Ustedes van al cine

_______ study English.

_______ speak Italian.

Ellos hablan italiano

_______ watch TV.

Nosotros vemos la tele

_______ are students.

Ustedes son estudiantes

_______ plays football.

INTERLANGUAGES INSTITUTE CRISTOBAL COLON.

3. John and Lucy ________ at school.

Como contracciones de estas formas se utilizan:

Y tambin se utiliza en algunas expresiones con el sentido de "tomar":

Tengo una bebida despus del

INTERLANGUAGES INSTITUTE CRISTOBAL COLON.

We have a nice film.

Como se puede observar, en las formas negativas se suelen utilizar contracciones:

La oracin afirmativa en ingls se construye de acuerdo con la siguiente estructura:

En la oracin negativa, el auxiliar se sita delante del verbo principal:

INTERLANGUAGES INSTITUTE CRISTOBAL COLON.

En la oracin interrogativa, el auxiliar se sita al comienzo de la misma:

I eat apples at lunchtime.

Normalmente, el complemento de lugar va delante del complemento de tiempo:

Resuelve los siguientes ejercicios antes de ir a la prctica oral diaria.

_______ you like reading?

Yo hago mis deberes

Who _______ that?

Quin hice eso?

I _______ like this car.

No me gusta este coche

_______ she play basketball?

Juega ella al baloncesto?

_______ they live in Paris?

Viven ellos en Pars?

_______ you know that person?

Conoces a esa persona?

We _______ go to the party.

Nosotros no vamos a la fiesta

INTERLANGUAGES INSTITUTE CRISTOBAL COLON.

Yo estudio ingls en la escuela Cristbal Colon; empec