A) ChemicalEquilibria
l. Reversiblereaction:A reactionwhich can occur in both forward and reversedirections/ which has
forwardandreversereaction.
\
z. ct"'i"ur
I ovnurni".qul[ii?*Y,[]*?,
"quniuriureversereaction & the concentration
: rateor
*n,.h rareor forward
reaction
Rateof reaction
Concentration
Products
Reactants
time
time
At time: t, equilibrium
achieved.
,-t
'l
lcl'[p]"
aA+bB+cC+dD
: Constant
[A]"[B]"
4. Equilibriumconstant.
K
(i) Definition:Whena reversiblereactionat equilibrium,the ratio of the productof concentrations
of the
products
product
to
the
of concentration
of the reactants,
eachraisedto their respectivestoichiometric
,
\-'
coefficientis a constantat constanttemperature.
The constantis known asequilibriumconstant.
(ii) Derivationof K:
F o r w a r rde a c t i o na:A + b B - r c C + d D
R e v e r sree a c t i o nc: C + d D - r a A + b B
\V
K:
kr
kr
tgl:!?l:
[A]" [B]"
(ii i)
Heterogeneous
system:Systemthat havingmorethanonephasesarepresentin the equilibrium
e Concentration
of solidandpureliquidis not includedin K expression
because
[solidorpure
liquid]is constantasits densityis constant
at constant
temperature.
(iv) Typesof K:
a) K. for aqueousand gaseousequilibrium b) Ko only for gaseoussystem
systems
K . :Nc
[c]" [p]o
Kp:
jATtBT
PV: nRT
P=lRT
P:[]RT
(Pc)'(Po)d
l roy 1en--lb
- (a+b)
(c+d)
(Pc)'(Po)o
Kp
l eof@a-lb
lcl'tpl:
lAl"[B]"
Kp:
fP
"^'\
x (Rr)"111)
,l
tl
(\
''-l
r '.
at.\l
:'
(v)Calculation
of K:
Steps:
1. Writereversible
equation.
2. Initialmoles.
(lf not given, uuse stoichiometrycoefficient
of reactantsin the equation).
3. Numberof molesreacted/ formed
4. Equilibriummoles
5. Equilibriumconcentration
6. K" expression
into K.
7. Substituteequilibriumconcentration
expression.
Steps:
l. Writereversible
equation.
2. Initialmoles.
(lf not given, uusestoichiometrycoefficient
of reactantsin the equation).
3. Numberof molesreacted/ formed
4. Equilibriummoles
5. Totalnumberof equilibrium
moles
( Pr x n / nr) *
6. Equifibriumpartialpressure
7. Koexpression
into Ko
8. Substitute
equilibriumpartialpressure
expression.
Jangantulis
apa-apadi
ruang ini.
Do not write
in this column
rA =iBtc
0,9 \ _ _ _ _
\,/
o,tl
0,2
I
_ _r
K. :
r/-- --r' , _
fslt.l
L Al-
r\
>l
,^.1, ..1.\^rt,,t
@
It,
rn6|
/nftidl
Ito
mol rea&er)Fforwd
0,4 o.+
nl
er4w\,\i,tm MDI
0,0
VtV
eoyt\'6i!n t l
.. V V0 6
K. s
I c]'
( +)-
A rB
lntfralmol : !"
rnol
Erl
K.-
,4
rnol
g(ry)
^o \r^,L
C +)D
0
o
0,5
l,1qt,1b
O,7g
0,3
r! 1,1+
vv s fcl LDJ
6,>t"
oo9
av
rA'1 rBl
A+B
lratalMol
N \L
0"b
r*1]-f1
3
0,y
0,9
, 2
}C
I
"g*rX/,=#;t$.t'eo,2
0
0,)
E rnol
F rl
|/
K C
rrroI'Arrt'"
SEKOLAHMENENGAHKEBANGSAANSACREDHEART
SCHOOL
SACREDHEARTSECONDARY
IIN{
ffi
w"#
Tahun STPM
Yearof STPM.
Tahun MIIET
Yearof MUET.
g)
A +B
/nrti'al rnol
-l
Emol
^I
)*
/-X
(-7
>a
, r.{
t rLr _ Jl
C
pr(.
+V
....-. Term/Resit
Sesi
...... Session..
=).C
o
nnol rzaetpd' /
*ornra.'1.
Jangan tulis
apa-apadi
- . . . : . . . . . . . . .ruang ini.
Do not write
in this column.
PenggaWlangari*
No. Pusat/AngkaGiliran
e u m b e r l l n d e x N u m. .b. .e.r, . . . . .
. . . . . . . C e n t rN
, r(tton
ODr'
K. = +12
-----rf
E*,wixtrrz-
f{tp*'ito^}
f +l-
kF,"
?"f'lt
L
L+lr+1
tnr= + I
Mol /m*" '
+
l_s1"
Tcl =+
And*= ?
. [ 0tnaeoursqstz/^)
&arnu\al 4 Ko eatcuJagro4
A,o, + B.r)
E,n?artal
Pr$^burL
/*-
K,:
A -tB =
6)
l,nrralMol:
^s '"ffiL
En nol ,
fr,
>C
O
r o,Lt.o,>, o,?
o,Jk A7g
o,E
E*P^ =
n.rD
E-p* = G n lT
F' ?"
(p
Jangantulis
apa-apadi
ruang ini.
Do not write
in this column
Acq)
:JCcnl
Bcq\
l n $ , a ' lr v \ o l : l l
n ^ o rl e a c + e c l /
6ima.l
,I
a z, 3
O
E* r$ol
neO,3
oX
OrL
o,1
O,L.
Dr = 0.-1+oJ+o.b - 9.Omo/
E-P
[*r,)
?"
tr.,-
P^xP"
l{o
AB+)C
@)
f\s-L
/nn-tzlrnol
reo"tecl/
4roed
ry1el
I e,
, :"'b)ffi
l,g
F^ .'\o{
O
0,a
o,\
O
o,tl
o,+
(17
E?
\-.t
?ox?.
KP=
?o
3)
E* ?
, *rP,)
38 +>C
;r?o)(?r) r.l"(h)
Ko
DH
rnolrea
lornecl
- f:
o.6J
I A&3
f,0
a61
c0
J
't
,6J''
o,tl
O4sCmH
+
=l'rb
ratd I 6'rnd I
Em mol
,'0:18
g.!2
, ,O.'18
o.?8
:1!
o.18
i ', 0i18
gasandhydrogen
3. Nitrcgen
gasin themoleratioof 1 : 3 areallowed
lo achieveequilibrium
and1000kPa.Theequilflurium
at 55OoC
mirturecontains15%NHs.Calculatelg fo:'thefollowingreaction:
Nz
3Hz
2NHs
=q,tb
t50}
0l\b
-
_:
2NO,(g)
NzOr(9)
process.
at equilibrium
is 6.51 103Pa.Calculatel$ for thedissociation
Thetoti-i'pressure
#
and5 atm''
at 250oC
itsdegreeoftiSsociation
of NzOnat 250oCand 1 atm is 0'15 Cafculate
5. The dbgreeof dissociation
Nt04
fafta1 mol
6o\ raac*eal
o,t5
0.gb
5 m rnol
l{,=#=
+ lN0"
0
0!3o
0.30.
-ffit
x lD-? a*ffr
N"CIi
l0
ic
,-1('
-f#x5
-F=-.
LN(L
", l0[
$t
#xb
4=
7)xto''=
[#i$
=a068
6. TheKoforthereaclion:
--;_
?-
starts
of NHsif thereaciion
10%byvolume
containing
a mxture
'-r'" -- toobtain
is 4.0x ,tI-3,,*-1", ui$b. wnaiTtne or"r#Jl"orired
\-
-0,-L.9r!$
^l\V
R?=
ffi
=+,t)xro+
Pi=e'clf
s
I
_-
g_{ff
]ltr
7-The_relative
molecular
6 fortnl r*ai*
1na1.9fapgmpleof NzOrat 350K anOrOOrFa is@.0.Catq.rtate
i:
Nzor(g).
'Ni
,"t
il\dc-
,y-
eeo:*ee)
|-r(
Str\ ftol
I -? trx
- t t
!m rrpl
I - 0.533:',O.+t
=1.b33
T"talrumber rnola=0,,ft-l+,1,066
Hxtoo
ttO,
)rt00:
6. lronreactsvtithsteamto produceH2.
3Fe(s) + 4HzO(g) :i:
eHz(9) + 'Fe3O4(s)
A mir*ureof Fe andsteamwasallowedto codreto cqdlibriumat 700oC.Theequilibrium
pressureof Hzandsteamis 4.8 kPaand2.5 _kParespectively.
Calculatelg for the reaction.
4.9
a.b
pressure,15c/oof a sampledinitrogen
9. At 500 K and1 atmospheric
tetroxide,
NzOr undergoesdissociation.
Calculate
the
partial
pressurefor thisreaction.
equilibrium
constantin termof
X | .0:1lt
to achieveequilibrium
10.Nitrogeri
anChydrogen
in themoleratioof 1:3arealloweC
at ternperature
T"Cand10C0kPa The
mixture
Koforthereaction.
equilibrium
contains
20%ammonia.
Calculate
ftrot1e .+ =rn
Em Par+ai$}ersur"
$+
txo,8
=0,?.
0_NHs
0,1
o,[xtwo
0,rfl000
frx0,8
= 0,6
0,}xt000
r--
K-
v-
?tl"
=( 00LP;
= aoOtP"
1,ytxtl--tk?u-'
t t o 't.Oodm3flaskcontaining
1.00molofcaroon r .oo*or oi ."ro* o,"nO"isienloreacttoJrm
monoxiOe
atg50"C.
ThevalueofK fortheequilibrium
"no
is 14.0moldm-3
at850"c. carCuiate
""roon
ineconcentrations
ofthecomponents
in
the
equilibrium
mixture
atthistemperature. t7l
Lo)
ln^+alnrola
rnJ\neoc*ed
t$rwd
-++
I
96
-*
S-rn mo\a
r-1
T6
='n []
0-x,
99.,,
"--&
r,fl)
(a
* )o
= #("(-r)
It+,$
)9(=0.81
i2.
tiHqHS(s)
+t
areboth
0.20
mordm-3
iH:H.'[ffi'f:,.l:t:",1r.;: tt, i::.lllLi,l?til]r" equiribrium
and
thepressure
atequiribrium
is
R.=[rvurlft"sJ
=(O,aa)
(ow)
=($-xo.m)Cg*b4o)
= g'Ac(atmL
/.t':,
\.
4.4 Relationship
betweenequilibriumconstants
4.4.1 betweenequilibriumconstantfor forwardreaction,K1 and equilibriumconstantfor reversereaction
K-r
Kr
aA+bB *cC+dD
K-r
K: {#+Bl-
^K-,'|:
tAl: tBl:
[c]" [D]"
".
KtxK-t=l
Kr=#
K,-:+:,-tS
.'. Koverall : K1 x K2
Relationship
betweenK and k
. \r/ ,a-5
Accordingto MassAction Law, orderof reactionis takento be sameas stoichiometriccoefficient.
Kr
aA+68 +cC+dD
K,
At equilibrium,rateof forwardreaction: rateof reversereaction
kr [A]" [B]o = k' [C]' [D]o
K- + : -{ff"[B]"
'K!'=
tcb) rw.,,ai,q the bdhn&d Efscron
c4)
4.6 FactoraffectingK" or Ko value :Jemperature,T
(i) BV usingrateconstants
kr
K_E
in
Qrft
. ")*s$f ,"i*"s^tuc"eofrc
to'rr.4fatNe-{att"r)'
(-ft ,a;seA"
enuahon'
,.,\) Co^b;*"t rnd^nd'{cl
(c = k,xK, YK3
If forward reaction is
Exothermic.AH : -ve
kr
N2+ 3fi2 * 2 NH:
k_r
Endothermic,
AH: *ve
kr
AH:*ve
A +B+C
k_,
AH: -ve
kl ond k.1increases.
But k -r
WhenT increases,
increases
morethankr HenceK decreases.
;. From graph,
K inverselyproportionalto T
linearlywith l
ln K increases
(ii)By usingVan't Hoff equation
WhenT increases,
k1andk-1increases.
But k r
increases
morethank - r HenceK increases.
.'.Fromgraph,
K increases
exponentialto T
ln K decreases
linearlywith ]
lnK:-^#+c
t"#:-io(* - ;)
If forward reaction is
AH: -ve
Exothermic.
lnK:_,-#,*c
- t-j=") decreases.
when T increases,
RT
ln K decreases.
K decreases.
.'.From graph,
linearlywith i
ln K increases
Endothermic.AH: *ve
lnK:_!_t3r)16
WhenT increases,
increases
#
ln K increases,
K increases.
.'.From graph,
ln K decreases
linearlywith i
r.lerqns3
is allowed
to dissociate
to nitrogen
tetraoxide
dioxideln i.OOdm3container
at 383K.
-'ihet 1a1tn an eiferiment,0.100roiu. oi-Jinitrogen
graphof concentration
of bothgasesagainsttimeis shownbelow.
Concentration / mol dm-'
o.120
o.100
0.o80
0.060
0.040
0.020
Time
theequilib:'ium
constant,
lG,for theabovereaction
at 383K.
{i)Calculate
thepressuiein tlfe container
aftertfle systemhadachieved
equilibrium
at 383K. [8]
iii) Caiculate
N"0u
k"1/6
lnrtral rv\ol*
0.lDo
0,040
$o\
o,oto
rl
)N0"
o,0,+0
0 , 1 1 0.
Or l)0
= o,3t
=NRT
0) (&:l)(393
P(I xtO-r)" ( 0'0+o't-1,t
c ho9vt0 ?o.
+ 9.67rJ mol-l_9qd-*396-iJ
entlalpies
nitrogeng[ioxiddare
mo!-r
ofgasedsdinitrogerytetra6fide
tggnseous
?l?lT^T":]?"dard
fi'L".::El".6t'br-odii
t
oi""o"i^yddueou<diniirogipadxide
tosaseeusdfiioeenluexde.
-/,
(ii) Expld-in
tneqSeCfof temperatured-n
the valLleof the enthalpyof dissociatiEra,l'faseous.tfi6itlogen
tetrftlide. l7l Gffifr')
c) An analysis
of an equilibrium
mivlureobtained
frommixinggaseousnitrogen
andhydrogen
showsa composition
of 40o/o
of
ammonia
whenthetotalpressure
of thesystemis 20 atm.
(i)Writean expression
for theequilibrium
constant,
Kp,fortheaboveequilibrium
(ii)Calculate
themolefractionof nitrogen,
hydrogen
andammonia
(iii)Calculate
partialpressureP.l, , P", and P"",
ti) K" =
. 0.1
r;cmtnerclaiiy
uy ine -a'u*eiptr"-c': t u "''' ,Ji
v/hicrtis v-elysolubre1nrv{eJ liii iJieparc}c
gas ts
:j. ia) nmrfioiliars a riiitogenteriiirser
Tlte amountof ltydrcgen
45Coc'
at
flask
drn3volumetric
2.0
a
into
gas are intrbcuced
gas anc 1.0molof hydr"ogen
;.:i:ragen
temperature
[7j
at this
involved
fortlrereaction
ccnstant
theequilibrium
calcuiate
{1.40
rnolat equilitrrium.
g.. 7*hon heatedahd forns x againwhencocied'ldentify
to a r.,rown
gasx is an oxiaeof nitrogen.it cfranpes
il-r)A.r:olcui.less
theobservations[41
ga$rrsX a.td Y,anCexpiain
(6/2008)
is rtached'
untilequilibriutn
to reactin a closedco:rtainer
(c)(jasesX ard y areallowerJ
temperature'
[2]
ai
cciistant
is
irrc.eased
of theccniainer
*tr"n inu ptussure
what;;uld be observed
(i)ststeandexptain
voiume'
consiant
at
[21
mixture
equilibrium
to
the
gas
is
acoec
ainount-oiiigun
position
whena srnarr
ii)[xi:!aintheequiiibrium
lnrhol mdo
:
o.S
, $$s0.+
= mole
=[]
J.Xc=
NJt
1,0
3(a)
-*Hf
3l'lz
t,0
)NLls
0
0,+
0.4
95=0,L
'Bs=o't
= l),5 nol')nL
N,$u -
3$)
*7,
AH=
rN$r
bru.ln
cotou/ras
,/
+o {* ttqlil nu rea*ia
Nl.en\t E heated,
equihtvirmposifiel
r
"hd-ts
,\ ,rt,r^;bUiu'-fi.1n""d .nok'on ;+ x endo4re'tn;c'
N'0+
3 tc)
r-
)N0"
U{odn
Co(o.rrL-US
-p,om
b,o,,rn.1o
."rrr,lrl rt" oryl;brtuan
.hanqal
r#^:movzt^+1 le$F
ri)T\eco\onr.
uthn
numhr "f rnl\eso4 reacfa^'ts rJ ln/.s fhar, 'tha*t( +Az
Thisrs bn.*ge
prcil4nr.
'/,
ll,
o{+he gns,^
rrotcluny.
tsca)
' lnttu\ mot' :
C tst
bff
=rnol
H,O +
l.o0
-x
1,00
EO +H,
o
rc
c)
x'
,1
fcoJto'3$'qo\Jnrs'
,4,
/'
[u'1 ' o'7)grnd/'n*3
'
/o-3-'l
r*ot
Ltl"o] = \,00 0,3)s 0,b1')
isasroliows
inthisprocess
the.".,ittjfff:t o""
ismanuracturedty
Hzso<-,.
u.,rio.rrl"acid,
itll"]1'#ffii[i-?"i:_n
atm' 0 180atm
are0'456
inthemixture
soz, o, so,gases
pi"ssuli's'of
;'#JnJn"nT.'"o"ni"r
K,equirioffit^i:L
,qr1000
"no
\-'
and0.364atmresPectivelY'
11l
orpartiarpressures
interms
reacticn
tg,rorthe
constant,
lfli ?dil,?$:l':litXtfl,ffi:;#{lall'l'0,','
K' t2],
thevalueof Kpat
1990
ici bircurate
if poristion
equilibrium
ioi Eipi"intheeffector:the
- (i)thetotatpressui!oitt't. tyti"t is reducedto 0'850atm' [2]
ishaintainedat irsoriginalvalue' [2]
(ii)hetiumg". i.'"oo"o to th'emixtureouiin" iot"i pi".rur"
(17120121,r)
--
t
.^
,
i
s
6ca)?o*rul
)s
grotsurc
qa.s
qds
bq
the
il6lt
tfw
exered
+he
4
E*ure
vAU
'
in {he roxto"inen
,t, Kp =
t-
is alon.
(0,gs+)'
(?r",)l
(P,#(L)
Kp=
( p,ub6):
(0tso) = 3.b4 atm-'
o{ rnoteson +h" l.{+
::lv
decrtq$.\.
7. 1a)Wiiteihe equiltbrlum
constantsrelated.
briumcat-nstants
andexplafinow
arflngtu.-oeqLilibrium
constants
for th-e
thereactions
reactions
belovr,
belovr,
ext
(il I'z + B, * ZnA\u
( 1 i2) A B * A * a r t u
(b)A reversible
reaction
idvolving
A, B andC is shownbelow.
A+28 *
zc
(i) A mixtureof 1.0molof A and 1.5molof B in a 2.0dmsvesselis allowed
the
at 1000K.At equilibrium,
to reachequilibrium
concentration
of C is 0.35moldm'3.Determine
constant
for thisreaction.
thevalueof theeouilibrium
(1i) lf theenthalpy
changeforthereactionin (b)(i)is - 20 kJ mol'1,calculate
at 1300K.
theequilibrium
constantof the reaction
,R,is 8.31JK-'mol-']
['l'hegasconstant
r.20t201.41
(;i;) Explaintheeffecton theconcentration
mixture.
of C whenthetemperature
increases
in theequilibrium
t^'fl *', =
tA"l[ s']
ITEEII
vN a r
f*gl"
IAr'lEr"]
I
K
' q ,-
lB
=]c
t.0
0.35
8;!5
ffi
I
l{" =
: 3.*
K'l-= 1,{x''?/*-to0o
I /(T4J
t' In
et I \
;J1J;3
-**e
drn3 0
Kr, = l,+ l4ol-{
Pnnc,'ple,
cfii) RB {orwqedg4eton l! *O"fP", Aco.J;nq+o to datlo-r,4
t*' fo
w\.n {e.pr"il; tt teqsrE,f!. ;iJrl,biarrtuTosio,ii',il
"l#^t
-__
0-
8. (a)e;tai3Le chatelle/sprinciple.
[2]
the followingreaction.
{b)The Habei"processinvolves
-=1
2NHg
3t.lz
Nz
Theforwardreactionis exothermic.
pressure.
at constant
increases
if thetempe.rature
[1]
(i) Statetheeffecton theequilibrium
volume.
at constant
is addedto thereaction
if nitrogen
t1l
iii) Statetheeffecton thee{uilibrium
Explainyouranswer.[3]
vesselis halveC?
if thbvolumeof thereaction
itii)Wnatis theeffecton thisequilibrium
117120151
gcntt" c?.*+,Le/s
pnnciplesk@4 -fi*t
a o*X*^til.
+*'a or - *,fSf""
.t{.
,+i
peslrr'on
+L +\e d.,1"1r.t
e+rihbra,,,r, unkt d,..its
<+u't^tnu,n
'
, af
'lr>J
{he ,}rt
{o nnr\rr.ro
oppoce +t^"
}pplad
TJ
tbulWherr.1gnA
l^ndrain{.{^
eondrain{io
+ho
the
o) u{,'L-',,tt
iJ*--
,c *l-. *r+^N.:.hrJ
I I
tr\crzajcb
rno/aAfu o,tdorlwmed,reag,-, e4wl'bnurvr
Dc}hon
1posTfion tlwaa,+" nqlrf
tJ
,F.
'/.&
.once,rtr.^tofl at reatcb'rrts
+J,l 6 c^lcdate
aod pnd'^cts
<t- 5m
Eg1.Theequilibrium
oonstant,
lG , for theesterification
Calcutete
the
of ethanoic
acicibyethanolis 4.0at roomtemperature.
,:omposition
of equilibrium
mixtureif 18Cg ethancicacid,230g of ethanoland45 g waterareallowedto reac'.
andreachequilibrium.
tootl t
' '.
b'-,+ tltO - ,t&
sB
cactd
S.note
3-a
e.5+{
1(
a5t (
4
''!
Z=5rF
- .e1$W
n (tl|,rftOt tl)
-.
-(5)
is putin a
g for+.he
is 1.10atmat 600uC.if 20.Cg of CaCOs
carbonate
of calcium
decomposition
ccnstant,
92 . Tlp equilibrium
5.00dm'vesselandheatedto 6C0'C, calculate
tu) thenumberof molesof carbondioxideproduced. (R = 0.0821dmatmmolirK1 1
at equilibrium.
of calciumcarbonatedecomposed
the pereentage
-li
c6,0
cat$ (s)'
+ cr)>
;t0d$n ,..
tc^)
=^'RT
't,tD)\5,0u)
= n ( 0 . o E r t [69 t!(3
:.ryl = n (tOr-)
df
= O,O16J
r nr l.
05a* $,0{075-lXl00
6ose o$ &c0r
+'Lb1
= 3$.3
6.1\d.rm C
4J,
{
l,
gfldr*
---lO- ,r-
1l
l"
r.
r,
lVw drr@4{1svt
rtadtoyt
"*
K'8
l,to nz* Aaz*)v,,
w+yad&isu_
'*he darve
It.
dc. hte 'fl
qo,:t:*o*
of d,ssqqrcrrro^
/,sSqfc.F,On
l'I To
Aarve;,rI
4l')
:
.
---v-
Eg. v/hen
=r.
iir"" 0.'l
o i mol
ro,of
orPCls
rc,",.
is heated
nu*"oat79oC
rnjain
ina 1, drn3
0". container,
.on,"'nu,
I? pressureof 3.5 x rrt05l.lrn'2is developed.Calculatethe delr.eeof
c,iisscciation
",
" = 1.50x .i04 Nm'2
j
of PClsunderthese conditions.
( Kp
?_c!r
-----C-b
. o.
::_
011rnol
hritta\ molP+:
mo\creadad| $rraeA I
3m nde
x:
ol -{
nr = O,!*Xt{+{ = CI,lfA,
=
?a.h^l
ffix ?b0xrob
' I -DrAa'{r,
'
4(
:
ffixtrbx#, #rx3fo'xrob
fficrrutXfrx?toxrd)
os
*# x.3'Soxf
rf t:,bOxrob
)
/.ho vlo+ 3
f o{+x)(0.t4)
1l-= o,D6&!rnql
4.1.j
-.;r
1o )der,,r),vg
][,t
r
.1.\
,",hor,
"t
ID eriul,L),r,,t
V,
vqlvtI
lt
lcl+
2;,,t),1'rs1r'1v{
l":rhrr, hes+o4,r
i fo],1
c+
: 1_<lqgJs:l:)_
4.1,+
44
. iD \,.1t/
i
O'vvlV:(' .Q'o
:1
.;
(D dvnynl4on
I
or,5),v)rrt;
'r-s
h
,a'
.t
W
\l-li-l
^. L-,\
Y?C,iitU
"co"*A'L,
lav'.t
o'r't l|l<'i-o
equ,lrLtuttt0o9tl
'['nilu14' i/i t_t(4tr4'rB
J
J
'trr
f i i r t 3--tU
tr.3
t : :l(r rtUC.2
riivs2
tD'
L>
rN
a'l lU
tf3-10'
\4ty
i\ay
tU^l
/\..
\
I
i
'
: , 64,1f,
Vll(t)r'luYrl
b|wru po.,*tr,rl
=rzliliva ).l 2rrflh))45 ol
tt;,.utft
yl
'r,r
rql -
'
r,crys,ral\ kl7t)
VCt
',,r|rcioLlc
LJ,+
awhu,,lrnrlly
yaur,l4i I
r,of[ ltnrlaor,
ano\\| l t;ir,,l;,ii,,il;,,t i, ]
i-.;,*ry"1r,att'{l'-:tq&+i)
q!,!ilit-$sa,,
Ex"mfa# 4,1,8
ig1. Kpforthechemical
equilibrium:
-:
iiz(g) + 3Hz(g)
ZNHg(9)at4S0oCis5.0x10-5atm'2.
Fcrtnefollowing
mixtures,
thechemical
equilibrium
mayor maynothavebeenaftainedShowthedirection
in whichtheequilibi.iurn
p.ositic'n
vrillmovein orderto achievechemical
equilibrium.
(a,) NHs( 140atm),
Nz( 20 atm)& ]-lz( 600atm)
( 60 atrn)&'Nz( (83atrn)
Oi Nt'ls( 30 atm), 112
r
-0
.") =' DZ,Nile
P".xP;
(r{oit
r toi'
83x $qr
b.orxto* ^tl,.-)
90x6003
--eIKP
i: Thereactionis nd !n eqnr.ilLrlrrn,
'fhr e+r;t,bnZmpotfion
nbte{or+r{rf.
v.
tJ
Eg2 Determine
thedirection
of thefoitowing
r."*tio. in orderto attainequilibriunn
concentrations
at a particuiar
instantareaF
blh fc!lor."'-c:
Nz(g) +
(o'lo)2
A, = {N}ts]"
=
rvc
[g:o)(9'm)3
rfibltH'f
+) mo]-) d;6
SinceU- 7Ki- ,
=
b,t r*'l;briJrrr
oosiUon
vl
(t
-L
in qtfu'
o0 qactarrtsad guod"rcts
cAottils,nho?b
b3 F^.{le-5a${ecfingu4urTb'um pnitian
:
To sunlrnarizei
5"n ge.tion /
Rat"-constantJ
Concentration
nO chonge
'//:'
X"
constant,
I equitiOrium
&k+A'uaylz
doLel:,eft
+a zr/a r)',."'ul,.
':l{*j**
A1
I;
J1
+l
Lt
I'
&<Kc
-Wt
. K.
hlp- vopoq
av&4!- norLorgz
o4ui l t bnv,n
unt*o r* ^ ^ o
"1.,a*2,
- ?os'ft',o. ol e+v'r[1b,'t,,ra
Jlbd
I
* o dzcrcasz
r.
a n,untlrqltdrt
+, a.
'
aaa't /t .
"',Jz
-Jyua|,y
?russure
f{asuyt-,^til lawro"4n rqdiovl+;+
-IL,L
onlyaNfec!3 dtaeages
+,rbl wnt\rr{
yaserusVtt"la ?
4)tuas,11
ruirAoqinwlJ'n4
ll
'urtcyu/y'5
,(nrrrrg .^/i hwro l* t*r,+,o. W
+Lu-)r+tl nvrule.ol gK";*gas(.s.
f;jioles_
lnueo*.ivt 4,[+t 1
rtrHf;i_#!,ff
r{LssurL
WW--, .
for a reaclronb)ow:
.a^.-.
pr*rclzs)
lyseaus
AM:y a .nr[o
04bu-
at unstat volu,u
"t +h tyt+un
'tncea54t)
-.wdd=M__
,- Auest
At +tru
wluru
II
'.rl
|
,
.,1
VtlU trrqz,*
l't
mtir*din
Tup-pnfotg-(ijMr"e T *t -EtrJB
t/t ha
flDve)b- ayl}Wu
ot,l'oy6 +le,
udq+ldryit_L_
IrytCho4 or'
'hqcdnla
-$/DiiU&;.-Len@e
y (L varg )-+
c / tH,l
w{,
ruazhon,Wrr4i
0f vr(Q ve64.
Qa r-h ans
v
-,-
/r
tS
\4
-l---t-
_gr,hSt7vt
U thaf
,, lroo
tw_Mg @_91
wachon
w ;t*rytA
oy
v( q-
vovrtd bv
h teyrraAres
,*rni 6,
0 lSnoprnhrz,
v,u,l,W!vlnrwlo*
-ffilyg i!@ge !!- frq- ol l"*aQ o^a ftverszpqchon't
-h
w&u,b&--
*la-/arB.-Mct"i{.-
\tse){ is rrvt
vw)vwI \ n +I,t-
,rdtl-U-p
,kai,,rtv
-/-ni-
ar-Uryg__qvry.wv,n
u^W:
---
:,+"-o+,ffiEffitn
rar
'.
vwmartT4
CLv^ql-
f,fte-
hwwrhdho,t
chanaa
olvrdo
4resuro
Tu^Wy"tu.9
1*,zI r <,*
Mss
)rr,i
R*t awta,tf
unrkaYuz
uncWnqz
thqldL
d',ori t
-:.--l
ir.1.'l
t'
,l
bavtUWruv{t
Mill
UnrltinqO
un"laiaz
4tv|a
vru,lnintt,
hrilrb|un &na
zrhanu
-"|*f^L
/un
d"o,,riL
rmcLaioz,
7, 4 NlH.
1, y a^d
/ I/i{
pncws
:/,f'!,It,
Em rrq}+ Aor/?t" 'qle
ArYn{,
rTlut:
, . oi, _
't"+lltl-t,b)
to.^,
-Fi .
+:Nur$)
4jlJ*,,1,o"i";?y" -;E'\'a
'/i50o
grbe.r
flz
y/i'AO.
-n^-
c i )oo *r*
h e NHs
^ ,+Ei,|;h;;
vfrcnh"
V'(hnvnvttd
lrluc*u n )
.::
rb
\-/
t.
t'trri,*b\y*
l,
, P,?oi
/:a0-)i ),:t ql
/^^..
-,i1
.qll t-.Or
->s')..'
+L
.hlr6)+3H,g) .-<--
...:';).".
f '
3. C(s) + Coz(9)
2co(g)
\ !''
Theenthalpy
changeof reaction,
AHfortheaboveequilibrium
is +188kJ mol-l.Explain
the effectof an increase
in temperature
on
(i)theconcentration
of eachcomponent
in theequilibrium I4l
(ii)the rateof attainment
of theequilibrium I4l
Ct";
3)
ti)
Forruqrd
-ieq.h'*
-rS
cndo+herrnic. lncreqsinq {he
+o rtqht H^rr,
eqwii;hnarn
.u_
J
cotcuft,ttin i
COr hoeo.v*.
bncenffiwt
t(
i4q(asaA'
iave
ci i )
d\.,+''no
:'=-
2. Sulphuric
acid,HzSOr,is manufactured
bytheContactprocess.
Oneof theimpodant
reactions
in thisprocess
is asfollols:
-=zSOz(9)+ oz(9)
zSos(g)
Explaintheeffecton theposition
of equilibrium
if
(i)thetotalpressure
of theequilibrium
is decreased t2l
(ii)lteiiumgasisaddedto themixture
butthetctalpressure
is maintained. t2)
Exercise:
in equilibilum
to thesystem
(b)srlver
is addedseparately
nitrate
vrhen(a)sodiumchloride,
andexplain
witatwillhappen
1. Describe
temperature
, at constant
(aC) + 4H2O(li
lCuChl2]2.(aq) + 4 Cl-(aq)-=:-I Cu(HzO)r
- tllue
Yellow
cb)
4 d, *
dec'a*set'
rd^
reaats urfl^Cl-or-t ft firm AaA'
"i,/
?rt*rda, +o l^c/aaEp the. ./\=ntt-frb| * cl-d\s,
.
rl ^'
,
A
4
'b71anpg,$f'Dnbt,?l shhFtg 4he, l*f . fl. ,nlo.r. clnqqq\ Qvn *. tlorl
(,ohrt[
Da]:rffiq+e ;s hr,tBd,
'tl
i?o;, -l
, ar.sr'
Idetrtitt'Curd Nunrber,
PenggaL/Ulangan*
YearofSTPM.
...... Ternt/Resit
Tahun MUET
I)eletc v'hcreoppropriate
Sesi
Yeu' of MUET.
Jangan tulis
apa-apa di
ruang ini.
Do ttot v,rite
irt tltis colunm
...... Ses.rion..
-T:JV
'
tE nor
OOV
L)
: n0-.250"w,
R^r^rra
l.o
N,* 3{= r^uas
Cot"l,{sf
Eqwfwts'.
nied-fu q deuae.
l. The{orrurd reacfi'on}s exo$ptmtc a^d, a.ccomP4
hd, Drersvrz-faw,tA
+hP6Uoral eact bn
6aprofi& fenprafure
4 4b"C
6, t}gl pwture
1
l,lutce
;s use/..
,JD tlz
,ate o( raehott,
pl%turL 4
salts.
froi'narninonium
whiiein thelaberatory
amrncnia
is prepared
arnnronia
by the Haberprocess,
i (a)lrrindustry,
is manufactured
Explain
(i) Statethereagents,
forthemanurfacture
of ammoniabythe llaberprocess.
equation
conditions
andwritea balanced
the equilibriunrer"'f, if,e1idGffirs consiCereii iir-ii'?eHaber process.
-2.The
prociuction
Haberprocessis usedin theindustrial
equation
is as follows.
of ammonia.
Thereaction
gHr(s)
:
+
Nz(g)
(9)
zNl-l-.
a) At a temperature
whatis meantby
of 500oC
Explain
anda pressure
of 500atm,thesystemis in a stateaf dynamicequilibrium.
the lerm dynamicequilibrium.l2l
T
b) (i) Namea catalyst
fortheHaberProcess. JrorI '
ii) Explainwhyther:atalyst
position
in (i)doesnotaltertheequilibrium
inthisprccess.[2]
cb) \ Tlrecd+al\*;,wrease's
tir,e,*tz ,l loraad