You are going to read an extract which is concerned in some way with the human

mind. For each question, choose the answer which you think fits best according
to the text.

Where do emotions come from?

For many centuries, the question of how our minds work was left to theologians and
philosophers. But at the beginning of the twentieth century, a new science, experimental
psychology emerged, in which the speculative theories of the past were confirmed or
disproved by the scientific method. At the forefront of this research was J B Watson. His area
of interest was the origin of human emotions. Do we learn them, or do we have them when we
are born? In particular, Watson wanted to study fear, and was prepared to go to whatever
lengths to study his theory.
Watsons subject was a 9 month old infant, Albert. During the experiment, Watson presented
the child with things which are often considered frightening a rat, fire, a clown mask. At
first, Albert was unafraid of these things. But then Watson tormented the child with loud,
unexpected noises as he was playing with them. Sure enough, Albert learnt to associate these
things with the unpleasant experience. Even when the noises were stopped, Albert withdrew
his body and puckered his face when presented once more with the rat and mask.
Such abusive and disturbing experiments would never be permitted nowadays. The film
which Watson made of the experiment makes discomforting viewing, as the child is
interminably and cold-heartedly tortured by the items which he has been taught to fear.
Nonetheless, this was a landmark work with profound influence. Through it, Watson
confirmed that humans learn fear by association, and as a result they can un-learn it, a
discovery that still impact s the work of behavioural therapists today.
1
What did Watson set out to prove?
Humans can be conditioned to fear anything
Children are unafraid of potentially dangerous things
Humans are born with all their emotions
Children are more afraid of loud noises than rats and masks
2
The writer believes that Watsons work was ultimately...
unwarranted
significant
irrational
trivial

You are going to read a magazine article. For questions 1-7, choose the answer which you
think is best according to the article.
An Unlikely Muse
A new wave of music and arts projects has emerged, focusing on someone who may seem for
some a dubious source of inspiration. Imelda Marcos, former first lady of the Philippines, is
currently becoming the subject of musicals, song cycles and shows on a worldwide arena.
When the Marcos regime collapsed in 1986, and Imelda and her husband Ferdinand were
exiled in Hawaii, they carried with them allegations of embezzlement, corruption and human
rights abuses. Imelda had spent the last twenty years living off a seemingly endless supply of
funds, living an exotic and glamorous lifestyle and rubbing shoulders with powerful figures
worldwide. In 1972, when the superstar couples popularity was fading and they were at risk
of losing their power, Ferdinand Marcos instated martial, leading to an era of chaos and
plunder, and what is described by some as the second most corrupt regime of the twentieth
century. Ferdinand and Imelda fled in 1986 to escape the Peoples Power Revolution, Imelda
leaving behind some 2000 pairs of shoes.
After her husband died in Hawaii due to ill health, Imelda stood trial in the United States on
behalf of her husband. Following that, she returned to the Philippines to face seventy more
counts of corruption and tax evasion. She has now returned to congress in the Philippines, her
make-up and gowns as flawless as ever.
So what makes Imelda Marcos such an appealing muse? Undoubtedly, Imelda Marcoss
resolute character which has withstood exile, legal battles and the wrath of her enemies makes
her an appealing heroine, but film-maker Fenton Bailey attributes her iconicity to her sense of
glamour and style, and her role as a cultural trend-setter. And like so many women who let
nothing come between them and their goals, she has gained a certain iconic status, particularly
among homosexuals, not unlike that of Judy Garland and Lady Gaga.
And now the story of Imelda Marcos can be seen in the format of a musical, an artistic genre
which is quite befitting for this flamboyant, entertaining figure of beauty and glamour.
Imelda A new musical has played in Los Angeles and New York. The artistic director of
the musical, Tim Dang, realises that the musical glosses over the darker aspects of the Marcos
regime, but wanted to portray Imelda as a person with all her faults on display, leaving the
audience to come to a verdict. However, despite the glitz of the show, reviews were mixed,
stating the the serio-comic spoof... had a vacuum at its centre.
The story of Imelda Marcos has also been immortalised as a song cycle, Here Lies Love
written by David Byrne and Norman Cook, in which Imelda comes across as both a hero and
villain. Their reasoning was to try to understand the story of how people can attain positions
of such power and greed. They were also inspired by Imeldas love of dancing and clubbing,
and how her own style of music could be incorporated into their own. Byrne adds that their
story is not black and white the couple were very popular at first, and Imelda headed a lot of
public works in the Philippines and added much to the nations sense of culture and identity.
At the Cultural Centre of the Philippines, a tour named La Vida Imelda led by Carlos Sedran
describes the life of Imelda Marcos, the cold war and martial law, while also portraying the

glamour of the Imelda lifestyle. He describes it as an eternal story, in which her extravagance
can be seen as either distasteful or in some ways estimable.
There is a danger that these new art forms airbrush out the atrocities which accompanied the
ostentation and glamour. It was a time when democracy was suppressed, political enemies
disappeared, and billions of dollars which could have helped the poverty-stricken country
were spent on the Marcoss extravagant lifestyle. However, the artists involved are keen to
make clear that the regime also resulted in great leaps forward in the countrys culture,
architecture and infrastructure. The Marcos legacy remains in the form of hospitals, Heart and
Lung Centres, Folk Art theatres and homes for children and the elderly, notwithstanding that
the Marcos couple set their war-ravaged, poverty-stricken land onto the world stage.
1 Why are Imeldas shoes mentioned in the second paragraph?
To illustrate how little she cared for her personal possessions
To illustrate her love of fashion and beauty
To indicate how quickly she had to flee the country
To illustrate the extravagance of her lifestyle
2 What aspect of Imeldas character is emphasised in paragraph 3?
her flamboyance
her kindness
her resolution
her beauty
3 Why is Imelda compared with Judy Garland and Lady Gaga?
Due to her status as a gay icon
Due to her ambition and drive
Because she has created new fashions
Because she has triumphed over legal battles
4 Why was the musical of Imeldas life criticised?
Because it did not portray Imeldas faults
Because the show was too shallow
Because it was too glamorous and showy
Because it was both serious and comedic
5 What was it about Imeldas story that interested David Byrne and Norman Cooke?
The ongoing themes of power, greed and music
The fact that the story had both a clear hero and villain
The reasoning why people such as Imelda become who they are
The fact that her musical taste was similar to theirs

6 According to Carlos Sedran, how do people respond to Imeldas expensive lifestyle?

Most people are shocked by it.
It evokes both positive and negative feelings
People want to be like her
People realise why she did it
7 Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the text as something Imelda Marcos did for
the Philippines?
She made health services available to the people.
She gave the country a cultural identity.
She reduced the levels of poverty for Filipino people.
She drew the worlds attention to the country.