CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 4 (F4)

Chemical Properties Change Across A Period

1.
2.
3.

There is gradual chemical change across a period.

The acidity (or basicity) of the oxide of element changes across a period.
The metallic properties, the electronegativity of element also change across a
period.
Acidic Oxide or Basic Oxide
From left to right across a period the oxides change from alkaline/basic (with metals e.g.
Na2O) to acidic (with non-metals e.g. SO2).
Metal, Metalloid and Non-metal
1.
As we go across a period from left to right, the elements change from metals to nonmetals.
2.
There are about 7 elements in the periodic table are classified as semi-metals.
3.
The metals in the periodic table are mainly found in the left hand columns (Groups
1 and 2) and in the central blocks of the transition elements.
4.
On the right hand side of the periodic table, there are 7 semi-metals form a staircase
like pattern, act as a divider between metal and non-metal.
5.
The semi-metals are also called the metalloid.
Uses of Metalloids
1.
The most widely used semi-metals are silicon and germanium.
2.
It is used to make diodes and transistors in electronic industry.
Electronegativity
1.
Electronegativity is a measure of the potential of atoms to attract electrons to form
negative ions.
2.
Metals have low electronegativities.
3.
Non-metals have high electronegativities.
4.
Electronegativities of the elements increase across a period with increasing proton
number. This is because
1. as the proton number increases, the positive charge of the nucleus will increase
accordingly.
2. this will increase the ability of the atom to attract electrons from the
surrounding and thus increase the electronegativity of the atom.

Transition Elements And Their Property

1.

Transition metal is a block of metallic elements in between Groups 2 and 13 in the

Periodic Table.
2.
They are much less reactive than the alkali metals.
3.
They do not react as quickly with water or oxygen as alkali metal.
General Physical Characteristics
All transition elements are metals. Therefore they have the all the physical properties of
metal such as: high melting point and boiling point, hard, high density, high electrical
conductivity, high tensile strength , shinny surfaces, ductile malleable .
High Melting Point and Boiling Point
1.

The bond between atoms of metal is called metallic bond and usually it is a very
strong bond.
Special Properties of Transition Elements
Form Coloured Compounds and Ions in Solute
1.

Transition elements tend to form coloured compounds either in solid form or

dissolved in a solvent.

Catalytic Properties
1.
2.
3.

Transition elements or their compounds have catalytic properties.

A catalyst is a substance that speeds up a reaction but it itself does not change
chemically after a reaction.
Many transition metals are used directly as catalysts in industrial chemical
processes.

Variable Oxidation State

1.
2.

transition metal can have a variable oxidation state, which means it can form more
than one ion.
For example, iron(II), Fe2+ and iron(III) Fe3+; copper(I), Cu+ and copper (II)
Cu2+.

Forming Complex Ions

1.

A complex ion is a polyatomic ions (positive or negative) consisting of a central

metal ion with other groups bonded to it.