The development of Computer Operating Systems

Today, almost all human beings have a PC and Mobile PC. Due to the
price factor that is always changing and the human need for automated devices
such as a PC, the man makes the PC as a primary need. Along with the
development of PC technology was made compact so can be used as automation
tool that moves (Can be used anytime, anywhere and by anyone). Examples of
mobile PCs are: Laptop, Notebook and Netbook, these devices also have a third
operating system like a PC. And now it's time we discussed the Operating System
on your PC.
Operating system or in English: the operating system or OS is a software
system that served to make the control and management of hardware and basic
system operations, including running software applications such as word
processing programs and web browsers.
In general, the Operating System software is the first layer that is placed
on a computer's memory when the computer starts. While softwaresoftwarelainnya executed after the operating system is running, and the operating
system will do a common core services for the software it. The common core
services such as access to disks, memory management, task scheduling, and user
interface. So that each software no longer need to perform the tasks of the
common core, as it can be served and performed by the operating system. A
section of code that perform tasks and common core is called the "kernel" of a
Operating System.
Operating systems generally consist of several parts:

Boot mechanism, namely to put the kernel into memory kernel, the kernel can

be said as the core of the operating system.

Command Interpreter or shell, served to read the input of commands and
provides several standard functions and basic functions that can be called by an
application / program maupub other software. Examples of Shell is: Command

Prompt in Windows XP (DOS in Windows 98), XTerm and Konsole in

Machine Linux (Unix).

Driver to interact with the hardware while controlling the performance of the

hardware.
Resource Allocator. Operating system responsible for managing and allocating

the resources of the device.

Handler. Handler role in controlling the system in order to avoid mistakes
(errors) and use resources that are not necessary.
Now we will consider the history and development of the Operating

System.
1. Early Generation
The early development of the Operating System is still done manually in the
sense not appear any Operating System that automatically means that do not
support the service work that can be done in one series.
2. Second Generation
In this generation has been the introduction of perkejaan that can be done in
one series or commonly referred to Proccessing Batch System.
3. Third Generation
In the third generation, operating system already supports Multi-User, MultiProgramming and Batch Proccessing System (Multi-Task).
4. Fourth Generation
In this period, already diperkenankannya GUI (Graphical User Interface) which
means that the Operating System has the look and capitalize mouse, End-Users
can run applications / porgram or software.
5. The Next Generation
In the next generation operating system that is being introduced in an operating
system, is an example of an Operating System berbasikan Websites that work
in an Operating System. And next-generation mobile operating system was
introduced (Mobile) on mobile devices such as PDAs, Pocket PCs, and so
forth. Also introduced in the next generation technology network operating
systems that are virtual, so in one network only 1 piece of the Operating
System installed on the device which served as Server. In addition, also
introduced Cross Platform Operating System, which means it can combine two
different operating systems such as Linux and Windows.

By the time Windows 3.1 was released in 1991, Windows had gained
significantly in market share, and from the mid-1990s on, Microsoft dominated the
operating-system market. Microsoft released Windows 95 in August 1995. It was so well
marketed and in such high demand that people bought the operating system even if they
did not own a home computer. With each new release, from Windows 98 to Windows
2000 to Windows XP to Windows Vista, Microsoft gained popularity. By 2004, Microsoft
commanded around 90 percent of the operating-system market. The latest Windows
release, Windows Vista, was introduced worldwide in January 2007, five years after the
introduction of its predecessor, Windows XPthe longest time between releases of
Windows. Vista is only slowly gaining in popularity, while Windows XP remains the
world's dominant operating system, commanding 79 percent market share in September
2007 (compared to only 7 percent for Vista).
The second-most popular family of operating systems is the Mac OS. Macintosh
is often credited with introducing the GUI-style operating system; Mac OS was not the
first graphical user interface, but it was the first successful one, largely because
competitors were so expensivethe Xerox Alto, the first true GUI system, cost $32,000
to build while the Macintosh retailed for $2,500. Because of its relative affordability, it
immediately became much more popular than other GUI computers. The first Mac OS,
unnamed at the time but now known as System 1, was introduced in 1984. It had a
desktop, windows, icons, a mouse, menus, and scrollbars.
Early versions of the Mac OS could only be used on Apple computers. In 1991,
Apple introduced computers with PowerPC hardware; these computers could run either
Windows or Mac OS. The latest version of the Mac OS, OS X, was first introduced in
2000. It can be used in computers with both PowerPC and Intel processors, giving it
wider applicability and use. However, the Mac OS lags far behind Microsoft Windows. In
2007, it was the world's third-most popular operating systemafter Windows XP and
Windows Vistabut it commanded only slightly over 3 percent of the operating-system
market.
UNIX is a multi-user, multitasking operating system, and was designed to be a
small, flexible system used by computer programmers. UNIX is not considered to be very
user-friendly for the average person due to its design. However, graphical user interfaces
have been developed for UNIX to help alleviate the ease-of-use issue.

Linux is a UNIX variant that runs on several different hardware platforms. Linus
Torvalds, a student at the University of Helsinki in Finland, initially created it as a hobby.
The kernel, at the heart of all Linux systems, is developed and released under the General
Public License (GNU), and its source code is freely available to everyone. There are now
hundreds of companies, organizations, and individuals that have released their own
versions of operating systems based on the Linux kernel.
Because of its functionality, adaptability, and robustness, Linux is able to
compete against the Unix and Microsoft operating systems. IBM, Hewlett-Packard, and
other computer giants have embraced Linux and support its ongoing development. More
than a decade after its initial release, Linux is being adopted worldwide mainly as a server
platform. More and more people are starting to use Linux as a home and office desktop
operating system. The operating system can also be incorporated directly into microchips
in a process called embedding. Many appliances and devices are now starting to use
operating systems in this way.

Reference:

http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Operating_systems_(Software).aspx
http://www.it-artikel.com/2012/04/artikel-sistem-operasi-komputer.html