a.

aplikasi Freounhofer
The Fraunhofer limit corresponds to the ultimate amount of diffraction
that light in an optical system experiences. As has been previously
discussed, the Fraunhofer approximation applies to diffraction when the
propagation distance from an aperture is sufficiently large (see (10.18) and
(10.19)). Mathematically, it is obtained via a two-dimensional Fourier
transform. The intensity of the far-field diffraction pattern is

Notice that the dependence of the diffraction on x, y, and z comes only

through the combinations x = x/z and y = y/z. Therefore, the
diffraction pattern in the Fraunhofer limit is governed by the two angles x
and y, and the pattern preserves itself indefinitely. As the light continues
to propagate, the pattern increases in size at a rate proportional to
distance traveled so that the angular width is preserved. The situation is
depicted in Fig. 11.1.
Recall that in order to use the Fraunhofer diffraction formula we need
to satisfy z aperture radius2/ (see (10.18)). As an example, if an
aperture with a 1 cm radius (not necessarily circular) is used with visible
light, the light must travel more than a kilometer in order to reach the
Fraunhofer limit. It may therefore seem unlikely to reach the Fraunhofer
limit in a typical optical system, especially if the aperture or beam size is
relatively large. Nevertheless, spectrometers, which typically utilize
diffraction gratings many centimeters wide, depend on achieving the
Fraunhofer
limit
within
the
confines
of
a
manageable
instrument box. This is accomplished using imaging techniques. The
Fraunhofer limit is also naturally reached in other instruments that employ
lenses such as telescopes.
Consider a lens with focal length f placed in the path of light following
an
aperture (see Fig. 11.2). Let the lens be placed an arbitrary distance L
after
the
aperture. The lens produces an image of the Fraunhofer pattern at a new
location
di following the lens according to the imaging formula (see (9.56))

Keep in mind that the lens interrupts the light before the Fraunhofer
pattern
has a chance to form. This means that the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern
may

be thought of as a virtual object a distance z L to the right of the

lens.
Since
the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern occurs at very large distances (i.e. z

)
image of the Fraunhofer pattern appears at the focus of the lens:

the

Thus, a lens makes it very convenient to observe the Fraunhofer

diffraction pattern even from relatively large apertures. It is not necessary
to let the light propagate for kilometers. We need only observe the
pattern
at
the
focus
of
the
lens
as
shown in Fig. 11.2. Notice that the spacing L between the aperture and
the
lens
is
unimportant to this conclusion.
Even though we know that the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern occurs at
the
focus of a lens, the question remains as to the size of the image. To find
the
answer,
let us examine the magnification (9.57), which is given by

Taking the limit of very large z and employing (11.3), the magnification
becomes

This is a remarkable result. When the lens is inserted, the size of the
diffraction
pattern decreases by the ratio of the lens focal length f to the original
distance
z to a far-away screen. Since in the Fraunhofer regime the diffraction
pattern
is
proportional to distance (i.e. si ze z), the image at the focus of the lens
scales
in proportion to the focal length (i.e. si ze f ). This means that the
angular
width of the pattern is preserved! With the lens in place, we can rewrite
(11.1)
straightaway as

which describes the intensity distribution pattern at the focus of the lens.
Although (11.6) correctly describes the intensity at the focus of a lens, we
cannot easily write the electric field since the imaging techniques that we
have
used do not easily render the phase information. To obtain an expression
for
the field, it will be necessary to employ the Fresnel diffraction formula,
which
we accomplish in the remainder of this section. Before doing so, we will
need
to
know how a lens adjusts the phase fronts of the light passing through it.
Phase Front Alteration by a Lens

Consider a monochromatic light field that goes through a thin lens with focal
length f . In traversing the lens, the wavefront undergoes a phase shift that varies
across the lens. We will reference the phase shift to that experienced by the light
that goes through the center of the lens. We take the distances `1 and `2, as drawn
in Fig. 11.3, to be positive.

The light passing through the off-axis portion of the lens experiences less material
than the light passing through the center. The difference in optical path length is
(n 1)(`1 +`2) (see discussion connected with (9.13)). This means that the phase
of the field passing through the off-axis portion of the lens relative to the phase of
the field passing through the center is

The negative sign indicates a phase advance (i.e. same sign as t). In (11.7), k
represents the wave number in vacuum (i.e. 2/vac); since `1 and `2 correspond
to distances outside of the lens material.
We can find expressions for `1 and `2 from the equations describing the spherical
surfaces of the lens:

As drawn in Fig. 11.3, R1 is a positive radius of curvature while R2 is negative, in

accordance with conventions in chapter 9. In the spirit of the Fresnel
approximation,
which takes place in the paraxial limit, it is appropriate to neglect the terms `2 1
and
`2 2 in comparison to other terms present in (11.8). Within this approximation, the
equations become

Substitution into (11.7) yields

where the focal length of a thin lens f has been introduced according to the
lensmakers
formula
(9.46).
In summary, the light traversing a lens experiences a relative phase shift given by

Equation (11.11) introduces a wave-front curvature to the field. For example, if a

plane wave (i.e. a uniform field E0) passes through the lens, the field emerges with
a spherical-like wave front converging towards the focus of the lens.