Gases
Polymerization
Sulfur
Plant
Gas
Butanes
Alkyl
Feed
Gas
Separation &
Stabilizer
Fuel Gas
LPG
Alkylation
Polymerization
Naphtha
Isomerization
Light Naphtha
Alkylate
Isomerate
Aviation
Gasoline
Automotive
Gasoline
Reformate
Naphtha
Hydrotreating
Heavy
Naphtha
Sulfur
LPG
Sat Gas
Plant
Naphtha
Reforming
Solvents
Naphtha
Atmospheric
Distillation
Crude
Oil
Jet Fuels
Kerosene
Kerosene
Desalter
Distillate
Hydrocracking
AGO
LVGO
Vacuum
Distillation
Gas Oil
Hydrotreating
Fluidized
Catalytic
Cracking
Cat
Naphtha
Solvents
Distillate
Hydrotreating
Cat
Distillates
Treating &
Blending
Heating Oils
Diesel
Fuel Oil
HVGO
Cycle Oils
Residual
Fuel Oils
DAO
Solvent
Deasphalting
Visbreaking
Vacuum
Residuum
Coker
Naphtha
Heavy
Coker
Gas
Oil
SDA
Bottoms
Asphalts
Naphtha
Distillates
Fuel Oil
Bottoms
Lube Oil
Lubricant
Greases
Solvent
Dewaxing
Waxes
Waxes
Coking
Light Coker
Gas Oil
Coke
Topics
Quantity & Quality
Chemical composition
Distillation analyses
Properties of distillation fractions
Wt%
Carbon
84 - 87
Hydrogen
11 - 14
Sulfur
0-5
Nitrogen
0 - 0.2
Other elements
0 - 0.1
n-Hexane
i-Hexane
Naphthenes
Ringed paraffins (cycloparaffins)
All other bonds saturated with hydrogen
Methylcyclopentane
Cyclohexane
Aromatics
Decalin
Olefins
Usually not in crude oil
Benzene
Naphthalene
1-Hexene
trans-3-Hexene
cis-3-Hexene
Example Heterocompounds
Distribution of Compounds
Carbon
Boiling Point
No.
Paraffin
Isomers
36
97
126
259
18
10
174
345
75
12
216
421
355
15
271
520
4347
20
344
651 3.66E+05
25
402
756 3.67E+07
30
449
840 4.11E+09
35
489
912 4.93E+11
40
522
972 6.24E+13
45
550
1022 8.22E+15
60
615
1139 2.21E+22
80
672
1242 1.06E+31
100
708
1306 5.92E+39
Examples
Gasoline
Vacuum residue
Nondistillable residue
Quality measures
Specific / API gravity
Sulfur content
Octane number
Cetane number
Viscosity
Carbon residue
97.8F
180F
520F
650F
entire fraction
800F
1000F
12
13
Specific gravity, go ratio liquid density @ 60F & 1 atm to that of water @ 60F & 1 atm
Air saturated:
8.32828 lb/gal
Pure Water:
141.5
141.5
131.5 g o
go
131.5 API
Tb
T in units of R
b
14
Octane number
Cetane number
Nitrogen
Can poison catalysts
Viscosities
Carbon residue
15
Pressure levels
760 mm Hg (1 atm)
100 mm Hg
2 mm Hg (min)
16
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
http://www.koehlerinstrument.com/products/K45601.html
17
http://www.lazarsci.com/d1160.htm
Updated: August 11, 2016
Copyright 2016 John Jechura (jjechura@mines.edu)
18
http://www.chemtechservicesinc.com/short-path-distillation.html
19
20
Light
Medium
Heavy
Crude
Naphtha
Naphtha
Naphtha
Start
10
80
150
End
80
150
200
Start
55
175
End
175
300
Kero
Atm
Light
Heavy
Vacuum
Atm
Gas Oil
VGO
VGO
Resid
Resid
200
260
340
450
570
340
260
340
450
570
End
End
300
400
500
650
850
1050
650
400
500
650
850
1050
End
End
2.3
8.0
20.8
30.0
39.5
54.0
73.2
85.8
54.0
8.0
20.8
30.0
39.5
54.0
73.2
85.8
100.0
100.0
4.4
11.5
8.5
9.1
14.6
20.0
13.7
16.7
50.4
5.6
12.9
9.2
9.5
14.6
19.1
12.6
14.2
46.0
Gravity, API
33.5
81.9
54.8
47.3
40.2
33.9
27.3
20.2
10.0
19.6
Specific Gravity
0.86
0.66
0.76
0.79
0.82
0.86
0.89
0.93
1.00
0.94
Sulfur, wt%
0.53
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.05
0.27
0.57
0.91
1.46
0.96
1
5860
2729
1384
Hydrogen, wt%
56
579
2050
16.2
13.9
14.2
13.7
13.2
12.9
12.5
6.73
0.48
0.67
1.04
1.72
4.10
19.04
3.05E+02
4.E+05
2.89E+02
5.17
0.45
0.61
0.92
1.48
3.33
13.42
1.64E+02
1.E+05
1.62E+02
1.93
0.34
0.43
0.58
0.83
1.49
3.92
1.97E+01
1.E+03
2.16E+01
1.21
0.30
0.37
0.47
0.64
1.01
2.20
7.95E+00
2.E+02
9.00E+00
Freeze Point, C
51
-122
-96
-68
-39
-2
30
53
78
63
Freeze Point, F
125
-188
-141
-90
-39
28
87
128
172
146
Pour Point, C
-128
-101
-71
-42
-7
26
48
35
36
Pour Point, F
44
-198
-151
-96
-43
20
79
119
95
96
35
32
27
22
17
11
Aniline Point, C
77
71
53
55
61
70
84
95
106
94
Aniline Point, F
171
160
127
131
142
159
183
204
222
201
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
40
47
56
57
131
70
62
57
54
50
41
22
39
12.0
12.6
11.7
11.8
11.8
11.8
12.0
12.0
12.1
12.0
71.8
64.1
37.3
70.3
62.5
Paraffins, vol%
84.9
48.8
45.4
38.6
Naphthenes, vol%
15.1
32.4
39.5
40.9
Aromatics, vol%
0.0
18.8
14.9
20.0
Simple analysis
Thiophenes, vol%
Molecular Weight
244
102
115
144
175
226
319
463
848
425
5.88
4.84
5.37
5.55
5.72
5.87
6.04
6.23
6.50
6.24
10894
11589
11212
11121
11009
10896
10765
10595
10310
10582
45.6
48.5
46.9
46.5
46.1
45.6
45.0
44.3
43.1
44.3
0.1
0.6
0.2
2.6
14.8
5.2
2.3
13.2
4.6
Vanadium, ppm
Nickel, ppm
Iron, ppm
http://crudemarketing.chevron.com/crude/north_american/hibernia.aspx
Updated: August 11, 2016
Copyright 2016 John Jechura (jjechura@mines.edu)
21
Whole
crude 200 to
1499
100
33.9
0.8555
37
0.095
0.54
12.49
6.21
4.7
1
1350
2.45
1.3
0.7
0.5
3.4
19429
18222
0
0.1
Butane
and
Lighter 200 to 60
1.51
121.42
0.5595
82.43
17.57
Lt.
Naphtha
C5- 165F
60 to 165
5.68
81.02
0.6658
83.95
16.05
0.35
0.3
0.28
0.41
0.35
0.32
Hvy
Naphtha
165 330F 165
to 330
14.83
54.91
0.7591
85.88
14.12
0.0011
0.75
0.62
0.56
1.5
0
Kerosene
330 480F 330
to 480
14.76
43.1
0.8104
86.21
13.77
-62
0.0213
1.79
1.31
1.15
2.1
0.2
19288
18852
18626
18567
100
0
84.28
14.13
1160
17.9
135.3
201.5
306.9
403.1
497.7
597
705
806.7
925.9
1082.4
1213.2
1401.5
86
-127.8
-94.6
-52.1
10.5
29.8
35.9
35.8
38.8
43.7
47.3
46.1
46.1
47.2
86
95.9
101.4
106
110.9
114.6
117.1
121.9
129
134.1
139.3
141.8
144.4
147
51.64
31.88
16.48
86
208.1
213.7
216.6
223.6
231.7
240.8
249.1
258.8
269
279.9
291.1
297.4
302.5
1.81
1.03
33.1
0.21
0.17
152.4
0.23
0.18
44.1
0.38
0.28
29.4
47.08
32.71
16.9
86
363.8
368.2
370.4
375.5
381.8
389.1
396.4
405.1
414
423.8
434
439.8
444.5
-48.2
21.3
4.4
0.69
0.47
43.8
-54
138.2
Diesel
480 650F 480
to 650
17.03
34.04
0.8548
86.51
13.23
17
0.054
0.2431
6.88
3.96
3.16
Vacuum
Gas Oil
650 1000F
650 to
1000
28.89
24.71
0.9058
86.39
12.81
103
0.116
0.6814
120.83
40.48
26.22
88.5
0
1196.1
0.26
0
0
0
0
41.83
34.07
26.36
37.12
86
506
510.8
512.9
518.9
526.3
535.3
543.8
553.8
564.5
576
587.8
594.4
605
29
1160
690.6
695.2
706.3
728.3
752.6
778.5
806.4
835.7
865.7
897.7
929
947.8
969.7
1160
1038.8
1043.4
1055.3
1081.3
1111.3
1145.4
1183.7
1228.7
1277.3
1330.3
1385.2
1419.1
1458
1.44
0.88
54.1
24
161.3
5.97
2.58
56.9
316.71
42.23
45.5
Vacuum
Residue
1000F+
1000 to
1499
17.29
12.65
0.9816
103
0.212
1.4428
472934.04
34316.32
11920.94
4868
11.9
0.3
6.5
3.5
Simple analysis
& comparison
191.7
http://www.exxonmobil.com/crudeoil/about_crudes_hibernia.aspx
Updated: August 11, 2016
Copyright 2016 John Jechura (jjechura@mines.edu)
22
Bakken
41
0.2
WTI
39
0.32
3.5
36.3
14.7
14.3
26.1
5.2
3.4
32.1
13.8
14.1
27.1
9.4
9.4
11.4
1.09
87
41
18.2
http://www.turnermason.com/Publications/petroleumpublications_assets/Bakken-Crude.pdf
23
24
Petroleum Products
There are specifications for over
2,000 individual refinery products
Took a full century to develop markets
for all fractions of crude oil
26
Petroleum Products
Refinery Fuel Gas (Still Gas)
Wax
Petroleum Coke
Propanes
Petrochemicals
Butanes
Sulfur
Gasoline
Naphtha
Middle Distillates
Kerosene
Jet Fuel
Diesel, Home Heating, & Fuel Oil
27
Industry associations
Environmental laws
Asphalt Institute
28
30
40F to 120F
500 to 1,000 psig
950 1050 BTU/scf
10F 20F
Water
4 or 7 lbs/million scf
Total Sulfur
5 to 20 grains/100 scf
Specification
4 to 16 ppmv
1 to 5 grains/100 scf
4 mol%
2 to 3 mol%
0.1 to 0.4 mole %
pipeline pressure
31
Commercial Butane
ASTM Test
C3 & C3=
C4 & C4=
D1267-02
208
70
D1267-02
95 vol%@ max F
-37F
+36F
D1837-64
C4+ max
2.5%
Characteristic
C5+max
D2163-77
2.0%
D2163-77
Vapor pressure spec is actually an approximate guideline for defining the light ends content of the LPG mixture.
32
GPA Specifications
ASTM Test
10 to 34 psig
D-323
Evaporation at 140F
25 to 85 %
D-216
Evaporation at 275F
> 90 %
D-216
End Point
D-216
33
34
35
36
Benzene content
Conventional gasoline could have 1.0 vol%
benzene (max) pre-2011
New regulations Jan 1, 2011 reduced benzene
in all US gasoline to 0.62 vol%
Sulfur content
EPA calling for ultra low sulfur gasoline by
2017 from 30 ppmw (Tier 2) to 10 ppmw
(Tier 3)
37
n-Heptane 0
2,2,4-trimethylpentane 100
(issoctane)
38
39
ASTM D 6378 Standard Test Method for Determination of Vapor Pressure (VPX) of
Petroleum Products, Hydrocarbons, and Hydrocarbon-Oxygenate Mixtures (Triple
Expansion Method))
Expand liquid to three different volume ratios
No chilling of initial sample sample of known volume introduced to chamber at 20oC (76oF) or
higher
Three expansions at a controlled temperature 100oF equivalent to ASTM D5190
Allows for the removal of the partial pressure effects from dissolved air
RVPE (Reid Vapor Pressure Equivalent) calculated from correlation to measured pressure minus
dissolved air effects
Updated: August 11, 2016
Copyright 2016 John Jechura (jjechura@mines.edu)
40
Middle Distillates
General classifications
Properties
Kerosene
Flash point
Jet fuel
Aniline point
Diesel
Cetane number
Heating oil
Viscosity
Water & sediment
41
25
Trends
Cetane number had declined since the middle
1970s heavier crudes with higher aromatic
content
Trend starting to reverse because of tight oil
from shale formations
RON Expression
20
MON Expression
15
10
5
0
70
80
90
Octane Number (MON or RON)
100
42
43
GHS
(Globally Harmonized System)
Category
Flammable 1
Flammable 2
Flammable 3
Flammable 4
None
Flash Point
C (F)
< 23 (73.4)
< 23 (73.4)
Boiling Point
Class
C (F)
35 (95)
Flammable Class IA
> 35 (95)
Flammable Class IB
Flammable Class IC
23 (73.4) & < 60 (140)
Combustile Class II
> 60 (140) & 93 (199.4)
Combustile Class IIIA
Combustile Class IIIB
Flash Point
Boiling Point
C (F)
C (F)
< 22.8 (73)
< 37.8 (100)
< 22.8 (73)
37.8 (100)
22.8 (73) & 37.8 (100)
37.8 (100) & < 60 (140)
60 (140) & < 93.3 (200)
93.3 (200)
44
Cloud Point
Temperature at which solids
start to precipitate & give a
cloudy appearance
Tendency to plug filters at
cold operating temperatures
Pour Point
Temperature at which the oil
becomes a gel & cannot flow
45
Additional Specifications
Sulfur
Control of sulfur oxides upon combustion
Three levels, reduction for the traditional five categories
Aniline Point
Minimum temperature at which equal volumes of aniline (C6H5NH2) and the oil are
miscible
The lower the aniline point the greater the aromatic content
Viscosity
Fluidity during storage at lower temperatures
46
Kerosene Specifications
Parameter
Specification
Flash Point
100F
ASTM D-56
401F
ASTM D-86
572F
ASTM D-86
0.04% (No. 1)
0.30% (No. 2)
ASTM D-1266
Burn quality
pass
ASTM D-187
47
48
1-GT
2-GT
3-GT
4-GT
No. 1
Mostly from virgin stock. Superdiesel. Used for autos & high-speed
engines.
No.2
Wider boiling & contains cracked stocks. Very similar to home heating fuel
(w/o additives).
No.4
Traditionally largest volume produced. Used for marine, railroads, & other
low to medium speed power plants
49
Diesel Specifications
50
Global status of maximum allowable sulfur in diesel fuel, parts per million (June 2012)
Saudi Arabias plan for near-zero-sulfur fuels, Hydrocarbon Processing, March 2013
Updated: August 11, 2016
Copyright 2016 John Jechura (jjechura@mines.edu)
51
52
53
Methanol takes on LNG for future marine fuels, Hydrocarbon Processing, May 2015
54
55
No. 2 Kerosene
min
max
max
max
max
max
min
max
max
max
max
max
max
min
max
0.3
38
205
Jet-A
Jet-B
25
0.3
25
0.3
205
145
190
245
300
282
338
282
338
282
338
0.35
0.35
-6
0.35
1.9
4.1
1.9
4.1
1.9
4.1
300
-40
-50
56
57
58
Lubricant Terminology
Phrase
Lube basestock
Lube slate
Meaning
Lube product that meets all specifications & is
suitable for blending
Neutral lubes
59
Lubricants
Terminology based solely on the Viscosity Index independent of the crude
source or type of processing
Paraffinic lubricants are all grades, both bright stock & neutral, with a finished viscosity
Index more than 75
Naphthenic lubricants are all grades with a viscosity Index less than 75
Important properties
Kinematic viscosity (viscosity divided by mass density)
Color
Pour point for cold weather operation
Flash point
Volatility for reduced evaporation
Oxidation stability
Thermal stability
60
Max Viscosity
(SUS) @
210oF
Min
Viscosity
(SUS) @
210oF
20
58
45
30
70
58
40
86
70
50
110
85
Grade
Max
Viscosity
(SUS) @ 0oF
5W
6,000
10W
12,000
20W
48,000
Specifications are
established by the
Society of Automotive
Engineers
SAE viscosity well known
motor oil specification
(e.g., 10W-30)
61
Asphalt
Important product in the construction industry
Comprise 20% of the Other Products category
63
Petroleum Coke
Green Coke
Calcined Coke
Fixed carbon
86% - 92%
99.5%
Moisture
6% - 14%
0.1%
Volatile matter
8% - 14%
0.5%
Sulfur
1% - 6%
1% - 6%
Ash
0.25%
0.40%
Silicon
0.02%
0.02%
Nickel
0.02%
0.03%
Vanadium
0.02%
0.03%
Iron
0.01%
0.02%
64
Sulfur Specifications
Purity
Ash
Carbon
Color
H2S
State
65
Supplemental Slides
Standard conditions
Example crude oil assay (with minimal
data)
Calculations
Linear & non-linear blending rules
Blending rules based on additive weight
& additive volumes
Blending indices
67
Normal conditions
Almost exclusively used with metric units (e.g., Nm)
IUPAC:
NIST:
68
Standard gas volume volume of a stream if it could exist in the ideal gas state
at the standard conditions
Molar flow rate converted to standard ideal gas volume using molar volume at standard
conditions
U.S. customary flow rate units usually scfd
69
Compound
Ethane
Propane
Isobutane
N-Butane
Isopentane
N-Pentane
Total
Mol Wt
30.07
44.10
58.12
58.12
72.15
72.15
44.47
Specific
Gravity
Rate
Rate
(60/60)
[lb/hr] [lb.mol/hr]
0.3562
19.0
0.632
0.5070
47.2
1.070
0.5629
4.3
0.074
0.5840
19.0
0.327
0.6247
2.1
0.029
0.6311
8.4
0.116
0.4919
100.0
2.249
VL
g oW*
100
lb
hr
0.4941 8.3372
lb
gal
24.4
gal
hr bbl
24
hr day 42 gal
13.9
bbl
day
VG nV 2.249
379.5
24
hr
lb.mol day
*
IG
ft3
20,480
day
70
mm Hg
756
756
756
756
756
756
756
756
756
756
756
40
40
40
40
40
F
82
122
167
212
257
302
347
392
437
482
527
392
437
482
527
572
IncrementCumulative
vol%
vol%
IBP
2.6
2.6
2.3
4.9
5.0
9.9
7.9
17.8
6.2
24.0
4.9
28.9
4.6
33.5
5.2
38.7
4.9
43.6
6.2
49.8
4.3
54.1
5.2
59.3
5.3
64.6
3.2
67.8
5.4
73.2
25.0
98.2
98.2
1.8
SpGr
0.644
0.683
0.725
0.751
0.772
0.791
0.808
0.825
0.837
0.852
0.867
0.872
0.890
0.897
0.915
0.984
Corrected Corrected
F
Cumulative
82.3
1.8
122.3
4.4
167.3
6.7
212.3
11.7
257.3
19.6
302.4
25.8
347.4
30.7
392.4
35.3
437.4
40.5
482.4
45.4
527.4
51.6
584.0
55.9
635.0
61.1
685.5
66.4
735.7
69.6
785.4
75.0
100.0
Mid-Cumulative
Amount
API
0.9
3.1
88.2
5.5
75.7
9.2
63.7
15.7
56.9
22.7
51.8
28.3
47.4
33.0
43.6
37.9
40.0
43.0
37.6
48.5
34.6
53.8
31.7
58.5
30.8
63.8
27.5
68.0
26.2
72.3
23.1
87.5
12.3
0.858
0.854
71
Steps
Updated: August 11, 2016
Copyright 2016 John Jechura (jjechura@mines.edu)
72
Light Cat
Cracked
Naptha
Light
Alkylate
Heavy
Alkylate
Full Range
Reformate
Light St
Run Naptha
C6
Isomerate
Light
Reformate
Mid Cut
Reformate
Heavy
Reformate
Gravity, API
52.1
51.9
66.8
72.3
55.8
44.2
81.8
83.0
72.0
32.8
29.8
Aromatics, vol%
Olefins, vol%
Saturates, vol%
35.2
32.6
32.2
35.9
25.4
38.8
17.6
44.9
37.4
0.5
0.2
99.3
1.0
0.9
98.1
61.1
1.0
37.9
2.2
0.9
96.9
1.6
0.1
98.3
4.8
1.5
93.7
94.2
0.6
5.1
93.8
1.9
4.2
Benzene, vol%
1.06
1.23
1.24
0.00
0.01
1.17
0.73
0.00
4.01
0.00
0.00
Bromine Number
57.1
41.7
91.4
2.3
0.3
1.2
0.5
3.8
3.1
0.6
0.9
RVP, psi
4.3
4.6
8.7
4.6
0.3
3.2
10.8
8.0
3.8
1.0
0.3
Distillation, F
IBP
T05
T10
T20
T30
T40
T50
T60
T70
T80
T90
EP
110
143
158
174
192
215
241
270
301
336
376
431
112
142
155
171
189
212
239
269
302
337
379
434
95
117
124
130
139
149
164
181
200
224
257
337
101
144
162
181
196
205
211
215
219
225
239
315
299
318
325
332
340
345
354
362
373
391
427
517
117
168
192
224
244
258
270
280
291
304
322
393
91
106
113
117
121
126
132
139
149
163
184
258
118
131
134
135
135
136
136
137
137
138
139
146
138
169
174
179
182
185
188
190
192
194
195
218
224
231
231
231
232
233
234
235
237
240
251
316
313
326
328
331
335
339
344
350
358
370
391
485
RON
MON
(R+M)/2
93.2
81.0
87.1
92.6
82.1
87.4
93.6
79.4
86.5
93.2
91.2
92.2
65.9
74.5
70.2
97.3
86.7
92.0
63.7
61.2
62.4
78.6
80.5
79.5
57.6
58.5
58.0
109.3
100.4
104.9
104.3
92.4
98.4
Carbon, wt%
Hydrogen, wt%
Nitrogen, ppmw
Sulfur, ppmw
86.94
13.00
46
321
85.88
13.56
37
522
85.60
14.20
27
0
84.00
16.09
0
15
84.39
15.54
0
15
88.11
11.60
0
9
83.58
16.29
0
325
83.44
16.49
0
10
84.41
15.54
0
7
90.87
9.32
0
10
89.62
10.34
0
8
Heating Value,
BTU/lb (net)
17300
17300
18700
18400
18100
16800
18400
18500
18200
15500
17300
73
A
Avg
B
Cert
C
2211
D
1122
E
2222
F
1111
G
2121
H
1221
I
2112
J
1212
K
2111
L
2122
M
1222
N
1211
O
2221
P
1121
Q
1112
R
2212
A
M0
Z
M85
ZZ
M10
Gravity, API
57.4
58.8
50.2
59.2
50.2
64.1
53.4
62.2
51.9
58.2
53.4
50.6
59.1
62.6
51.7
64.2
59.6
49.1
57.4
47.9
56.8
Aromatics, vol%
Olefins, vol%
Saturates, vol%
32.0
9.2
58.8
29.9
4.6
65.5
43.8
3.3
37.5
20.7
22.3
57.0
43.7
17.2
24.3
20.0
3.2
76.8
44.3
17.4
38.3
20.2
20.2
45.0
42.9
4.1
53.0
21.4
4.0
59.7
45.7
4.9
49.4
47.8
17.7
34.5
18.0
21.8
45.7
21.4
5.7
59.0
46.7
19.3
19.4
20.3
18.3
61.4
21.5
4.8
73.7
46.0
4.0
34.8
32.0
9.2
58.8
5.0
1.0
8.4
28.0
6.8
55.5
MTBE, vol%
Methanol, vol%
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
15.40
0.00
0.00
0.00
14.80
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
14.60
0.00
0.00
0.00
14.90
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
14.50
0.00
13.90
0.00
14.60
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
15.20
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
85.60
0.00
9.70
Benzene, vol%
1.53
0.52
1.33
1.49
1.38
1.52
1.42
1.52
1.30
1.28
1.45
1.42
1.51
1.44
1.38
1.53
1.47
1.41
1.53
0.42
1.16
Bromine Number
21.3
12.2
9.2
44.3
32.5
10.0
35.7
41.1
11.5
10.0
13.3
38.7
42.6
16.2
35.0
38.9
12.2
10.8
21.3
3.0
18.6
RVP, psi
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.5
8.7
8.8
8.8
8.5
8.9
8.6
8.8
8.5
8.7
8.8
8.6
8.5
8.6
8.4
8.7
8.8
12.0
Distillation, F
IBP
T05
T10
T20
T30
T40
T50
T60
T70
T80
T90
EP
91
114
128
151
174
196
218
243
267
295
330
415
87
112
127
152
180
205
220
230
242
262
300
410
89
118
136
165
185
200
213
226
236
250
288
399
87
111
128
153
176
197
218
238
265
307
357
430
90
113
128
151
172
192
220
253
281
318
357
429
89
110
125
144
162
180
197
212
227
245
279
370
92
116
130
153
175
196
214
228
240
254
286
386
93
116
125
135
143
154
168
186
214
247
286
367
87
110
127
156
182
208
239
266
291
324
353
437
89
112
125
143
159
178
208
259
294
322
356
447
90
114
127
146
166
188
208
226
238
253
294
404
89
110
127
152
178
205
236
263
294
328
357
436
91
111
125
139
152
170
193
233
283
323
356
436
93
114
124
134
142
152
164
181
211
253
292
374
92
116
130
151
168
185
204
223
237
250
283
397
90
113
126
140
155
171
190
208
227
248
284
361
92
117
134
161
186
209
234
260
289
321
357
442
89
114
129
151
170
192
225
263
293
326
354
428
91
114
128
151
174
196
218
243
267
295
330
415
110
134
141
145
146
147
147
147
147
148
148
347
89
105
113
122
129
139
202
232
259
287
324
405
92.0
82.6
87.3
96.7
87.5
92.1
100.0
88.0
94.0
93.7
83.2
88.4
98.9
85.6
92.3
90.5
84.2
87.4
96.9
84.6
90.8
95.4
83.9
89.6
97.1
86.9
92.0
92.7
85.1
88.9
93.5
83.1
88.3
97.1
84.5
90.8
96.6
85.0
90.9
91.5
83.6
87.6
100.4
86.0
93.2
92.7
82.7
87.7
90.2
83.8
87.0
99.4
87.5
93.4
92.0
82.6
87.3
107.1
103.1
105.1
95.7
84.4
90.1
Carbon, wt%
Hydrogen, wt%
Nitrogen, ppmw
Sulfur, ppmw
Oxygen, wt%
86.74
13.22
29
339
0.00
86.64
13.35
12
119
0.00
85.34
11.92
1
284
2.72
86.29
13.73
46
316
0.00
85.09
12.20
31
267
2.69
85.05
14.12
4
290
0.00
87.79
12.17
15
317
0.00
83.53
13.56
10
312
2.88
87.71
12.26
3
261
0.00
83.51
13.70
12
297
2.76
87.88
12.10
1
318
0.00
87.87
12.07
26
266
0.00
83.65
13.60
16
301
2.67
83.36
13.92
6
294
2.68
85.44
11.94
9
288
2.60
86.11
13.82
13
333
0.00
85.85
14.08
8
310
0.00
85.50
11.84
11
279
2.63
86.74
13.22
29
339
0.00
44.25
12.61
2
27
43.13
81.48
13.17
25
242
5.33
Heating Value,
BTU/lb (net)
18300 18300 17500 18300 17800 18500 18100 17900 18200 17900 17500 17600 17700 18100 17100 18600 18100 17000 18300
RON
MON
(R+M)/2
9600 17400
74
Liquid & vapor chambers. Vapor chamber 4.0 0.2 times size of liquid chamber
Liquid Preparation
1 L sample container filled 70-80% with test liquid sample. Sample container cooled in a cold
bath at 0 - 1C (32 - 34F). Sample container opened, allowing air to enter container.
Container shaken vigorously (to saturate the liquid with air) & returned to cold bath.
Liquid Transfer
The liquid chamber cooled in the same cold bath. Cold liquid sample transferred to the cold
liquid chamber, entirely filling liquid chamber.
Air Preparation
Vapor chamber full of air is placed in a hot bath at 37.8 0.1C (100 0.2F).
Assembly
Vapor chamber removed from hot bath & coupled to liquid chamber. The coupled apparatus
is inverted, shaken, & put into hot bath.
Pressure Measurement
Apparatus should remain in hot bath for at least 5 minutes before the apparatus is removed
from bath, shaken, & returned to hot bath. Shaking procedure should be repeated at least 5
times with no less than 2 minutes in between. Shaking procedure should be repeated until 2
consecutive pressure readings indicate equilibrium has occurred. Pressure measured as gauge
but reported with reference to gauge or absolute.
Sample container of about 0.5 L capacity cooled in a cold bath at 0 - 4.5C (32 - 40F). This
sample container is not opened & contacted with air.
Liquid Transfer
Liquid chamber is cooled in the same cold bath. Cold liquid sample transferred to the cold
liquid chamber, similar to Procedure A. However, since this liquid is under pressure, extra
care must be taken to ensure that gas is not flashed off and lost and that the liquid chamber is
actually completely filled with the liquid.
75
Tag Close Tester test cup, lid with ignition source, & liquid bath.
Preparation
Transfers should not be made unless sample is at least 10C (18F) below the
expected flash point. Do not store samples in gas-permeable containers since volatile
materials may diffuse through the walls of the enclosure. At least 50 mL sample
required for each test.
Manual Procedure
1. Temperature of liquid in bath shall be at least 10C (18F) below expected flash
point at the time of introduction of the sample into test cup. Measure 50 0.5 mL
sample into cup, both sample & graduated cylinder being precooled, when necessary,
so that specimen temperature at time of measurement will be 27 5C (80 10F)
or at least 10C (18F) below the expected flash point, whichever is lower.
2. Apply test flame size of the small bead on the cover & operate by introducing the
ignition source into vapor space of cup & immediately up again. Full operation should
be 1 sec with equal time for introduction & return.
3. Adjust heat so temperature rise 1C (2F)/min 6 s. When temperature of
specimen in is 5C (10F) below its expected flash point, apply the ignition source.
Repeat application of ignition source after each 0.5C (1F) rise in temperature of the
specimen.
76
X mix vi X i
V X
V
i
Mass blending:
Sulfur content (wt% or ppm)
Nitrogen content (wt% or ppm)
Nickel & vanadium (ppm)
mix
w X
i i
v g X
m X
i oi i
i
i
m
v g
i
i oi
77
g o ,mix
V g
V
i o ,i
V g
i o ,i
vi g o ,i
1
g o ,mix
wi
g o ,i
M
g o ,mix
xi Mi
g o ,i
Density adjustments
Corrections needed for temperature & pressure effects
78
Example
Incorrect value from direct volume blending of API gravities
79
80
0.819
GL GH
2.28
where C
VL
100
VH VL
Example: Blend 95,000 bbl of 30.7oAPI (0.8724 specific gravity) crude oil with 5,000 bbl of
86.5oAPI (0.6491 specific gravity) natural gasoline
By ideal mixing:
With shrinkage:
g LVL g HVH
Vmix
141.5
g mix
0.8612
131.5 32.8
5000
0.819
2.28
100 5 S 4.86 10 8 5 100 5
86.5 30.7 0.0972
5000 95000
100 S
100 0.0972
Vmix VH VL
100000
99,903 bbl
100
100
81
On a consistent
volume, mass, or
mole basis
On an incremental or
cumulative basis
Temperatures
corrected to 1 atm
basis
Distillation type
corrected to TBP
5.0
100
4.5
90
4.0
80
3.5
70
N'Kossa
Ratawi Crude Oil
3.0
Cumulative Amount
60
2.5
50
2.0
40
1.5
30
1.0
20
0.5
10
0.0
0
0
250
500
750
1000
1250
1500
1750
2000
Temperature [F]
82
83
43 X 0.987672
2663.129 X 5.994296
vap
log10 P
95.76 X 0.972546
2770.085 X 6.412631
36 X 0.989679
X 0.002184346
vap
1.7 mmHg
0.001201343 X 0.002184346
1817 mmHg P
vap
1.7 mmHg
0.001201343 X
1817 mmHg P
vap
1
0.0002867
P vap
T
X
& TB TB 2.5 f KW 12 log10
760
1
748.1 0.0002867
TB
1
P vap 760 mmHg
TB 659.67 vap
Min
1,Max
,0 P 760 mmHg
200
84
85
TTBP A TD86
Vol%
100% to 90%*
0.11798
1.6606
90% to 70%
3.0419
0.75497
100
70% to 50%
2.5282
0.82002
150
50% to 30%
3.0305
0.80076
250
30% to 10%
4.9004
0.71644
250
10% to 0%*
7.4012
0.60244
100
86
90% to 100%
100
10% to 30%
0% to 10%
30% to 50%
80
50% to 70%
70% to 90%
60
40
20
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
87
TTBP a TD86
1/b
T
TD86 TBP
a
Vol%
0%*
0.9167
1.0019
10%
0.5277
1.0900
30%
0.7429
1.0425
50%
0.8920
1.0176
70%
0.8705
1.0226
90%
0.9490
1.0110
95%
0.8008
1.0355
Use with care can give incorrect temperature vs. volume trends
Updated: August 11, 2016
Copyright 2016 John Jechura (jjechura@mines.edu)
88
Vol%
Distilled
Range
Max T
0% - 10%
2.23652561
-1.39334703E-2
3.6358409E-5
1.433117E-8
144F
10%-30%
30%-50%
1.35673984
-5.4126509E-3
2.9883895E-5
-6.007274E-8
180F
89
200
175
150
125
0% to 10%
100
75
50
25
0
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
90
TTBP,50% TD2887,50%
TTBP A TD2887
Vol%
100% to 95%
0.02172
1.9733
95% to 90%
0.97476
0.8723
90% to 70%
0.31531
1.2938
70% to 50%
0.19861
1.3975
50% to 30%
0.05342
1.6988
30% to 10%
0.011903
2.0253
10% to 0%*
0.15779
1.4296
91
D86
IBP
91
D86 T
79.5
155.6
218.4
279.9
69.4
330
349.3
85
EP
61.5
267
63
90
62.7
218
49
70
76.1
174
44
50
65.2
128
46
30
415
TBP
14.3
37
10
TBP T
188.7
538.0
92
500
600
300
500
200
400
100
0
0
100
200
300
400
400
300
200
500
TBP Yield
100
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
93
Traditional methods
Electronic version of plotting cumulative yield data vs. boiling point temperature on probability
paper
Guarantees an S shaped cumulative yield curve
No specific 0% or 100% points
Distribution models
Whitson method (1980)
Probability distribution function.
1 M Mi
p M
a
a1
T T0 AT 1 BT
ln
T0
BT 1 Y
B T T BT
0
Y 1 exp T
A
T
T 0
94
=NORMSINV( Pct_Yield/100 )
95
96
97
Steps
Convert all of the starting distillation analyses to TBP basis (@ 1 atm)
Pick a set of TBP temperatures for which the blend calculations will proceed. Extract the
yield values for at these selected temperature values for all blend stocks.
Use whatever temperatures seem reasonable to cover the span of all input values
Calculate a yield curve for the blend at the temperatures chosen in the previous step
Extract the temperature values for the specified yield values
Convert to original distillation basis (if required)
98
API
IBP
T10
T30
T50
T70
T90
EP
Fraction
LSR
Mid Cut
Reformate
Vol%
LSR
Mid Cut
Reformate
81.8
91
113
121
132
149
184
258
50%
32.8
224
231
232
234
237
251
316
50%
1
10
30
50
70
90
99
40.5
88.1
109.9
130.5
156.3
200.9
350.8
200.8
224.7
229.6
234.8
241.1
263.4
384.2
Steps
Convert all D86 analyses to TBP
Approximate IBP & EP as 1% & 99%
Pick a set of TBP temperatures & interpolate for
appropriate yield values
LSR
Mid Cut
Reformate
Blend
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
325
350
375
400
81.8
0.4
1.7
5.8
19.3
44.4
65.4
80.0
89.7
92.6
94.8
96.4
97.6
98.4
99.0
99.4
99.6
32.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.9
11.0
79.6
91.7
94.5
96.5
97.9
98.8
99.3
54.1
0.2
0.9
2.9
9.6
22.2
32.7
40.0
45.3
51.8
87.2
94.0
96.0
97.5
98.4
99.1
99.5
TBP
D86
1
10
30
50
70
90
99
52.9
101.0
144.0
218.0
236.0
258.7
371.7
120.5
142.8
163.6
217.7
228.6
242.9
305.3
99
Steps
Choose light-ends components
Typically methane, ethane, propane, iso & normal butane, iso & normal pentane
Determine boiling point ranges associated with pure component boiling points
Sometimes extend range to 0.5C above the pure component boiling point
Extrapolate distillation yield curve to find cumulative yields at the boiling point ranges.
Find differences to determine incremental amounts.
100
Final
Light Naphtha
55
Medium Naphtha
Yield [vol%]
TBP [F]
Cumulat iv e Cumulat iv e
Pure
Init ial
Final
-258.73
N/A
-127.49
-258.73
Propane
-43.75
21
i-Butane
21
29.2
29.2
40.4
40.4
57.3
1050
57.3
71.5
End
71.5
100
@ Init ial
@ Final
Methane
175
1.7
5.6
Ethane
175
300
5.6
15.3
Heavy Naphtha
300
400
15.3
Kero
400
500
500
650
Light VGO
650
850
Heavy VGO
850
1050
Whole Crude
Vacuum Resid
Yield [vol%]
Component
Cumulat iv e Cumulat iv e
Inc rement
@ Init ial
@ Final
-258.73
0.0
0.02
0.02
-127.49
0.02
0.17
0.15
-127.49
-43.75
0.17
0.53
0.36
10.78
-43.75
10.78
0.53
1.03
0.50
n-Butane
31.08
10.78
31.08
1.03
1.30
0.27
i-Pentane
82.12
31.08
82.12
1.30
2.27
0.97
n-Pentane
96.92
82.12
96.92
2.27
2.65
0.38
250
Steps
Methane, ethane, propane, iso & normal
butane, iso & normal pentane
nC5
-250
iC5
C1
iC4
nC4
-500
0.01
0.10
1.00
10.00
100.00
101
102
The properties can be determined by interpolating the curve for the property
vs. the mid-increment yield
Linear interpolation usually sufficient
Special cases
Slightly smaller than a given cut in the assay find properties of the
excluded fraction & subtract contribution from the given cut
Slightly larger than a given cut in the assay find properties of the included
fraction & add contribution to the given cut
Combination of two or more given cuts in the assay find properties by
adding all contributions
103
What is the yield of the total gas oil (500 1050oF)? What are the properties?
Add contributions for the Atm Gas Oil, Light VGO, & Heavy VGO
VGO Y 1050F Y 500F 85.8 39.5
46.3 vol%
g GO
VGO
46.3
0.8911
SGO
0.58 wt%
104
83.1 85.8
84.4
2
g GO
SGO
0.9262
9.9 0.9262
0.86 wt%
105
83.1 85.8
84.4
2
g GO
SGO
0.9931
106
vi
go
TBi
1.20
1.10
Specific Gravity
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
107
Approximate method
Blend individual Watson K factors by weight
K mix wi K i
v g K
v g
i oi
i oi
Implies average boiling point from volumetric blend of cube root of boiling point
108
Tb v viTb ,i
i 1
Tb w wiTb ,i
i 1
n
Tb M xiTb ,i
i 1
n 3
vi Tb ,i
i 1
Tb cubic
Tb mean
Tb M Tb cubic
2
109
Hmix xi Hi or H mix wi Hi
Lower/net heating value (LHV) water in gas state
110
Pi vap T
yi xi K i 1 xi P 1
Pi vap 7
Tci
log10
1 i 1
T
Pci 3
Maxwell-Bonnell relationship for petroleum fractions
EOS (equation of state) calculations more rigorous
Soave-Redlich-Kwong or Peng-Robinson
111
For ideal gas & liquid mixtures, TVP blends linearly with molar fraction
yi i P xi g i Pi
vap
P v
i
exp
dP yi P xiPi vap
Pvap RT
i
1.25
RVP mix
1.25
vi RVP i
1/1.25
112
113
Other correlations
GPSA Fig. 6-4 makes use of
Kremser relationship (1930) for
TVP @ 100oF:
TVP = 1.07 (RVP) + 0.6
114
Other correlations
Santa Barbara County APCD Rule 325, Attachment B, equation 25:
TVP = (RVP) exp( Co (IRTEMP ITEMP) ) + CF
where:
Co
ITEMP
IRTEMP
Ts
115
116
A2 A2
M M b1 MJ M J b2 O2 O 2 b3
100
RM
"Road" Octane
75 blends 135 blends
2
a1
0.03224
0.03324
Sensitivity J R M
2
V X
Volume Average X
V
i
a2
a3
b1
0.00101
0
0.04450
0.00085
0
0.04285
b2
b3
0.00081
-0.00645
0.00066
-0.00632
117
Steps
for
this example
Updated: August 11, 2016
Copyright 2016 John Jechura (jjechura@mines.edu)
118
119
Method of Lenoir
N
x M g P
i 1
i i i
vap
1.3
T 25
xi g i Pi vap
1 with Li Li 25C 0.182
H
i 1
i
c ,i
120
1
2.84947
0.014568
0.001903ln T10
TF
T10
Modified by Chatterjee & Saraf
1
4.17015
0.076204
0.01043ln T10 0.000257ln g o
TF
T10
1997 Version (units of F)
Open Cup
Closed Cub
121
where T50 is 50% point as determined by D 86 distillation & G is the API gravity
122
25
20
RON Expression
MON Expression
15
10
5
0
70
80
90
Octane Number (MON or RON)
100
123
1.0 0.03264
1.0 0.000061T 100 4.6324
2
3
5
3930.2
262.7
23.97
10
500
450
210F
400
0F
SUS Viscosity
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
124
125
cSt
104
122
212
275
4,102
1,750
115
37.9
log(log(Z))
log(R)
0.5579
563.67
0.5110
581.67
0.3146
671.67
0.2005
734.67
By linear regression
A:
1.732
B: -0.002094
r:
0.997
Est
log(log(Z))
0.5514
0.5137
0.3253
0.1934
Est cSt
3,629
1,836
130
35.7
Relative
Deviation
-12%
5%
13%
-6%
10,000
Steps
Calculate the Z & temperature terms from the
given data
1,000
Viscosity [cSt]
10
Convert Z to cSt
Approximate formula used here
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Temperature [F]
126
Simple viscosity blending equations are more appropriate for gas-phase viscosity
should not be used for blending liquid-phase petroleum fraction values
Arrhenius
ln mix vi ln i
Bingham
v
1
i
mix
i
mix xi ln 1/3
i
127
VBNblend wi VBNi
ln mix
ln i
W
vi
W ln mix ln 1000
ln 1000 mix
ln 1000 i
1W
128
ZB 1010 0.7
B ZB exp 0.7487 3.295ZB 0.6119 ZB2 0.3193ZB3
Developed for volume blending & kinematic viscosity but could be used for mass
blending
For base stock blends, no significant difference between volumetric & mass blending
For fuel blends (chemically converted blend stocks), mass blending more accurate
Exponential correction term insignificant above 2 cSt
Extends the use of log-log terms from down to 0.2 cSt.
Updated: August 11, 2016
Copyright 2016 John Jechura (jjechura@mines.edu)
129
10,000
1,000
100
Log-Log Blending Rule
10
1
0.1
10
100
130
131