Bahan Kuliah Biologi 2
Bahan Kuliah Biologi 2
BI - 100A
SEL
Teori Sel
Setiap organisma terdiri dari sel,dan sel adalah unit fungsional terkecil pada
mahluk hidup. Sel berasal dari sel sebelumnya
Molekul protein :2 nm
Atau 2 10-6 mm
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atom :0.2 nm
Atau 2 10-7 mm.
SEL Procaryot
Sitoplasm
electron microscope
memperlihatkan lipatan pada
membran mitochondria.
(A) Penampang melintang
mitochondria
(B) Diagram 3 dimensi
memperlihatkan susunan
membran luar yang halus dan
membran dalam yang berlipatlipat untuk memperluas
permukaan. Membran dalam
berisi protein yang bertanggung
jawab dalm respirasi sel
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Ribosomes
Ribosomes berikatan dengan hanya satu sisi dari ER kasar; Sisi lain dari ribosom
adalah tempat untuk mensekresikan protein yang baru disintesis. ER halus hanya
memiliki sedikit atau tidak ada ribosomes nya
ER kasar mensintesis protein, sedangkan ER halus mensintesis lipida atau
melakukan aktivitas biosintessis lain.
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Lisosomes.
Sitoskelet
The nucleus is the most prominent organelle in most plant and animal cells. It contains the
genetic information of the organism, stored in the structure of DNA molecules. The rest of
Within the cytoplasm, plant and animal cells contain a variety of internal membraneenclosed organelles with specialized chemical functions.
Mitochondria carry out the oxidation of food molecules. In plant cells, chloroplasts perform
photosynthesis. The endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes permit
cells to
synthesize complex molecules for export from the cell and for insertion in cell membranes,
and to import and digest large molecules.
The remaining intracellular component, excluding the membrane enclosed organelles, is
the cytosol. This contains a concentrated mixture of large and small molecules that carry
out many essential biochemical processes.
A system of protein filaments called the cytoskeleton extends throughout the cytosol. This
governs cell shape and movement and enables organelles and molecules to be transported
from one location to another in the cytoplasm.
Free-living single-celled eucaryotic microorganisms include some of the most complex
eucaryotic cells known, and they are able to swim,,mate, hunt, and devour food. Other types
of eucaryotic cells, derived from a fertilized egg, cooperate to form large, complex
multicellular organisms such as ourselves, composed of thousands of billions of cells.
.
Although the minimum number of genes needed for a viable cell is probably about 300
450, most cells contain significantly more.
Despite their size, eucaryotic genomes are remarkably economical in terms of numbers of
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genes. The Drosophila genome programs the development of a complex organism with
about 14,000 genesthree times the number in E. coli.
Virus
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