FREDERICK A. ZENZ
New York University, University Heights, N . Y .
i)
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Through 200
...
Screen analyses before and after the flow experiments indicated no changes i n particle size.
I
2801
0.9
2802
A . D.
A.1
141 C O N C J R R E N T
VERTICAL
A.I.
FLOW
December 1949
-Rape
Seed-
3----. Glass
Beads
-MIXED-SIZE
UNIFORM- S I Z E PARTICLES
2803
c--- Sand-
I
MATERIAL I
Salt
Figure 2.
Experimental Data on Vertical and Horizontal Flow of Dispersed Air-Solids Suspensions i n a 1.75-Inch
lnside Diameter Lucite Tube
This indicates the desirability of establishing a fluidization correlation permitting prediction of the slugging range of a given
particle-fluid system. This will become more apparent in the
discussion of the so-called phase diagram for fluid-solids-flow.
HORIZONTAL FLOW
A,
w,
INDUSTRIAL A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y
2804
r-
r--
i
a
.@
-Vertical
Tubes-
Horizontal
-Uniform-Size
Porticles-
Tubes
-Mixed-Sire
Material
c1
0
-I
LOO
Figure 4.
Sup.rlicbol
Gas
Velocity
LOG
fuperficlol
GOB
V*lnciti
December 1949
Figure 5,
II
2805
the construction of the apparatus, thereby not facilitating inventory measurements. Figures 5 and 6 are, therefore, very limited
in general application and are presented merely as a summary of
the pressure-drop measurements. Because of the effects of
particle acceleration and size distribution, it is nevertheless felt
that ultimately the frictional portion of the over-ail pressure drop
in two-phase flow will require correlation in terms of specific
friction, as originally suggested by Gasterstiidt (11), with proper
account taken of the choking and saltation velocities in some
manner similar to Figures 5 and 6.
CONCLUSION
These experiments have given some indication of the flow characteristics of solid particle-gas mixtures and should serve as a
guide to future investigations of the numerous facts of this
general subject. The quantitative results should be applied
with caution inasmuch as the correlations are probably not in
final form. The main purpose of this investigation was t o establish the schematic phase diagrams shown in Figure 4 and thup
illustrate the relationships between particle-gas flow and fluidiaation. An understanding of the typical so-called phase diagram
is essential to the proper hydrodynamic evaluation of standpipe,
carrier line, and fluid-bed reactor designs.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
D, = particle diameter
Dt
= tube diameter
8
'ml
et
eszug
Ap =
AP=
PP
u,
Ut
UE
=a
I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G CHEMISTRY
28836
&h
71ta1u7
IV
= Ib. of
(for
a disperse phase
(1) Alden, J. L., Heating and Ventilating, 35, 30-4 (August 1938).
(2) Ambrose, H. A , and Loomis, A. G., Phasics, 4 , 265-73 (1933).
(3) Babbitt, H. E., and Caldwell, D. H., Univ. Illinois Eng. E s p t .
Sta. Bull. Ser., No. 319 (1939).
(4) Benenati, R. F., and Cimler, E., private communication, Brook-
112-13 (1924).
(8) Docarmo, A. C. M.,
M.S. thesis, M.I.T., 1943.
(9) Farbar, L., IND.
ENG.C H E M . , 1184-91
~~,
(1949).
(10) Friend, Leo, et al., Chem. Eng. iVewa, 27, 686, 726 (March 7,
1949).
(11) Gasterstadt, H., Z . V e r . deut. Ing., 68, KO.24, B17-24 (1924).
(12) Gradishar, F. J., Faith, W.L., and Hedrick, J. E., Trans. A m .
Inst. Chem. Engrs., 39, 201-22 (1943).
(13) Gregory, W. B., Mech. Eng., 49, 609-16 (1927).
(14) Hariu, O.H., and Molstad, M. C., ISD. ENG.CHEY.,41, 1148GO (1949).
(15) Hettich, B. V., and Kean, A. H., M.S. thesis, M.I.T., 1943.
(16) Ladenburg, R., Ann. P h y s i k , 23, 447-58 (1907).
(17) Lambrette, il.,
Tech. maderne, 25, No. 22 (November 1933).
(18) Lapple, C. E.,
and Shepherd, C. B., IKD.ENG.CHRM.,
32, 63%
17 (1940).
(19) Leva, M., Grummer, M., Weintraub, M.,and Pollchik, MI.,
Chem. Eng. Progress, 44, 619-26 (1948).
(20) Leva, M., Grummer, M.,Weintraub, M.,and Storch, H. H.,
Ibid., 44, 707-16 (1945).
(21) Leva, M., Weintraub, M., Grurnmer, M., and Pollchik. M . ,
IXD.ENG.CHEM.,41, 1206-12 (1949).
(22) Lewis, W. K., Gilliland, E. R., and Bauer, W. C., Ibid., 1104-17
(1949).
(23) Russ, G. H., private communication, Imperial College, P h c e
Consort Road, London S.W. 7, England, 1948.
(24) Segler, G., 2. Ver. deut. Ing., 79, 558-9 (1935).
(25) Vogt, E. G., and White, R.R., IXD.EXG.CHEM.,40, 1731-8
(1948).
(26) Wilhelm, R. H., and Kwauk, M., Chem. Eng. Progress, 44, 20118 (1948).
(27) Wilheim, R. H., Wroughton, D. M.,and Loeffel, W. F., IND.
ENG.CHCM.,31, 622-9 (1939).
(28) Wood, S. A, and Bailey, A., Proc. Inst. Mech. Engrs. (London),
142, 149 (1939).
RECEIVED
February 2, 1945.
TABLE
I. REFRACTIVE
INDEX-COBIPOSITION
DATA
Mole Fraction
Carbon Tetrachloride
0.0000
Refractive Index,
n "no
0,0839
1.3958
0.3974
0.4932
0.6003
0.6929
0.7888
0.5034
i.0000
1.4411
1.4475
1.4542
1.4603
0.2108
0.2960
1.3860
1.4056
1.4126
1,4206
1 4278
1.4350