fda GRIBG beternatiowar CENTRE FOR SCIENCE AND XN y HIGH TECHNOLOGY i WEP " Se Se AREA Science Park, Padriciano 99, 34012 Trieste, Italy Regional Report on Laser Applications in South East Asian Countries December 1999Contents Part 4 Introduction 1 Part 2 Overview on Laser Applications in South East Asian Countries 2 24 Singapore 3 22 Malaysia 6 2.3. Indonesia 9 2.4 Thailand "1 2.5 Vietnam 13, 2.6 Philippines 15 27 Brunei 18 2.8 Cambodia 19 2.9 Laos 20 2.40 Myanmar 21 Appendix Data on Laser Applications in South East Asian Countries 22 A1 Singapore 23 A2 Malaysia 42 A3 Indonesia 52 A4 Thailand 57 AS Vietnam 65 A6 Philippines 67 AT Brunei 14 A8 Cambodia 75 AQ Laos 76 A490 Myanmar 7PART 1 Introduction : Since the invention of laser in 1960 and the development of the fibre optics in 1970, laser and optical technologies have grown jap quickly. Despite of nearly forty years of the establishment of the field, research and development as well as applications of lasers has never cédsed to an end. The application of laser technologies has revolutionised many fields, of science and is becoming a device whose applications touch all Sur life. Today, lasers have bbéen found wide applications in many areas such as in medical fields, in microelectronics and » optoelectronics, in information devices, in optical communications and optical information processing, in areas of industry for materials processing, machining and tooling, as well as in environmental monitoring. Lasers have also been developed for use in sophisticated military weapons and even in space exploration. Therefore, laser technology will be one of the most rapidly growing and promising fields in the twenty-first century. The scope of this work is focused on the survey of laser applications in South East Asian (SEA) countries in the areas of research and development (R & D), industries, hospitals, and in environmental monitoring. ‘The purpose of the survey is to identify geographical areas in the regions where Jaser techniques and applications can be introduced or improved through appropriate actions taken by the ICS-UNIDO, Part 2 gives the overview on the diffusion of laser technologies in SEA countries including Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, the Philippines, Brunei, Cambodia, Laos, and Myanmar. ‘The appendices at the end of the report contain the detailed information obtained in this survey on laser applications in SEA countries.PART 2 Overview on Laser Applications in South East Asian Countries2.1 Singapore The developments and applications of laser technologies in Singapore have been advanced rapidly since the early 1990°s. Today, laser technologies have found applications in various areas including R & D, industries, hospitals and in environmental monitoring in Singapore. The main research institutes and universities that are involved in R & D programmes on lasers are Nanyang Technological University (NTU), National University of Singapore (NUS), GINTC Institute of Manufacturing Technology (GINTIC), Singapore Productivity and Standards Board (PSB), Defense Science Organisation (DSO) Naticnal Labs, Institute of ‘Materials Research & Engineering (IMRE), Data Storage Institute (DSI), Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore Polytechnic and Nanyang Polytechnic. Several research centres for Lasers, Photonics and Optoelectronics (¢.., Photonics Group, Microelectronics Centre at NTU, Centre for Optoclectronics at NUS) were also set up within these organisations, aiming at establishing Singapore as the Photonics Research Centre of South-East Asia. The laser research activities undertaken by the Singapore Institutions span a wide range of ‘areas from basic aspects of laser physics, nonlinear optics and spectroscopy in physics and chemistry to the practical applications in industry, medical and environmental monitoring, including: laser applications in microelectronics and optoelectronics, laser material processing, laser lithography, laser manufacturing, laser machining and tooling, laser digitising, laser precision engineering, laser rapid prototyping, developments of high power lasers, diode pumped solid state lasers, semiconductor lasers, and quantum well lasers, optical networking, photonics sensors and display, lasers in biomedicine, and laser remote sensing, ‘The research laboratories were equipped with various types of laser systems such as excimer lasers, CO2 lasers, Nd:YAG tasers, N2 lasers, diode pumped Nd:YVO4 lasers, Ti:Sapphire lasers, argon ion lasers, He-Cd lasers, He-Ne lasers, and diode lasers in fulfilling the R & D work. In addition, the research groups were also staffed with highly qualified and experienced personnel for their activities. Some of research achievements on lasertechnology attained by them, e.g., Laser Mold Cleaner, Laser Microtexturing System, Laser Disk Tagging System and Laser Deflash System, have been transferred to industrial applications. In Singapore, laser technologies have alsé been widely used in industries, such as manu turing, materials processing, automation inspection and control, precision engineering, microelectronics and optoelectronics, semiconductor and hard disk industry, as well as laser medical instrumentation. The organisations, such as GINTIC, PSB, DSO, DSI, IMRE, which are staffed by very experienced researchers on lasers from around the world, provide comprehensive services to laser industries. For example, the Advanced Machining Technology Group in the industrial-oriented R & D research institute (GINTIC) develops high power lasers (e.g., diode pumped solid state lasers, CO2 lasers) for materials processing in industry. The Precision Engineering Application Centre (PEAC) in PSB employs high power lasers tike Nd:YAG laser, excimer laser and CO2 laser for laser precision engineering in industry. The Standards and Metrology Division in PSB also uses stabilised laser systems aimed at raising the level of the standards and techniques for precision measurements in Singapore. The Ul-V1 Singapore Pte Ltd company is a sole manufacturer and supplier of infrared laser optics in the ASEAN segion, supplying optics for high and low power CO2 and YAG laser processing industry. Some manufacturing companies, for example, the Hypertronics Pte Lid and the Wintec Laser Technology Pte Ltd, produce high power Nd:YAG lasers and CO2 lasers for industrial applications in laser cutting, welding, marking, engraving, drilling, trimming, etc. The Wintec Laser Technology Pte Ltd company also has the products of medical lasers such as CO2 therapy lasers and pulsed Nd:YAG lasers for medical applications. There are many companies applying various laser systems (e.g., CO2 laser, excimer lasers, Nd:YAG lasers, He-Ne lasers, diode lasers) into material processing (cutting, engraving), tooling and machining, printing, and many other uses in business and manufacturing to the commercial sector. Overall, about 18 companies are currently involved in laser cutting machines and servicing, four companies in laser inspection equipment, five companies in laser printing and engraving services, and about 23 companies in laser manufacturing or distribution and maintenance services. These companies also have a group of highly trained engineers and technicians on lasers who are dedicated to serve the customers better.There are about eight hospitals and medical research centres in Singapore using laser technologies for surgical operation and R & D purposes in the fields of laser refractive surgery and eye surgery (both photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and laser-assisted in situ keratomilieusis (LASIK)), laser heart surgery, laser dermatology, laser plastic and cosmetic surgery, laser general surgical operations, laser endoscopy, etc. These medical hospitals and research centres ate Singapore General Hospital (SGH), National Cancer Centre (NCC), National University Hospital (NUH), National Skin Centre (NSC), Tan Tock Seng Hospital (TTSH), Singapore National Moypia Correction Eye Center, Eye Cataract and Refractive Surgicenter (C. H. Low Asia Medic Eye Centre), and Parkway Group Healthcare Pte Lid (Mount Elizabeth Hospital, Gleneagles Hospital, East Shore Hospital). The main laser systems utilised in the hospitals are eximer lasers, CO2 laser, Nd:YAG lasers, pulsed dye Jasers and He-Cd lasers, As for the laser activity in environmental monitoring, the researchers in the Photonics Lab at NTU has developed a Lidar system for atmospheric remote sensing and satellite-based remote sensing by employing @ continuum flash-lamp pumped Nd:YAG laser (1.06 xm) as light source.2.2 Malaysia Laser applications in Malaysia can be traced to the late 1970’s, when the first Laser Research Laboratory aimed at exploring new and advanced field in physics research was established at the University of Malaya (UM) in 1978, After over two decades of efforts by the Malaysian scientists, laser technologies have now been widely utilised in the areas of R & D, industry, military, hospitals, and environmental monitoring in Malaysia. There are many research institutes and laboratories actively involved in R & D work on lasers in Malaysia. Some of them are University of Malaya, University Putra Malaysia, University Telecom in Malaysia (also named as Multimedia University), University Technology Malaysia, University of Putra in N. Kedah, University Pertanian Malaysia, etc. The researchers in the laser research groups in these universities study a wide range of topics covering both the basic and applied aspects of laser physics and technologies, including: lasers and optical spectroscopy, non-linear optics, plasma physics, metrology, holography and interferometry, acoustics, optical communications, optoelectronics and semiconductors, thin film deposition and silicon wafer, laser machining, laser materials processing (cutting, marking, welding and ablation), high power lasers in manufacturing, laser guided target designation in military, as well as lasers in surgery and medicine and in environmental monitoring, The research laboratories in the institutes and universities are well equipped with state-of-the-art laser systems, such as CO2 lasers, excimer lasers, N2 lasers, Cu and CuBr vapour lasers, Nd:YAG lasers, diode pumped solid state lasers, dye lasers, argon ion lasers, He-Ne lasers, and diode lasers, for their basic and applied research. The research staff in the Laser and Photonic Research Laboratory at UM constructed their own high power laser systems, which included N2 lasers, CW CO2 lasers, KrF and XeCI excimer lasers, solid-state dye laser, and copper vapour lasers, for R & D, industrial applications and remote sensing, ‘The Standards and Industrial Research Institute of Malaysia also employed the stabilised laser systems such as 12-stabilised He-Ne laser and 12-stabilised solid/semiconductor lasersfor the improvements of the national standards and precision length/line measurements in Malaysia. In Malaysia, laser technologies have been widely applied to the sectors of automation industry, manufacturing, materials processing, semiconductor and hard disk industry. Some industrial companies (¢.g., Digital-Creations Pte Ltd, Engineering Aide (M) Pte Ltd, Hostar (M) Pte Ltd, Global Videowall Communications Pte Ltd, LVD (M) Pte Ltd) produce different kinds of lasers, especially in constructing high power lasers (e.g., CO2 laser, Nd:YAG laser) for laser mould, laser ablation, laser cutting, laser welding, laser machining and tooling. Besides producing lasers, the companies also provide the services of laser mould/laser cutting with high power laser systems. In some semiconductor companies, for example, Shin Btsu Handotai (M) Pte Ltd, the ion laser sources are used for detecting the defects of silicon wafer surface. The Ais Auto ID Systems Pte Ltd and the Peripheral Solutions (M) Pte Ltd companies make laser barcode equipment and’ laser scanners using diode lasers and He-Ne lasers. Some companies utilised laser systems, such as Nd:YAG lasers, CO2 lasers, argon ion lasers, for laser range finding, ground survey, and aerial photography. Malaysia also applied the laser technology to the traffic enforcement by setting up the laser radat/detectors systems for monitoring vehicle speed on some highways Laser technologies have also been used in some hospitals and medical research institutions in Malaysia. The most applicable laser systems in the hospitals are CO2 lasers, Nd:YAG lasers and excimer Jasers. The CO2 laser is the most common laser system used for dental procedures in Malaysia. Some hospitals like the Hospital Kuala Lumpur and the Niwan Skin Slimming Beauty Centre used CO2 lasers, Nd:YAG lasers, etc. for the clinical services in the areas of laser dermatosurgery, laser eye surgery and cosmetics surgery, photodynamic therapy (PDT), etc. in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry at UM, various types of lasers (argon ion laser, CO? laser, Nd:¥ AG laser, Ho:YAG laser, Er:YAG laser, excimer laser) are employed as an adjunct therapy in general dental practice and for sof tissue procedures in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Further applications of laser systems on osseous and dental hard tissue are also in progress in the departinent.{As for the laser application in environmental monitoring in Malaysia, the researchers in the Laser and Photonics research Lab at UM constructed their own XeCI excimer laser system (60 mJ) to pump a simultaneous dual wavelength dye laser oscillator-amplifier system for remote sensing. They developed a laser Lidar system using DIAL technique for monitoring nitrogen dioxide concentration and mapping of plume in the atmosphere. Recently, more efforts have been made by the research group to construct a higher power KrF excimer laser system (more than 1 J) to deploy this new excimer laser in more advanced atmospheric detection system.2.3. Indonesia The applications of laser technologies in Indonesia can be grouped into R & D, industry, medical and environmental monitoring In research institutions and laboratories in Indonesia, laser applications ranged from spectroscopy in Physics and Chemistry, non-linear optics, holography, light shows, metrology to the active remote sensing/Lidar, optical communications, microelectronics and optoelectronics and materials processing. The main research institutes and universities actively engaged in laser activities are the Indonesia Institute of Sciences-LIPI, Bandung Institute of Technology-ITB, Badan Tenaga Atom National (BATAN) and the University of Indonesia (UI). The most applicable lasers used in these institutions are gas lasers (He-Ne lasers, argon ion lasers) and some diode lasers, in addition to a few flash-lamp pumped and diode pumped Nd:YAG lasers, excimer lasers and CO2 lasers. The research group for Opto- electrotechniques and applied lasers at UI built up its own laser systems such as TEA CO2 laser and N2 laser. The researchers in LIPI, ITB and BATAN have developed high power lasers (CO2 lasers, Nd:YAG lasers) and compacted diode pumped solid state lasers for the applications of laser steel hardening and laser isotope separations. These laser laboratories also place emphasis on research work on photonic devices, such as development of III-V compound for LED/laser diode as well as development of design and fabrication techniques of micro-optics components; on holography and speckle interferometry for non-destructive evaluation, and on advanced material processing using high-power laser. The main tasks of these laboratories are to conduct research, development, and transfer of knowledge related to the application of laser and optoelectronics technologies to support industrial development in Indonesia. In some industrial companies, for instance, Indonesia Telecommunication Industry (INT!), Aneaka Supplier-Promotion Specialist, and the Trumpf Pte Ltd.(a Germany company inJakarta), they have various types of lasers systems especially high power lasers (CO2 lasers, Nd:YAG lasers, excimer lasers) for the applications of laser materials processing (cutting, welding, engraving), laser surface mounting and laser automations for sheet metal processing, A laser shows and displays company (Intemational Laser Productions) in Bali employs different kinds of lasers, ich as argon ion lasers, He-Ne lasers, and Nd:YAG lasers, for the activities of laser event design, laser billboard advertising, as well as laser sales and se ing. The company is also involved in integrating and manufacturing some laser systems like low power He-Ne lasers, Q-switched Nd:YAG lasers, Er: YAG lasers, and CO2 lasers. Some Hospitals in Indonesia utilised laser instrumentation for surgical operations in the fields of laser eye surgery (PRK and LASIK), laser dermatology and cosmetic procedures, general surgical operations, endoscopy, etc. These ate the Jakarta Eye Centre, Medlite IV Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology at the University of Indonesia, etc. A special Hospital of Ear, Nose and Throat (E.N.T) - Surgery, Proklamasi, which was the "Top Referral Hospital” in its field in Indonesi: also offers clinical services of laser eye surgery and endoscopy for patients. The laser systems used in these hospitals are mainly eximer lasers, CO2 laser, and Nd:YAG lasers. For laser applications in remote sensing, a Lidar (Laser Radar) network system for monitoring atmospheric environment was developed in Jakarta city. ‘The lidar systems are designed to probe aerosols caused by forest fires, agricultural fires and slash-and-burn clearing. The lidar network systern consists of three lidars, two Mie scattering lidars and one differential absorption lidar (DIAL). the three lidars are controlled from the central station. Three lidars were recently installed at three separate locations (Depok campus of the University of Indonesia, the LIPI Oceanic Research Institute, and the LIPI Headquarters Building) in Jakarta for studying atmospheric boundary layer structure and transportation of atmospheric pollutants over Jakarta city. The Mie scattering lidars employ compact flashlamp pumped Nd:YAG lasers operated at fundamental (1.06 um) and harmonic generations (532 nm, 355 nm). The DIAL system employs two Nd:YAG laser pumped optical parametric oscillators. The DIAL is designed for measuring distribution of ozone and SO; in the near UV region, and NO> in the 450-nm region.2.4 Thailand In Thailand, there are many research institutions and laboratories doing research and development programmes on lasers. The main academic institutes and universities that are involved in laser activities are the Natio: (NECTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), ‘al Electronics and Computer Technology Centre Chulalongkom University, Suranaree University of Technology, Rachmongkol Institute of Technology, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Mahidol University, Chiang Mai University, and Siam University. The R&D efforts in these institutions cover both the basic and applied aspects of laser physics and technology, spectroscopy, non-linear optics, holography, electronics speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI), optoelectronics, semiconductors, multi-quantum well devices, materials processing, optical communications and optical information processing. The main laser systems applied in these activities are excimer lasers, CO? lasers, flash-lamp pumped or diode pumped Nd:YAG lasers, Ti:Sapphire laser, tunable dye lasers, argon ion lasers, He-Cd lasers, He-Ne lasers and diode lasers. Some research institutes, for example, the Electro-Optics laboratory at NECTEC/NSTDA and the King Mongkud Institute of Technology, have also built their own laser systems such as CO2 lasers to do laser marking and cutting research. The aims of their R & D work are to promote the utilisation of laser optical technology in ifdustry, agriculture, medical, education, military and telecommunication in Thailand, As for laser industrial applications in Thailand, some companies (e.g., Oriental Electric Industry Company Ltd, Loxley Intergraph (Thailand) Ltd, ESRI (Thailand) Co., Ltd.) have laser marking systems using CO2 lasers as light source, laser cutting system using CO2 and Nd:YAG lasers, laser light show using argon ion lasers, laser range-finder and positioning systems using Nd:YAG lasers. The national laboratories in the Branch of Optical Technology in NECTEC/NSTDA also use many kinds of lasers, such as Nd:YAG lasers, CO2 lasers, argon ion lasers, He-Cd lasers, He-Ne Lasers, and diode lasers, for a wide variety of nindustrial applications in laser material processing, Jaser cutting and marking, laser Barcode Reader/Scanner, and laser 3-D Modelling, Laser technologies have been widely used in the hospitals in Thailand. Many of the state and government-owned or private hospitals (at least 10) equipped with state-of-the-art lasers (such as excimer lasers, CO2 lasers, Nd:YAG lasers, pulsed dye lasers (PDL), argon ion lasers, He-Ca lasers, He-Ne lasers, and diode lasers) offer a wide variety of laser diagnostic and therapeutic procedures for patients. The areas of clinical applications in the hospitals cover from laser eye surgery, laser refraction and refractive surgery, laser plastic and cosmetic surgery, laser dermatosurgery, laser general operations to the early diagnosis of human cancers (lung, GI tracts, head, neck, ete.) by laser technique. For instance, the Skin Laser Centre at Bankok Bumrungrad Hospital offers three advanced technology lasers for surgical treatments: The CO2 laser was used for precisely removing diseased skin tissues and skin resurfacing, the pulsed dye laser (PDL) for treating vascular lesions (such as port-wine stains), and the Q-Switched Nd:YAG laser for treating pigmented lesions. Most of the physicians in the Skin Laser Centre are certified dermatologists who are trained in laser surgery in the United States. The Department of Otolaryngology in the Faculty of Mdicine Ramathibodi Hospital affiliated with the Mahidol University have performed early lung cancer diagnosis using the Lung-Imaging Fluorescence Endoscope (LIFE) and He-Cd laser systems. With regards to laser applications in defense and military, the researchers at the Military Research and Development Centre (MDRC) in Bangkok are applying solid state lesers, such as air-cooled CW Nd:YAG laser, pulsed Nd:YAG laser (10 Hz), and liquid-cooled pulsed Nd:YAG laser (10 Hz), to the projects of laser range-finder (LRF), tank LRF and Ship LRF. In this survey, however, no information was found on the use of laser systems in environmental monitoring in Thailand 122.5 Vietnam Laser technologies have found wide applications in the fields of R & D, industry, military and medical surgery in Vietnam since the setting of a laser physics and laser technology industry in the early 1980°s, The basic research work on lasers is done mainly at the research institutions and universities, such as the Academy of Sciences of Vietnam, National Centre for Sciences and Technology (NCST), Institute of Applied Physics, Hue College of Sciences, University of Ho Chi Minh City, University of Technology of Ho Chi Minh City. The laboratories associated with NCST conduct both basic and mostly applied research on lasers. These research institutions have laser laboratories equipped with different kinds of lasers, such as Nd:YAG lasers, diade- pumped solid state lasers, tunable dye lasers, N2 lasers, excimer lasers, and other gas lasers like He-Ne lasers and argon ion lasers, which are capable of keeping up with the development speed of laser technology to serve the scientific researchers in industry, military and medical applications as well as the speciality practice for students and post-graduate training. The work undertaken by the research laboratories spans from research on the fundamental aspects of laser physics and spectroscopy in Physics and Chemistry to practical applications in semiconductor, fibre optic sensing in industry and environmental controls. Scientists from the Institute of Materials Science (IMS), National Centre for Sciences and Technology (NCST) used the visible diode laser to develop the fibre optic sensors in the beverage industry and environmental controls. Different types of lasers such as N2 laser, excimer laser, and diode-pumped solid state laser were constructed in NCST. The applications of lasers to industrial processes (materials processing, machining and tooling) were also developed, though still not so advanced thus far in Vietnam.In hospitals in Vietnam, laser technology has contributed significantly to advances in surgery as well as to the effective treatment of several diseases. The CO? lasers are widely used in the treatment of many diseases such as opthalmological ailments, leprosy ulcers, operation of osteitis and the surgical treatments of meningiomas at the base of the skull, and benign lesions and mild dysplasia of the cervix. The intravenous He-Ne laser irradiations were implemented in the clinical procedures for treatment of sequela of encephalovascular diseases and Parkinson patients. Diode laser acupuncture is also used for effective relief of stomach ulcer pain and for physical rehabilitation of certain disabilities As regards the laser applications in atmospherit monitoring in Vietnam, we did not find such information during this survey. Today, Vietnam has a highly trained group of experts and officials specialising in laser and optical technologies and other related sectors which are likely to enhance the further development of the nation-wide laser industry and medicine while keeping in touch with international laser applications.2.6 Philippines In academic research institutions and laboratories in the Philippines, the scientists use different kinds of laser systems for research in the fields of laser physics, optical spectroscopy, nonlinear optics, holography, and laser cooling and trapping. In recent years, some research groups, for example, the Laser Physics Group at the University of the Philippines in Diliman (UPD), have extended the research field to the areas of laser applications in the LIDAR system for atmospheric monitoring, laser materials processing, laser techniques in film and semiconductor, optoelectronics, laser making in packing industry, optical communications, optical image processing, and so on. The types of laser systems used in the research laboratories in UPD, at the Ateneo de Manila University, at the De La Salle and also at the University of Southeastern Philippines are He-Ne lasers, argon ion lasers, pulsed and CW Nd:YAG lasers, excimer lasers, CO2 lasers, N2 lasers, flashlamp- pumped dye lasers, and semiconductor lasers. The Laser Physics Group in the University of the Philippines (Diliman) also constructed its own high power laser systems, such as excimer jaser, CO2 laser, N2 laser, and Dye lasers for laser research activities. With respect to the laser applications in industries in the Philippines, some semiconductor companies use diode lasers and solid-state Jasers for material processing and package device marking. The Scanning Technologies of the Philippines, Inc. (SCANTEK) and Laser Barcode Solutions Inc. manufacture laser products and provide services for Laser Barcode Reader/Decoder, Laser/Contact Scanners; most of the light sources applied to the products are diode lasers and He-Ne lasers. The Wavetek Wandel Goltermann Asia Pacific Ply. Ltd, engages itself in the business of optical fibre communications using diode lasers. The Hilti Intemational Ltd. works in the field of laser technology and laser positioning systems for everyday jobsite usesLaser technologies have been used in major private hospitals in Metro Manila, including the Medical City, Capitol Medical Center, Makati Medical Center, Manila Doctors Hospital, and Metropolitan Hospital. The Laser Centre at the American Eye Correction Centre located in the Medical City started laser eye operations in July 1995. With over 2,500 procedures performed annually, the Center holds the distinction of having the largest clinical experience in Southeast Asia in laser refractive surgery and eye surgery (both photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and laser-assisted in situ keratomilieusis (LASIK). Several laser systems stich as excimer lasers, CO2 lasers and Nd:YAG lasers are used to perform the correction of nearsightedness and astigmatism in eye surgery in these hospitals. The Manila Doctors Hospital also offers numerous state-of-the-art laser surgical equipment (excimer lasers, Nd:YAG lasers, E.N.T lasers, etc.) to aid in diagnosing and treating the eye ailments. ‘The development of laser technology for refractive surgery and eye surgery was accelerated rapidly in the hospitals of the Philippines. Apart from laser eye surgery, laser plastic surgery, laser dental surgery and laser general operations are also carried out in some hospitals. In the area of laser environmental monitoring in the Philippines, the Manila Observatory first developed the LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) system and operated it since January 1996. The laser source used in the LIDAR system is a pulsed Nd:YAG laser with the second harmonic generation of 532 nm (linearly-polarised). The research institutions in Ateneo de Manila University and the University of the Philippines are collaborating with the Manila Observatory on the LIDAR project for environmental monitoring. The work uses the MIE LIDAR system for monitoring urban air pollution, studying of the physical and optical properties of clouds, sensing of the atmospheric boundary layer, and the designing of | instruments as well. Note that there is a limited number of technicians and experts in the Philippines who are trained on laser systems. Most of experts on lasers are in the research institutions and laboratories, especially in the National Institute of Physics at the University of the Philippines in Diliman. In the universities and colleges, about 5-15 % of laser researchers are presently using the system because of a very limited funding allocation especially in the state or government-owned universities where budgetary constraints is the main problem. The use of laser systems in the industries is very uncommon, only multi-million companies are adoptingthis system. The small and medium enterprises are’still using the conventional type of equipment. Therefore, there is still a room for improvement in taser technologies in the Philippines. W2.7 Brunei In Brunei, only one research group at the University of Brunei is involved in the fields, such as laser physics, Raman spectroscopy, non-linear optics and laser spectroscopy, fibre-optic sensors, and holographic interferometry, using laser sources of a tunable diode laser (SDC), He-Ne lasers, a He-Ca ion laser, and an argon ion laser. However, no information was found on the use of laser systems in the sectors of industries, hospitals and environmental monitoring organisations in Brunei2.8 Cambodia During this survey, no information was found on the activities of laser applications in Cambodia2.9 Laos During this survey, no information was found on the activities of laser applications in Laos. 202.10 Myanmar During this survey, no information was found on the activities of laser applications in Myanmar. 21APPENDIX - Data on Laser Applications in South East Asian Countries(1 ot) 198] soronpuoonas 1280] ZN suose] =pord siose] aN-2HL nse wor uo 4050) OAAYPN Poduind-oporg sey aanydd ity soso] 30H 2988] DVA-PN patatms-} sysewsoiogd jo SuraesSue s2se] Buppreur pur Re usodap ‘Suntmysewt-orona) Ausssoooud s[o Joa tunguenb pajonu09 f SVEDIV/SVED ut stose| ytuayaaem 2[dyjmu Jo uoReoUGe, Svotjidure se] sovonpuoonuios eaxe-peorg, srase7 {1244 wumuend ui Loneameg ured pure sommeUKg JO1LKe 9p; uoBomtu v 30 jon suonear(dde sosey paraour ding quowidinba uonestisiseiey> paseg-rase) pasueape jo 1ustd0}249C] rose] vontjos aiqy jeondo pus siase] sqyenjn are 108 1230 1980) a suorar 1 uy Sungnuro s12se] 20}>npuo: srase] aves prjos paduind-2porp Jo juousdoja4aq ‘yoreasey wreiss 19507] BupsoauiSug ase] 01 2]q9st4 (Qapy) ava souosr9a19049 dnoig soquoioyg Aa Jo 1o0uDs sottoay9a}20J0114| Jo UOIsIAIC, OOK L6e 2xe bLT16L°$9* "PL 6L6E9 a10deRurg ‘onueny BueKuEN, (QIN) Anstaatug jeoZojouysay, SuedmEN, swiaisfg s08e7 suoyeoiddy pue s}2elo1g Jofey soH/uoRNAsUI/AUEdWOS Ayssoaiup/Awapeoy uy SuysoutSuq pur juoudopaaeg ‘yoavasoy “T asodesurg ur suonuayddy zasey auodeBuig - 4 yFase] Ares pros paduand aporgy 1958] OWAPN ose JOULE #280] ZOD 1980] 9N-3H re Seyuryseu-oxonu 3950 A sooepins op pue ound yo Sumaprey 108°] ‘Sujvaprey wonewioysuen 12se | (279 ‘Suppeyo ‘Surprom ‘Sumn2) Bursseooud sjerayeus ose] ALN (aaw) Suys99u}Tug oNsnposd pue [er!UEYOIA Jo [0049S Bupooufdug Sup moeynuepy Jo woIstAr, s3rem ‘SUTaypaut UH sJoqol puP S19SeT auypypau uy suas] stosuag o1ojoNd souoyoyd TED“10S sondo paresBaur SurdAioioud pidey, Avjdsig soquovoug s91401999)901dQ, woneouges lo 10) warsKs eousr9ys9qu Ayes do Sunusayied ssayyseus Bupoouiua 1 asodebuls - 1 ¥siase| uoaiy sas] 94q] ose anyddes:t su25t] OVAPN, Taj Sanbyunjony aidoasonjoads poa|oser-Bain) puosssonua uwone|ge s08e7] (cau 922) 1950] anryddes:ny puooos-ottuay poyso-apour sta|-17934 suase} [fom wirateng) sroqmuuo 1484 sor onpuosruag. sond zeauruon, Adoasonsads wewey, Adossonaads sase"] aouateg Jo AyNIvT soiskyg Jo susunedag ‘A1oWes0qey sondo avauy-d0N pur Aap sos] jo wwaurdojonaq, Suysau}ug [e9111991g Jo jusunsedeq Calera Ss ‘squstUaUNseoU MOY] PIN] 2AiseAut-uoU ut suORPoTdde s98e7] WOISIAI] SO1MEYDATA PIN uss (yr) orauiowouy rajddog 398] Santora. 2997 Suayoew-osoupy 3950] ydesBoxyjouen 29807 se] saN rope ysodop 1980] posing Sursoourug yo Aynoey sss OVAPN suyoesg pu woneojoo 95] (aw) Supsemaug as07| Uo! 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