NAJSTARIJI PODACI O SLANIM IZVORIMA U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI THE OLDEST DATA ON SALT SPRINGS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA Duro Basler, Zemaljski muzej BiH, Sarajevo Oslanim izvorima na tlu Bosne i Hereego- vine postoji nekoliko historijskih podataka. Najstariji datiraju iz sredine IV stoljeta pri je nove ere, a odnose se na sukobe izmedu Neretve, dok su Autarijati prebivali na gor- njoj Neretvi. Grvki pisac poznat, kao Pseudo-Aristotel, zapisao je, naime, o tome slijedete rijeci: »Kadu da kod Ilira koji se zovu Ardijej. ci, na granici njihovo} prema Autarija- tima, postoji velika gora, a ispod nj sti- jena iz koje izbija voda, ne uvijek, vet s proljeéa, i to vrlo obilna. Tu vodu hva: taju i guvaju je tokom dana pod kro- vom, a notu pod vedrim nebom. To rade pet do dest dana i voda se stegne i daje odlitnu gol, koju koriste narotito za stoku. Kod njih, naime, sol se ne uvo- 2i podto tive daleko od mora i ne mijeéa- ju se 8 drugim narodima. Najvise se ko- Triste tom solju za stoku, jer u toku godi- ne avu dva puta nahrane solju. Kada to dogada se da Un wane stokac, predmet stalnih sukoba dv da. Njegov tekst doslovee g oy me Titra, Ranije au stalno ratovali e Ar- d zbog soli koja se dobijala negeie na njthovoj granici, i ‘Mont koja jeu pr tekla ispod pabll su a vod pet danai Bili su ee tootazumielt da se naizmje- nigno koriste ovam solanom, pa su rato- ‘There is a number of historical data on salt springs in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The oldest ones date from the middle of the 4 th centry B.C. and are related to the conflicts between two Ilyrian tribes: Adriae and aoe ee ties Led in the North = « the right of the lower Neretva, while the Au- tariates lived in the upper part of the Neret- va river. A Greek writer known as PseudoAristo- tle wrote the following: » It is said that in the ‘area where the Illyrians called Ardise live and which represents a border between them and the Autariates there is a large mountain with a rock below it from which water springs out, not always, but in spring and in great quantities. They take that wa- ter and keep it in house during the day and in the open over the night. They do it for five to six days until the water evaporates leav- ing good quality salt which is used mostly for cattle. They do not import salt since they live far from the sea and they do not mix with other peoples. They use most of that galt for feeding the cattle twice a year. If ‘they do not do it, it happens that almost all the cattle die.« (Pseudo Aristotle, De ausc. fron ter coming out sin epring ring under arock. They took the water and kept it for five days ob- 205vali kad god bi se desilo da netko od njih prekrdi dogovor«. (Strabon, VII, 5, 1D. Buduti da su Ardijejci Zivjeli, prema navo- dima grékih pisaca, sjeverno od uséa Neret- ve, arheolozi su te izvare slane vode tratili negdje uslivu ove rijeke. Utom smislu izraz- ilisu se Thalloczy i Patsch, koji su navedena mjesta ubicirali na » Slanim izvorimacu selu Orahoviea, uz obalu Neretve oko 1 km za- padno od Konjica. Drugi jedan autor, Dobi- Ja8, nabacio je, sasvim uzgredno, misoo da su wovom slugaju u pitanju slani izvori u mjes- tu Slatina oko 1 km uzvodno od Donjeg Va- kufa. Tu se nalaze éetiri izvora koji daju oko 1 do 2 kg soli po hektolitru vode. ‘Ni jedno ni drugo nalaziéte ne odgovaraju, medutim, u potpunosti poducimna antithih pisaca. Sadaénji izvori na oba ova mjesta, kod Konjica i Donjeg Vakufa, ne izbijaju, na- invenzitein, Ne, ul 2.500 godina, ato mote biti dovoljno da na tim mjestima dode do promjene terena i iz- gleda samih izvora. ‘Nagadanja arheologa u XIX stoljeéu bazi- rala su se na éinjenici da tada u nauc bila poznata slana vrela kod Gabele, pa nema sumnje da bi sa tim saznanjem njihova na- gadanja mogla dobiti i sasvim nove zak\jue- ke. ‘Svrha ovog referata je, ipak, nagladenije okrenuta ka ustanovijenju éinjenice da su slani izvori negdje u podruéju Neretve bili razlogom da se o njima pie ida se na tem: Iju toga pisanja pokuéava danas ustanovit Zivotni prostor dva historijeki dobro pozna- ta, ali nedovoijny jus Hircka ple- mena: Autarijata.i Ardijejaca. Te spekulaci- je ostaju, kao takve i danas, kada nam nije ‘svrha uplitati se u kombinacije historiéara. Ipak, podaci Pgeudo-Aristotela i Strabona su nagi najstariji hidroloski podaci, zapisani na papiru prije dva i pol milenija. fako se arheolozi nisu u svojim kombinaci- jama hvatali slanih izvora kod Gabele, oni su, ranije neidentificirani na terenu, bili teo- retski poznati, kao razlog vrlo velike i per- manentne diplomatske aktivnosti Dubrov- éana od XII do XV stoljeéa. Ugovorom od 1189. godine sa banom Kulinom, Dubrovéa- ninaime nastoje osigurati monopol soli u ba- novini Bosni. Sa istim namjerama oni skla- paju ugovor i sa bugarskim carem Asenom 1253. godine, kojim nastoje osigurati povlas- 206 isu tokom godine raaltitog- : 2 potie- _ rank and do not change their strength over taining salt crystals. They made agreements to use these saltworka in turn and a breach of the agreement led to fighting. « (Strabon, VIL, 8, 11). According to Greek authors, the Ardiae lived in the north of the Neretva river mouth, which made the archeologists look for those ealt springs in the catchment area of the river. So, Thalloczy‘and Patsch located these places in the »Slani”izvori« (salt springs) in the village of Orahovac along the Neretva river abou 1 km west of Konjic. Another author,-Dobijas, suggested quite casually that these are salt springs at Slati- na about 1 km upstream from Donji Vakuf. There are four springs there giving 1-2 kg salt per 1 hectolitre of water.-None of the findings, hower, completely corresponds to the data suggested by antique writers. Na- mely the existing springs at both points, i.e. Konjic and Donji Vakuf do not come out of a a year. But almost 2,500 years have elapsed since the period when the data were provi- ded and that is long enough to change the places, terrain and the shape of the springs. ‘The salt springs near Gabela were not known byscientiste in the 19 th century, but if they had been known, the surmises of archeologists would have, no doubt, led to quite different conclusion: ‘The objective of this paper, however, is point out the fact that the salt springs some- where in the area of the Neretva were writ- ten about and on the basis of these writings, the scientists are trying nowadays to define the living areas of the historically well- known, but rather vaguely located Myrian tribes: the Autariates and the Ardiae. The speculations still exist and the writer of this paper does not want to interfere with va- rious historians and their combinations. Nevertheless, it should be noted that the data provided by Pseudo-Aristotle and ‘Strabon, two and a half millenia ago are our oldest hydrological data written down. Although the salt springs near Gabela were not included in the speculations of archeologists and although their topogra- phic position was not preciely defined, they, were well-known theoretically as a cause of agreat and permanent diplomatic activity of Dubrovnik from the 12 th to 15 th century. ‘By an agreement made in 1189 with the governor Kulin, Dubrovnik tried to obtain a monopoly of aalt in the province of Bosnia.ticu iskljutivog prava na prodaju soli izmedu Neretve i Drine, Medutim, Vladislav, sin hercega Stjepana Kosate, tvrdi ujednom za- pisus kraja XV stoljeéa da je solana u Drije- vima, danainjoj Gabeli, »oduvijek radila Sto znati da je mogla postojati u XIII stolje- €u, zajedno sa onom u Dubrovniku, Kotoru i Sv. Srdu na Bojani. Kralj Tyrtko Ije 1982. godine otvorio osim Drijeva (Gabele), jo8 isolanu u Draéevici kod Hercegnovog, ali ju je na mnoge prituzbe Dubrovéana, morao uskoro ukinuti. Cini se da dobivanje soli kod Gabele nije bilo toliko izdaino da bi ugrozilo dubrovaéki monopol Bosni. Njime se podmirivalo samo okolno stanovnistvo. ‘Nastojanja Dubrovéana da ugovorima sa bosanskim viadarima osiguraju monopol soli u Bosni, dovela su do toga da izvori soli na podrugju Tuzle nisu u srednjem vijeku nika- ko osposobljeni za veéu preradu. U najbo- \jom sluéaju njima suse, slitno Gabeli, koris- tili eamo okolni stanovnici. Prva vijest 0 veéoj proizvodnji u dréavnoj rediji, datira od dne 25. februara 1477. godi- ne, kada je turska viast tuzlanski kraj pro- glasila carskim hasom, dakle neposrednom drzaynom imovinom. U danasnjem targonu to bi se nazvalo nacionalizacija. Zakup toga hasa utvrden je na 60,000 akéi, od tega je na samu proizvodnju soli otpadalo 10.000 akéi. Iz istog dokumenta proizlazi da je godiénja proizvodnja soli u tadagnjoj Tuzli iznosila Tose? KGlogranma. To se odnosi na akozva- nu Donju Tuzlu, sadaénji grad Tuzlu. Post jali su, ett, invori iu Gornjoj Tuzli, ali daleko slabije izdasni, tako da je 1479. godi- ne ondje zabiljezena’ proizvodnja od svega 2.458 kilograma. ‘Slabj izvori slane vode nalaze se i u planini Vutijak, u selu Podnoviju kod Dervente, i u ‘Majkié Japri, ali nijedan od tih izvora nije ni- ada spomenut u historijskim ievorima, Ko- ligina soli u njima Gini se da nije bila tolika da bi se ote izvore netko otimao, ili ih u veéoj mjeri koristio. 2, A. Handiié,:»Tuzlanske solane od XV do XV vijekac (The Tuzla Saltworks from 15th to 17th Century}, Tuzla, 1975. 2. A, Rikert, : »Slana vrela u Bosni i Hercegovi- nic (Salt Springs in Bosnia and Herze- govina), Glasnik Zem. muzeja I, Saraje- vo, 1889, pp 11-12. 3. C, Truhellia.: »Povijest Povijest Bosne i Her- cegovine« (The History of Bosnia and Herzegovina), Sarajevo, 1942, pp 6 05-606. agreement with the Bulgarian tear Asen in 1258 trying to obtain the exclusive right to sell salt between the Neretva and Drina riv- ers. Viadislay, the son of the duke Stjepan Kosata, wrote down at the end of the 15 th century that the saltworks at Drijevi, the present Gabela, »had always worked«, which means that they may have existed in the 13 th century together with the ones in Dubrovnik, Kotor and St Srdj on the Bojana river. Besides the saltworks at Drijeva (Gabela), the king Tvrtko I opened in 1382 the salt works at Dratevica near Herceg Novi, but he soon had-to close them due to many com- plaints by Dubrovnik. It seoms that the pro- duction of salt near Gabela was not great enough to endanger the monopoly of Du- brovnik in Bosnia. It satisfied the require- ments of the neighbouring population only. - ‘The efforts of Dubrovnik to ensure the mon- Tig of salt in Bosnia by means of agree: ments made with Bosnian rulers were the reason for having the salt resources in the region of Tuzla exploited in the Middle Ages only to a certain degree. Like Gabela, they Were used only hy the neighbouring popula- tion. ‘The first records on a larger scale produc- tion controlled by the Government date from February 26 th, 1477 when the Tur- kish Government proclaimed the Tuzla re- gion a9 an empire property. That was what we might.call nowadays the nationalization. ‘The lease for this area was made on 60,000 akce (Turkish silver coined money of the time), 10,000 akce being for salt production. The same document reveals that the annual salt production at Tuzla was 10,667 kg. That sources in Gornja Tuzla but they were far poorer, the salt production in 1479 being re- corded with only 2,458 kg. Rather poor salt springs can also be found in the mountain of Vuinjak, at the village of Podnovije near Derventa and at at Maitié Japra, but none of these springs has over been mentioned in historical records, The: quantities of salt in ‘them do not seem to have been great enough to cause either disputes or larger exploita- tion. 207