OXFORD ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(An IS0:9001-2000 Certified & NBA Accredited Institution)

Pirattiyur, Trichy-620 009, Tamil Nadu.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

OXFORD ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(An IS0:9001-2000 Certified Institution)
Pirattiyur, Trichy-620009, TamilNadu.

LAB MANUAL

EE1257 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND

CONTROL SYSTEMS
LABORATORY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

EE1257 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND CONTROL SYSTEMS

LABORATORY

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Open circuit and load characteristics of separately excited and self excited D.C. generator.
2. Load test on DC shunt motor.
3. Swinburnes test and speed control of DC shunt motor.
4. Load test on single phase transformer and open circuit and short circuit test on single phase
transformer
5. Regulation of three phase alternator by EMF and MMF methods.
6. Load test on three phase induction motor.
7. No load and blocked rotor tests on three phase induction motor (Determination of equivalent
circuit parameters)
8. Study of D.C. motor and induction motor starters.
9. Digital simulation of linear systems.
10. Stability analysis of linear system using MATLAB.
11. Study the effect of P, PI, PID controllers using MATLAB.
12. Design of lead and lag compensator.
13. Transfer function of separately excited D.C. generator.
14. Transfer function of armature and field controller DC motor.

EXPT.
NO.

DATE

NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT

OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD
CHARACTERISTICS OF SELF EXCITED DC
GENERATOR

OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD

CHARACTERISTICS OF SEPERATELY
EXCITED DC GENERATOR

LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SHUNT

MOTOR

SWINBURNES TEST

SPEED CONTROL OF D.C. SHUNT MOTOR

LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE

TRANSFORMER

OPEN CIRCUIT AND SHORT CIRCUIT

TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

REGULATION OF THREE PHASE

ALTERNATOR BY EMF METHOD

REGULATION OF THREE PHASE

ALTERNATOR BY MMF METHOD

LOAD TEST ON THREE PHASE

INDUCTION MOTOR.

PAGE

MARKS

REMARKS

NO LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TESTS

ON THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

STUDY OF DC MOTOR STRATERS

EXPT.
NO.

DATE

STUDY OF INDUCTION MOTOR STARTERS

NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT

DIGITAL SIMULATION OF LINEAR

SYSTEMS.

STABILITY ANALYSIS OF LINEAR

SYSTEM USING MATLAB.

STUDY THE EFFECT OF P, PI, PID

CONTROLLERS USING MATLAB.

DESIGN OF LEAD AND LAG

COMPENSATOR.

TRANSFER FUNCTION OF SEPARATELY

EXCITED D.C. GENERATOR.

TRANSFER FUNCTION OF ARMATURE

AND FIELD CONTROLLER DC MOTOR.

PAGE

MARKS

REMARKS

EX.NO:

OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF SEPERATELY EXCITED

DC GENERATOR

DATE:
AIM:

To conduct no load and load test on separately excited D.C. Generator and
(i)

Obtain the Open circuit characteristics of separately excited generator and

determine the critical resistance.
Draw the external and internal characteristics of a separately excited generator.

(ii)

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
SL.NO

RANGE

TYPE

QUANTITY

1.

DESCRIPTIO
N
Voltmeter

(0-300V)

MC

2.

Ammeter

(0-2A)

MC

3.

Ammeter

(0-20A)

MC

4.

Rheostat

400,1.1A

Wire wound

FORMULAE USED:
Eg = VL +IaRa +armature reaction drop
Ia = IL
Eg - Induced emf in the armature
VL - Load voltage
Ia - Armature current
IL - load current
Ra - Armature resistance

Open Circuit Test

Load Test

DETERMINATION OF ARMATURE RESISTANCE:

THEORY:
Separately excited generators are those whose field magnets are energized by a
separate D.C. source.
Open Circuit Characteristics:
It shows the relationship between the no loads induced emf in armature and
current in the field at a given speed.

Load Characteristics:
In D.C. generators due to armature winding resistance and also armature
reaction the terminal voltage drops from its rated value. The load characteristics give the
relationship between terminal voltage and load current.

This characteristics is of great importance in judging the suitability of a generator for a

particular application an also for taking corrective measures to compensate the voltage
drops.
External And Internal Characteristics:
Let Eo be the no load rated voltage which drops to Eg due to armature
reaction on load and further drops to VL due to armature resistance drop IaRa on load.
The graph of VL against load current IL is called external characteristics
while the graphs of Eg against load current IL is called internal characteristics. The graphs
are to be plotted for constant field current. In case of separately excited D.C. generator
induced emf is totally dependent on flux i.e. field current If. Hence to have control over the
field current, incase of separately excited D.C. generators field regulators is necessary.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. The handle of the Dc motor starter must be in the off position at the time of starting.
2. The motor field rheostat must be in the minimum resistance position at the time of
starting, to ensure low starting speed.
3. During the determination of the OCC, the field current must be increased
unilaterally, i.e. there should be no back and forth adjustment.
4. The potential divider in the generator field circuit must be kept at minimum
potential, to ensure zero fields current initially when running under separately
excited condition.
PROCEDURE:
Open Circuit Characteristics
1.
2.
3.
4.

Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

With above precautions the DPST is closed.
The starter handle is moved from OFF to On position gently.
By adjusting the motor field rheostat, the generator is made to run at rated speed.

5. The DPST2 switch is closed and field rheostat of the generator is varied by adjusting
generator field potential divider gradually from minimum position. Corresponding
no load voltage and field current readings are noted.
6. This process is repeated until the rated generator voltage is obtained. The graph is
drawn between Eo and If.
Load characteristics
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

With the usual precaution DPST1 switch is closed.
The starter handle is moved from OFF to ON state gently.
The motor is run at rated speed by adjusting the field rheostat. This speed is
maintained constant t all load conditions.
With the usual precaution DPST2 switch is closed and the field rheostat of the
generator is varied to obtain the rated generator voltage with the load switch OFF.
By applying load in gradual step load voltage and current readings are noted.
Vary the load and each time takes the load terminal voltage, current readings.
This process is repeated until rated generator current is obtained.
Measure the armature resistance Ra by usual V-I method.

Tabulation:

Open Circuit Characteristics:

No load voltage
Eo (volts)

Generator field current

Ifg (amps)

Load Characteristics:
Load
Current
IL (amps)

Load
Voltage
VL (volts)

Model Graph:
Open Circuit Characteristics:

Field
current
If(amps)

IaRa(volts)

Eg=VL + Ia Ra

Load Characteristics

Viva questions:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

What is meant by excitation?

What are the two types of excitation?
What is difference between separately and self excited generators?
What is armature reaction?
What are demagnetizing and cross magnetizing effects?
Initial position of OCC curve is linear. Why?
What are the two types of load characteristics?
State the difference between external and internal characteristics.
What are the applications of separately excited generators?

Result:
The no load and load test on separately excited D.C. generator were conducted and
the open circuit and load characteristic curves were drawn.

EX.NO:

OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF SELF EXCITED DC

DATE:

GENERATOR
AIM:
To conduct no load and load test on Self excited D.C. Generator and
(iii)
(iv)

Obtain the Open circuit characteristics of Self excited generator and determine
the critical resistance.
Draw the external and internal characteristics of a Self excited generator.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
SL.NO

RANGE

TYPE

QUANTITY

1.

DESCRIPTIO
N
Voltmeter

(0-300V)

MC

2.

Ammeter

(0-2A)

MC

3.

Ammeter

(0-20A)

MC

4.
Rheostat
FORMULAE USED:

400,1.1A

Eg = VL +IaRa +armature reaction drop

Ia = IL + If
Eg - Induced emf in the armature
VL - Load voltage
Ia -Armature current
IL - load current
Ra - Armature resistance
If -Generator field current

Open Circuit Test

Load Test

DETERMINATION OF ARMATURE RESISTANCE:

THEORY:
Self excited generators are those whose field excitation is done by the
current produced by the generators itself.

Open circuit Characteristics:

It shows the relation between the no-load generated EMF Eo in the

armature and the field current If when the generator is driven at constant rated
speed.
The OCC curve does not start from the origin but from point A on
the Y axis slightly above the origin. The EMF corresponding to point A is known as
residual EMF. The residual EMF is produced due to the presence of residual
magnetism in the poles.
At low values of field current, the curve is a straight line indicating
that magnetic poles are not saturated.
For high values of field current, the cure deviates from the straight
line indicating that the saturation of poles has taken place.
From OCC, the critical resistance is calculated by drawing tangential
line to the initial portion of the OCC curve. The slope of this curve gives the critical
resistance for the speed at which the data was obtained.

Load Characteristics:

There are mainly two load characteristics,

1. External characteristic gives the relation between the load current and
terminal voltage.

2. Internal characteristics give the relation between the armature current and
induced EMF.
Due to armature winding resistance and also armature reaction the
terminal voltage drops from its rated value.
This characteristic is of great importance in judging the suitability of
a generator for particular application and also for taking corrective measure to
compensate for the voltage drops.
PRECAUTIONS:
5. The handle of the Dc motor starter must be in the off position at the time of
starting.
6. The motor field rheostat must be in the minimum resistance position at the
time of starting, to ensure low starting speed.
7. During the determination of the OCC, the field current must be increased
unilaterally, i.e. there should be no back and forth adjustment.

PROCEDURE:
Open Circuit Characteristics
7. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
8. With above precautions the DPST is closed.
9. The starter handle is moved from OFF to ON position gently.
10. By adjusting the motor field rheostat, the generator is made to run at rated
speed.
11. The induced emf due to residual magnetism is shown by the voltmeter and it
is noted.
12. With the DC generator field rheostat kept at maximum position, the SPST
switch is closed and field current of the generator and also the armature
voltage are noted. Adjusting generator field rheostat, vary the generator field
current. The corresponding no load voltage Eg is noted. The procedure is
repeated.

13. The graph Eg Vs If is dawn and it repents open circuit characteristics for the
rated speed.
14. A tangential line is drawn to OCC curve and the slope gives the critical field
resistance at the rated speed.
Load characteristics
10. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
11. With the usual precaution DPST1 switch is closed.
12. The starter handle is moved from OFF to ON state gently.
13. The motor is run at rated speed by adjusting the field rheostat. This speed is
maintained constant t all load conditions.
14. Field rheostat of the generator is varied to obtain the rated generator voltage.
15. Now he dpst2 switch is closed. By applying load in gradual step load voltage
and current readings are noted.
16. Vary the load and each time takes the load terminal voltage, load current
readings.
17. This process is repeated until rated generator current is obtained.
18. The speed of the DC motor that is the prime mover should always be
maintained constant at all loads.

Measurement of Armature Resistance:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. The armature rheostat is kept at maximum position.
3. The DPST switch is closed.
4. By varying the armature gradually, armature voltage and the current
readings are noted.
5. This process is repeated for a few set of readings. By applying ohms law the
armature resistance is determined for each reading. The average value is
used for any calculation.

TABULATION:
Open Circuit Characteristics:

No load voltage
Eo (volts)

Generator field current

If g(amps)

Load Characteristics:

Load
Current
IL (amps)

Load
Voltage
VL (volts)

Field
current
If(amps)

IaRa(volts)

If g (amps)

Eg=VL + Ia Ra

Measurement of Armature resistance:

S.No

Voltage
(volts)

MODEL GRAPH:

Open Circuit Characteristics:

Current
(Amps)

Resistance
(Ohms)

Load Characteristics

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

What is self excited generator?

What is meant by residual magnetism?
What is meant by residual EMF?
Define (a) critical resistance (b) critical speed.
What are the conditions to be satisfied to build up of EMF?
What is meant by buildup of EMF?
What are the two types of load characteristics?
State the difference between external and internal characteristics.
What the reasons for the drop are in terminal voltage of shunt generator hen
it is loaded?
10. What are the effects of armature reaction?

RESULT:
The no load and load test on self excited D.C. generator were conducted and
the open circuit and load characteristic curves were drawn.
EX.NO:

LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SHUNTMOTOR

DATE:
AIM:
To obtain the performance characteristic curves of DC shunt motor by
conducting load test.
NAME PLATE DETAILS:

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
SL.NO

RANGE

TYPE

QUANTITY

1.

DESCRIPTIO
N
Voltmeter

(0-300V)

MC

2.

Ammeter

(0-2A)

MC

3.

Ammeter

(0-20A)

MC

4.

Rheostat

400,1.1A

FORMULAE USED:
Torque = (S1S2) * R *9.81 N-M
Where,
T Torque on motor in N-M
S1, S2 are the spring balance readings in Kg.
R Radius of the brake drum in M.
Input Power = VL*IL in watts.
VL - Line Voltage in volts.

IL - Line Current in amps.

Output Power = 2NT/60 in watts.
Percentage Efficiency = (Output power/input power) * 100
THEORY:
Dc shunt motor
Load test on DC shunt motor is conducted to determine the suitability
of the motor for a particular use. The torque developed, variation of its speed,
variation of armature current and its efficiency for different load conditions are
some of the characteristics of the DC shunt motor to be studied.
This is a direct method of testing the motor. In this method, the motor
is put on the direct load by means of a belt and pulley arrangement. By adjusting
the tension of belt, the load is adjusted to give the various values of currents. The
load is finally adjusted to get full load current. The power developed gets wasted
against the friction between belt and shaft. Due to the braking action of belt the test
is called brake test.
Generally this method is employed to small motors. The motor is
loaded by means of a brake applied to the water cooled pulleys.The main drawback
of this method is that the accuracy in determining the mechanical power output of
the motor is limited. Alternately it is difficult to provide full load for the large
capacity motor.

The efficiency of a DC motor is given by,

outputpower
Efficiency = inputpower

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Field rheostat should be in minimum resistance position while switching on
the supply.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. With field rheostat in the minimum position and on no load, DPST switch is
closed and the starter is turned ON and its handle is gently moved in the
clockwise direction.
3. By adjusting the field rheostat, the motor is run at rated speed.
4. The load is applied to the motor by tightening the spring balance
5. The readings of ammeter, voltmeter, speed and spring balance readings are
noted down in table every time the machine is loaded.
6. The load is gradually removed and the power supply is cutoff by opening the
DPST.

TABULATION:
Load test on shunt motor :

S.No

Line
Voltage
VL volts

Line
current
IL amps

Field
current If
amps

Spring Balance
Readings(Kg)
S1

S2

S1S2

Speed N
RPM

Torque T
N-M

Input
Power
Pin watts

Output
Power Pout
watts

Efficiency

(%)

Load test on shunt motor :

MODEL GRAPH:

Viva questions
1. What are the applications of Dc shunt motor?
2. What are the other tests that can be conducted for determining the efficiency of motor?
3. Why the speed of a shunt motor is practically constant?
4. What will happen if the shunt field winding of a loaded shunt motor accidentally breaks?
5. Why DC motor is called constant flux motor?
6. Define torque.
7. What is meant by efficiency of a motor?
8. What do you understand by performance curves of DC motor?
9. What is the Brake test in a DC motor?
10. What are the limitations of brake test?

Result:

The load test on DC shunt motor and compound motor was conducted and its performance characteristic curves were
drawn.
EX.NO:
DATE:

SWINBURNES TEST

AIM:
To predetermine the efficiency of D.C. machine when it acts as a motor as well as a generator by conducting
Swinburnes test.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

SL.NO

DESCRIPTIO

RANGE

TYPE

QUANTITY

N
1.

Voltmeter

(0-300V)

MC

2.

Ammeter

(0-2A)

MC

3.

Ammeter

(0-20A)

MC

4.

Rheostat

400,1.1A

5.

Rheostat

50.5A

FORMULAE USED:
(i)

To determine the machine constant loss:

When the machine runs on no load, he following equations hold good.

Power input to the motor = V IL (W)

Armature Current (Ia) + IL -If (A)

Armature copper loss (Wc) =Ia2 Ra (W)
Constant loss Wo = I/P - Variable loss
Wo = {V * (Ifo + Iao)} Iao2 Ra
(ii)

Calculation of efficiency when the machine runs as a generator:-

Armature current Ia = IL +If (A)

Armature cu. Loss Wc = Ia2 Ra (W)
Total loss WT = Wc + Wo (W)
O/P Power = O/P + Total loss (W)
Percentage efficiency = (Output / Input) * 100
(iii)

Calculation of efficiency when the machine runs as a generator:Armature current Ia = IL - If (A)

Armature cu. Loss Wc = Ia2 Ra (W)
Total loss WT = Wc + Wo (W)

O/P Power = I/P - Total loss (W)

Percentage efficiency = (Output / Input) * 100
THEORY:

When efficiency of electrical machines are determined by an actual load test, it requires large power. Further, energy is
unnecessarily wasted. One way of avoiding this is to predetermine the efficiency curve without actual loading. Swimburn
suggested a method of predetermining the efficiency curve of dc machine without actually loading it. The method requires
determination of no load losses and measurement of armature resistance. By this method, efficiency of the DC machine when
working as a motor as well as a generator can be determined for a wide range of load conditions.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Motor field rheostat is in minimum position.

2. Generator field rheostat is in maximum position.

PROCEDURE:

1. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Initially the field rheostat is kept at minimum position.
3. Motor is started by the tree point starter and rated voltage is applied across the armature.
4. Now the speed is adjusted to the rated speed by varying the field rheostat.
5. The readings of armature current, field current and armature voltage are noted.
6. The power supply is switched off and the circuit is disconnected.
7. The armature resistance Ra is measured by V-I method.

SWIMBURNES TEST

TABULATION:
Machine runs as a generator

S.N
o

Load
curren
t IL
amps

Field
curren
t
If amps

Armatur
e current
Ia
amps

Constan Variable Total

t loss
losses
loss
Wo watts
Wc
WT
watts
watt
s

Input
powe
r
watts

Outpu
t
power
watts

Efficienc
y (%)

Machine runs as a Motor

S.N
o

Load
curren
t IL
amps

Field Armatur
curren e current
t
Ia
If amps
amps

Constan
t loss
Wo
watts

Variabl
e losses
Wc
watts

Ra =

Tota Input
l loss powe
WT
r
watt watts
s

Outpu
t
power
watts

Efficienc
y (%)

S.No

Vo
volts

Iao
amps

If
amps

MODEL GRAPH:

Viva questions:

1. What are the types of losses that occur in dc machine?

N
rpm

2. Why is Swinburnes test preferred to determine the efficiency of a dc

machine?
3. What are the advantages of Swinburnes test?
4. Which test can be used to find the no load losses of a DC shunt Motor?
5. Why Swinburnes test cannot be performed on DC series Motor?
6. State the advantages of Swinburnes test.
7. State the demerits of Swinburnes test.
8. What are the losses in dc motor and in which part these losses occur?
9. Why testing of motors carrying out?
10. State condition for maximum efficiency of dc motor.
11. What is the condition for conduct Swinburnes test?

Result:

The efficiency of dc machine when it runs as a motor as well as a generator

was determined by Swinburnes test.

EX.NO:
DATE:

SPEED CONTROL OF D.C. SHUNT MOTOR

AIM:
To control the speed of D.C. shunt motor by varying armature voltage and
field current.
NAME PLATE DETAILS:

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

SL.NO

RANGE

TYPE

QUANTITY

1.

DESCRIPTIO
N
Voltmeter

(0-300V)

MC

2.

Ammeter

(0-2A)

MC

3.

Rheostat

400,1.1A

4.

Rheostat

50.5A

FORMULAE USED:

N Eb /
N = (V Ia Ra) /
Eb = V Ia Ra
N Speed in rpm
V Applied voltage in volts
Eb - Back emf in volts

Ia - Armature currents in amps

Ra - Armature resistance in
THEORY:

According to the speed equation of a DC motor,

N Eb / (V Ia Ra) /

But as the value of the armature resistance Ra and field resistance Rse
is very small, the drop IaRa and Ia (Ra+Rse) is very small compared to applied voltage
V. Hence neglecting these voltage drops the speed equation can be modified as,
N V/
Thus the factors affecting the speed of DC motor are,
1. The flux ,
2. The voltage across the armature,
3. The applied voltage V.
Depending upon these factors the various methods of speed control are,

Changing the flux by controlling the current through the field

winding called flux control method.

Changing the armature path resistance which in turn changes the

voltage applied across the armature called rheostatic control.

Armature control method:

This method is used when speeds below the no load speed are
required. As the supply voltage is normally constant, the voltage across the
armature is varied by inserting a variable resistance in series with the armature
circuit. As the controller resistance is increased, the potential difference across the
armature is decreased. So armature sped also decreases. In this speed can be varied
up to the rated speed. This method is very expensive because of power loss and not
suitable for rapidly changing loads.

Field Control Method:

The speed of a DC motor is inversely proportional to the flux per pole

when the armature voltage is kept constant. By increasing the flux, the speed can be
decreased and vice versa. The flux per pole of a DC motor can be changed by
changing the field current. This field current can be changed with the help of shunt
field rheostat. Since the shunt field current is relatively small, the shunt field
rheostat has to carry only a small amount of current. Therefore the I2R loss is also
small as the resistance of the rheostat is less. This method is therefore very efficient
and is known as flux control or field control method.

By this method of speed control, we can not have speeds below the
rated speed. But the speed can be increased beyond the rated speed.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Motor field rheostat is in minimum position.

2. Generator field rheostat is in maximum position.

PROCEDURE:
Armature control method:
1. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. The filed rheostat is kept in the minimum position and the armature rheostat
is in the maximum position.
3. Switch on the dc supply and now the moor is started.
4. The field rheostat is kept in the minimum position. The armature rheostat is
gradually cut and each time the speed is noted. By adjustment of field
rheostat, the fields current is maintained constant.
5. The procedure is repeated for some other field current being kept constant.

Field Control Method:

1. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. The external resistance in armature circuit is in maximum position and fid
rheostat is in minimum position.
3. DC supply is switched ON and the motor is started by closing DPST switch.
4. The applied voltage to the armature is kept at the rated value.
5. The speed of the motor is varied by varying the external resistance in filed
circuit.
6. Then the field current is varied in steps till the rated speed is obtained at
each value of field current. The armature resistance is adjusted so the
applied voltage is constant.
7. The same procedure is repeated for various values of armature voltage
readings.

Speed control of DC shunt Motor

TABULATION:

Armature control method:

If(A) =
Va(V)

If(A) =
N(rpm)

Va(V)

N(rpm)

Field Control Method

Va(V) =
If(A)

Va(V) =
N(rpm)

If(A)

N(rpm)

MODEL GRAPH:

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What are the methods available for speed control of dc shunt motor?
2. What do you understand by armature control and field control method?
3. Speed of a shunt motor is inversely proportional to field current. If the field current is zero, will the machine run at
infinite speed?
4. How is the direction of rotation of a dc motors reversed?
5. What are the methods of speed control of dc series motor?
6. Write the expression for sped of a dc motor and there from suggest the parameter to be varied for speed control.

RESULT:
The speed control of a dc shunt motor by armature control method and filed control method was conducted and the
speed curves were drawn.
EX.NO:
DATE:

LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

AIM:
To conduct load test on the given single phase transformer and determine the percentage efficiency and percentage
regulation.
NAME PLATE DETAILS:

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

SL.NO

DESCRIPTIO
N

RANGE

TYPE

QUANTITY

1.

Voltmeter

(0-300V)

MI

2.

Ammeter

(0-20A)

MI

3.

Wattmeter

300V,20A,UPF

FORMULAE USED:

Percentage Efficiency = (Output Power/Input power) * 100

No load secondary voltage Load secondary voltage

Percentage Regulation = -----------------------------------------------------------------Full load secondary voltage

THEORY:

A transformer is a static device by means of which electric power in one circuit is transformed to another circuit
at same frequency. It can rise or lower the voltage in a circuit but with a corresponding decrease or increase in current. The
physical basis of the transformer is mutual induction between two circuits linked by a common magnetic flux. The primary
and secondary transformer windings have resistance and leakage reactance due to which the secondary terminal voltage
changes from its rated value when it is loaded. This change in the load terminal voltage is undesirable and its nature of
variation is expressed as voltage regulation. Further, in winding resistance & transformer core, heat is dissipated and some
electric power is wasted thus reducing its efficiency. Hence a transformer should posses good regulation and high efficiency.
The testing of transformer means to determine efficiency and regulation of a transformer at any load and at any
power factor condition. There are two methods of obtaining efficiency and regulation of a transformer at any loading.

Direct Loading test

Indirect loading test which includes open circuit and short circuit tests.

Load test on transformer:

In this method the required load is direct connected to the secondary of the transformer. Hence this method is
also called direct loading test on transformer. The various meters are connected on primary and secondary side of
transformer. Then the load is varied fro no load to full load and the readings on the various meters are recorded. The
primary is connected to the supply through variac which is used to adjust primary voltage to its rated voltage value at each
load condition. The load is to be varied from no load to full load in desired steps.

The efficiency increases as load increases up to particular load. After that load, efficiency decreases as load
increases. The regulation increases as the load increases as V2 keeps on decreasing as the load decreases. The important
advantage of this method is that the results are accurate as load is directly used. Hence this method is suitable for small
transformers and rarely used.

PRECAUTIONS:

The auto transformer is always kept in zero position before the supply is switched ON.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. The DPST switch is closed after the connections are completed.
2. The auto transformer is adjusted to bring the rated voltage.
3. At no load conditions, the voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeter readings are noted.
4. The load is increased gradually till the rated current value and the corresponding ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter
readings are noted for each load.

Load test on single phase Transformer

TABULATION:

Sl.No

Primary
Voltage
Vp volts

Primary
current
Ip amps

Input power
watts
Observed

Wi

Actual

Secondary
voltage Vs
volts

Secondary
current Is
amps

Output Power Wo
watts
Observed

Actual

Percentage
efficiency
%

Percentage
regulation
%

MODEL GRAPH:

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Define regulation of a transformer.
2. Under what condition the voltage regulation of a transformer is negative?
3. State under what condition the voltage regulation of a transformer is zero?
4. What is the condition for obtaining maximum efficiency?
5. What will happen if the primary of transformer is connected to D.C. supply?
6. Explain why the efficiency of transformer is very high compared to other machines.

RESULT:
The load test on single phase transformer was conducted and percentage efficiency and percentage regulations cures
were drawn.

EX.NO:
DATE:

OPEN CIRCUIT AND SHORT CIRCUIT TEST ON

SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

AIM:
To conduct open circuit and short circuit test on a single phase transformer and to draw the equivalent circuit and to
predetermine the percentage efficiency and percentage regulation for various load conditions.
NAME PLATE DETAILS:

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
SL.NO

RANGE

TYPE

QUANTITY

1.

DESCRIPTIO
N
Voltmeter

(0-300V)

MI

2.

Ammeter

(0-20A)

MI

3.

Wattmeter

300V,20A,UPF

FORMULAE USED:
Determination of equivalent circuit parameters:
Cos = Wo/Vo Io

Ro = Vo/Io Cos o in ohms.

Xo = Vo/Io Sin o in ohms.
R01 = Wsc / Isc2 in ohms.
Z01 = Vsc /Isc in ohms.
X01 = (Z012 R012) in ohms.
To calculate efficiency;
Output = x*KVA * p.f. * 1000 watts
Total Losses = Wo + x * Wsc watts.
Input power = Output power + Total losses
% Efficiency = (Output power /Input power) * 100
X-various assumed load condition (20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100%)
Efficiency is calculated, keeping p.f constant.
To calculate regulation:

X * I (R01 cos + X01 sin) * 100

%Regulation = ----------------------------------------------Rated voltage
Where,
I Rated current of the transformer in amps
Cos - Power factor
W0 Losses in open circuit in W.
Wsc Losses in short circuit in W.
X Ratio of actual load applied to rated full load of the transformer in KVA
+ - for the lagging power factor
- - for the leading power factor
R01 total resistance referred to primary
X01 total reactance referred to primary.
THEORY:

The efficiency and regulation of a transformer on any load condition and at any power factor condition can be
predetermined by indirect loading method. In this method, the actual load is not used on transformer. But the equivalent
circuit parameters of a transformer are determined by conducting two tests on a transformer which are,
1. Open circuit test (O.C. test)
2. Short circuit test (S.C. test)

The parameters calculated from these test results are effective in determining
the regulation and efficiency of a transformer at any load and power factor condition, without actually loading the
transformer.
The advantage of this method is that without much power loss the tests can be performed and results can be obtained.
Open circuit test:
In the open circuit the primary of the transformer is excited by rated voltage with the help of variac and the secondary
is kept open. The wattmeter measure input power, ammeter measures input current and the voltage gives the value of rated
primary voltage at rated frequency. As transformer secondary is open, it is on no load so the current drawn by the primary is
no load current. As secondary is open I2 = 0 the transformer no load current is always very small compare to full load value. As
I2 = 0 secondary copper losses are zero and copper losses are negligible because no load primary current is very small. As
output power is zero and the copper losses are negligible the total input power is used to supply iron losses. Hence wattmeter in

O.C. test gives iron losses which remain constant for all loads this test is conducted to find (i) no load loss or core loss (ii) I 0, Im,
Ic.

Short circuit test:

In short circuit test the secondary winding is short circuited with the help of thick copper wire. As secondary is short
circuited its resistance is very small on rated voltage. It may draw large current such large current cause overheating and
burning of a transformer. To limit this short circuit current primary is supplied with low voltage which is just through to cause
rated current to flow through primary. Now the current flowing through the windings are rated currents and hence the total
copper loss is full load copper loss. The iron losses are function of applied voltage. Hence applied voltage is small iron loss is
negligible. So the wattmeter reading is the power loss which is equal to full load copper loss. This test is conducted to find (i)
Full load copper loss (ii) Equivalent resistance and reactance.
PRECAUTIONS:

The auto transformer is kept in zero position before when the supply is switched on.

PROCEDURE:
Open circuit test:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. The secondary of the transformer is kept open.

3. Auto transformer is kept at its minimum position, and single phase AC supply is given by closing DPST switch.
4. The variac position is gently varied till rated voltage of the given transformer is applied to its primary with its
secondary open circuited.
5. Now the corresponding ammeter, voltmeter, and wattmeter readings are noted. `

Short circuit test:

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. The secondary side of the given transformer is shorted using a thick wire which can withstand full load secondary
current.
3. Auto transformer is kept at its minimum position and single phase power supply is switched on. By varying the auto
transformer gently ,voltage is injected to the primary of the given transformer, till full load current flows in its
primary.
4. Corresponding voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeter readings are noted.

5. Open Circuit Test

6.

7.
8.
9.
10.

11.

TABULATION:
12. Open circuit test:
13.

M.F =

14.
15. Op
en
circ
uit
volt
age
V0
volt
s

16. Ope
n
circ
uit
curr
ent
I0
amp
s

17. Wattmeter Readings

20. O
bs
er
ve
d

21. Actual

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.
27. Short circuit test:
28.
29. Sh
ort
cir
cui
t
vol
tag
e
Vsc
vol
ts
36.

M.F =
30. Sho
rt
circ
uit
cur
ren
t
Isc
am
ps
37.

31. Wattmeter Readings

34. Observ
ed

35. Actu
al

38.

39.

40.
41. For calculating power and power factor:
42.

43.
Lo

52.
La

53.
Le

56.
1/4

57.

58.

59.

60.

61.

62.

63.
1/2

64.

65.

66.

67.

68.

69.

70.
3/4

71.

72.

73.

74.

75.

76.

77.
1

78.

79.

80.

81.

82.

83.

84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.

45. Regulation

46.
E

44. Power
factor
50.
51.
C
Si

47.
Ou
48.
W

91. MODEL GRAPH:

92.

93.
94. VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Why the transformer rating is specified in KVA and not in KW?
2. Does the transformer draw any current when it secondary is open? Why/
3. What are the parameters one can find from O.C. test?
4. State the conditions under which open circuit test is conducted on a
transformer?
5. State the conditions under which short circuit test is conducted on a
transformer.
6. State why the open circuit test on transformer is conducted at rated voltage.
7. What are quantities that can be found from short circuit test?
8. Mention the tests required to find the parameter of a transformer.
95.
96.
97.

98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.

RESULT:

105.

The open circuit and short circuit test on single phase transformer

were conducted. And the equivalent circuit referred to primary was drawn. The
percentage efficiency and percentage regulation were determined for various load
conditions.
106. E
X.NO
:

107.

REGULATION OF THREE PHASE ALTERNATOR BY EMF

108. D
ATE:

METHOD

110.
111. AIM:
112.
To predetermine the regulation of three phase alternator by
EMF method and also to draw the vector diagrams.
113.
114. NAME PLATE DETAILS:

121.

115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
122.

123.
S

124.

Name of
the
apparatus

128.
1

141.

Ammeter

129.

143.

145.

131.
132.
3

Ammeter

Voltmete
r
146.

147.

Rheostat
148.

149.
133.
134.
4

Rheostat
150.

151.

Tachomet
er
152.

135.
136.
5
137.
138.
6

154.

153.

155.

167.

169.

C
157.

(010A)

M
I

159.
160. W
ire
Wo
un
d
161.
162. W
ire
wo
un
d
163.
164. D
igit
al

127.
Q
180.
1
181.

(02A)

170.

158.

165.

Rang
e

168.

156.

166.
139.

126.

142.

144.
130.
2

125. T
ype

171. (0600V)

182.
1
183.
184.
1

172.
173. 270
,1.2A
174.
175. 50
,5A

185.
186.
3
187.

176.
177.
178.

188.
1
189.

179.
190.
1
191.
192.

140.

193.
194.

FORMULAE USED:

1. Armature Resistaance Ra
195.

= 1.6 Rdc.
Rdc is the resistance in DC supply.

196.
197.

open circuit voltage

2. Synchronous impedance Zs =
198.

----------------------Short circuit current

199.
3. Synchronous Reactance Xs =
200.

(Zs2-Ra2)

201.
4. Open circuit voltage
E0 =
202.
(For lagging power factor)

((Vrated cos+Ia Ra) 2+( Vrated sin+IaXs) 2)

203.

204.

5. Open circuit Voltage E0 =

205.
(For leading power factor)

((Vrated cos+Ia Ra) 2+( Vrated sin-IaXs) 2)

206.
207.
6. Open circuit Voltage E0
208.
(For unity power factor)

= ((Vrated +Ia Ra) 2+( IaXs) 2)

209.
210.
Eo-Vrated
211.
Percentage regulation
methods

= ------------ *100(For both EMF and MMF

212.
V rated
213.

214.

215.
216.

TABULATION:

217.
218.

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

219.
220.
.No

228.

221.
Field
Current(If)

222.
Open
Circuit Line
Voltage(VoL)

223.
Open
Circuit Phase
Voltage(VO(Ph))

225.

226.

227.

Amps

229.

Volts

230.

Volts

231.

232.
233.

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:

234.
235.
.No

236.
237.

Field Current(If)
241.

243.
246.
247.

244.

238.

Short Circuit Current

239.

(120 To 150 % of rated

current)(ISC)

Amps

242.
245.

Amps

248.

TO FIND OUT THE ARMATURE RESISTANCE Ra:

249.
250.

254.

251.
S.No

255.

252.

262.

265.

271.

266.

272.

267.

(I)

261.

253.

256.

Armatur
e Current

Amps

Armat
ure
Voltage

257.
263.

258. Armatur
e Resistance
259.

(V)
Volts

264.

274.

Ra=V/I

Ohms

275.
276.

273.

268.
269.
270.
277.
278.

DETERMINATION OF REGULATION BY EMF METHOD:

280.

279.
Po
wer factor

Lagging

283.

E0

284.

(V

285.

289.

294.
295.

290.

%R
eg

)
291.

281.
286.

E0

287.

(V

Leading

288.

)
292.

293.

%Reg

296.
297.
298.

MODEL GRAPH FOR EMF METHOD:

299.

Open and short circuit Characteristics

300.
301.

302.

303.
304.
305.
306.
307.
308.
309.
310.

REGULATION CURVE FOR EMF METHOD:

311.

312.
313.
314.
315.
316.
317.
318.
319.

DESCRIPTION:

320.
321.
Voltage regulation of an alternator is defined as the rise in
terminal voltage of the machine expressed as a fraction of percentage of the initial
voltage when specified load at a particular power factor is thrown off, the speed and
excitation remaining unchanged.
322.
323.
The experiment involves the determination of the following
characteristics and parameters.
1. The open circuit characteristic (O.C.C)
2. The short circuit characteristic (S.C.C)
3. The effective resistance of the armature winding.
324.
325.
The EMF method is not accurate because the value of Zs
(Synchronous impedance) so found is always more than its value under
normal voltage conditions and saturation. Hence, the value of regulation so
obtained is always more than that found from an actual test. That is why it is
called pessimistic method.
326.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. The motor field rheostat should be kept in the minimum resistance
position.
2. The alternator field potential divider should be in the maximum voltage
position.

3. Initially all switches are in open position.

327.
328.

PROCEDURE:

329.
330.

OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS:

1. Note down the name plate details of alternator.

2. Connections are made as per the diagram. The ratings of the meters are
chosen as per the name plate details and the nature of the experiment to be
conducted. The potential divider of the alternator field is kept at the
minimum position. Keep the potential divider of the alternator field in the
minimum position.
3. With usual precaution to start a DC motor and alternator, give the DC
supply to the motor by closing the DPST switch.
4. The DC motor, used as the prime mover for the alternator is started using a
three point starter and by adjusting the field rheostat of the motor, the
alternator is made to run at synchronous speed.
5. Give the DC supply to the alternator field by closing the DPST, and for each
setting of the field current, record the terminal voltage and the field current.
6. Record readings till the open circuit voltage EO reaches 120% of the rated
voltage of the machine.
331.
332.

SHORT CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS:

333.
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. The ratings of the meters are chosen as per the name plate details and the
nature of the experiment to be conducted.
3. The potential divider of the alternator field is kept at the minimum
position.
4. With usual precaution to start a DC motor and alternator, give the DC
supply to the motor by closing the DPST switch.
5. The DC motor, used as the prime mover for the alternator is started
using a three point starter and by adjusting the field rheostat of the
motor , the alternator is made to run at synchronous speed.
6. Short circuit the armature terminals through an ammeter by closing the
TPST switch.
7. By varying the potential divider in the alternator gently, increase the field
current If gradually and cautiously till rated current flows in the
armature. The speed of the set in this test to be maintained at the rated
speed of the alternator.

8. Measure armature resistance per phase Ra of alternator by voltmeter

Ammeter method.
334.
335.

PROCEDURE TO DRAW GRAPH FOR EMF METHOD

336.
1. Draw the open circuit characteristics curve (Generated voltage per
phase Vs Field current).
2. Draw the short circuit characteristics curve (Short circuit current Vs
Field current).
3. From the graph find the open circuit voltage per phase (E1(ph)) for the
rated short circuit current (Isc).
4. By using respective formulae find the Zs, Xs, E0 and percentage
regulation.
337.
338.

PROCEDURE TO DRAW THE VECTOR DIAGRAM:

339.
1. Draw the line OA that represents the rated voltage V.
2. Draw the line OB to represent the rated current Ia, which makes angle
(It may lags / leads/ in phase) with the voltage.
3. Draw the line AC to represent IRa drop,which is parallel to current
axis(OB).
4. Draw the perpendicular line CD with the line AC (IRa drop) to represent
IXs drop.
5. Joint the points D and A to represent the IZs drop.
6. Joint the points O and D and measure the length OD by voltage scale to
find open circuit voltage E0.
7. Find the percentage regulation by using suitable formula.
340.
341.
342.
343.
344.
345.
346.

347.
348.
349.
350.
351.
352.
353.
354.
355.
356.

VIVA QUESTIONS:
357.

1.
2.
3.
4.

Why EMF method is called as pessimistic method?

What are the disadvantages of EMF method?
Define short circuit ratio.
What are the differences between synchronous and asynchronous
generators?
5. Which factor determines the maximum current that can be supplied by an
alternator?
6. For an alternator, whether high or low regulation is preferred?
358.
359.
360.
361.
362.
363.
364.
365.
366.

367.
368.
369.
370.
371.
372.
373.
374.

RESULT:

375.
By conducting open circuit and short circuit tests on the given
alternator, its percentage regulation at different power factor were pre
determined by using EMF method for full load condition.
376. E
X.NO
:

377.

REGULATION OF THREE PHASE ALTERNATOR BY MMF

METHOD

378. D
ATE:
380.
381.

AIM:
382.
To predetermine the regulation of three phase alternator by
MMF method and also to draw the vector diagrams.

383.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

384.

3 Alternator

385.
386.
387.
388.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
389.

DC Shunt Motor

390.
S

391.

Name of
the
apparatus

392.
Type

393.

Rang
e

417.
MI

395.
1

418.

439.
1

396.
397.
2

406.

408.
399.
3

401.
4

Ammete
r

Ammete
r
409.

410.

Voltmete
r
411.

412.

Rheostat
413.

402.
403.
5
404.

419.
MC
420.

407.

398.

400.

414.

422.
423.
Wire
W
ou
nd
424.

Rheostat
415.

416.

421.
MI

Tachome
ter

425.
Wire
wo
un
d
426.

405.
6

394.
Q

427.
Digital

428.

(010A)

441.
1

429.
430.

440.

(02A)

431.
432. (0600V)

442.
443.
1
444.

433.
434. 270
,1.2A
435.

446.

436. 50
,5A
437.
438.

445.
3

447.
1
448.
449.
1

450.

451.
452.

FORMULAE USED:
453.
Eo-Vrated

454.
Percentage regulation
methods

= ------------ *100(For both EMF and MMF

455.
V rated
456.

DESCRIPTION:

457.
Voltage regulation of an alternator is defined as the rise in
terminal voltage of the machine expressed as a fraction of percentage of the initial
voltage when specified load at a particular power factor is thrown off, the speed and
excitation remaining unchanged.
458.
The experiment involves the determination of the following
characteristics and parameters.
1. The open circuit characteristic (O.C.C)
2. The short circuit characteristic (S.C.C)
3. The effective resistance of the armature winding.
459.
460.
In the MMF method leakage reactance is treated as additional
armature reaction. The regulation determined by this method is less than the
actual value. The field current taken from the short circuit characteristics
refers to unsaturated condition.
461.
But under normal load the magnetic circuit is saturated
and the MMF required for leakage drop is much more. Therefore regulation
calculated by MMF method is less. Hence this method is called as optimistic
method.
462.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. The motor field rheostat should be kept in the minimum resistance position.

463.
2. The alternator field potential divider should be in the maximum voltage
position.
464.
3. Initially all switches are in open position.
465.
466.

PROCEDURE:

467.

OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS:

1. Note down the name plate details of alternator.

2. Connections are made as per the diagram. The ratings of the meters are
chosen as per the name plate details and the nature of the experiment to be
conducted. The potential divider of the alternator field is kept at the
minimum position. Keep the potential divider of the alternator field in the
minimum position.
3. With usual precaution to start a DC motor and alternator, give the DC
supply to the motor by closing the DPST switch.
4. The DC motor, used as the prime mover for the alternator is started using a
three point starter and by adjusting the field rheostat of the motor, the
alternator is made to run at synchronous speed.
5. Give the DC supply to the alternator field by closing the DPST, and for each
setting of the field current, record the terminal voltage and the field current.
6. Record readings till the open circuit voltage EO reaches 120% of the rated
voltage of the machine.
468.
469.

SHORT CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. The ratings of the meters are chosen as per the name plate details and the
nature of the experiment to be conducted.
3. The potential divider of the alternator field is kept at the minimum
position.
4. With usual precaution to start a DC motor and alternator, give the DC
supply to the motor by closing the DPST switch.
5. The DC motor, used as the prime mover for the alternator is started
using a three point starter and by adjusting the field rheostat of the
motor , the alternator is made to run at synchronous speed.
6. Short circuit the armature terminals through an ammeter by closing the
TPST switch.
7. By varying the potential divider in the alternator gently, increase the field
current If gradually and cautiously till rated current flows in the

armature. The speed of the set in this test to be maintained at the rated
speed of the alternator.
8. Measure armature resistance per phase Ra of alternator by voltmeter
Ammeter method.
470.
471.
472.
473.

PROCEDURE TO DRAW GRAPH FOR MMF METHOD

474.
1. Draw the open circuit characteristics curve (Generated voltage per
phase Vs Field current).
2. Draw the short circuit characteristics curve (Short circuit current Vs
Field current).
3. Draw the OL to represent If which gives the rated generated
voltage(V).
4. Draw the line LA at an angle (90_+) to represent If which gives the
rated full load current (Isc) on short circuit [(90+ ) for lagging power
factor and (90- ) for leading power factor].
5. Join the points O and A and find the field current (If) by measuring
the distance OA that gives the open circuit voltage (E0) from the open
circuit characteristics.
6. Find the percentage regulation by using suitable formula.
475.
476.
477.
478.
479.
480.
481.
482.
483.
484.
485.

486.
487.
488.
489.
490.
491.

TABULATION:

492.

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

493.

496.
Field
Current(If)

494.
495.
.No

503.

500.

497.
Open Circuit
Line Voltage(VoL)

Amps

504.

501.

Volts

505.

498.
Open
Circuit Phase
Voltage(VO(Ph))
502.

Volts

506.

507.
508.

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:

509.
510.

511.

513.

Short Circuit Current

.No

512.

Field Current(If)
516.

518.

514.

(120 To 150 % of rated

current)(ISC)

Amps

517.

519.

Amps

520.

521.
522.
523.
524.

To Find out the Armature Resistance Ra:

525.
526.

531.

527.

532.

528.
S.No
529.

533.

Armatur
e Current

538.

(I)

Amps

Armat
ure
Voltage

534.
539.

535. Armatur
e Resistance
536.

(V)
Volts

540.

Ra=V/I

Ohms

530.
541.

542.

547.

548.

543.
544.
545.
546.
549.
550.

Determination of regulation by MMF method:

551.
Po
wer factor

552.
555.

Lagging
E0

557.

553.
%R

eg

558.

E0

Leading
560.

%Reg

556.

(V
)

561.

562.

)
563.

564.

566.
567.
568.
569.
570.
571.

(V

559.

MODEL GRAPH FOR MMF METHOD:

565.

572.

573.
574.
575.
576.
577.
578.
579.
580.
581.
582.

583.

584.
585.
586.
587.
588.
589.
590.
591.
592.
593.
594.
595.
596.
597.

REGULATION CURVE FOR MMF METHOD

598.

VIVA QUESTIONS:
599.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

What is the advantage of having high regulation in an alternator?

Why MMF method is called optimistic method?
What are the difference between EMF and MMF method?
Under what condition, poor regulation is helpful?
Name the different leakage fluxes occurring in a loaded armature winding.
What are the factors that change voltage in alternators when loaded?
What is meant by load angle of an alternator?
600.
601.
602.
603.
604.
605.
606.
607.
608.
609.
610.
611.

RESULT:

612.
By conducting open circuit and short circuit tests on the given
alternator, its percentage regulation at different power factor and load
are pre determined by using MMF methods for full load condition.
613.
614.
615.
616.
617.

618. E
X.NO
:
621. D
ATE:

619.
620.

LOAD TEST ON THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

623.
624.

AIM:

625.
To conduct the load test on three phase induction motor and plot
its performance characteristics.
626.
627.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

3 Induction Motor

Auto Transformer

628.
629.
630.
631.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

632.
S

633. Name of
the apparatus

634.
Type

635.
Rang
e

636. Q
uan
tity

637.
1

645.

652.
MI

668.

638.

647.

659.
(010
A)
660.

671.

Ammeter

646.
Voltmeter

648.
639.
2

649.

Wattmeter

650.
640.
641.
3

651. Tachomet
er

653.
654.
MI

656.
UPF

661.
(060
0
V)

657.

662.

655.

669.
670.

672.

673.
674.

642.

658.
Digit
al

643.
4

663.
(600V
,1
0
A)
664.

644.

665.
666.
667.
675.
676.
677.

FORMULAE USED:

1. Torque = 9.81*(S1~S2)*(R+t/2) Nm.

678.
Where,
679.

S1,S2 - spring balance readings in Kg.

680.

- Radius of the brake drum in m.

681.

- Thickness of the belt in N-m.

682.
2. Output Power, Po= (2NT)/60 W.
683.
Where,
684.

N- Speed of the motor in RPM.

685.

T- Torque in Nm.

686.
3. Power factor, cos= Pi/ (3 VL IL )
687.
Where,
688.

Pi- Input Power in W.

689.

VL - Line Voltage in V.

690.

IL -Line current in A.

4. %Slip=(Ns-N)/Ns*100
691.
692.

Where,

693.

Ns Synchronous speed in RPM.

694.

N - Actual speed of the motor.

5. %Efficiency=Po/Pi*100
695.
Where,
696.

Po- Output Power in W.

697.

Pi- Input power in W.

698.

699.

LOAD TEST ON 3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

700.

701.

DESCRIPTION:

702.
703.
The purpose of the load test is to determine the suitability of the
motor for a particular use. Performance characteristics of a three phase
induction motor such as efficiency, output power, torque, speed and
power factor for various loads can be determined by conducting load test.
704.

PRECAUTION:

1. The motor should be started without any load.

705.
706.

PROCEDURE:

707.
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Supply is given with the auto transformer kept in minimum position. It is
varied gently till the rated voltage is injected.
3. Ammeter, Voltmeter, Wattmeter, Speed and spring balance
readings,IL,VL,W,N,S1&S2 respectively are noted down at the no load
condition.
4. Then the motor is loaded by tightening the belt on the brake drum and
each time the different meter reading are noted down till 110% of rated
current is reached. The various reading is entered in table.
708.
709.
710.
711.
712.
713.
714.
715.
716.
717.
718.
719.

MODEL GRAPH:

720.
721.

(i) Electrical Characteristics:

722.
723.

724.
725.
726.
727.

(ii) Mechanical Characteristics:

728.

TABULATION:

729.
730.
S.
731.

M.F=
732.
V
733.
V

734.
C

735.

737.
S
738.
N

736.

739.
Watt
m
et
er
R
ea
di
n
gs

741. Spring
Balance
Readings
(Kg)

742.
T
743.
T

745.
O
746.
P

747.
%

749.
%

748.
S

750.
Effi
c
i
e
n
c
y

744.
(

740.
Pi
(
W
)

751.
Po
w
e
r
f
a
c
t
o
r
752.
(cos

767.

775.

785.

794.

768.

757.
O

758.
A

759.
S

760.
S

761.
S

762.

763.

764.

765.

766.

802.

809.

816.

824.

830.

838.

841.

851.

852.

853.

817.

825.
831.

839.

842.

803.
776.

786.

795.

810.

769.

777.

787.

796.

770.
771.
772.

778.

788.

797.

779.

789.

798.

807.

812.
813.

790.

799.

814.

781.

791.

800.

815.

782.

792.

801.

783.

793.

855.
856.
VIVA-QUESTIONS:

818.

826.

819.

827.

820.

828.

821.

829.

832.

840.

843.

833.

844.

834.

845.

835.

846.

836.

847.

837.

848.

822.

780.

854.

858.

806.

808.

784.

857.

811.

805.

773.
774.

804.

823.

849.
850.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

What is the purpose of skewing the rotor slots in 3phase induction motor?
What are the advantages of using double squirrel cage rotor?
What are the different methods available to control the speed of 3 phase induction motor?
What is the basic principle of operation of a 3 phase induction motor/
What happens to the speed of the induction motor when the mechanical loads acting on it is increased?
Explain how the starting torque of an induction motor be improved?
Mention some applications of squirrel cage and slip ring induction motors.
What changes take place in the torque speed characteristics of a 3 phase induction motor when resistance in the
rotor side is externally added?
9. When the 3 phase induction motor is in operation, one phase is removed, will the motor run? If so what changes
will be observed in various meter readings
859.
860.
861.
862.
863.
864.
865.
866.
867.
868.
869.
870.

RESULT:

871.
Load test on a three phase induction motor was conducted and its performance characteristics
curves were drawn.
872.

873. E
X.NO
:

874.
875.

876. D
ATE:

NOLOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TEST ON THREE PHASE

INDUCTION MOTOR

878.
879.

AIM:

880.
To conduct the no load and blocked rotor test and to determine the equivalent circuit parameters and
to draw the equivalent circuit for three phase induction motor.
881.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

882.

3 Induction motor

Auto Transformer

883.
884.
885.
886.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

887.
888.

889.

Name of the

890.

891.

892.

Qu

apparatus

893.
1

ype

919.
910.

M
I

894.
2
895.
3
896.
4
897.
5
898.
6
899.
7
900.

ange

911.

M
C

901.

Ammeter

902.

Ammeter

903.

Voltmeter

904.

Voltmeter

905.

Voltmeter

906.

Wattmeter

907.

Wattmeter

908.

Tachometer

912.

M
I

913.

M
I

914.

M
C

915.

U
PF

916.

L
PF

909.

917. D
igita
l
918.

antity

010A
)
920.

010A
)
921.

0600
V)
922.

0150
V)
923.

050V
)
924. (
600
V,10

928.

929.

930.

931.

932.

933.

934.

935.

A)
925. (
150
V,10
A)

926.
927.

936.
937.
938.

1.

941.

939.

FORMULAE USED:

940.

OC TEST:

No load power factor (coso) = Wo/3VoIo

a. Where,
i. Vo- No load voltage in volts.
ii. Io- No load current in amps.
iii. Woc- No load power in watts.

2. Working component current (Iw)= Io* coso/3 in Amps.

3. Magnetization current (Im) = Io*sino/3 in Amps
4. No load resistance(Ro) = Vo/ Io coso
5. No load reactance(Xo) = V0/ Io sino in
942.
943.

SC TEST:

1. Stator resistance,R01
944. Where,

WBR/(3IB2) in

945.

WBR - Blocked rotor power in W, IB=IBR/3

946.

IBR - Blocked rotor current in A

947.
2. Stator impedance,Z01 = VBR / IB in
948. Where,
949.

VBR -Blocked rotor voltage in V.

950.
3. Stator resistance, X01 = (Z012-R012) in .
951.
4. Rotor Resistance referred to stator, R2= R01-R1 in .
952.
5. Electrical Equivalent of mechanical load, RL = R2 [(1-S)/S] in .
953.
954.

Where,

955.

S - Slip of the motor.

956.
957.

NO LOAD TEST ON 3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

958.

BLOCKED ROTOR TEST ON 3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

959.

960.

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT:

961.

962.
963.
964.
965.
966.
967.
968.

969.
970.
971.

DESCRIPTION:

972.
The equivalent circuit of a 3 phase induction motor represents the
magnetizing component and working component which are combined in one
circuit. To obtain the equivalent circuit parameters the following tests are
performed.
973.
(i)
974.

No load test (ii) Blocked rotor test (iii) Stator resistance measurement.

975. The circuit parameters are used to predict the performance characteristics of
the machine accurately.
976.
977.

PRECAUTION:

The auto transformer should be kept at minimum voltage position.

978.
979.

PROCEDURE:

980.
981.

No-load test:

1. Note down the name plate details of motor.

2. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
3. Rated voltage is applied to the stator of induction motor using the auto
transformer and corresponding voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter readings Vo,
Io and Wo respectively are noted and tabulated.
4. Care should be taken that the rotor should rotate freely.
982.
983.
984.

Blocked Rotor Test:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. In this test the rotor is blocked.
3. Rated current is applied to the stator of induction motor using the auto
transformer and corresponding voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter readings
VBR, IBR and WBR respectively are noted and tabulated.

985.
986.
987.
988.
989.
1.
2.
3.
4.

Measurement of stator resistance:

Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

The armature rheostat is kept at maximum position.
he DPST switch is closed.
y varying the armature gradually, armature voltage and current readings are
noted.
5. This process is repeated for a few set of readings. By applying Ohms law the
stator resistance is determined for each reading. The average value is used
for any calculation.
990.
991.
992.
993.
994.
995.
996.
997.
998.
999.
1000.
1001.
1002.
1003.
1004.
1005.

1006.
1007.
1008.
1009. TABULATION:
1010.
1011.

No-load test:
1012. Speed=

1013.

M.F=

1014.
1016.
1015.
S

No Load

1017. Voltage(
Vo)
1027. Volts

1031.

1032.

1018. No
Load

1020.

No Load Power (Wo)

1024. Obs
erved

1025. Ac
tual

1028. Amps

1029. Wat
ts

1030. W
atts

1033.

1034.

1037.

1019. curr
ent (Io)

1035.
1036.
1038.
1039.
1040.

Blocked Rotor Test:

1041.
M.F=
1042.
S

1043.

Blocked
Rotor
Voltage(Vo)

1052. Volts

1045.

Blocked Rotor Power

(Woc)

1044. Block
ed Rotor
current
(Io)

1049. Obs
erved

1050. Ac
tual

1053. Amps

1054. Wat

1055. W

ts
1056.

1057.

1058.

1059.

atts
1060.
1061.
1062.

1063.
1064.
1065.
1066.
1067.
1068. Measuring Stator Resistance:
1069.
1075.
1070.
S.

1071. Volt
age, V
1072. (Volt
s)

1073. Current
,I

1079. Resistanc
e,R

1074. (Amps)

1080. (Ohms)
1084.

1085.

1086.

1087.
1088.
1089.
1090.
1091.

1093.
1094.
1095.
1096.
1097.

1092.

1098.
1099.
1100.
1101.
1102.
1103.
1104.
1105. VIVA-QUESTIONS:
1106.
1107.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Why the power factor of induction motor is very low at start?

Why the starting current of induction motor is very high?
List the advantages of cage induction motor over slip ring induction motor?
Define slip of an induction motor.
Mention few methods of starting of an induction motor.
How the direction of rotation of a 3 phase induction motor can be reversed?
How does the rotor rotate in an induction motor? Give Explanation.
In the circle diagram which line separates the stator and rotor?
What is meant by crawling and cogging as applied to 3 phase induction motor?
1108.
1109.
1110.
1111.
1112.
1113.
1114.
1115.
1116.
1117.

1118.
1119.
1120.
1121. RESULT:
1122.
1123.
The no load and blocked rotor test were conducted. The equivalent
circuit parameters were determined and the equivalent circuit parameters were
substituted.
1124.
1125. E
X.NO
:

1126.
1127. STUDY OF DC MOTOR STRATER

1128. D
ATE:

1130.
1131. AIM:
1132.

To study the working principle of D.C. Motor Starters.

1133.
1134. Theory:
1135. Necessity of starter:
1136.

At the starting instant the sped of the motor is zero, (N=0). As

speed is zero, there cannot be any back emf as Eb N and N is zero at start.
1137.

Eb at start = 0

1138.
1139. The voltage equation of a DC motor is,
1140.
1141.

V = Eb + Ia Ra

1142.

So at start, V = IA Ra

1143.
1144.

1145.

Ia = ----

1146.

Ra

1147.
1148. Generally motor is switched on with normal voltage and as armature
resistance is very small, the armature current at start is very high.
1149. At start, motor armature current is 15 to 20 times more than the full load
current.
1150. To restrict this high armature current, a variable resistance is connected in
series with the armature at start. This resistance is called starter or a starting
resistance. So starter is basically a current limiting device. In the beginning the
entire resistance in the series with the armature and then gradually cut off as
motor gathers sped, producing the back emf.
1151.
1152.

In addition to the starting resistance, there are some protective

devices provided in a starter. There are two types of starters used for dc shunt
motors.
Three point starter
Four point starter
Two point starter
1153. Three point starter:
1154.
1155.

The starter is basically a variable resistance, divided in to

number of sections. The contact points of these sections are called studs and

brought out separately shown as OFF, 1, 2 up to RUN. There are three main
points of this starter:
1. L Line terminal to be connected to positive of supply.
2. A To be connected to the armature winding.
3. F - To be connected to the field winding.
1156.
1157. Point L is further connected to an electro magnet called over load release (OLR).
1158. The second end of OLR is connected to a point where handle of the starter is
pivoted. This handle is free to move from its other side against the force of the spring.
This spring brings back the handle to the OFF position under the influence of its own
force. Another parallel path is derived from the stud 1 given to another electromagnet
called No volt coil. The NVC is further connected to terminal F. The starting resistance
is entirely in series with the armature. The OLR and NVC are the two protecting
devices of the starter.
1159.
1160.
1161. Operation:
1162.

Initially the handle is in the OFF position. The Dc supply to the motor

is switched on. Then handle is slowly moved against the spring force to make a contact
with stud No.1. At this point field winding gets supply through the parallel path
provided to starting resistance, through NVC. While entire starting resistance comes in
series with the armature and armature current which is high at start, gets limited. As
the handle is moved further, it goes on making contact with studs 2,3,4 etc, cutting out
the starting resistance gradually from the armature circuit. Finally when the starter
handle is in RUN position, the entire starting resistance gets removed from the
armature circuit and motor starts operating with normal speed.
1163. Functions of No Volt Coil;

1164.
1. The supply to the filed winding is derived trough NVC. So when field
current flows, it magnetizes the NVC. When the handle is in the RUN
position, soft iron piece connected to the handle gets attracted by the
magnetic force produced by NVC. Design of NVC is such that it holds the
handle in RUN position against the force of the spring as long as supply to
the motor is proper. Thus NVC holds the handle in the RUN position and
hence also called hold in coil.
2. Whenever there is supply failure or if field circuit is broken, the current
through NVC gets affected. IT looses its magnetism and hence not in a
position to keep the soft iron piece on the handle, attracted. Under the spring
force handle comes back to OFF position, switching off the motor. So due to
the combination of NVC and the spring the starter handle always comes
back to OFF position whenever there is any supply problem. The entire
starting resistance comes back in series with the armature when attempt id
made to start the motor every time. This prevents the damage of the motor
caused due to accidental starting.
3. NVC performs the similar action under low voltage condition s and protects
the motor from such dangerous supply conditions as well.
1165.
1166. Action of over load release:
1167.

This also consists of an electromagnet and it is energized by the line

current. If the motor becomes over loaded beyond a predetermined value, then the
movable iron is lifted and short circuits the terminals of the coils of the no volt release.
Now the no volt coil is de-energized and the starters handle returns to the OFF position
by the spring tension. Thus the over load release protects the motor against over loads.
1168.
1169.

A variable resistance has to be connected in series with the field

winding to control the speed of the motor. FOR increasing the speed the filed current is

to o be decreased. When this current decreases, the hold on coil will not get sufficient
magnetic power to hold the handle in the ON position. So when we try to increase the
speed, the handle will return to the OFF position. This is the disadvantage of three point
starter. Therefore, four point starters are widely used for starting shunt and compound
motors where sped control is required.
1170.
1171. Four point starter:
1172.

The basic difference between three point and four point starters is the

connection of NVC. In three point, NVC is in series with the field winding while in four
point starter NVC is connected independently across the supply through the fourth
terminal called N in addition to the L, F, and A .
1173.

Hence any change in the field current does not affect the performance

of the NVC. Thus it is ensured that NVC always produce a force which is enough to
hold the handle in Run position, against force of the spring, under all the operating
conditions. Such a current is adjusted through NVC with the help of fixed resistance R
connected in series with the NVC using fourth point N .
1174.
1175.

Disadvantage:
The only limitation of the four point starter is, it does not provide high

speed protection of the motor. If under running condition, field gets opened, the field
current reduces to zero. But there is some residual flux present and N 1/ the motor
tries to run with dangerously high speed. This is called high speeding action of the
motor. In three point starters as NVC is in series with the field, under such field failure,
NVC releases handle to the OFF position. But in four point starter NVC is connected
directly across the supply and its current is maintained irrespective of the current
through the field winding. Hence it always maintains handle in the RUN position, as
long as supply is there. And thus it does not protect the motor from field failure
conditions which result into the high speeding of the motor.
1176.

1177. Two point starter:

1178.

In case of series motors, filed and armature are n series and

hence starting resistance is inserted in series with the field and armature. Such a
starter used ot limit the stating current in case of dc series motor I called two
point starter. The basic construction of two point starter is similar to that of
three point starter except the fact that it has only two terminals namely line (L)
and filed (F). The F terminal is one end of the series combination of field and the
armature winding.
1179.

The action to the starter is similar to that of three point starter. The handle

of the starter is in OFF position. When it is moved to ON, motor gets the supply
and the entire starting resistance is in series with the armature and fled. It limits
the starting current. The current through no volt coil energizes it and when
handle reaches to RUN position. The no volt coil holds the handle by attracting
the soft iron piece on the handle. Hence the no volt coil is also called hold on coil.
1180.

The main problem in case of dc series motor is its over

speeding action when the load is less. This can be prevented using two point
starters. The no volt coil is designed in such a way that it hold the handle in
RUN position only when it carries sufficient current for which motor can run
safely. If there is loss of load then current drawn by the motor decreases, due to
which no volt coil loses its required magnetism and releases the handle? Under
spring force, handle comes back to OFF position, protecting the motor from over
speeding. Similarly if there is any supply problem such that voltage decreases
suddenly then also no volt coil releases the handle ad protects the motor from
adverse supply conditions.
1181.

The over load condition can be prevented using overload

release. When motor draws excessively high current due to overload, then
current through overload magnet increases. This energies the magnet up to such
an extent that it attracts the lever below it. When lever is lifted upwards the
triangular piece attached to it touches the two points, which are the two ends of

no volt coil. Thus no volt coil gets shorted, losing it magnetism and releasing the
handle back to OFF position. This protects the motor from overloading
conditions.
1182.
1183.
1184.
1185.
1186.
1187.
1188.
1189.
1190.
1191.

1192.

1193.
1194.

1195.
1196.
1197.
1198.
1199.

1200.

1201.

1202.
1203.
1204.
1205.
1206.
1207.
1208.
1209.
1210. Viva Questions:
1. What is the necessity of starter?
2. What is the difference between three point and four point starters?
3. What is the function of hold on coil?
4. What is the function of series resistance provided in the hold on coil circuit?
5. What is the function of no voltage coil?
6. What is starter?
7. What are the types of starter?
8. Name the protective devices used in a starter.
9. What is the function of over load release?
10. Why does the dc motor draw a very high current at starting, when started directly
on lines?
11. How the speed control can be achieved from four point starter?
12. What is the disadvantage of four point starter?
13. Name the starters used for DC series motor?
1211.
1212.
1213.

1214.
1215.
1216.
1217.
1218.
1219. Result:
1220.

The working principle and operation of DC motor starters were

studied.
1221. E
X.NO
:

1222. TRANSFER FUNCTION OF SEPERTELY EXCITED GENERATOR

1223. D
ATE:
1225.
1226. AIM:
1227. To determine the transfer function of separately excited generator
1228.
1229. TRANSFER FUNCTION OF SEPERATELY EXCITED GENERATOR

T .F
1230.
1231.
1232.
1233.

Kg
SL f R f

1234.
1235. PROCEDURE:

Make the connections as given in the circuit diagram

Connect 220V fixed DC supply to the motor field.
Connect 100-220 V variable DC supply to the generator field.
Connect 0-220V variable DC supply to the armature.
Switch on the MCB keeping armature voltage control pot at its minimum
position & ON/OFF switch at OFF position and also variable field voltage pot at

its maximum position.

Now switch on the armature control switch and vary the armature control
potentiometer till the motor rotates at its rated speed.

T .F

Kg
SL f R f

1236.
1237.
1238. Transfer function of separately excited DC Generator
1239.

1240.

1241.
1242.
1243. TABULATION
1244.
1245. Sl.No.

1247.
1248. If Amps

1249.
1250. Eg volts

1246.
1251.
1252.

1254.

1255.

1253.
1256.
1257.
1258. Model Graph
1259.

1260.
1261.
1262.
1263.
1264.
1265.
1266.
1267.
1268.

1269. RESULT:
1270.

The transfer function of separately excited generator was determined.

1271.
1272. E
X.NO
:

1273. Transfer function of armature and field controlled DC Motor

1274. D
ATE:
1276.

Aim:
1277.

To obtain the transfer function of DC motor using armature and

field controlled method.

1278.
1279.
1280.
1281.
1282.
1283.
1284.
1285.
1286.
1287.
1288.

1289.
1290.
1291.
1292.
1293.

LOAD TEST OF DC MOTOR

1294.
1295.
1296.
1297.
1298.
1299.
1300.

1301.

1302.

1303.

1304.

Speed control by Armature voltage

control

1305.

1306.

1307.
1308.

1309.

Transfer function of
armature control DC Motor

1310.

FIELD CONTROL OF DC MOTOR

1311.

1312.

1313.

1314.
1315. RESULT:

1316.

The transfer function of separately excited generator was determined.

1317.
1318.
1319. E
X.NO
:

1320. STABILITY ANALYSIS OF LINEAR SYSTEM

1321. D
ATE:
1323.
1324. AIM:
1325.
1326. (i) To obtain the Bode plot, root locus of the given transfer function.
1327.
1328. (ii) To analysis the stability of given linear system using MATLAB.
1329.
1330.
1331. APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1332. System with MATLAB
1333.
1334. THEORY:
1335.
1336. Frequency Response:
1337. The frequency response is the steady state response of a system when the input to
the system is a sinusoidal signal. Frequency response analysis of control system can
be carried either analytically or graphically. The various graphical techniques
available for frequency response analysis are
1338.
1339. 1. Bode Plot
1340. 2. Polar plot (Nyquist plot)
1341. 3. Nichols plot
1342. 4. M and N circles
1343. 5. Nichols chart
1344.
1345. Bode plot:
1346.
1347. The bode plot is a frequency response plot of the transfer function of asystem. A
bode plot consists of two graphs. One is plot of the magnitude of a sinusoidal transfer function
versus log w. The other is plot of the phase angle of a sinusoidal transfer function versus logw.
1348. The main advantage of the bode plot is that multiplication of magnitude can be
converted into addition. Also a simple method for sketching an approximate log
magnitude curve is available

1349.
1350. Polar plot:
1351. The polar plot of a sinusoidal transfer function G (jw) on polar coordinates as w is
varied from zero to infinity. Thus the polar plot is the locus of vectors [G (jw) ] G (jw) as w is
varied from zero to infinity. The polar plot is also called Nyquist plot.
1352.
1353. Nyquist Stability Criterion:
1354.
1355. If G(s)H(s) contour in the G(s)H(s) plane corresponding to Nyquist contour in splane encircles the point 1+j0 in the anti clockwise direction as many times as the
number of right half s-plain of G(s)H(s). Then the closed loop system is stable.
1356.
1357. Root Locus:
1358.
1359. The root locus technique is a powerful tool for adjusting the location of closed
loop poles to achieve the desired system performance by varying one or more system parameters.
1360. The path taken by the roots of the characteristics equation when open loop gain K
is varied from 0 to are called root loci (or the path taken by a root of characteristic
equation when open loop gain K is varied from 0 to is called root locus.)
1361.
1362. Frequency Domain Specifications:
1363.
1364. The performance and characteristics of a system in frequency domain are
measured in term of frequency domain specifications. The requirements of a system
to be designed are usually specified in terms of these specifications.
1365.
1366. The frequency domain specifications are
1367.
1368. 1. Resonant peak, Mr
1369. 2. Resonant Frequency, wr.
1370. 3. Bandwidth.
1371. 4. Cut off rate
1372. 5. Gain margin
1373. 6. Phase margin
1374. Resonant Peak, Mr
1375.
1376. The maximum value of the magnitude of closed loop transfer function is called
the resonant peak, Mr. A large resonant peak corresponds to a large over shoot in transient
response.
1377.
1378. Resonant Frequency, wr
1379.
1380. The bandwidth is the range of frequency for which the system gain is more than
-3db. The frequency at which the gain is -3db is called cut off frequency. Bandwidth is usually
defined for closed loop system and it transmits the signals whose frequencies are less than cut-off

frequency. The bandwidth is a measured of the ability of a feedback system to produce the input
signal, noise rejection characteristics and rise time. A large bandwidth corresponds to a small rise
time or fast response.
1381.
1382. Cut-Off Rate:
1383. The slope of the log-magnitude curve near the cut off frequency is called cut-off
rate. The cut-off rate indicates the ability of the system to distinguish the signal from noise.
1384.
1385.
1386.
1387.
1388.
1389. Gain Margin, Kg
1390.
1391. The gain margin, Kg is defined as the reciprocal of the magnitude of open loop
transfer function at phase cross over frequency. The frequency at which the phase of open loop
transfer function is 180 is called the phase cross over frequency, Wpc.
1392. Phase Margin,
1393. The phase margin is that amount of additional phase lag at the gain cross over
frequency required bringing the system to the verge of instability; the gain cross over frequency
Wgc is the frequency at which the magnitude of open loop transfer function is unity (or it is the
frequency at which the db magnitude is zero).
1394.
1395. PROCEDURE:
1396.
1397.
1398.
1399.
1400.
1401.
1402.
1403.
1404.
1405.
1406.
1407.
1408.
1409.
1410.
1411.
1412.
1413.
1414.
1415.

1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.

2. Create a new M file by selecting File New M File.
3. Type and save the program.
4. Execute the program by either pressing F5 or Debug Run.
5. View the results.
6. Analysis the stability of the system for various values of gain.

1416.
1417.
1418.
1419.
1420.
1421.
1422.
1423.
1424.
1425.
1426.
1427.
1428.
1429.
1430.

1431. Problem 1
1432.
1433. Obtain the bode diagram for the following system

1434.
1435.
1436.

MATLAB Program

1437.
1438.
1439.
1440.
1441.
1442.
1443.
1444.
1445.

a = [0 1 ; -25 -4]
b = [1 1 ; 0 1]
c = [1 1 ; 1 1]
d = [0 0 ; 0 0]
bode (a, b, c, d)
grid
title (BODE DIAGRAM)

1446. Problem 2
1447.
1448. Obtain the root focus plot of the given open loop T.F is

1449.
1450.
1451.

MATLAB Program

1452.
1453.
1454.
1455.
1456.
1457.
1458.
1459.
1460.
1461.
1462.
1463.
1464.
1465.
1466.
1467.
1468.
1469.
1470.
1471.
1472.
1473.
1474.
1475.

num = [0 0 0 0 1]
den = [11.1 10.3 5 0]
rlocus (num,den)
grid
title [Root Locus Plot]

1476.
1477. RESULT:
1478.
Transfer function of the given system is obtained from root locus and
bode plot and using the MATLAB stability of the given linear system was
determined.
1479.
1480.
1481.
1482.
1483.
1484.
1485.
1486.
1487.
1488.
1489.
1490.
1491.
1492. E
X.NO
:
1494. D
ATE:
1496.

1493. DIGITAL SIMULATION OF LINEAR SYSTEM

1497. AIM:
1498.
1499. To simulate the time response characteristic of higher-order Multi input
multi output (MIMO) liner system using MATLAB.
1500.
1501. APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1502.
1503. MATLAB 7.0
1504.
1505. THEORY:
1506. Time Domain Specification
1507. The desired performance characteristics of control systems are specified in terms
of time domain specification. System with energy storage elementsMcannot responds
instantaneously and will exhibit transient responses, whenever they are subjected to
inputs or disturbances.
1508. The desired performance characteristics of a system of any order may be specified
in terms of the transient response to a units step input signal. The transient response
of a system to a unit step input depends on the initial conditions. Therefore to
compare the time response of various systems it is necessary to start with standard
initial conditions. The most practical standard is to start with the system at rest and
output and all time derivatives there of zero. The transient response of a practical
control system often exhibits damped oscillation before reaching steady state.
1509. The transient response characteristics of a control system to a unit step input are
specified in terms of the following time domain specifications.
1510.
1511. 1. Delay time, td
1512. 2. Rise time, tr
1513. 3. Peak time, tp
1514. 4. Maximum overshoot, Mp
1515. 5. Setting time, ts
1516.
1517. FORMULA:

1518.
1519.
1520.
1521.
1522. PROCEDURE:
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.

2. Create a new workspace by selecting new file.

3. Complete your model.
4. Run the model by either pressing F5 or start simulation.
5. View the results.
6. Analysis the stability of the system for various values of gain.
1523.
1524. PROBLEM:
1525.
1526. Obtain the step response of series RLC circuit with R = 1.3KW, L = 26mH and
1527. C=3.3mf using MATLAB M File.
1528.
1529. MATLAB PROGRAM FOR UNIT IMPULSE PRSPONSE:
1530. PROGRAM:
1531.
1532. num = [ 0 0 1 ]
1533. den = [ 1 0.2 1 ]
1534.
1535.
1536.
1537.
1538.
1539.
1540.
1541.
1542.
1543.
1544.
1545.
1546.
1547.
1548.
1549.
1550.
1551.
1552.
1553.
1554.
1555.

impulse (num, den)

grid
title ( unit impulse response plot)
MATLAB PROGRAM FOR UNIT STEP PRSPONSE:
PROGRAM:
Format long e
num = [ 0 0 1.6e10 ]
den = [ 1 50000 1.6e10 ]
step (num, den)
grid on
title (step response of series RLC circuit)

1556.
1557.
1558.
1559.
1560.
1561.
1562.
1563.
1564.
1565.
1566.
1567.
1568.
1569. Result:
1570.
The time response characteristic of higher-order Multi input multi
output (MIMO) liner system is simulated using MATLAB .
1571.
1572.
1573.
1574. E
X.NO
:

1575. DESIGN OF LEAD - LAG COMPENSATOR

1576. D
ATE:
1578.
1579. AIM
1580.
To design the lag and lead compensator.
1581.
1582.
1583. APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1584.
1585. System employed with MATLAB 7.0
1586.
1587. THEORY:
1588.
1589. The control systems are designed to perform specific tasks. When performance
specification are given for single input Single output linear time invariant systems.
Then the system can be designed by using root locus or frequency response plots. The
first step in design is the adjustment of gain to meet the desired specifications. In
practical system, Adjustment of gain alone will not be sufficient to meet the given
specifications. In many cases, increasing the gain may result poor stability or
instability. In such case, it is necessary to introduce additional devices or component
in the system to alter the behavior and to meet the desired specifications. Such a
redesign or addition of a suitable device is called compensations. A device inserted
into the system for the purpose or satisfying the specifications is called compensator.
The compensator behavior introduces pole & zero in open loop transfer function to
modify the performance of the system. The different types of electrical or electronic
compensators used are lead compensator and lag compensator.
1590.
1591. In control systems compensation required in the following situations.
1592.
1593. 1. When the system is absolutely unstable then compensation is required to
stabilize the system and to meet the desired performance.
1594.
1595. 2. When the system is stable. Compensation is provided to obtain the desired
performance.
1596.
1597. LAG COMPENSATOR:
1598.
1599. A compensator having the characteristics of a lag network is called a lag
compensator. If a sinusoidal signal is applied to a lag network, then in steady state the
output will have a phase lag with respect input. Lag compensation result in a
improvement in steady state performance but result in slower response due to reduced
bandwidth. The attenuation due to the lag compensator will shift the gain crossover
frequency to a lower frequency point where the phase margin is acceptable. Thus the
lag compensator will reduce the bandwidth of the system and will result in slower
transient response. Lag compensator is essentially a low pass filter and high
frequency noise signals are attenuated. If the pore introduce by compensator is
cancelled by a zero in the system, then lag compensator increase the order of the
system by one.
1600.
1601.
1602. FORMULA:

1603.
1604.
1605.
1606.
1607.
1608.
1609.
1610.
1611.
1612.
1613.
1614.
1615.
1616.
1617.
1618.

PROCEDURE:
Without compensator:
1. Make the connection as per the circuit diagram.
2. Apply the 2V p-p sin wave input and observe the waveform.
3. Verify the frequency of the sin wave input and tabulate the values of xo and yo
4. Calculated gain and phase angle.
5. Draw the bode plot.
With lag compensator:
1. From the bode plot find the new gain crossover frequency.
2. Find out b values and writ the frequency function. G(s).

1619. 3. From the transfer function calculated R1, R2 and C.

1620. 4. Set the amplifier gain at unity.
1621. 5. Insert the lag compensator with the help of passive components and determine
the phase margin of the plant.
1622. 6. Observe the step response of the compensated system.
1623.
1624.
1625. MATLAB coding with Compensator:
1626.
1627. PROGRAM:
1628.
1629. num = [ 0 0 100 5 ];
1630. den = [ 400 202 1 0 ];
1631. sys = (sys)
1632. margin (sys)
1633. [ gm, ph, wpc, wgc ] = margin (sys)
1634. title (BODE PLOT OF COMPENSATED SYSTEM)
1635.
1636.
1637.
1638.
1639.
1640. LEAD COMPENSATOR:

1641.
1642. A compensator having the characteristics of a lead network is called a lead
compensator. If sinusoidal signal is applied to a lead network, then in steady state the
output will have a phase lead with respect to input. The lead compensator increases
the bandwidth, which improves the speed of response and also reduces the amount of
overshoot. Lead compensation appreciably improves the transient response, whereas
there is a small change in steady state accuracy. Generally lead compensation is
provided to make an unstable system as a stable system. A lead compensator is
basically a high pass filter and so it amplifies high frequency noise signals. If the pole
is introduced by the compensator is not cancelled by a zero in the system, then lead
compensator increases order of the system by one.
1643.
1644.
1645. FORMULA:

1646.
1647.
1648.
1649.
1650.
1651.
1652.
1653.
1654.
1655.
1656.
1657.
1658.
1659.
1660.
1661.
1662.
1663.
1664.
1665.
1666.
1667.
1668.

PROCEDURE:
1. Enter the command window of MATLAB.
2. Create a New M-File by selecting file New M-File.
3. Type and save the program.
4. Execute the program by pressing F5 or Debug Run.
5. View the results.
6. Analyze the Results.
With lead compensator:
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new M file by selecting File New M-File.
3. Type and save the program.
4. Execute the program by either pressing F5 or Debug Run.
5. View the results.
6. Analysis the result.

1669. PROGRAM:

1670.
1671.
1672.
1673.
1674.
1675.
1676.
1677.
1678.
1679.
1680.
1681.
1682.
1683.
1684.
1685.

num=[1 151 0.1774 ];

den=[1 0.739 0.921 0 ];
pitch=tf(num, den);
alead=200;
Tlead=0.0025;
K=0.1;
lead=tf(K*[alead*Tlead 1], [Tlead 1]);
bode(lead*pitch)
sys_cl=feedback(lead*pitch,10);
de=0.2;
t=0:0.01:10;
figure
step (de*sys_cl, t)
title('BODE PLOT FOR CLOSED LOOP SYSTEM WITH
COMPENSATOR')

1686.
1687.
1688.
1689.
1690.
1691.
1692. Result:
1693.

Using MATLAB software the lead and lag compensators are designed.