MANUFACTURED
SUBSTANCES IN
INDUSTRY
CONTENT
Content
Introduction
9.1 Sulphuric acid
9.1.1 Properties of sulphuric acid
9.1.2 The uses of sulphuric acid
9.1.3 The industrial process in manufacture of sulphuric acid
9.1.4 Environmental pollution by sulphuric acid
9.2 Ammonia and its salt
9.2.1 Properties of ammonia
9.2.2 The uses of ammonia
9.2.3 The industrial process in manufacture of ammonia
9.3 Alloys
9.3.1 Physical properties of pure metals
9.3.2 Meaning and purpose of making alloys
9.4 Synthetic polymers
9.4.1 The meaning and types of polymers
9.4.2 Advantages of synthetic polymers
9.4.3 Environmental pollution caused by synthetic polymers
9.4.4 Methods to overcome the environmental pollution caused
by synthetic polymers
9.5 Glass and ceramics
9.6 Composite material
Conclusion
References
Page
3
4
5
7
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
17
18
18
22
24
25
INTRODUCTION
All the objects that exist around us are made up of chemical substances. These
objects exist an element, compound or mixture. All these objects contribute benefit to
humankind. As time goes on, human has done many researches to ensure all these
chemical substances will be enough for the use of themselves.
Soluble in
water
Non-volatile
acid
Diprotic
acid
Properties of
sulphuric acid
Highly
corrosive
Oily
liquid
Dense
Viscous
colourless
liquid
b)
Ammonium sulphate
H2SO4
Potassium sulphate
H2SO4
As a strong acid
b.
c.
As an oxidizing agent
d.
As a sulphonating agent
e.
As a catalyst
Manufacture
pesticides
Remove metal
oxides from
metal surfaces
before
electroplating
As an
electrolyte in
lead-acid
accumulators
Manufacture
fertilizers
Manufacture
detergents
Manufacture
paint
pigments
Manufacture
synthetic
fibres
2.
Sulphuric acid is produced from sulfur, oxygen and water via the contact
process.
3.
Sulphur
acid
4.
II
Sulphuric
III
b)
5.
6.
2 SO2 + O2
2 SO3
Stage III: Production of sulphuric acid
7.
H2S2O7+ H2O 2
H2SO4
In stage II, sulphur dioxide is dried first before being added to dry air to
produce sulphur trioxide. This is:
a)
b)
To remove contaminants
8. In stage III, sulphur trioxide is not dissolved directly in water to produce sulphuric
acid. This is because:
a)
b)
burned in air
Oleum, H2S2O7
diluted with equal volume of water H2O
2.
3.
4.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Acid rain flows into the rivers and increases the acidity of water and kill
aquatic living things.
5.
Hence, we must reduce the sulphur dioxide from the atmosphere by:
i.
Use low sulphur fuels to reduce the emission of sulphur dioxide in exhaust
gases
ii.
2.
3.
4.
It is a weak alkali.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Some metal hydroxides such as zinc hydroxide and copper (II) hydroxide
dissolves in excess aqueous ammonia to form complexes.
11
Extremely
soluble in
water
Weak
alkali
Properties of ammonia
Colorless
Pungent
smell
Mass of nitrogen
12
X 100%
9.3 ALLOYS
9.3.1 Physical properties of pure metals
1.Pure metals have the following physical properties
13
3. The strong forces of attraction between metal atoms requires high energy to
overcome it. Hence, most metals have high melting points.
4.The close-packed arrangement of metal atoms results in the high density of
metals.
High density
Malleable
Ductile
14
5. The properties of a pure metal are thus improved by making them into
alloys. There are three aims of alloying a pure metal:
a)
15
b)
c)
16
b)Synthetic polymers
1. This type of polymer are man-made by chemical process in the
laboratories.
2.The raw material for synthetic polymers are obtained frompetroleum.
3.The types of synthetic polymers include:
a)
Plastics
b)
Fibres
c)
Elastomers
b)
b)
17
Differences between glass and cerement are, glass is transparent, while ceramic is
opaque. Ceramic can withstand a higher temperature than normal glass.
4.
It
c) Borosilicate glass
It
d) Lead glass
High
refractive index
b) Conducting glass
It
6.
conducts electricity
Ceramic is a manufactured substances made from clay, with the
18
Glass
1.
2.
3.
Name of glass
Properties
Chemical
composition
Examples of uses
SiO2 (99%)
Ba2 O 3 (1%)
infrared light
Difficult to be made
into different shapes
Does not crack when
Telescope mirrors,
Lenses
Optical fibres
Laboratory glass
wares
temperature changes
(very low thermal
expansion coefficient)
Very resistant to
chemical reactions
Soda lime glass
SiO2 (70%)
Na2O (15%)
CaO (3%)
Others (5%)
Bottles
Windowpanes
Light bulbs
Mirrors
Bowls
( The most widely
used type of glass)
changes (high
coefficient of
19
expansion)
Less resistant to
chemical reactions
Easy to be made into
different shapes
High softening point
(800C). Thus it is
heat resistant
Does not crack easily
Borosilicate
glass
with sudden
temperature changes
Transparent to
SiO2 (80%)
Ba2 O 3 (15%)
Na2O (3%)
Al 2 O 3
Laboratory apparatus
Cooking utensils
Electrical tubes
Glass pipelines
ultraviolet light
More resistant to
chemical reactions
Does not break easily
Low softening point
Lead crystal
glass
(600 C)
High density
High refractive index
Reflects light rays
and appears spar
SiO2 (55%)
PbO( 30%)
K2O (10%)
Na2O ( 3%)
Al2 O 3 ( 2%)
Decorative items
Crystal glasswares
Lens
Prisms
Chandeliers
kling
Ceramics
1. Ceramic is a manufactured substance made from clay that is dried and then
baked in a kiln at high temperature.
2. The main constituent of clay is aluminosilicate, (which consist of aluminium
oxide and silicon dioxide) with small quantities of sand and feldspar.
3. Kaolinite is an example of high
4. Red clay contains iron (III) oxide which gives the red colour .
5. General uses ceramics are as follows of :
very hard and strong but brittle
inert to chemical reaction
has a very high melting point
20
2.
3.
4.
Composite material
Reinforced concrete
Component
Properties of
Properties of composite
Concrete
component
Hard but brittle,
strength
Hard with high tensile
Steel
Fibre optics
Glass of low
refractive index
Glass of high
refractive index
Glass
flexible
Heavy, strong but
flexible
Light, flexible, elastic
Fibreglass
Polyester plastic
Photochromic glass
Glass
inflammable
Transparent and not
Silver chloride, or
sensitive to light
Sensitive to light
silver bromide
Sensitive to light:
darkness when light
intensity is high,
becomes clear when
light intensity is low
22
CONCLUSION
We must appreciate these various synthetic industrial materials. One of the way is by
doing continuous research and development ( R & D ) to produce better materials used to
improve our standard of living. As we live in a changing world, our society is getting
more complex. New materials are required to overcome new challenges and problems we
face in our daily lives. Synthetic material are developed constantly due to the limitation
and shortage of natural materials. New technological developments are used by scientists
to make new discoveries.
New materials for clothing, shelter, tools and communication to improve our daily
life are developed continuously for the well-being of mankind. New needs and new
problem will stimulate the development of new synthetic materials. For example, the new
use of plastic composite material will replace metal in the making of a stronger and
lighter car body. This will save fuel and improve speed. Plastic composite materials may
one day used to make organs for organ transplant in human bodies. This will become
necessity with the shortage of human organ donors.
The understanding of the interaction between different chemicals is important for
both the development of new synthetic materials and the disposal of such synthetic
materials as waste. A responsible and systemic method of handling the waste of synthetic
materials and their by-product is important to prevent environmental pollution. The
recycling and development of environmental friendly synthetic material should be
enforced.
23
REFERENCES
1.
Tan Yin Toon, Loh Wai Leng, Tan On Tin, 2008, SUCCESS
Chemistry SPM, Oxford Fajar Sdn.Bhd.
2.
Website http://www.answers.com
24