ACTITUDES
Editado por:
Dolores Albarracn
Blair T. Johnson
Mark P. Zanna
Contenido
Prefacio
Lista de colaboradores
I.
INTRODUCCIN Y MEDIDAS
1. Actitudes: introduccin y campo de accin
Dolores Albarracn, Blair T. Johnson, Mark P. Zanna y G. Tarkan Kumkale
2. Medicin de las actitudes
ndice de autores
ndice de temas
Prefacio
Esta
impresionante
cifra
sugiere
por
cierto
que
las
publicaron The
el tiempo
una
procesos cognitivos,
Estos
que
edicin actual estuvo lista casi en el tiempo previsto. Slo nos queda
agradecer a nuestros colaboradores por su amor a las teoras de actitudes y
su investigacin casi sin lmites. De hecho, la realizacin de este proyecto ha
sido notoriamente fluida, incluso los obstculos se transformaron en grandes
oportunidades. En una ocasin, un captulo originalmente previsto acerca de
la influencia de las actitudes sobre el afecto, de forma creativa se convirti en
un captulo inquisitivo sobre las actitudes implcitas. Por otra parte, a pesar
de algunas predicciones pesimistas, cada uno de los autores, a quienes les
solicitamos en un principio su colaboracin,
otoo de 2002.
Lista de colaboradores
Icek Ajzen
Gerald L. Clore
Universidad de Massachussets,
Universidad de Virginia
Amherst
Dolores Albarracn
Universidad de Florida
John N. Bassili
Alice H. Eagly
Universidad de Northwestern
John Edwards
Rick D. Brown
Leandre R. Fabrigar
Universidad de Florida
Universidad de Queen
Donal E. Carlston
Martin Fishbein
Universidad Purdue
Universidad de Pensilvana
Shelly Chaiken
James Jaccard
Blair T. Johnson
Kerry L. Marsh
Universidad de Connecticut
Universidad de Connecticut
Charles M. Judd
James M. Olson
Universidad de Colorado
Jon A. Krosnick
Victor Ottati
Universidad de Stanford
Arie W. Kruglanski
Richard E. Petty
Universidad de Maryland
Nathaniel D. Krumdick
Radmila Prislin
G. Tarcan Kumkale
Ulrich Schimmack
Universidad de Florida
Universidad de Toronto,
Mississagua
Tara k. MacDonald
Simone Schnall
Universidad de Queen
Universidad de Virginia
Gregory R. Maio
Aaron Smith-McLallen
Universidad de Cardiff
Universidad de Connecticut
Jeff Stone
Bernd Wittenbrink
Universidad de Arizona
Universidad de Chicago
Wolfgang Stroebe
Wendy Wood
Universidad de Utrecht
Universidad de Duke
Harry M. Wallace
Universidad de Trinidad
Universidad de Ciencia y
Tecnologa de Hong Kong
Duane T: Wegener
Mark P. Zanna
Universidad de Purdue
Universidad de Waterloo
Dolores Albarracn
Mark P. Zanna
Universidad de Florida
Universidad de Waterloo
Blair T. Johnson
G. Tarcan Kumkale
Universidad de Connecticut
Universidad de Florida
y se
motivaciones y acciones.
En este captulo de introduccin, discutiremos primero acerca de la
es fundamental
Definicin de actitud
Un manual es una empresa colectiva por lo tanto, alcanzar
definiciones que satisfagan a todos los colaboradores y lectores es tanto
difcil como indispensable. Resulta difcil porque existen miles de definiciones
y resulta indispensable ya que para crear un manual de actitudes, los
colaboradores deben conocer la variedad de fenmenos que podran cubrir
y conceptualizar con precisin los procesos que estn en cuestin. Eagly y
Chaiken (1993) proporcionaron la que puede ser la definicin ms
convencional y contempornea, expresan textualmente: una actitud es una
tendencia psicolgica que se expresa al evaluar una entidad particular con
algn grado de aprobacin y desaprobacin (Pg. 1 nfasis en el original).
Los colaboradores de la presente publicacin abarcaron como tema central
los aspectos evaluativos y cmo destacar otros tratados del tema. (Ej. Eagly
y Chaiken, 1998; Zanna y Rempel, 1998). Aunque las definiciones pueden
haber variado en algo con el paso del tiempo, si alguien examina cmo los
seran
verifican slo
embargo,
tenamos
el conflicto
de
llegar
definiciones
lo
categorizaciones
todas
las
categorizaciones
pueden
fsico,
que
normalmente
evidencian una
gran
confiabilidad por parte de los juicios (por ejemplo: Bersheid Y Walster, 1974)
de ah que algunas actitudes mostrarn un amplio grado de consenso social,
que algunos podran interpretar como una representacin de la realidad
social.
o las
Asimismo, las
necesariamente
relacionadas
con
una
entidad
particular.
El hecho de definir
estos dos
han
surgido
varias
propuestas
que
explican
los
Eagly y Caiken
Adems,
Por ejemplo, un
a menudo
Conocimiento
previo
Juicio inicial
Juicio inicial
almacenado
Nuevo juicio
Nuevo Juicio
almacenado
Informacin
externa
es
El rea est
actitudes
comportamientos
cobran
acciones
vida
manifiestas.
propia
Estas
interactan
cogniciones
dinmicamente,
teoras
siguen
siendo
importantes
para
los
estudios
Consideraciones metodolgicas
metodolgicos es el de Jon
las
se centra en la
particular
comportamiento
inconsciente,
as
tambin
el
comportamiento
Vallacher y
pueden
tener
el
mismo
efecto
dependiendo
de
las
y la autoeficacia
acatan para mantener una imagen (vase Kelman, 1961; Nail, 1986).
Ciertamente, este
Captulo 8.
de
integracin
de
informacin, modelos
probabilgicos,
slo
Captulo 10. Estructura del afecto (Schimmack y Crites). Sin duda, las
personas experimentan afectos y esta experiencia gua sus cogniciones,
actitudes y creencias como lo resean Ulrich Schimmack y Stephen Crites en
su captulo. Los afectos tienen que ver con los sentimientos que las personas
experimentan y pueden, o no, estar relacionadas con un objeto o evento en
particular. (Berkowit, 2000). El afecto est supuestamente organizado a lo
largo de dimensiones de estipulacin y valencia (Watson y Tellegen, 1985),
aunque esta definicin no est libre de controversia. Por ejemplo, un asunto
importante en relacin con la estructura de los afectos es si los afectos
positivos o negativos son dos polos del mismo constructo o son por otra
parte dimensiones ortogonales. Adems, Hasta qu punto es necesario
distinguir entre los diferentes afectos para entender las actitudes? Cmo se
representa el afecto en la memoria? Cmo cambia la actitud a lo largo del
tiempo? Cmo podemos inducir cambios afectivos en el tiempo? Cmo y
cundo estn conscientes las personas de sus experiencias afectivas?
actitudes
negativas,
cuando
la
sutil
retroalimentacin
del
principios
incluyen
el
condicionamiento,
la
consistencia
puntos
las
as como
intrapersonales
(ej.
Formacin
de
impresin),
procesos
CONCLUSIN
RECONOCIMIENTO
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