Petrophysics I - Berlin

These powerpoint files were produced for the Earth History class at the Free University Berlin,
Department of Geological Sciences

The copyright for texts, graphical elements, and images lies with C. Heubeck, unless otherwise
specified.
Download, reproduction and redistribution of theses pages in any form is hereby permitted for
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material.
Prof. Christoph Heubeck
Institut fr Geologische Wissenschaften
Freie Universitt Berlin
Malteserstr. 74-100
12249 Berlin
GERMANY
ph: ++49-(0)30-83870695
cheubeck@zedat.fu-berlin.de
fax: ++49-(0)30-83870734
http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~cheubeck/
Todays Lecture
Reservoir
Petrophysics
Pressure Distribution in a Reservoir

Buoyancy / Displacement
Oil and water distribution in a reservoir
Porosimetry
Capillarity
Buoyancy
Reservoir Pressure Gradients

20
The longer the wooden beam, the

greater the buoyant force at the top
of the board
Free water
surface
0
Wood density = 0.6
Water density = 1.00
-5
In general:
p = h*
-10
p = 10
Height above free water, ft
Height below water surface, ft
shale seal
15
sandstone
reservoir
contact
10
contact
gas = 0.3
5
contact
light oil = 0.7
heavy oil = 0.9
-15
0
water = 1.00
-20
-5
50
40
60
70
80
40
90
50
Pressure, arbitrary units
60
70
80
90
Repeat Formation Tester
Reservoir Pressure Gradients

40
20
50
15
sandstone
reservoir
sandstone
reservoir
60
depth
heavy oil = 0.9
light oil = 0.7
10
gas = 0.3
shale seal
shale seal
70
contact
heavy oil = 0.9
80
0
water = 1.00
water = 1.00
40
50
60
90
-5
40
70
80
50
60
70
80
90
90
The Concept of Displacement Pressure
The Concept of Displacement Pressure
how to get the oil in the rock !
Types of Water in the Reservoir
Water and what to do about it !
Structural water
(chemically bound)
Structural water
(chemically bound)
Hydration water
(chemically bound)
Hydration water
(chemically bound)
Bound water,
immobile water,
irreducible water
Bound water,
immobile water,
irreducible water
(Haftwasser)
Capillary water
Capillary water
Bound to the grain by
capillary force
Cant do much
about them !
Displace as much as
possible !
Capillarity: Definition
The Concept of Capillary Pressure

The capillary pressure of a rock is a
function of 3 variables :
Capillarity ...
... is the tendency of wetting
liquids to ascend minute openings
(< 0.5 mm diameter) through the
agency of a molecular surface
force, and (possibly) acting
against the force of gravity.
hydrocarbon-water interfacial
tension ,
wettability (expressed as the
contact angle ), and
radius of of the pore throat r
Observations
sponge sucking up liquid
sponge on kitchen counter staying wet
water rising through plants
water
rock
rock
Hydrocarbon


tension ,
radius of of the pore throat r
tension ,
radius of of the pore throat
water
rock
Hydrocarbon
rock
water
rock
Hydrocarbon
Pc =
2 cos
r
where
Pc =
=
=
r=
displacement pressure
oil-water interfacial tension
(surface tension)
contact angle of wetting fluid
against the solid (wettability)
radius of the pore throat
rock
Extreme Example of VERY LOW Capillary Pressure

As
, Pc
As
As r
, Pc
, Pc
Pc =
2 cos
r
Extreme Example of VERY HIGH Capillary Pressure

As
, Pc
As
As r
, Pc
, Pc
Pc =
where
Pc =
=
where
(surface tension)
=
r=
Pc =
=
water
r=
water
(surface tension)
rock
rock
Hydrocarbon
rock
Hydrocarbon
A closer look at these three factors
Interfacial tension
(surface tension)
rock
1. Interfacial Tension (Surface Tension)

The surface tension of a fluid is
a measure of the cohesion of the molecules at a fluids surface
a function of density r and area of cross section
... is an experimentally determined constant:
Wettability
All values against air; x 10-3 Nm-1
Radius of the pore
Pure water, 20 deg C

Brines
Light crude oils
Heavy crudes
Mercury
throat
2 cos
r
72.25
higher
20-30
35
500
Surface tension declines with increasing temperature (and

shows a complex behavior with pressure)
2. Wettability
Water-wet vs. oil-wet
Wetting Liquid
water
oil
A water-wet
system
less
mobile
calcite
Contact
angle
Non-wetting
Liquid
water
oil
100
mobile
So
quartz
High initial So
Rapid decline
High recovery rate
0
Reservoir Wettability
Water-wet vs. oil-wet

An oil-wet
system
less
mobile
Initially, all reservoirs are thought to be water-wet

Only after migration, reservoirs may change to oil-wet why ?
Complex chemical and physical interactions of HC with mineral
surfaces
100
So
Low initial So
Long slow decline
Low recovery
Time
mobile
Rule of thumb:
Carbonate reservoirs are generally oil-wet;
Siliciclastic reservoirs are generally water-wet
Time
Proportions of oil and water in a reservoir
Capillary Pressure and Buoyancy Pressure: Migration
After finding a reservoir,

need to estimate the volume
of oil in it
Capillary pressure measures the force

necessary to displace capillary water from a
pore space
To what degree has oil been

capable of entering the
reservoir pore space, displacing
the capillary water ?
For a given reservoir and fluid, it is a

function of pore size
Pnw
Buoyancy pressure is the additional force
Pw
by which water is displaced by lighter oil

from a given volume
Displacement Pressure vs.

Buoyancy Pressure

function of reservoir height
Remember ? Pressure Distribution in a Reservoir
p = 150*(0.433-0.333)=15 psi
150
p = 100*(0.433-0.333)=10 psi
100
Oil pressure gradient

slope = 0.333 psi / ft
Water pressure
gradient
slope = 0.433
psi / ft
50
Buoyancy
pressure
Necessary
capillary
pressure
Available
buoyancy
pressure
200
Oil density = 0.77

Water density = 1.00
200
Pressure Distribution in a Reservoir
150
100
50
In general:
p = dh*(brine-hc)
-50
-50
4040
4050
4060
4070
Pressure
4080
4090
4040
4050
4060
4070
4080
4090
Pressure
Force Balance in a Reservoir: Saturation Sw, So

<>
Strong entry into

pore space
150
100
Moderate entry into

pore space
50
Beginning HC entry
into pore space
Saturation Sw, So as a function of Pressure

Necessary
capillary
pressure
Theoretical curve for

perfectly sorted pore
space
200
100
50
20
10
No HC entry into
pore space
500
r
oi
al
rv
Se
se
re
e
al
on
Se
st
nd
Sa
Available
buoyancy
pressure
Oil-water capillary Pressure

(oil column in feet)
Saturation
So
200
0
100
80
60
40
20
Oil saturation
(% of pore volume)
Oil-water
contact
-50
4040
4050
4060
4070
4080
4090
Pressure
Pore space geometry
500
200
100
r
oi
al
rv
Se
se
re
e
al
on
Se
st
nd
Sa
Oil-water capillary Pressure

(oil column in feet)
Saturation Sw, So as a function of Pressure
Actual curve for

perfectly sorted pore
space
50
20
10
Entry
Pressure
0
100
80
Irreducible
Sw
60
40
20
Oil saturation
(% of pore volume)
Oil-water
contact
1 http://energy.usgs.gov/
factsheets/Petroleum/SEM.html
2 Sierra Chata ss; f=7.9%; k=0.399 mD Source: Core Lab
3 Shuaiba ls; f=11.9%; k=0.163mD Source: Core Lab
Pore space geometry
Una pausa ?
Small pores: ~ 100 diameter

Large surface area: >>1m2/g
To Repeat
The reservoir must be permeable and porous

Oil displaces pore water completely or partially,
depending on capillary pressure
Buoyancy helps
Both determine water saturation
Capillary Pressure and Buoyancy Pressure: Migration
Capillary pressure measures the force

necessary to displace capillary water from a
pore space
Pnw

function of pore size
Buoyancy pressure is the additional force

by which water is displaced by lighter oil
from a given volume
Pw

function of reservoir height
Porosity, permeability, and capillary pressure
How is the largest connected pore throat

diameter estimated ?
Place core plug

sample in
chamber
Mercury Pressure (psi)
Best:
Injection of a known volume of
non-wetting fluid into sample
Measure pressure necessary to
increase saturation
Measure saturation through
resistivity of rock+fluid
5000
Surround with
known volume
of Hg
Increase
pressure in
steps, displace
water (or air)
Advantages:
Measure capillary properties of pore size
distribution
Quick and easy with Hg
Measure Hg
Swi
2000
1000
Plateau
500
Entry
pressure
200
100
0
saturation after
each pressure
increase
100
80
60
40
20
Mercury saturation (% of pore volume)
Mercury-injection capillary pressure curve
A Test
Your Reservoir how much oil is in it ?
1000
500
200
100
0
OWC
100
80
60
40
20
Height above OWC (ft)
2000
5000
decreasing
reservoir
quality !
Reservoir
5000
2000
1000
500
200
100
0
100
80
60
40
20
Oil saturation (% of pore volume)
10
3R
Rock Type 2
Rock Type 1
Porosity vs. Permeabiliy, Cap. Pr essure Samples
Porosity vs. Permeabiliy, Cap. Pressu re Samp les

10000.00
XRD Rock Type 1

Ferroan
Dolomi te
4%
K- Fel dspar
14%
1000.00
llli te/M ica

1%
P la g
Fel dspa r
4%
F erroan
Dol omite
5%
10000.00
lll ite/Mi ca
3%
Qua rtz
67%
1000.00
20
20
100.00
p erm (mD)
100.00
Quartz
75%
1 0
10
RT 1 > 3500 k/ phi
RT 2
10.00
450 - 3500
RT 3 150 - 450
2
RT 4
6.32 - 150
RT 5
> 6.32
0.10
6.32 - 150
> 6.32
0.5
0.5
0.1
0.1
0.25
0.25
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
porosi ty ( v/v)
0.20
0.25
0.05
0.10
0.15
porosit y (v/v)
0.30
0.20
0.25
0.30
High-Pressure Hg-Inject ion Capillary P ressure Curves, RT 2
100000
100000
Hg Capillary Pressure
10000
Hg Injection Pressure (psi)
10000
125
Hg Injection Pressure (psi)
450 - 3500
150 - 450
RT4
RT5
0.10
125
> 3500 k/ phi
RT 2
RT 3
2
1.00
1.00
RT 1
5
10.00
1000
1000
100
10
1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
10
1
100
90
100
1 1.25
9.90
8.55
7.21
5.86
4.52
3.17
1.83
30
40 e S50
La se r Particl
ize, Ro60
ck Type70
2 (phi ) 80
Pseudo-Water
Saturation
(%)
100
100
90
10
90
Particle Size
Particle Size
80
80
In cremental Volum e %
10
60
50
40
4
Cumulative Volume %
70
8
Incremental Volume %
20
12
50
11.2
10.8
10.4
10
9.63
9.23
8.82
8.42
8.02
7.61
6.8
6.4
7.21
5.59
5.19
4.79
4.38
3.98
3.58
3.17
2.77
2.36
1.96
1.56
1.15
0.75
-0.1
-0.5
-0.9
0.35
12
0.48
Particle Size, Phi
50
10
-0.87
Pseudo-Water Saturation (%)
70
60
6
50
40
30
Cumulative Volum e %
Plag
Feldspar
4%
perm (mD)
K-Feldspar
15%
XRD Rock Type 2
30
20
20
10
50
0. 0004
0. 0010
0. 0027
0. 0068
0. 0172
0. 0437
0. 1110
0.0004
0.0010
0.0027
0.0068
0.0172
0.0437
0.1110
0.2821
0.7169
0. 2821
0
1. 8220
0
1.8220
0. 7169
50
10
Partic le Size, mm
Particle Size, mm
Rock Type 4
Rock Type 3
Po rosity vs. P ermeab iliy, Cap . P ressure S amples
X RD Rock Type 3
Po rosity vs. Permeabiliy, Cap. Pressure Samples

10000.00
lllite/Mica
4%
Quartz
66 %
K -Felds par
6%
1000.00
Fe rroan
Plag
Felds par D olomite
6%
8%
lllite/M ica
7%
10 00 .00
Quartz
65%
20
1 00 .00
1 0
perm (m D)
perm (mD)
20
100.00
1 0
RT 1
5
10.00
> 3500 k/ phi
RT 2
450 - 3500
RT 3
150 - 450
1.00
RT 1
RT 2
10 .00
RT 3
2
1 .00
R T 4 6 .32 - 150
2
> 3500 k/ phi

4 50 - 3500
15 0 - 4 50
RT4
6.32 - 150
RT5
> 6.32
R T 5 > 6.32
0 .10
0.5
0.1
0.10
0 .25
0.5
0 .01
0 .00
0.1
0.05
0 .10
0 .15
porosit y ( v /v)
0.20
0 .25
0.30
0.25
0.01
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
porosi ty (v/v)
0.20
0.25
High-Pressure Hg-Inje ction Ca pillary Pressure Curves, RT

4
0.30
10 0000
Hi gh- Pres sur e H g-Injecti on Capilla ry Pressure Curves, R T 3

100000
125
1000
100
10
1000
100
10
1
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Pseudo-Water Saturation (%)

40
50
60
70
80
9 .90
8 .55
7 .21
5 .86
4 .52
11 .25
Laser P article Size, Rock Typ e 4 (p hi)

3 .17
8.55
7.21
5.86
4.52
3.17
1.83
50
1 .83
Laser Particle Si ze, Rock Type 3 (phi)
0 .48
100
-0 .87
90
1 00
12
90
100
12
10
90
10
50
40
30
70
Inc rem ental Volu me %
60
Cum ulative Volum e %
70
80
Particle Size
80
Particle Size
60
50
40
30
20
2
20
10
0 .00 04
0 .00 10
0 .00 27
0 .00 68
0 .01 72
0
0 .04 37
0
0 .11 10
0.0004
0.0010
0.0027
0.0068
0.0172
0.0437
0.1110
0.2821
0
0.7169
50
0 .28 21
10
50
0 .71 69
Cu mulative Volu me %
30
Pse ud o -Wate r Satur ati on (% )
9.90
20
0.48
- 0.87
50
10
1 1.25
1 .82 20
Hg I nj ec tio n Pressure ( psi)
10000
Hg Injec tion Pressure (ps i)
1 0000
125
Increm ental Volum e %
Ferroan
Dolomite
7%
1.8220
Plag
Feldspar
7%
K-Feldspar
11 %
100 00 .00
X RD Rock Type 4
Pa rti cl e Siz e, mm
Part icle S ize, mm
11
Petrophysics - Literaure
Rock Type 5
Poro sit y vs. Permeabiliy, C ap. Pre ssure Samples
XRD Rock Type 5

Ferro an
D o lomit e
6%
l l lite/M ica
13 %
10000.00
Tiab, D., and C. Donaldson, 1996, Petrophysics Theory and Practice of
1000.00
Quart z
51 %
perm (mD)
Pl ag
Fe ldspar
7%
K- Fe ldspa r
5%
Measuring Reservoir Rock and Fluid Transport Properties: Gulf Publishing Co.,
706 p.
20
100.00
10
5
10.00
RT 1
> 3500 k/phi
RT 2
450 - 3500
RT 3
2
1.00
150 - 450
RT 4
6.32 - 150
RT 5
> 6. 32
Various skripts, available as downloadable pdfs from the internet and compiled
0.10
in the class archive
0.5
0.1
0.25
0.01
0.00
0.05
0. 10
0.15
po rosit y (v/v)
0. 20
0.25
0. 30
High-Pres sure Hg -Inject io n C apillary Pre ssur e C urve s, RT 5

100000
10000
125
Inject ion Pressure (psi)
1000
100
10
1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Pseudo-Water
ParticleSaturation
Size, Phi(%)
9. 90
11.25
8. 55
7. 21
5. 86
4. 52
3. 17
1. 83
0. 48
-0. 87
50
6
1 00
90
80
Particle Size
70
60
3
50
40
30
Cumulative Volume %
Inc remental Volume %
20
1
10
50
0.00 04
0.00 10
0.00 27
0.00 68
0.01 72
0.04 37
0.11 10
0.28 21
0.71 69
0
1.82 20
Partic le S ize, mm
Petrophysics Links
Next Lecture
http://www.micromeritics.de/ and http://www.micromeritics.com/:
Homepages of the leading producer of pore-analytical hardware; good

downloadable pdf script; link to a visualisation-software company www.porecor.com.
In what types of large-scale geometric

bodies do these conditions exist in the
subsurface ?
http://www.petrophysics.net/index.htm: The Petrophysics Portal: The science

of measuring rock properties and the realtionship between those. Maintained
by Mark Deakin, a consultant. Many links to organizations, companies etc.
http://www.hendersonpetrophysics.com/ Similar but not as good.

http://www.mines.edu/~golhoeft/research/petro.html : An article describing
Reservoirs
the essence of Petrophysics; by Gary R. Olhoeft, Prof. at Colorado School of

Mines.
http://iva.uni-ulm.de/PHYSIK/VORLESUNG/fluidemedien/node46.html
12

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These powerpoint files were produced for the Earth History class at the Free University Berlin,

Department of Geological Sciences

Pressure Distribution in a Reservoir

Reservoir Pressure Gradients

The longer the wooden beam, the

Height above free water, ft

Height below water surface, ft

light oil = 0.7

heavy oil = 0.9

Pressure, arbitrary units

Pressure, arbitrary units

Repeat Formation Tester

Reservoir Pressure Gradients

heavy oil = 0.9

light oil = 0.7

Height above free water, ft

Pressure, arbitrary units

Pressure, arbitrary units

The Concept of Displacement Pressure

The Concept of Displacement Pressure

how to get the oil in the rock !

Types of Water in the Reservoir

Water and what to do about it !

The Concept of Capillary Pressure

The Concept of Capillary Pressure

The Concept of Capillary Pressure

The capillary pressure of a rock is a

The capillary pressure of a rock is a

Extreme Example of VERY LOW Capillary Pressure

Extreme Example of VERY HIGH Capillary Pressure

A closer look at these three factors

1. Interfacial Tension (Surface Tension)

All values against air; x 10-3 Nm-1

Radius of the pore

Pure water, 20 deg C

Surface tension declines with increasing temperature (and

Water-wet vs. oil-wet

Water-wet vs. oil-wet

Initially, all reservoirs are thought to be water-wet

Proportions of oil and water in a reservoir

Capillary Pressure and Buoyancy Pressure: Migration

After finding a reservoir,

Capillary pressure measures the force

To what degree has oil been

For a given reservoir and fluid, it is a

Buoyancy pressure is the additional force

by which water is displaced by lighter oil

Displacement Pressure vs.

For a given reservoir and fluid, it is a

Remember ? Pressure Distribution in a Reservoir

Oil pressure gradient

Oil density = 0.77

Height above free water, ft

Height above free water, ft

Pressure Distribution in a Reservoir

Force Balance in a Reservoir: Saturation Sw, So

Strong entry into

Moderate entry into

Saturation Sw, So as a function of Pressure

Theoretical curve for

Height above free water, ft

Oil-water capillary Pressure

Pore space geometry