REPORT IN AUDIO VISUAL TECHNIQUES

MONITOR
SPEAKERS

Monitor Speaker, Defined:

Monitor speakers are speakers that are used to check the quality of or keep track of the content of an
electronic transmission. They are different than a loudspeaker or PA speaker, which is designed to make
electric signals audible for an audience. The same equipment may be used for both purposesthe
distinction is in the function that the speaker carries out. There are several types of monitor speakers,
including stage monitors, studio monitors, and in-ear monitors.
The type of monitor speakers called stage monitors are set up in the performance area, but is not pointed
at the audience of a performance. Instead, the speakers are directed at the performers in order that they
may hear each other and be able to evaluate their music as they make it. There are both different types of
stage monitors and different configurations that they can be set up in, depending on the performers
preferences.
One kind of stage monitor is the stage wedge, a wedge-shaped enclosure that is often set on the floor of
the stage or other performance area with the speaker angled up toward the performers. Wedge stage
monitors may be set up as a group to serve all the performers or each performer may have a personal
monitor. Side fill monitors refers to monitors placed to the side of the stage, whatever type of monitors they
happen to be. Thus, wedge stage monitors may be used for side fill, as may other types of monitors.
In-ear monitors are earphones with earbuds with either wired or wireless transmission. Drummers often use
closed ear headphones, which both keep sound from leaking and also help them hear the other performers
rather than just their own sound in the loud environment of the performing space. Whatever the stage

monitoring arrangement, in any set up that is not shared, the monitors may each have a different mix to
meet the needs of the performer or performers at whom it is aimed.
Studio monitors, also known as reference monitors, are a type of monitor speakers that forms a crucially
important part of a recording studio setup. For many mixing engineers, this means that the speakers
present the sound as is or uncolored so that they can understand the raw quality of the sounds they are
working with to create the mix.
Source: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-monitor-speakers.htm

KINDS OF MONITOR SPEAKERS INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING:

Mono Monitor Speakers
Mono Monitor Speakers have a single audio output. They play sound from a central location, which gives it
little or no depth.
Two-channel Monitor Speakers
Two-channel Monitor Speakers consist of a left speaker and right speaker. They allow sound to pan from
left to right. They have a limited frequency range and cannot reproduce low-frequency sounds.
Subwoofers
Subwoofers are specialized speakers that reproduce low-frequency or bass sounds. They are used to
enhance the sound of Two-channel Monitor Speakers. A set of two-channel speakers normally needs only
one subwoofer.
Surround Sound Monitor Speakers
Surround Sound Monitor Speakers consist of five to seven speakers, including a subwoofer, mid-range
speakers, and tweeters (speakers that play high-frequency sounds). They are typically used for home
theater setups or for listening to orchestra recordings.
http://www.soundware.co.uk/pages/speakers.php
PARTS OF THE MONITOR SPEAKER(PH-115)

PH-115
PH-115 is a 2-way, 2element full range speaker. The enclosure is very small but with high output, up to
124.5dB SPL (130.5dB peak). At top view, the enclosure is not a normal four faced square or rectangular or
trapezoidal, it is five faced enclosure. This design is suitable for a variety of placements. It may be placed
up right or laid flat on the stage to use as a stage monitor.

THE ENCLOSURE

The enclosure is of phase inverted (or vented) design. The advantage of this design is that sound wave
radiated from the rear of the speaker be in phase with the sound wave radiated from the speaker front by
proper phase adjustment after passing through the vent. The vent itself functions as an additional radiator
is this case, and its radiation can add constructively to that of the speaker over certain frequencies. It
requires less speaker excursion and therefore reduced amplitude distortion for a given acoustic output in
the lowest portion of its usable bandwidth. This effect is most noticeable for frequencies in the
neighborhood of the system lower cutoff frequency.
For the same lower cutoff frequency, the enclosure can be made smaller and due to this reason, the air
within the enclosure acting as an air cushion at very strong transient signals.
The HF section is a horn loaded design, a 80o (H) X 50 o (V) constant directivity horn is specifically
designed for PH-115. The geometry of the horn is so designed that the dispersion angle would not be
narrowed as the operating frequency raise.
As compared to direct radiator type speaker, the advantage of horn loading is:
The sound wave radiated from the diaphragm (cone) to free space, the wave front changes (expanding)
rapidly. The radiating resistance is low, and so does the efficiency.
As the cross section of a horn changes (expanding) gradually, and as does the wave front of the sound
wave radiated from the diaphragm (cone) that couple to the horn. The radiating resistance is high, the
amplitude of the vibrating diaphragm is reduced and as does the efficiency of transformation.
The enclosure is made of 18mm (11-ply) birch plywood. All joints are tenon and mortise of Chinese tradition
plus screws and adhesive to ensure the rigidity and durability.

Many domestic and imported speaker enclosures using medium density fibre (MDF) board to reduce cost,
but MDF has a fatal weakness. It soften when moisten and loss its rigidity. iBO rather uses expensive birch
plywood to build the enclosures to ensure its strength and rigidity no matter used indoor or outdoor, rain or
fine.
The enclosure is heavily braced internally and a black powder-coated steel mesh grille protects the drivers
from damage. The finishing is in black semi-matt textured environmental friendly paint. A rear connector
plate fitted with two Neutrik Speakon NL4MP connectors for amplifiers and for loop-in and loop-out to
additional enclosures.
The components
LF unit is a L15/75/12Z 15-inch cone type driver

The frame is die-cast alloy

The case is made from specially formulated pulp with fiberglass and wool

The cone is light in weight and very rigid. The surround and spider are quite stiff and the bandwidth
is wide

The magnet is made from y30 high flux strontium ferrite. The magnetic structure weights 6.1kgs

The diameter of the voice coil is 3-inch edge wound with flat aluminum wire on a Kapton former.

HF unit is a H2/44/01Z compression driver. The driver is coupled to a H8050 constant directivity horn which
is made from die-cast ABS

The diameter of the diaphragm is 2-inch which is a very light and thin titanium. The voice coil is
edge wound with feat aluminum wire on a Kapton former. The efficiency is very high and the high
frequency response is very good

The throat diameter of H2/44/01Z is 1-inch whose cross section area is about equal to the total
cross section areas of the circumferential patterned slits of the phase plug but less than 1/3 of the
diaphragm. When the diaphragm vibrates, there is a high pressure zone built up between the
diaphragm and the phase plug. The radiation impedance is high as well as the efficiency.

Without the phase plug, the radiation from the center of the diaphragm or cone and the radiation
from of the edge reach the throat at different time as the distances are different, and there are
therefore phase difference.

With the phase plug, the radiations from the center and from the edge are traveling at equal
distance. When these radiations reach the throat, they are in phase.

The Crossover Network

The goal of PH Series speakers are to design a series speaker of very good tonal quality for small to
medium scale activities not necessarily with very high output SPL. Only small number of speaker needed
for each activity. If external speaker processor is used instead of built-in passive crossover network, a
greater number of power amplifiers would be needed. The operating cost would be high. Besides, the price
of a high quality digital speaker processor is higher than a power amplifier. The advantage of cost
effectiveness of small to medium size sound reinforcement system is lost. Therefore it is decided that a
passive cross network would be built-in the PH-115. Crossover frequency is 3 KHZ. High quality metal film
capacitors and air core inductors are used where possible. All elements are carefully checked before
assembling, those sub-standard or exceeding tolerance would be rejected and return to the suppliers.

Applications and Technical Specifications

PH-115 can be used in conjunction with any of the PH-110, PH-112 and PH-118B as the main speaker of
small to medium sound reinforcement system for assembly hall, multi-function hall or other audio visual
activities or used as stage monitor or as auxiliary speaker for a large sound reinforcement system.