Unit 1
Social English
The English Alphabet
The Verb to be
The Demonstrative Pronoun and the Demonstrative Adjective
Question forms
Pre-Reading Tasks
Whats your name?
How old are you?
Where do you live?
What do you specialize in?
Reading
Read the following text about
George
Ionescu,
student
in
Romania:
My name is George Ionescu and I
am a student in the Faculty of
Drilling-Production
at
Everyday English
Practise saying the letters of the alphabet according to the vowel sounds:
/ei/
/i:/
/e/
/ai/
/u/
/u:/
/a:/
u
w
borrows books
without a teacher.
guesses words
tries to study
in real situations.
tries to learn
practises speaking
5. What do you say to someone who does the things in column A. Choose
from the phrases in column B:
A
Cheers!
Excuse me!
is in danger?
gets married?
Well done!
passes an exam?
Congratulations!
Sorry!
is in your way?
Bless you!
Thanks.
Look out!
thanks you?
is ill?
Hello?
sneezes?
Sleep well!
Good morning.
Come in!
6. In the text about George Ionescu, you learned the expression on the one
hand .... on the other hand which means pe de o parte ... pe de alt parte.
Lets learn more expressions containing the preposition on:
to be on duty = a fi de serviciu;
on account of = pe baza, din cauz c, lund n consideraie c;
on and on = fr ntrerupere, la nesfrit;
and so on = i aa mai departe;
on this ground = din acest motiv;
to turn on/ to switch on (the light, the radio, etc.) = a deschide/ a aprinde
(lumina, radioul,etc.);
on this assumption = pe baza acestei presupuneri;
on the basis of = pe baza;
on behalf of sb. = n numele cuiva, din partea cuiva;
on the contrary = din contr;
on a large/small scale = pe scar mare/mic;
on record = cunoscut;
on the score of = ca rezultat;
on the verge of = pe punctul de, pe cale, n pragul;
on the whole = n general, n ntregime;
on demand = la cerere;
on condition that = cu condiia;
on purpose = dinadins, intenionat;
on principle = din principiu;
on the first attempt = la prima ncercare;
on a sudden = brusc, deodat, pe neateptate;
on trial = de prob.
7. Look at the last simple sentence in the text about George Ionescu. The
sentence is: I dont know yet. Depending on the context in which it appears,
yet may be translated in different ways: nc, mai, n afar de aceasta, pn
n prezent, acum, totui, etc.
Lets learn some expressions containing the word yet.
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Grammar Reference
The Verb To Be
Form
Affirmative and negative
I
am (m)
a student.
am (m) not
You
are (re)
We
They
He
is (s)
She
is not (isnt)
Interrogative
Where
am
I?
are
you?
we?
they?
is
he?
she?
it?
Short answer
Are you a student in Drilling?
Yes, I am. No, Im not.
Is she an engineer?
Yes, she is. No, she isnt.
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Singular
Plural
near reference
this
these
distant reference
that
those
Controlled Practice:
1. Translate into English:
a. Eu sunt inginer. El este englez.
b. Acelea sunt colegele tale? Nu, acestea sunt colegele mele, Monica i
Andra.
c. Acesta este un televizor.
d. Acela este un aparat de radio.
e. Noi suntem tehnicieni.
f. Sunt ei specialiti francezi? Nu, nu sunt.
g. Suntei voi ingineri mecanici? Nu, noi nu suntem, noi suntem fizicieni.
h. Cine este aici? John este aici. El este cel mai bun student din grupa
noastr. El are note foarte mari.
i. Cine nu este aici? Maria nu este aici i nici George nu este.
j. Ele sunt chimiste. Cursurile acestea sunt ale lor. Acestea sunt cursurile
mele.
2. Read the following article on mobile rigs. Use your dictionary. Then fill
in the blanks with the correct forms of the verb to be:
Why mobile rigs can make reliable production units
Conversion of early generation MODUs into production units.. a bold
step for operators of North Sea and other marginal field developments. Sea
and other severe environments, where maximum utilization.. the
primary concern of the designer, can equal the performance of conventional
platforms. We.. able today to know more about effects of wind, waves,
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Question Forms
Look at the following question words:
What do you do for a living? - Im a chemist.
Who is your teacher of English? - Sandra Brown is.
Where is Paris? - In France.
When do you start the conference? - On Wednesday, April, 3rd.
Why are you learning English? - Because I need it for my job.
How do you come to Ploieti? - By train.
Whose are these tools? - They are Peters.
What and which can be followed by a noun.
What time is it?
What kind of chemistry do you study?
Which pen do you want, the blue one or the green one?
How can be followed by an adjective or an adverb.
How old are you?
How often do you play football?
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Controlled Practice:
1. Translate the following text into English:
a. De unde eti? Sunt din Timioara.
b. Cnd ai venit prima oar n Ploieti? Anul trecut.
c. Ci ani ai? Douzeci i ase.
d. Ce mai faci? Sunt bine, mulumesc.
e. De ce te grbeti?
2. Choose the appropriate question form in the following sentences:
a. What/Which time is the train due to arrive?
b. What/ How are you today?
c. Where/ When are you going now?
d. Who/How are you? I am John Smith.
e. What/ Which of these paintings do you like best?
3. Ask short questions on these statements, using who, what, where:
e.g. Ive just received a letter./ Who from?
a. I want to take this book with me. (for)
b. Will you please open this box? (with)
c. Im going to England next week. (by)
d. Please, get me a screwdriver. (from)
e. John is very angry. (with).
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Unit 2
Pre-Reading Tasks
Try to think of the English-speaking countries in the world.
How many are they?
Do you know any countries in which English is used as the second
language?
What about countries in which English is spoken by many people?
Reading
Read the following text on English as a
world language. Try to find the personal
pronouns in the text:
Today, when English is one of the major
languages in the world, it doesnt require
too much effort of our imagination to
realize that this is a relatively recent
thing - that in Shakespeares time, for
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energetic
determined
well-organised
independent
patient
courageous
enthusiastic
serious
charming
handsome
steady
ambitious
intelligent
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3. Choose the word which best completes each sentence:
a. If you want to become ... when you speak, you should forget about
making mistakes and try to speak as much as possible.
A. practical; B. fluent; C. handy; D. skillful.
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Grammar Reference
The Personal Pronoun
The nominative. Form
Person
Singular
Plural
First person
we
Second person
you
you
Third person
he
they
she
it
The accusative/The dative. Form
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Singular
Plural
First person
(to) me
(to) us
Second person
(to) you
(to)
you
Third person
(to) him
(to)
(to) her
them
(to) it
Controlled practice:
1. Translate the folowing sentences into English:
a. El este inginer la o fabric de ciment.
b. Ei nu vorbesc engleza, dar noi i putem ajuta.
c. L-am vzut pe el la curs, dar pe ea n-am vzut-o.
d. Mi-a druit o carte de geologie, pentru c el avea dou exemplare.
e. l strig pe John, dar nu m aude.
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2. Choose the appropriate forms of the personal pronoun:
a. He is studying English as he/we intends to join an American petroleum
company.
b. I gave her/him that book as he needed it.
c. She told me/ to me that she needed a day off.
d. I think I saw him/ he in the street yesterday.
e. Have you told they/ them the news?
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Present Simple
Present Simple is used to express:
I live in Ploiesti.
She works in a petroleum company.
Present Simple is used in explanations, demonstrations and stage directions:
Her drawing shows two parts of a hypebolic curve.
I add flour to the egg yolks and place the basin into the oven.
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work
in a university.
work
We
They
He
works
She
Interrogative
Where
do
work?
do
you
we
they
does
he
she
it
Short answer
Do you like summer?
Yes, I do.
Does she speak Italian?
No, she doesnt.
Present Continuous
Present Continuous is used to express:
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am (m)
working.
am not (m)
not
You
are (re)
We
are
They
(arent)
He
is (s)
She
is not (isnt)
not
It
Interrogative
What
am
are
you
doing?
we
they
is
he
she
it
Short answer
Are you coming?
Yes, I am. No, Im not.
Is she watching TV?
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Controlled Practice:
1. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Simple or Present Continuous:
a. He usually (drink) coffee but today he (drink) tea.
b. It (rain) now. It often (rain) in summer.
c. He (come) to see me tonight; we (go) on a trip to Sinaia next week and we
(want) to make plans for it.
d. I (live) in Ploiesti, but this week, as I (attend) a course in Bucharest, I
(stay) with my uncle in Calea Floreasca.
e. Pardon me, sir, but I (think) you (stand) on my feet.
f. Maria (come) from Spain this week.
g. She (speak) French, English and Italian.
h. I (cut) a cone now and she (draw) an asymptote.
i. What you (do) here? I (look) for my glasses.
j. Where you (live)? I (live) in Scotland.
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2. Complete this postcard using the correct form of the verbs on the right:
Greetings from Scotland! John and I ..... do
something different this year. Were at the
Edinburgh Activity Centre, where we .. a have
good time and at the same time we ..
different
things.
People..
here
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every
learn
do
have
lessons.
So its hard work. But I .. it here. We ..... like, have
a post-office in front of the Centre. The weather
is good. See you soon.
Love, Kate
3. What do you do in these situations?
a. When you miss a bus or a train, do you:
A. wait happily for the next one?;
B. shout angrily?;
C. blame someone else?
b. When you think about the future, do you:
A. dream of impossible success or wealth?;
B. plan your future career carefully?;
C. worry about what will go wrong?
c. When someone asks you a questions and youre not sure of the answer,
do you:
A. admit you dont know?;
B. give an answer you think may be right?;
C. try to change the subject?
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Unit 3
Getting a job
Verbs which do not take a Continuous Aspect in English
The Imperative
The possessive pronoun and adjective
Pre-Reading Tasks
What do you need in order to get a job?
Have you ever applied for a job? Has a friend of yours ever applied for a
job? Talk about the way you should introduce yourself or any other
problems you think may occur.
Reading
Read the following text on getting a job. Can
you notice the imperatives in the text?
A job starts with an application, but so many
of the application letters end up in the
wastepaper basket, as for example you may
feel frustrated if you use cheap, lined notepaper. You should know that you
are supposed to use A4, and preferably to type your
CV and the
accompanying letter. The CV needs to be clear and not too long: one page is
enough. Dont include all your personal details (such as for example
whether you are married or not, your hobbies, etc.). In the letter that you
send with the CV, show some enthusiasm for the job, and demonstrate that
you have read the job advertisement thoroughly. Stress how suitable you
consider you are for that job, but dont write something which contradicts
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2. Read the sentence A job starts with an application again. Now learn some
expressions containing the preposition with:
with due regard for/ with all due deference to = cu tot respectul cuvenit;
with an eye to = urmrind, fr a pierde din vedere;
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Grammar Reference
Verbs which do not take a continuous aspect in English
There are verbs in English which generally are not used in the continuous
aspect:
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verbs of the senses (verbs of perception): see, hear, smell, taste, notice,
recognize, etc.
I smell gas.
verbs of having and being: have, own, owe, belong to, possess, be,
contain, matter, hold, etc.
verbs of emotion: love, hate, like, dislike, refuse, want, wish, forgive,
etc.
Controlled Practice:
1. Translate into English:
a. Aceast sticl conine acid boric.
b. Creionul Rotring este al Mariei.
c. Ursc s mi se cear s fac o lucrare de azi pe mine.
d. Ea are doar un curs de chimie i dou de fizic.
e. Acest curs conine 14 capitole.
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2. Decide which is the most appropriate form of the verb in the following
sentences:
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The Imperative
The imperative is a mood which expresses an order, a command, a wish, a
greeting, a piece of advice, a threat:
Come here!
Leave me alone!
Watch your step!
Lets go!
Form
The imperative has forms only for the second person singular and plural.
Affirmative
Negative
Get ready!
Start working!
Controlled Practice:
1. Translate the following into English:
a. Servete-te i servete-i i pe ceilali!
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2. Make the following sentences negative:
a. Come here!
b. Get ready as we are in a hurry!
c. Be on time, because English people are never late.
d. Go home and well finish this tomorrow.
e. Work faster as we need to finish this uuntil two oclock.
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Singular
Plural
First person
mine
ours
Second person
yours
yours
Third person
his
theirs
hers
its
The possesive adjective. Form
Person
Singular
Plural
First person
my
our
Second person
your
your
Third person
his
their
her
its
Controlled Practice
1. Choose the appropriate possessive pronouns or adjectives:
a. My/ mine fathers car is new. Mine/my is very old and ugly.
b. We have been looking for these magazines. Someone took them from
your/our room. They belong to us Were using the pictures for a project of
ours/yours.
c. There are five billion people in our/his world and they live in all different
corners ot it.
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Unit 4
Writing a CV
Writing a letter of application
Classification of Nouns
Number of Nouns
The Genitive
Pre-Reading Tasks:
What information should your CV contain?
What information should your letter of application contain?
Reading 1
Read the following CV. Can you find any improvements? Work with your
mates and report your findings to the rest of the class:
CURRICULUM VITAE
PERSONAL DETAILS
Name: Radu IONESCU
Address: 23 Bvd. Bucureti
Ploieti 2000 Prahova
Telephone: 044165342
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Reading 2
Here is the letter of application Radu Ionescu has written. Skim through the
letter and see what information the applicant is conveying about himself:
23 Bvd Bucureti
Ploieti 200 Prahova
Mr A. D. Vlad
Personnel Manager
Petrom Bucureti
Dear Mr. A. D. Vlad
38
CONSTRUCT Ltd.
Romanian-Canadian company providing
expertise, human resources and equipment
for the construction industry
requires
Human Resource Officers
Petroleum refining/distribution
Petrochemicals, fertilizers
Environment centres
Feasibility studies
Project management
Management services
Specialized services
Market, marketing
Contracting
Cost estimation/control
Schedule control
Environment
Training
Audits
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Valuation of assets
Restructuring
Data banks
Market evaluation
Environmental/safety evaluation
Project management
sectoral
and
corporate
planning
(energy
planning,
energy
economic/financial
appraisal,
projects
strategical
feasibility
studies
scheme/technology
environmental/safety
(market
survey,
evaluation,
assessment,
feedstock
technical
investment
availability,
definition,
cost
estimate,
petroleum
R&D
centres
projects:
definition
of
objectives,
environmental
studies:
environmental
impact
assessment,
Grammar Reference
Classification of Nouns
Countable nouns
Uncountable nouns
a girl
water
a man
sugar
a tool
milk
a cup
music
an apple
weather
a guitar
money
a pound
oil/ petroleum
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coal
a well
gas
We can say two cups, four girls, ten pounds, twenty cars. We can count
them. We cannot count sugar, water or oil.
Countable nouns can be singular or plural:
This cup is empty.
These cups are full.
Uncountable nouns can only be singular:
The water is cold.
The weather is fine.
The coal has a good quality.
Number of Nouns:
Form
Variable nouns form the plural in the following way:
books-books, tool-tools
-es is added to the singular nouns ending in -s, -z, -x, -ch, -sh, nouns
ending in -y preceded by a consonant (-y changes to i), nouns ending in o:
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The Genitive
The analytical genitive is used with the preposition of, used with neuter
nouns:
the tower of London, the colour of oil, the cover of the book, etc.
The synthetical genitive (s genitive) is used after:
collective nouns:
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Test
1. Choose the best variant:
1. It .. a lot this winter, even if in Romania it generally
so much in this region.
A. is snowing/ snows; B. snows/ is snowing; C. is snowing/ doesnt snow;
D. snows/ isnt snowing.
2. This book .. to me and it .. five chapters.
A. belongs/ contains; B. is belonging/ is containing; C. belongs/ is
containing; D. is belonging/ contains.
3. I .. Speak English very well, but I ..my best to make
myself understood by the others.
A. speak/ do; B. dont speak/ do; C. am not speaking/ am doing; D. dont
speak/ am doing.
4. Where ? .. you should help us finish this?
A. are you going?/ dont you think; B. do you go?/ arent you thinking;
C. do you go/ do you think; D. are you going/ arent you thinking?
5. for tools?
A. Do you look/ these; B. Dont you look/ these; C. Are you looking/ those;
D. Are you looking/ these.
6. .. office is the big one? Its Johns. It has been for
two years.
A. Whose/ his; B. Which/ hers; C. Whose/ her; D. Which/ his.
7. There .. far too .. mistakes in your paper.
A. are/ much; B. arent/ many; C. are/ many; D. arent/ much.
8. I dont understand who .. about.
A. you are talking; B. are you talking; C. you talk; D. do you talk.
9. If you to practise English more, it is a good idea for you to
speak to . people. They came from England two days ago.
A. want/ these; B. want/ those; C. dont want/ these; D. dont want/ those.
2. Translate into English:
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Unit 5
Drilling methods
Past Simple
Past Continuous
Expressions of quantity
The Adjective
Pre-Reading Tasks
What system is used for water wells?
Which was the first oil well in Romania?
Reading
Read this text about cable-tool drilling.
Look at the tenses of the verbs. Translate
the text into Romanian:
When the first real oil well was drilled in
Pennsylvania, the United States, in 1859,
engineers used a system which was being
used for digging wells for water. They
punched a hole into the ground. They
used a cutting tool, a bit, on the end of a
drilling stem which they were raising and then let it fall; the bit cut and
crushed the dirt or rock at the bottom of the well. The moment the debris at
the bottom of the well was removed, the stem and bit were pulled up,. Then
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51
Grammar Reference
Past Simple
Past Simple is used to express
a finished action in the past (it is often used with past time expressions:
last year/ month/ week/, five years/ two days/ four weeks ago, yesterday,
yesterday morning/ evening, in 1985, etc):
(narrative past)
The form of the Past Tense Simple is the same for all persons.
Affirmative
The positive of regular verbs ends in -ed.
There are many common irregular verbs. In order to create this tense you
need the second form of the verb (see the list on page 169 Appendix 1)
I
arrived
You
went to Sinaia
yesterday.
We
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You
yesterday.
We
They
He/She
Interrogative
-the question in the Past Tense Simple is formed with the auxiliary did.
When did
arrive?
Where did
you
go?
we
they
he
she
Short answer
Did you go to work yesterday?
Yes, I did. No, I didnt.
Did she report the results obtained?
Yes, she did. No, she didnt.
Past Continuous
Past Continuous is used to express:
was
He
working.
She
You
were
We
were
They
(werent)
not
Interrogative
What
was
doing?
he
she
were
you
we
they
Short answer
Were you working at this time yesterday?
Yes, I was. No, I wasnt.
Was she studying when you entered the room?
Yes, she was. No, she wasnt.
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Controlled Practice:
1. Decide which is the correct verb form:
a. I saw/was seeing a very good programme on TV last night.
b. While I was learning/ learnt for my Chemistry exam, somebody was
knocking/ knocked at the door.
c. How did you cut/ were you cutting your finger? While I was fixing/ fixed
the wire, I was dropping/ dropped the knife.
d. I was listening/ listened to the news on the radio when the phone was
starting/ started to ring.
e. An American jet pilot was taking off/ took off from Washington, but the
jets engines went/ were going wrong.
f. We produced/ were producing 10,000 drilling bits last year.
g. Chemistry played/ was playing an essential part in the development of the
refining process 20 years ago.
h. Our crew included/ was including a seismic shooter and the man who set
off/ was setting off the blast.
i. When the exploration was completed, the drilling crew moved/ was
moving in.
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Actions
Elvis Presley
Shakespeare
Picasso
Neil Armostrong
Americo Vespucci
playing tennis
Artur Aish
discovering America
painting Guernica
Thomas Hardy
Edison
creating novels
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Expressions of Quantity
some/any; much/many, a lot of/ lots of, few (a few)/ little (a little)
1. Countable nouns are used with some+ a plural noun in affirmative
sentences, and any+ a plural noun in negative and interrogative sentences:
Ive got some tools.
Are there any books of Physics in the house?
We dont need any apples for this pie.
Uncountable nouns are used with some in affirmative sentences and any in
interrogative and negative sentences, but only with a singular noun:
There is some coal in this mine.
Is there any gas in this well?
We havent got any butter in the house.
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sentences:
How many geologists work for this petroleum company?
We havent discovered many new oil fields.
Uncountable nouns are used with much in interrogative and negative
sentences:
How much money have you got?
There wasnt much disappointment that awaited the drillers at the bottom
of that dry hole.
3. Both countable and uncountable nouns are used with a lot of and lots of:
Weve got a lot of uniforms.
There are lots of drilling bits.
Theres a lot of gasoline in this pipeline.
Hes got a lot of money.
4. Countable nouns are used with few/ a few, while uncountable nouns are
used with little/ a little:
Ive got a few problems at the moment.
We only need a little money to buy this.
Controlled Practice
1. Complete the following sentences with some or any:
a. Would you like .. more kerosene?
b. Could you give me .. information about the train times?
c. If you have .. trouble, just give me a ring.
d. Have you attended .. good conferences recently?
e. I tried to buy .. tools, but I couldnt find ......
2. Put much, many, or a lot of into each gap:
a. Have you got ... homework?
b. We dont need . oil.
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Types of adjectives
Examples
order
I.
Determiners
Observation
postdeterminers
limiter adjectives
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subject
to interesting, beautiful,
subjective measure
III.
IV.
adjectives
gorgeous
subject
objective measure
round, square
young,
old,
new,
ancient
V.
Colour
adjectives
colour
VI.
Origin
denominal
adjectives French,
English,
American, Spanish,
Polish, Romanian
VII.
Material
denominal
adjectives wooden,
metallic,
Qualifier
final
limiter,
often hunting
cabin,
cover
Controlled Practice:
1. Which words in column A can combine with words from column B?
A
tall
person
heavy
music
Happy
New Year!
high
tree
strong
noise
Merry
Anniversary!
mountain
loud
traffic
Christmas!
wall
smoker
Birthday!
building
wind
price
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3. Read this text on digital integrated circuits. Pay attention to the adjective
order in this text. Translate it into Romanian:
A digital integrated circuit is designed to handle digital information. Most
digital integrated circuits operate on the binary system, such that one of only
two possible voltage levels can exist at the output. Input signals can be
either of these voltage levels. Digital logic circuits are switched from one
state to the other by a combination of several input signals, and logic
decisions are made according to which voltage level exists at the output for
a given combination of input signals.
Other types of digital circuit operate on the memory principle. in these ones,
if the output is triggered to one level by an input signal, it will then remain
at that level when the input signal is removed; that is, it will remember
that the last input signal was such as to trigger it to its output state.
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61
62
Unit 6
Pre-Reading Tasks
If you create a new product, do you know how to advertise it in order to get
as many buyers as you expect?
How would you advertise the product your factory created?
Reading
Read this advertisement on Dirt Magnet
Plus. Identify the Present Perfect Simple of
the verbs:
Unique Products to maximize your wells
production
As Clear Fluids International, we have been
leaders
in
the
industry,
supplying
63
Grammar Reference
Present Perfect Simple
Present Perfect Simple relates past actions and states to the present.
Present Perfect Simple is used to express:
a past action when its result can be seen at the present time and is still
having an effect (Present Perfect of Result):
I have already seen that movie. (i.e. I can tell you the story).
He has fixed his car. (i.e. He can drive it now).
65
She has just met him in the laboratory. (But: She met him there a few
minutes ago.)
Has oil only been used by mankind in the last hundred years? (But: Why
was oil used on such a large scale in 1999?)
an action or state which began in the past and continues to the present
Ive known you for five years/ since 1996. (Since means from a definite
point in the past till now, and for expresses a duration).
How long have you worked as a driller?
How long has it taken the oil industry to grow to its present size?
Form
have/has+verb+(past participle)
The past participle of regular verbs ends in -ed. There are many common
irregular verbs (see the list on page 169 Appendix 1).
Affirmative and negative
I
have (ve)
We
You
They
He
has (s)
She
Interrogative
Have
we
66
he
she
Short answer
Have you ever been to France?
Yes, I have. No, I havent.
Has she ever worked as a petroleum engineer?
Yes, she has. No, she hasnt.
Controlled Practice:
1. Make sentences and questions about the following people
Example:
Alice is a drilling engineer.
-supervise/ a drilling well in Oradea.
She has supervised a drilling well in Oradea.
67
a. John is a journalist.
-meet/ lots of famous people.
-interview the President?
b. Laura is a safety inspector.
-check/ for dangerous levels of gas
-prevent a well from exploding?
c. Mike is a derrickman.
-control/ the top of the drill pipe.
d. Chris is a petroleum engineer
-deal with engineering problems special to the oil industry.
-work in a big petroleum company?
e. Her brother is a welder.
- be in charge of/ a team of ten members.
-make mistakes in joining together two pieces of metal?
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68
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69
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4. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Perfect Simple or the Simple
Past:
a. I (fly) over Paris last week. You (see) the Eifel Tower?
b. I (spend) four years in this company.
c. John (strike) a match, (light) his cigarette and (approach) his colleagues
quickly.
d. Mike is a famous singer. He (sell) over three million records.
e. How long you (work) as a drilling engineer? For eight years.
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5. Fill the blanks with since or for:
a. I havent seen you .. weeks.
b. Henry has been in hospital .. a week now.
c. Ive been in this university .. 1998.
70
The Preposition
Prepositions are connecting words that show relationships between words in
a sentence. A preposition followed by a complement (object) forms a
prepositional phrase. Nouns, pronouns, noun phrases, gerunds or noun
clauses can be complements (objects) of prepositions.
Note that in English, prepositions usually precede their objects:
Put it on the chair and leave!
Look at him.
Because of you, I can't get any work done.
After telling the whole story, he disappeared.As the preposition in English
may be different from the preposition in Romanian, here is a text in which
you may learn about the use of the preposition in English: (Also see the list
with prepositions which are usually mistaken by Romanian students on page
179 Appendix 2)
Now read the following text and pay attention to the use of the preposition
in English:
It seems generally accepted that Mathematics is indeed fundamental for all
engineering education, and for most schools all engineering students take
the same mathematics sequence.
Two areas of mathematics seem broadly basic to engineering: namely, the
calculus as used in the linear constant coefficient differential equation, and
statistical theory. The linear differential equation is a general form, useful to
engineering because we can obtain answers from it. Therefore, where this
form applies to the physical world, the use of mathematical prediction is
increasing over the experimental approach. Next is the area of the partial
differential equation, rigorously solvable in only a few special cases
71
Prepositions of Time
In the morning/ afternoon/ evening; January, February, etc.; summer,
winter, etc.; 1988; the 1930s; two weeks; two weeks time; your free (spare)
time; good/ bad weather
At six o clock, etc.; midnight; Easter/ Christmas; the weekend; the moment
On Saturday, Monday, etc.; Tuesday morning, etc.; 11-th January, etc.
For seven minutes, etc.; a long time; ages
Since June, 25-th, etc.; my last birthday; I came here
During* the film; the class; the war; my holidays; summer
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* In a sentence containing a subject and a verb, during is replaced by while:
While I was coming to you...
Controlled Practice:
1. Supply the right preposition:
a. She is very fond ... children.
b. The new teacher is very patient... us.
c. We are leaving to Sinaia ... July, 3-rd.
d. I was interested ... nuclear Physics.
e. What are you afraid ...?
f. Im proud ... your success.
g. She has never been successful ... anything she has done so far.
h. We are going there early ... the morning, yet dont expect us until late ...
night.
i. The results depended ... the stratigraphic trap.
j. A paleontologist is a person who has specialized ... paleontology.
2. Put one of these prepositions in each empty space:
72
in
work
on
suspicion
under
question
at
joy
with
love
above
fire
out of
ones breath
by
fail
without
heart
off
duty
interest
for
lack
in
ambition
in
delight
for
advantage
between
74
at
witness
over
arrangement
of
agreement
of
declaration
upon
protection
against
difference
to
damage
on
impatience
to
busy
to
inferior
of
satisfied
at
advantageous
to
superior
at
mad
with
new
to
afraid
to
excited
in
interested
about
run
in
deal
with
talk
after
take
about
divide
on
think
about; of
climb
by
pass
up
rely
into
75
for
76
Unit 7
Solar Energy
Present Perfect Continuous
Modal verbs
Prepositions of place
Pre-Reading Tasks
How can people use solar energy?
Can you convert solar energy into chemical energy?
Reading
Read the following text on the relation
between chemistry and energy research.
Look at the tenses of the verbs:
Chemistry is an integral part of any
major energy research programme.
Chemists have played a key role, and
will
continue
to
do
so,
in
the
American English
theatre
theater
centre
center
neighbour
neighbor
78
color
travelling
traveling
organise
organize
analyse
analyze
3. Read again the following sentence: Hundreds of cells are needed in solar
arrays to give enough power for satelillites or remote telecommunications
equipment. How do you translate for? Is this a preposition or an adverb?
Now lets learn a few expressions containing this word:
for about = circa, aproximativ, n jurul a;
for all that = totui, cu toate acestea;
for certain = sigur, cu siguran;
for example/ for instance = de exemplu;
for reasons given = pentru motivele date;
for the time being/ the present = pentru moment/ n prezent;
as for = ct despre;
not for the world/ not for the life of me = pentru nimic n lume;
to compete for = a concura pentru;
to mistake sth. for sth. else = a lua un lucru drept altul;
to provide for = a se ngriji de. a avea grij de;
to take for granted = a lua de bun, a lua drept sigur;
Now practise these expressions in sentences of your own.
Grammar Reference
Present Perfect Continuous
Present Perfect Continuous is used to express:
They have been creating new petroleum products for several years.
Ive been waiting for an hour and he still hasnt turned up.
79
an activity begun in the past which has only just finished and is relevant
to the current situation:
Ive been calling you for the past twenty minutes. Why dont you answer the
phone?
Its form consists of the present perfect of the auxiliary be and the indefinite
participle of the main verb (verb+-ing).
Affirmative and negative
I
have been
You
working.
We
They
He
has been
She
Interrogative
What
have I
been
doing?
have you
have we
have they
has he
has she
80
Controlled Practice:
1. Translate the following sentences into English. Use Present Perfect
Simple or Present Perfect Continuous:
a. Te caut de o or. Pe unde ai umblat?
b. De atunci n-am mai primit nici o veste de la el.
c. Cte sape de foraj ai folosit pn acum?
d. Locuim n Romnia de trei ani.
e. N-am mai vzut-o de cnd a terminat facultatea.
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2. Supply the simple present perfect or the continuous present perfect of the
verbs in brackets:
a. Im tired. I (dig) all day.
b. Up to now I (visit) twenty countries.
c. I saw her in August, but (not see) her ever since.
d. How long you (learn) Chinese?
e. Youre out of breath. You (run)?
f. She still (not write) the report.;
g. What she (do) all afternoon?
h. They already (speak) to me about that experiment.
i. Your eyes are red. You (cry).
81
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3. Translate the following text into Romanian:
An important factor in the growth of the oil industry has been the
development of petrochemicals. Many products have been created by
chemists from petroleum. These include most of our modern plastics and
fertilers. Indeed, the increase in agricultural productivity - also known as the
green revolution - could not have taken place without petroleum-based
chemicals, including not only those that enrich the soil like fertilers but also
those that kill weeds, insects, and other pests such as herbicides,
insecticides, and pesticides.
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4. Choose the correct verb form:
a. How long have you been living/ have you lived in this house?
82
83
Controlled Practice:
1. Translate the following into English:
a. Ea trebuie s plece.
b. El nu poate s scrie n englez.
c. Pot s nchid geamul?
d. Ea ar trebui s se strduiasc mai mult la examene.
e. Nu tiu s not, dar tiu s schiez i s patinez.
f. Ei nu tiu engleza, dar au nceput un curs anul acesta.
g. Vrei s te cstoreti cu mine?
h. Chiar trebuie s ne ducem la curs la ora patru? Da, chiar trebuie.
i. Nu vrem s venim cu tine, pentru c nu ne place la mare.
j. Tu vei sta unde i spun, dac nu, o s te pedepsesc.
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84
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85
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86
Place
to
at
etc.,
even
when
used
with
verbs
of
She
went
across
the
promenade.)
towards (=in the direction of: Im
going towards Cluj.)
Controlled Practice:
1. Complete each sentence with the appropriate preposition:
87
Unit 8
Pre-Reading Task
If you produce a certain petroleum product which is the best way to promote
your product?
Reading
Your catalogue at home
Here is a presentation of Composite
Catalogue of Oil Field Equipment and
Services. Translate the following text
into Romanian. Can you identify the
cardinal numerals in this text?
The key to a successful catalogue is a successful distribution. Thats why
your catalogue should be in the Composite Catalogue of Oil Field
Equipment and Services. Its where your prospects turn when theyre ready
to buy.
When you are in Composite Catalogue, youll be assured that virtually all
your customers and prospects have your product information at their
fingertips when they need it.
Well print your catalogue and distribute it worldwide to 20,000 locations
where it will be available to specifiers and buyers 24 hours a day, every day
89
one
anyone
any
time
anytime
any
place
anyplace
90
body
anybody
any
way
anyway
any
how
anyhow
any
where
anywhere
any
thing
anything
Now practise and form new words from every, some and no.
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Can you find the two words which formed the compound words listed
below? Translate the compound words. Translate the words they are made
up of:
airplane, busman, another, backstop, courtroom, countryside, gentleman,
gatepost,
hammerhead,
headache,
horse-race,
mailman,
snowmen,
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Sometimes compound words are written as one word, sometimes two, and
sometimes they are written with a hyphen (-). The stress is usually on the
first word such as in the case of post office, headache, horse-race.
Match a line in A with a line in B. Check the spelling in your dictionary.
A
B
91
clock
car
paste
alarm
hour
tooth
opener
traffic
time
tin
park
traffic
belt
departure
time
safety
lights
earth
quake
rush
money
screw
recorder
word
processor
tape
driver
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Grammar Reference
The Cardinal Numeral
The form of the cardinal numeral
1 one
11 eleven
21 twenty-one
100
hundred*
2 two
12 twelve
22 twenty-two
103
thousand*
(one) 1,003 a (one)
and
three
3 three
13 thirteen
23 twenty-three
306
three 3,476
three
thousand
four
hundred
and
seventy-six
4 four
14 fourteen
30 thirty
744
hundred
92
seven 4,578
and thousand
four
five
hundred
and
seventy-eight
5 five
15 fifteen
40 fourty
999
nine 1,000,000
hundred
and million
one
ninety nine
6 six
16 sixteen
50 fifty
7 seven 17 seveteen
60 sixty
8 eight
18 eighteen
70 seventy
9 nine
19 nineteen
80 eighty
10 ten
20 twenty
90 ninety
The numerals hundred and thousand do not take the plural form: 500 sheets
of paper - five hundred sheets of paper.
Notes:
1. When you read phone numbers, you should read them figure by figure.
For example: My phone number is 142357- My phone number is one four
two three five seven.
2. When you read years, you should read them in pairs of two figures.
For example: He died in 1987. - He died in nineteen eighty-seven.
Controlled Practice:
1. Read the following numbers:
4,536; 867; 629,846,768; 32,467; 23,535; 756,464,654.
2. Read the following years:
1543; 1987; 2002; 1654; 1876.
What happened to the mud that had burried the new deposits of oil?
He had read his lecture before he went to university.
93
an action which began before another moment in the past and continued
up to that time or into it:
had
You
left.
He/ She
We
They
Interrogative
What
had
done?
you
he/she
we
they
Short answer
Had you read the novel before we saw the film?
Yes, I had. No, I hadnt.
Had he spoken English before he started the Engineering English course?
Yes, he had. No, he hadnt.
an action in the past begun before the time of speaking in the past and
still going on that time or possibly after:
Its form consists of the past perfect of the auxiliary be and the present
participle of the main perfect.
Affirmative and negative
By that time
had been
you
had
he/she
been
working
not
for a year.
(hadnt)
we
they
Interrogative
What
had
been
working on
you
by that time,
last year?
he/she
we
they
Short answer
Had you been working on that project by that time for a year?
Yes, I had. No, I hadnt.
Controlled Practice:
1. Decide the order in which these things happened. Then write two
sentences using after and the past perfect.
Example:
The bank clerk gave it to me./ She looked at my cheque./ She counted out the
money.
After the bank clerk had looked at my cheque, she counted the money.
After she had counted the money, she gave it to me.
a. The tourists got out of the coach./ They got back in the coach./ They took
photos.
95
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2. Translate into English:
a. Se cunoteau de trei ani.
b. Pn atunci lucrasem la proiectul acela de dou luni.
c. Ce s-a ntmplat dup ce am plecat?
d. l ateptam de o or, cnd am aflat c avusese un accident la sond.
e. Despre ce vorbeai cnd ne-am ntlnit?
f. Noi cunoteam adevrul n momentul n care te-ai decis tu s ni-l spui.
g. Abia se terminase ploaia c a i nceput un vnt ngrozitor.
h. De ndat ce a terminat tema, a sunat telefonul.
i. Ei se cunoscuser cu zece ani n urm, la o conferin de petrol.
96
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3. Use the simple past, or the simple/ continuous past perfect form of the
verbs in brackets to complete the sentences below:
a. Yesterday afternoon Joan (go) to school and (hand in) the paper she
(write).
b. As soon as they (have) lunch they (leave) the restaurant.
c. It was getting late, so we (decide) to go to bed.
d. She (say) that she (study) for two hours.
e. The man (sell) fifty newspapers for five minutes, as everybody (be)
interested in the story of the prime minister.
f. She (change) from Channel 1 to Channel 3 as she (already see) the movie
on Channel 1.
g. How long Monica (watch) TV by 12 o clock?
She (watch) TV for an hour.
h. We (sit down) to dinner when the doorbell (start) to ring.
i. How long you (work) outside when it (start) to rain?
j. It (be midnight). I (write) for five hours. No wonder I (be) so tired.
97
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98
Unit 9
Transporting oil
Future Simple
Comparative and Superlative Adjectives
Comparative Sentences
Pre-Reading Task
By what means do you transport oil?
Which is the cheapest means of transport for oil?
Reading
In this unit John Smith presents his
project on transporting oil to some
journalists. He presents possible
problems that may occur when
creating the pipelines. Read the
text thouroughly and be attentive at the tenses of the verbs:
Grammar Reference
Future Simple
Future Simple is used to express:
101
shall (ll)
We
You
will (ll)
He/ She
come.
They
Interrogative
When
shall
help him?
we
will
you
he/she
they
Short answer
Will you help me finish my drilling project?
Yes, I shall.
Note: No, I wont is not common because it is impolite, it may mean I dont
want to help you. That is why a polite answer would be: Im afraid I cant.
102
Controlled Practice:
1. Translate into English:
a. Te voi chema cnd voi ajunge acas.
b. l voi vedea sptmna viitoare.
c. Azi avem repetiie la ora dou.
d. Va deveni necesar s gsim noi resurse de energie.
e. Crezi c vei gsi petrol aici?
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_____________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________
2. Match the sentences on the left with the functions on the right:
A
b. making a prediction
c. making a request
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
Short adjectives
cheap
cheaper
the cheapest
small
smaller
the smallest
big
bigger
the biggest
fat
fatter
the fattest
old
older/ elder
funnier
the funniest
end in -y
early
earlier
the earliest
heavy
heavier
the heaviest
more careful
two
more expensive
difficult
more difficult
interesting
more interesting
rapid
more rapid
Irregular
good
better
the best
adjectives
bad
worse
the worst
or
syllables
more expensive
the most
little
less
the least
far*
farther/ further
the
farthest/
the
furthest
fore**
former
the
late***
later/latter
first
near****
nearer
104
foremost/
the
105
Comparative Sentences
In relation with the degrees of comparison, there are idiomatic expressions
with two comparatives which are very common in technical English texts:
Form:
the+ comparative ...... the+ comparative ...
The bigger the force, the greater the acceleration.
The more mass in the body, the less acceleration.
Controlled Practice:
1. Translate into English:
a. Cu ct mai repede nvm engleza, cu att mai bine.
b. Ei fac n continuare investigaii.
c. Presiunea este mai mare n al doilea caz dect n primul.
d. Cu ct diametrul conductorului este mai mare, cu att intensitatea este
mai mic.
e. Avem nevoie de mai multe maini-unelte.
f. Sondorul acesta este cel mai tnr dintre toi.
g. Problema aceasta este cea mai dificil cu care m-am confruntat vreodat.
h. Ideea ta e mai bun, dar soluia mea este mai ieftin dect a ta.
i. Aceast main devine din ce n ce mai important.
j. Dintre cele dou unghiuri, primul este mai mic, iar al doilea este mai
mare.
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106
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3. Here are some of the things John said about the cities he visited. Some are
facts and some are his opinions. Complete his sentences:
a. London is, of course, much older ..... Los Angeles, but it isnt ..
than Athens. Athens is .. oldest city I have ever seen.
b. London doesnt have .. buildings than Athens, but is has older ones
.. the ones in Los Angeles and Tokyo.
107
108
Test
Choose the best variant:
1. He .. when I .. the room.
A. read/ entered; B. was reading/ entered; C. was reading/ was entering.;
D. read/ entered.
2. She .. since she a child.
A. hasnt been/ was; B. wasnt/ was; C. wasnt/ has been; D. hasnt been.
3. He .. to school by bus, but last week his car was broken and he
.. the bus.
A. doesnt go/ has taken; B. doesnt go/ takes; C. isnt going/ took;
D. doesnt go/ took.
4. Where .. ? I .. for you everywhere.
A. have you been/ have looked; B. have you been/ have been looking;
C. were you/ looked; D. were you/ was looking.
5. I . be . time. The weather was very bad and I was stuck in a
traffic jam.
A. couldnt/ on; B. wouldnt/ in; C. couldnt; in; D. shouldnt/ on
6. What exactly are you interested..?
A. in; B. about; C. on; D. for
7. I .. what to do, so I .. ask my superviser.
A. didnt know/ have to; B. havent known/ must; C. dont know/ had to;
D. didnt know/ had to
8. If this solution is .. than mine, I dont mind. The .. one will be
appreciated by everybody.
A. good/ good; B. better/ better; C. better/ best; D. better/ good.
9. I .. possibly accept his offer, as it was . than the other one.
A. couldnt/ worse; B. can/ the worst; C. wouldnt/ bad; D. wont/ worst;
10. The .. I arrive home, the . I am.
A. soon/ happy; B. better/ happier; C. sooner/ happier; D. better/ happy.
11. What are you looking ..? I .. my keys and I cant find them
anywhere.
109
110
Unit 10
Pre-reading task
What do you know about geology?
What is a geologist in charge of?
Who helps geologists in their search for oil fields?
Reading
Read the following text about Mike
Howard who is a geologist. Identify
the future of the verbs:
Mike Howard works for an oil
company. His job involves exploring
the terrain where oil may occur.
Places
such
as
canyons,
where
Grammar Reference
Be going to Future
Be going to Future is used
when we can see or feel now that something is certain to happen in the
future
am (m)
going to work.
am (m) not
He
is (s)
She
is not (isnt)
It
We
are (re)
You
They
Interrogative
114
am I
going to arrive?
is he/ she/ it
are we/you/ they
Short answer
Are you going to attend his lecture?
Yes, I am. No, Im not.
Controlled Practice:
Decide which is the correct verb form:
a. My suitcase is so heavy!
Give it to me. Ill/Im going to carry it for you.
b. I bought some warm boots because Ill go/Im going on an off-shore
drilling rig.
c. Well go/ Were going to a conference next week.
d. I hear you and Mike will get/ are going to get married! Congratulations!
e. Where will you go/ are you going on holiday this year?
France. What about you?
We dont know yet. Maybe we will go/ we are going to Spain.
115
First Conditional
The first conditional is used to express a possible condition and a probable
result in the future:
If my cheque comes, Ill buy this car.
Well destroy the environment if you dont look after it.
If he passes the baccalaureate, hell go to university.
Form
No future tense occurs in the conditional clause. This is replaced by the
present.
Main Clause
If Clause
Present/ Future
Present
I work hard, I
ll
pass my exams.
buy that new book on MathCad.
she
we dont hurry up, we
you are late, we
be late
wont
Interrogative
What
will
you do
Where
will
she go
if
Controlled Practice
1. Answer the following questions with conditional sentences of the real
type:
a. What happens if you dont pass this exam?
b. What presents will you buy if you go to that party?
116
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2. Translate the folowing sentences into English:
a. Dac voi putea, te voi ajuta la proiectul de an.
b. Dac voi ti rspunsul, o s i-l spun.
c. Dac vrei s ne nsoeti, eti binevenit.
d. Voi pleca n vacan dac voi avea bani.
e. Vei nva mai bine dac accepi s te ajut.
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117
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118
Unit 11
Pre-Reading Task
How do you solve the problem of water circulation for condensers of power
stations?
Reading
Read the folowing text about the Delta Group, a company which is very
famous in Canada. Can you identify the ordinal and the fractional numerals
in the text?
119
2. Read this sentence again: Two thirds of the problems associated with
water circulation for condensers of power stations and oil refineries from
Canada are being solved by the use of non-ferrous tubes manufactured by
the tube division of the Delta Group. How do you translate from? Now learn
some expressions containing this preposition:
from first to last = de la A la Z, de la nceput pn la sfrit;
from this point of view = din acest punct de vedere;
from... to = de la... pn la;
from experience = din experien;
apart from = n afar de, separat de;
far from it = departe de acest lucru;
far be it from me = departe de mine.
3. How do you translate the phrase more than three fourths? Now learn
some expressions containing the word than:
other than = cu excepia;
little more than = cu puin mai mult dect;
rather than = mai degrab dect;
no sooner... than = de ndat ce... c.
Now practisee these expressions in sentences of your own.
120
Grammar Reference
The Ordinal Numeral
The form of the ordinal numeral
1st the first
Decimal fractions
Second Conditional
The second conditional is used to express an unreal or improbable condition
(hypothetical condition) and its probable result in the present or future. The
condition is unreal because it is different from the facts that we know. We
can always say But...
If I were Prime Minister, Id increase taxes on properties such as castles,
palaces, ranches, etc. (But Im not Prime Minister.)
If I lived in a big house, Id have a party. (But my house is very small.)
Form
The verb in the main clause is in the present conditional (would+infinitive);
the verb in the conditional clause is in the past subjunctive which is similar
to the past simple with the exception of the verb to be which becomes were
for all the persons.
Main Clause
If Clause
Present Conditional
Past Subjunctive
would (d)
122
it
to
us
wouldnt
Interrogative
What
would you do
if
Controlled Practice:
1. Translate the following sentences into Romanian:
a. If I knew it, I would have told you the truth.
b. If she helped me I wouldnt be late to work.
c. If it rained, we would go inside.
d. Id like to hear her news if she were here.
e. If you could do it, you wouldnt ask me to tell you how to do it.
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2. Translate the following sentences into English:
a. Dac a ti mai multe amnunte despre acest anticlinal, i le-a spune.
b. Dac ai vrea, m-ai putea ajuta s termin proiectul acesta?
c. Dac ar fi aici, am termina treaba mai repede i am putea iei la o cafea.
d. L-ar asculta dac ar avea urechi de auzit.
e. Ne-ar face plcere s venim la petrecerea ta de terminare a facultii dac
nu am avea altceva de fcut.
123
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3. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses:
a. If I had a typewriter I (type) it myself.
b. If he worked more slowly he (not make) so many mistakes.
c. I (buy) shares in this company if I had some money.
d. I could tell you what this means if I (speak) Arab.
e. I (offer) to help if I thought Id be of any use.
f. If you (change) your job would it affect your pension?
g. If you (speak) more slowly he would understand you.
h. If you (look) at the engine for a moment you would see what is missing.
i. You (save) me a lot of trouble if you told me where you are going.
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124
Unit 12
Pre-Reading Tasks
Can you describe the kind of job a drilling engineer has? Which are his
duties?
Do you think this is an interesting or a boring job?
Reading
Now read a text about Graham
Macdonald, a Scottish drilling
engineer.
Confrunt
your
Macdonald
is
an
Grammar Reference
The Article
The use of articles in English is complex, and there are a lot of exceptions
that need to be known.
Here are the basic rules.
The Indefinite Article: a (before a word beginning with a consonant or
semi-vowel)/ an (before a word beginning with a vowel) is used
in phrases:
before a singular or plural noun, when both the speaker and the listener
know which specific object is being referred to:
before proper nouns denoting a family (in the plural), countries (if they
are in the plural, or if they represent a union), denoting groups of
islands, chains of mountains, deserts, oceans, seas, rivers, channels,
hotels, shops, institutions, means of transport, newspapers and
magazines:
The Johnsons, the Netherlands, the United States, the Bahamas, the Alps,
the Sahara, the Pacific, the Suez Canal, the Hilton, the Orient Express, the
Time, etc
in phrases:
to tell the time, by the way, at the moment, on the whole, on the one hand...
on the other hand, etc.
Zero Article: - is used with:
nouns like school, church, prison, when we imply the use made of the
building:
in phrases:
Controlled Practice:
1. Decide which answer A, B or C best fits each space:
a. He is speaking to .... authority.
A. an; B. - ; C. the
b. In order to survive, plants need ... water.
A. - ; B. a; C. the
c. In order to fix the armchair he needs ... hammer and ... nails.
A. the/ the; B. a/ the; C. a/ some
d. I took ... seat and waited for ... director to come.
A. - /the; B. a/the; C. the/ a
e. I thought you had passed ... exam but it seems that it was ... hardest of all.
A. - /the; B. an/the; C. the/the
f. They had ... excellent dinner and had ... very good time at ... Hilton.
A. - /a/the; B. an/the/ - ; C. an/a/the
129
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130
If clause
Past/Perfect conditional
would
(d) this
have bought
she had known the answer, she
would
ellegant
car..
passed
I hadnt made so many mistakes, I
wouldnt
licence
test.
Interrogative
What
would
you
have if
done
Which countries would
you
have
visited
131
Controlled Practice:
1. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense:
a. If I (know) this from the beginning, I wouldnt have asked you to do it for
me.
b. If it had rained it (be) a disaster.
c. If she (go) to university so late, she wouldnt have had these problems in
her career.
d. If you (stay) on that drilling rig and (be confrunted with) such storms, I
dont think you would argue against my leaving that place.
e. If I had known how to solve the problems in chemistry, I (pass) the exam
in the winter session.
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2. Translate into English:
a. Dac a fi putut s te ajut, a fi fcut-o nc de atunci.
b. Dac ar fi tiut rspunsurile la toate ntrebrile, nu ar fi luat o not aa de
mic.
c. Dac a fi nvat mai bine, nu a fi picat acest examen.
d. Dac nu ar fi nins, nu am fi plecat la munte de Crciun.
e. V-ai fi distrat mai bine, dac nu ai fi avut aceast problem de rezolvat
n acelai timp.
132
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3. Put the verbs in brackets into the corect tenses:
a. If I had known that you were in danger I (help) you.
b. If you (arrive) fifteen minutes earlier you would have got a seat.
c. I shouldnt have believed you when telling me about that drillers
accident if I (not see) it with my own eyes.
d. If he had asked you to do that job, you (accept)?
e. But for the fog we (reach) our destination ages ago.
f. If I (be) ready when he called he would have taken me with him.
g. If she listened to my directions she (not turn) the lights off.
h. If you had told me that he never paid his debts I (not lend) him the
money.
i. You wouldnt have had so much trouble with your car if you (have) it
serviced regularly.
j. I (take) a taxi to the university if I had realized that it was such a long
way.
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133
134
Unit 13
Refining oil
The Adverb
The Passive Voice
Pre-Reading Tasks
Think of the most important refineries in Romania. Where are they?
Think of the petroleum products these refineries produce. How many types
of petroleum products are produced in Romania?
Reading
Now read a general text on refining oil. Translate the text into Romanian:
One of the most distinctive and at the same time most characteristic sights
of the industrial age is the oil refinery.
Crude oil is a mixture of a number of different chemicals that are called
hydrocarbons because they are composed of atoms of hydrogen and carbon.
The mixture of crude oil contains fractions of the different hydrocarbon
molecules. In the refining process the different fractions of molecules in the
crude oil mixture are separated in such a way as to obtain usable products.
The impurities from the oil are also removed in the refining process.
The first step is called distillation. The oil is heated to a high temperature in
coil of pipe that pass over a furnace. Then the oil is piped into a tall
cylinder, called a fractionating tower. As the vapors rise, they
condense - that is, they turn into liquids again -at a particular temperature at
a particular level in the tower. Another process is called cracking which
135
136
137
38 strotium Sr
75 rhenium Re
2 helium He
39 yttrium Y
76 osmium Os
3 lithium Li
40 zirconium Zr
77 iridium Ir
4 beryllium Be
41 niobium Nb
78 platinum Pt
5 boron B
42 molybdenum Mo
79 gold Au
6 carbon C
43 technetium Tc
80 mercury Hg
7 nitrogen N
44 ruthenium Ru
81 thallium Tl
8 oxygen O
45 rhodium Rh
82 lead Pb
9 fluorine F
46 palladium Pd
83 bismuth Bi
10 neon Ne
47 silver Ag
84 polonium Po
11 sodium Na
48 cadmium Cd
85 astatine At
12 magnesium Mg
49 indium In
86 radon Rn
13 aluminium Al
50 tin Sn
87 francium Fr
14 silicon Si
51 antimony Sb
88 radium Ra
15 phosphorus
52 tellurium Te
89 actinium Ac
16 sulphur S
53 iodine I
90 thorium Th
17 chlorine Cl
54 xenon Xe
91 protactinium Pa
18 argon Ar
55 caesium Cs
92 uranium U
19 potassium K
56 barium Ba
93 neptunium Np
20 calcium Ca
57 lanthanum La
94 plutonium Pu
21 scandium Sc
58 cerium Ce
95 americium Am
22 titanium Ti
59 praseodymium Pr
96 curium Cm
23 vanadium V
60 neodymium Nd
97 berkelium Bk
24 chromium Cr
61 promethium Pm
98 californium Cf
25 manganese Mn
62 samarium Sm
99 eisteinium Es
26 iron Fe
63 europium Eu
100 fernium Fm
27 cobalt Co
64 gadolinium Gd
101 mendelevium Md
28 nickel Ni
65 terbium Tb
102 nobelium No
29 copper Cu
66 dysprosium Dy
103 lawrencium Lr
138
67 holmium Ho
104 rutherfordium Rf
31 gallium Ga
68 erbium Er
105 dubnium Db
32 germanium Ge
69 thulium Tm
106 seaborgium Sg
33 arsenic As
70 ytterbium Yb
107 bohrium Bh
34 selenium Se
71 lutetium Lu
108 hassium Hs
35 bromine Br
72 hafnium Hf
109 meitnerium Mt
36 krypton Kr
73 tantalum Ta
37 rubidium Rb
74 tungsten W
Grammar Reference
The Adverb
The adverb shows a characteristic of an event or state, a quality thereof.
It can modify:
a pronoun: Me too.
Form
Simple
Derived adverbs
Compound adverbs
adverbs
Adverbial
phrases
far
likewise
everywhere
at least
fast
afloat
outdoors
at once
here
homeward(s)
outside
by the way
late
repeatedly
thereby
by all means
near
hardly
therefore
in full
now
monthly
today
in general
139
bitterly
tomorrow
in all probability
today
happily
wherein
well
excellently
wherefore
of old
Controlled Practice
1. Maria is writing to her friend Mary in England. Shes rather tired, and
shes left some of the words out by mistake. Rewrite Marias letter to Mary
putting in the adverbs and adverb phrases on the right:
Dear Mary,
Thank you for your letter. Is it five months since I last really
wrote?
Im sorry, but Ive been very busy.
lately
already
carefully
usually
just
of course
yesterday
yet
I dont go out.
actually, often
here
140
a lot
next year
there
again
hard
soon
Love, yours,
Maria
2. Complete the following conversation between John and Helen by
choosing the correct adjective or adverb in the brackets:
John: Well, the party is going very nice/nicely, isnt it? Have one of these
sausages. They taste good/well.
Helen: No, thanks.
John: You dont sound very happy/happily. And you look pale/paley. Are
you all right?
Helen: I feel rather tired/tiredly. And Im hot/hotly.
John: It is getting a bit warm/warmly in here, isnt it? Well I can easy/ easily
open this window here.
Helen: Thank you. Actually, my head aches quite bad/badly, too. I think its
slow/slowly getting worse.
John: Im sure/surely the music isnt helping too much. It seems rather
loud/loudly, doesnt it? Look, would you like me to take you home?
Helen: No, thats all right, thanks. But if I could sit quiet/quietly somewhere
for a few minutes, I might be OK.
John: Ill ask Susan if theres somewhere you can go.
I am called
Present Continuous
I am being called
Present Perfect
Simple Past
I was called
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Simple Future
I shall be called
Controlled Practice:
1. Translate the following sentences into English:
a. Tu vei fi chemat de director mine s explici decizia ta.
b. El este ntrebat dac este vegetarian.
c. Soluia a fost gsit de fratele meu.
d. Mi s-au furat banii.
e. Problema a fost rezolvat recent prin introducerea pompei elicoidale.
f. Doctorul a fost chemat.
142
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2. Put the following sentences into the Passive:
a. Who drew this asymptote?
b. People in my town built this hospital last year.
c. John cant have done this.
d. The soldiers shall hand in all their weapons.
e. Children had cast stones.
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3. Transfer these passive sentences into active ones. When no agent is given
supply one:
a. My drawings were shown at the art exhibition in 2000.
143
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144
Unit 14
Reading
Now that you learned so many things about the English grammar and you
also know a certain amount of words belonging to the petroleum
vocabulary, test yourself in the following way. Use your dictionary and try
to read and translate this article on the discovery of gas in Lake Erie,
Canada.
Lake Erie gas attractive to Canadian drillers
Lake Erie Production on the Canadian side has become more important
during the past 25 years as smaller onshore gas fields in Ontario have
become depleted.
During 1984, Lake Erie production accounted for more than 74% of the
provinces total 19.4 bcf of gas - and four companies have been active in
Lake Erie this year. These operators are: Consumers Gas Co. of Toronto;
Diamond Shamrock Exploration of Calgary; Pembina Resources of Calgary;
and Place Gas Oil of Toronto.
Pembina was the most active company in the lake in 1985, drilling about 40
wells. The company operates about 185 producing wells in the producing
wells in the lake, most of these located in the eastern portion between Long
Point and the Niagara River.
145
Grammar Reference
Punctuation
There is a considerable amount of variation in punctuation practices. At one
extreme are writers who use as little punctuation as possible. At the other
extreme there are writers who use to much punctuation in an effort to o
make their meaning clear. Here are some punctuation rules.
1. Sentence - Level Punctuation
Punctuation
Guidelines
Examples
Marks
ordinaly
in
this
company.
Independent
clauses The
147
forecast
promised
connected by joining
them with a semicolon.
reduce
next
years
should
be region?
by
an
exclamation mark.
2. Separating Elements in Clauses
When one of the elements in a clause is compounded, that is, when there are
two or more subjects, predicates, objects, and so forth, punctuation is
necessary.
148
Guidelines
Examples
Marks
When two elements Tuition may be paid by check or
are
they
are
joined
usually Im
taking
Chemistry
and
and,
or
without
or
any
punctuation.
Occasionally more
than two elements
are joined in this
way.
Compounds
the
island
of
Great
series. Environmentally
conscious
occuring
between
the
last
two items.
or
of
have vocabulary,
grades;
memory,
internal
reading;
punctuation,
recommendations.
separation
by
149
test
and
of
and
teacher
can
confusing,
be
and
semicolons may be
used instead.
3. Word - Level Punctuation
The punctuation covered so far is used to clarify the structure of sentences,
There are also punctuation marks that are used with words.
Punctuation
Guidelines
Examples
Marks
The
apostrophe
is The
companys
management
constructions
to oclock.
A hyphen is used to
... insta -
to
Guidelines
Examples
Marks
...
....
told
him
the
up
your
selfish
B.W.R.A. is doing is of
greatest
value
carried
out
when
in
sufficiently
comprehensive
pattern,
and it is much to be
hoped that the framers of
codes will give it full
weight
....
There
many
factors
are
which
[]
caused
different
The Infinitive
The infinitive is considered to be the base form of the verb.
Form
It appears as long infinitive (preceded by the particle to): I didnt want to tell
you that. ot as short infinitive (not preceded by the particle to): She made me
do it eventually.
A special use of the infinitive is the split infinitive, where the adverb which
modifies the verb is inserted between the particle to and the verb proper: He
was too disappointed to really care about the circumstances of the accident.
The Participle
There are two participle forms in English:
the past participle (the third form of the verb) which denotes the action
as a result:
Active Voice
Passive Voice
asking
being asked
Participle
152
having asked
The Gerund
has a passive meaning after verbs as desire, need, require, want, etc.
Active Voice
Passive Voice
helping; reading
being helped
being read
Perfect Gerund
having helped
having read
In order to improve your knowledge about Gerund/ Infinitive, you may look
at Appendix 3 (page 189).
Controlled Practice:
1. Translate into English:
a. Sper s termin de nvat ultimul curs.
b. El vrea s plece mai repede, pentru c are o treab important de
rezolvat.
c. Te-a rugat s scrii un raport, motivnd de ce gndeti aa.
d. Iat cteva formule pe care s le nvai.
e. Studentul a dovedit c este foarte bun la matematic.
153
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2. Put the verbs between brackets in gerund or past participle:
a. Thank you for (to tell) me the truth.
b. After (to wait) for you for half an hour, I left the hotel
c. We need to have our roof tiles (to replace)
d. They stopped (to cut) the pipes, when they discovered that they had some
short ones too.
e. I dont mind your (to stay) here and (to wait) for my daughter.
f. You are always late; you certainly must have your watch (to reapair).
g. I should like the World Championship (to win) by the Romanian team.;
h. Why are you loking at me? Go on (to work)!
i. Ill make them (to answer) all my questions about Canadian drilling.
154
Unit 15
Reading and Practice
Imagine you work in a drilling company. Advertise your companys
products. Read two presentations of two refining companies and then make
your own presentation:
1. Automatic Filter Systems
All our automatic filter systems include filter media, support materials,
pressure vessel, steel structure, piping, valves, instrumentation and a PLCcontrolled sequencing program. Additional equipment necessary for
effective automatic operation can also be added to the scope of delivery.
In situations where the best solution is not easily determined, Dahlmans
extensive experience can always find the definitive technical and economic
solution.
Dahlman automatic filter systems are mostly used when:
Etched discs
155
Polypropylene candles
For every application Dahlman can assist you by this selection process and
supply you with the very best and most economical filter internals.
Control
The controllability of automatic filter systems is always tailored to the
plants specific requirements. Control via local control cabinet with a PLC
or by the DCS systems can be incorporated. All our systems are supplied
with sequence charts, narratives and software. The advantage of automatic
filter systems is that we will perform a thorough check on the operation
before delivery or start-up. This can be done by means of a functional test or
a factory acceptance test. That way the systems are delivered according to
the requirements, and performance guarantees can be given.
Benefits
Advantages of Dahlman automatic filter systems:
Some applications
Oil refining
(Petro)chemicals
Amine
Oleochemicals
Seawater
Polymers
Fuel gas
Fibres
Reverse osmosis
Speciality chemicals
De-aeration
2. What is hydrocracking ?
Hydrocracking is a type of chemical plant designed to remove sulphur
( desulphurize) and process vacuum oils produced in Tubular Tower
Distillation (TTD) installations. Hydrocracking provides for increase in the
extent of crude oil treatment at PKN ORLEN S.A. to a level exceeding 80
per cent of clear product yield.
A hydrocracking Plant comprises the following technological sections :
157
Reactive
Section
hydrodesulphurisation
where
and
two
basic
hydrocracking
reactions
both
are
occur:
strongly
Amine Wash section where liquid gases and hydrogen gases are
desulphurised.
Liquid
gases hydrocarbons,
such
as
propane-butane,
with
Light gas oil hydrocarbons with boiling range between 170oC and
330oC, used as a component of high-quality diesel oil;
rising
Two-fold
increase
production of sulphur-
dioxide
atmospheric emissions
Hydrocracking plant after modernization
Total capacity
Liquid gas
Light petrol
Naphta
Kerosene fractions
Hydrocracking residuals
159
following sentences with one appropriate word connected with the subject
of money:
a. They refused to accept a cheque so I had to pay in ....
b. When she started with the company her . was only $000 a year.
Now its at least four times that.
c. When Mr Michael retired he received a . of $00 a month.
d. Pierre is very worried because he is in .... nobody will lend him
any money.
e. If you want a new car why not go and see your bank manager about a
....
Here is a list of words and expressions to do with money. Use your
dictionary and divide them into the following categories:
-borrowing money; saving and investing money; having a personal bank
account.
Sometimes the same word will fit different categories:
160
Grammar Reference
The Conjunction
Conjunctions join words, phrases and clauses:
He slipped and fell on the floor.
Please watch my baggage while I buy my train ticket.
Coordinating Conjunctions
Conjunctions
both...and,
not
only...
(but
also),
either...or,
neither...nor make the connection more intense. They are also called
correlative conjunctions:
Both Lisa and I will go to the party.
Neither money nor power can make him happy.
Subordinating Conjunctions
161
Controlled Practice
Complete each sentence with an appropriate coordinate or subordinate
conjunction:
A journey to the National Parks of the United States is a rare and
unforgettable walk on the wild side. It is to feel once more the power of the
old myths, to once again know that the land is the cradle of life, a. .
nature is the hand setting b. craddle endlessly rocking.
To the west, on the Olympic Peninsula, is the brooding, primordial coastline
of Olympic National Park. The great rocks rising from the sea were once a
part of the landmass. c. .. the relentless sea chiseled away the softer
stone, creating the haunting monoliths rising from the tides. Along this
coast, and beyond, into the Olympic Mountains, is one of the most diverse
wilderness areas in North America. Within the park are alpine meadows,
majestic white-robed peaks, d. .. some sixty active glaciers slowsliding their relentless way down from the heights. On the western slopes of
the mountains, there is a remarkable rainforest. In Wyoming are the rugged,
majestic battlements and spires of the Teton Mountains. e. .. most
mountain ranges, the Tetons have no foothills. They rise dramatically to a
height of almost 14,000 feet. Although relatively small, the Colorado River
must surely be the most powerful river of them all. For the Colorado River
carved the Grand Canyon. To travel from one end of the canyon to the other
would be a journey of 277 serpentine miles. Sometimes the walls of the
canyon are less than a half mile wide.
Far to the south and the east of the Colorado are the gentle waters of f.
.. may be the most unusual river in the world. The Seminoles called it
"Pa-hay-okee," g. .. "Grassy Water." Here is the central feature of
Everglades National Park. A river that is 100 miles long, 50 miles wide, and
averages only 6 inches deep. Slowly flowing through the entire southern
reaches of the Florida Peninsula, the Everglades teems with an extraordinary
variety of life. Within its labyrinth of cypress swamps, hammocks, islands
and hyacinth pools, live more than 350 species of birds.
162
164
Test
Choose the best variant:
1. I went to .. cinema last night.
A. -; B. the; C. a; D. an.
2. He would have helped you if he
A. had been able to; B. could; C. has been able to; D. wanted.
3. If it tomorrow well postpone our businees trip.
A. rained; B. rains; C. will rain; D. had rained.
4. If I . in your place, I would gladly acept his invitation.
A. was; B. had been; C. were; D. has been.
5. On .. one hand I would like to start such a project, on other
I think I shant have the time to finish it.
A. the/ a; B. the/ the; C. -; -; D. a/ the.
6. I saw smoke through the door of .. chemistry laboratory.
A. come/ the; B. come/ -; C. coming/ -; D. coming/ the.
7. Have you .. finished your homework ?
A. -/ yet; B. just/ -; C. already/ -; D. -/ already.
8. the truth, I would have told it to you.
A. Have I known; B. Did I know; C. Had I known; D. Should I know.
9. I couldnt make a story, so I had to tell them the truth.
A. up; B. in; C. out; D. of.
10. .. had I entered the door .. the phone started to ring.
A. Hardly/ when; B. scarcely/ then; C. hardly/ than; D. hard/ when.
11. No sooner .. on that drilling rig when he . promoted.
A. had he moved/ has been; B. had he moved/ was; C. was he moved/ was;
D. he had moved/ was.
12. The doctor .. several hours ago.
A. has been sent for; B. had been sent for; C. was sent for; D. was being
sent for.
13. In case you my advice, call me at this number.
A. will need; B. need; C. has needed; D. needed.
165
: ; B. .; C. ,; D. - .
166
Evaluation
1. What have you learnt from this book?
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2. What did you enjoy about it?
_________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
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3. What didnt you enjoy about it?
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167
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168
Appendix 1
Irregular verbs
Base form
Past Simple
Past
Translation
Participle
to be
was/were
been
a fi
to beat
beat
beaten
a bate
a lovi
a nvinge
to become
became
become
a deveni
to bend
bent
bent
a (se) ndoi
to begin
began
begun
a ncepe
to bid
bid
bid
a ordona
bade
bidden
a porunci
a oferi
to bind
bound
bound
a uni
a lega
a obliga
to blow
blew
blown
a sufla
a
arde
sigurane)
to break
broke
broken
a sparge
a rupe
a sfrma
a concasa
a degrada
to bring
brought
brought
a aduce
a produce
to build
built
built
a cldi
a construi
to burn
burnt
burnt
169
a arde
(fuzibilul
unei
burst
burst
a izbucni
a exploda
a crpa
to buy
bought
bought
a cumpra
to cast
cast
cast
a arunca
a turna
to catch
caught
caught
a prinde
a capta
a bloca
a colecta
to choose
chose
chosen
a selecta
a alege
to cleave
cleft
cleft
a (se) despica
clove
cloven
a (se) scinda
a separa
to come
came
come
a veni
a ajunge
cost
cost
cost
a costa
to creep
crept
crept
a (se) tr
a aluneca
a se alungi
to cut
cut
cut
a tia
a fasona
a seciona
a opri (un motor)
to deal
dealt
dealt
a se ocupa (cu)
a contracta
a distribui
a repartiza
170
dug
dug
a spa
a excava
a explora
to do
did
done
a face
to draw
drew
drawn
a desena
a schia
a atrage
to dream
dreamt
dreamt
a visa
to drink
drank
drunk
a bea
to drive
drove
driven
a aciona
a conduce
to eat
ate
eaten
a mnca
to fall
fell
fallen
a cdea
a da la rebut
to feed
fed
fed
a alimenta
a hrni
a aproviziona
to feel
felt
felt
a (se) simi
to fight
fought
fought
a combate
a (se) lupta
to find
found
found
a gsi
a descoperi
a constata
to fling
flung
flung
a lansa
a arunca
a izbucni
to fly
flew
flown
a zbura
a lansa
to forecast
forecast
forecast
a prevedea
to forbid
forbade
forbidden
a interzice
to forget
forgot
forgotten
a uita
171
froze
frozen
a nghea
a refrigera
to get
got
got
a obine
a primi
a deveni (a ajunge)
to give
gave
given
a da
a acorda
a transmite
a aviza
a preda
to go
went
gone
a merge
a funciona
a circula
to grow
grew
grown
a se mri
a dezvolta
to hang
hung
hung
a suspenda
a aga
a pune receptorul n furc
to have
had
had
a avea
to hear
heard
heard
a auzi
to hew
hewed
hewed
a ciopli
hewn
a degroa
a tia
to hide
hid
hidden
a ascunde
to hit
hit
hit
a lovi
a ciocni
a izbi
to hold
held
held
a ine
a bloca
a opri
a fixa
172
hurt
hurt
a rni
a lovi
a avaria
to keep
kept
kept
a ine
a reine
a menine
a ntreine
to knit
knit
knit
a nnoda
a tricota
a mbina
to know
knew
known
a ti
a cunoate
to lay
laid
laid
a pune
a aeza
a ntinde
to lead
led
led
a conduce
a avansa
a comanda
to lean
leant
leant
a nclina
a (se) apleca
a se sprijini
to learn
learnt
learnt
a nva
to leave
left
left
a pleca
a prsi
to lend
lent
lent
a mprumuta
to let
let
let
a lsa
a permite
to lie
lay
lain
a se afla
a consta n
light
lit
lit
a aprinde
173
lost
lost
a pierde
to make
made
made
a fabrica
a face
to mean
meant
meant
a nsemna
a vrea s spun
to meet
met
met
a (se) ntlni
a intersecta
a ncrucia
to pay
paid
paid
a plti
a achita
to put
put
put
a pune
a aeza
to read
read
read
a citi
to ride
rode
ridden
a clri
to ring
rang
rung
a suna
a chema (la telefon)
to rise
rose
risen
a (se) ridica
a (se) urca
a rsri
to run
ran
run
a alerga
a funciona
a administra
to say
said
said
a spune
to saw
sawed
sawn
a tia cu ferstrul
to see
saw
seen
a vedea
to seek
sought
sought
a cuta
a cerceta
to sell
sold
sold
a vinde
to send
sent
sent
a trimite
to set
set
set
a regla
a ajusta
174
shook
shaken
a bate
a scutura
a vibra
to shear
sheared
shorn
a tia
a mrgini
a forfeca
to shed
shed
shed
a arunca
a difuza
a vrsa
to shine
shone
shone
a strluci
a polisa
to show
showed
shown
a arta
a manifesta
to shoot
shot
shot
a mpuca
a filma
to shrink
shrank
shrunk
a se contracta
a freta
to shut
shut
shut
a nchide
to sing
sang
sung
a cnta
to sink
sank
sunk
a (se) scufunda
a ngropa
to sit
sat
sat
a sta jos
to sleep
slept
slept
a dormi
to slide
slid
slid
a aluneca
a glisa
to sling
slung
slung
a arunca
a lansa
to smell
smelt
smelt
a mirosi
to smite
smote
smitten
a izbi
to speak
spoke
spoken
a vorbi
175
sped
sped
a accelera
to spell
spelt
spelt
to spend
spent
spent
a petrece
a cheltui
a ntrebuina
to spill
spilt
spilt
a vrsa
a risipi
a turna
to split
split
split
a cliva
a scinda
a despica
a disocia
to spin
spun
spun
a centrifuga
a roti
a presa
to spread
spread
spread
a rspndi
a acoperi
a extinde
to spring
sprang
sprung
a sri
a izvor
a se arcui
to stand
stood
stood
a sta (vertical)
a rezista
a suporta
to steal
stole
stolen
a fura
to stick
stuck
stuck
a (se) lipi
a se fixa
to strike
struck
struck
a lovi
a izbi
to string
strung
strung
176
a nira
strove
striven
a se strdui
a se lupta
to swear
swore
sworn
a jura
to swell
swelled
swollen
a (se) umfla
a crete
to swim
swam
swum
a nota
to swing
swung
swung
a oscila
a (se) balansa
a pendula
to take
took
taken
a lua
a capta
a necesita
to teach
taught
taught
a preda
to tear
tore
torn
a rupe
to tell
told
told
a spune
to think
thought
thought
a reflecta
a gndi
a socoti c
to throw
threw
thrown
a arunca
to thrust
thrust
thrust
a mpinge
a nfige
a apsa
to understand understood
understood
a nelege
to wake
woke
woken
a (se) trezi
to wear
wore
worn
a purta
a uza
a toci
to weep
wept
wept
a plnge
a picura
177
won
won
a ctiga
to wind
wound
wound
a rni
to wring
wrung
wrung
a stoarce
a rsuci
a smulge
to write
wrote
written
178
a scrie
Appendix 2
WORD+PREPOSITION (sb.= somebody; sth.= somenthing)
(break sth.) by accident
according to (the weather forecast)
to account for sth.
an advertisement for sth
afraid of (storms)
at the age of (twenty)
to agree with sb. on sth.
to apply for (a job)
appropriate for sth.
to argue with sb. about sth.
to arrive at (the railway station)
to arrive in (Europe)
as a result
to ask for sth.
to assist in sth.
attentive at sth./ sb.
at the beginning of sth.
in the beginning
to be afraid of. sb./ sth.
to be at home
to be aware of sth.
to be bored with sth./sb.
to be careful about sth.
to be fed up with sth.
to be full of (energy)
to be fond of sb.
to be good at sth.
to be in charge of sth.
to be in love with sb.
179
184
188
Appendix 3
Verbs which are always followed by a GERUND:
The drilling engineer denied experiencing a gusher.
admit
defer
dispute
find
miss
recall
appreciate
delay
enoy
finish
pardon
risk
avoid
deny
escape
forgive
postpone
suggest
celebrate
detest
excuse
mention
practice
understand
consider
dislike
explain
mind
prevent
decide
intend
plan
refuse
agree
expect
need
pretend
seem
appear
hope
offer
promise
want
continue
prefer
start
189
190
Bibliography
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191
UTH
18. http://www.randomhouse.com
HTU
UTH
192