Jerry Springer
Oprah
Demonstrating facts
Nursing is hard work, dorms are poor study
places
Defend/oppose a policy, action, or project
Company should drug-test employees
Assert the greater/lesser value of
someone/something
Ranking candidates for promotion
Induction
General claim is supported by specific
evidence (direct observations, statistical
data, scientific studies)
Makes conclusion probable but doesnt
prove
Must demonstrate credibility of evidence
College program effective because most
students in it get jobs
Deduction
Analogy
Deduction
Demonstrates how a specific conclusion
follows logically from initial premise
Must make clear how conclusions do actually
follow from agreed-upon premises
Politicians assert the benefit to future
generations, then policies to favor that
Analogy
Analogy
Weakest form of rational appeal
Never prove anything, only show
probability and sometimes offer
explanations
Assumption that humans respond to
chemicals as rats do