Lectures on Reinforced Concrete Design: Lecture 3

Flexural Analysis of R.C. Beams(2)

BY
Dr. A.W.HAGO

Maximum moment capacity of a section

Following BS8110 in limiting depth the neutral axis, x=0.5d, then the
corresponding lever arm becomes:
Z=d - s/2= d-0.9X/2 =d 0.45(0.5d) =0.775d
Hence, the maximum moment of resistance of the section is:
Substitute s = 0.9 x = 0.9 0.5d = 0.45d
M max = F ccz = 0.45 f cu b( 0.45d )( 0.775d )
= 0.156 f cu bd 2 = K ' f cu bd 2
K' =

M max
= 0.156
2
bd f cu

Which is the limiting value for K

for a singly reinforced section.

0.45 f cu

cc = 0.0035

sc

Neutral
axis

S=0.9x

M = 0.45 f cu bsz

Fcc

Ast
st

Section

Strains

Fst

Stress block

If K>K compression reinforcement is required to prevent crushing of concrete.

2

Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Sections

When the applied bending moment M >
0.156fcubd2, the design ultimate moment exceeds
the moment of resistance of concrete and
compression reinforcement is needed. The neutral
axis of the beam will be fixed at X=0.5d, the
maximum value allowed by the Code.
Then the lever arm z=d-s/2= d-0.9X/2 = d-0.9*0.5d =0.775d

Doubly reinforced rectangular sections

b

cc = 0.0035

Asc
d

sc

S=0.9x
=0.45d

X=0.5d

0.45 f cu

Fsc
Fcc

Neutral
axis

z
Ast

Fst

st
Section

Strains

Stress block

For equilibrium:

F=
Fcc + Fsc .................................(1)
st
and

M =Fcc z + Fsc (d d ')......................(2)

Fst = 0.95 f st Ast

Fsc = f sc Asc
But
=
Fcc 0.45 =
f cu b(0.9 x) 0.405
=
f cu bx 0.405 f=
0.201 f cu bd
cu b(0.5d )

 0.95 f y Ast = 0.201 f cu bd + f sc Asc .................................(3)

and taking moments about the centroid of tension steel equation 2 becomes:
M =Fcc z + Fsc (d d ')................................................(2)

=
M 0.201 f cu bd (0.775d ) + f sc Asc (d d ')
M = 0.156 f cu bd 2 + f sc Asc (d d ') = M 1 + M 2

M 0.156 f cu bd 2 ( K K ') f cu bd 2
=
Asc
=
........................(4)
f sc (d d ')
f sc (d d ')
Multiplying both sides of equation (3) by z (i.e. 0.775d) we get:

=
0.95 f y Ast z 0.156 f cu bd 2 + f sc Asc z
If the compression steel is yielding, then f sc = 0.95 f y and hence:

0.156 f cu bd 2
=
Ast
+ Asc .....................................(5)
0.95 f y z

To see if compression steel is yielding, we have from the strain diagram:

=
sc

0.0035( x d ') 0.0035(0.5d d ')

d'
=
= 0.0035 0.007
x
d
0.5d

For yielding with fy=460 N/mm2 steel:

0.95 f y 0.95 460

d'
sc= =
=
= 0.00219
= 0.0035 0.007
y
200000
E
d
d ' 0.0035 0.00219
=

= 0.187
d
0.007

So with fy=460 N/mm2 steel, if d/d < 0.187 compression steel yields.
If the compression steel is not yielding, then in equation (4):

f sc Es=
=
200000=
700 1400
sc
sc

d'
d

Example 1:
A rectangular beam 260mm wide, 440mm effective depth is subjected to
an ultimate design moment of 285 kNm. If fcu=30 N/mm2 and fy= 460
N/mm2 design the reinforcement for the beam. Take d'=50mm.
Solution

260
50

440

Example 2: Analysis of a doubly reinforced section

Asc = 628

X=0.5d

cc = 0.0035

d =50

d= 510

sc

S=0.9x

Determine the ultimate moment of resistance of the cross-section shown in figure

below given that the characteristic strengths are fy= 460 N/mm2 for the
reinforcement and fcu = 30 N/mm2 for the concrete
Solution:
b= 280

Neutral
axis

Ast = 2410
Fst

0.45 f cu

Fsc
Fcc

st

10

lf the depth of neutral axis was such that the compressive or

tensile steel had not yielded, it would have been necessary to
try successive values of x until all forces balance, with the
steel strains and stresses being calculated from strain and
stress diagrams. The steel stresses at balance would then be
used to calculate the moment of resistance

11

Design Charts

cc = 0.0035

For equilibrium of the section:

Asc

sc

0.45 f cu
S=0.9x

Neutral
axis

F=
Fcc + Fsc .................................(1) d
st

But:
Fcc = 0.45 f cu b( 0.9 x ) = 0.405 f cu bx

Ast

Fsc = f sc Asc

Fst

st

Fst = f st Ast

f st Ast = 0.405 f cu bx + f sc Asc Dividing both sides by bd we get:

A
A
x
f st st = 0.405 f cu + f sc sc ...........( 1 )
bd
d
bd

Taking moments about the neutral axis

M = Fcc ( x 0.45 x ) + Fsc ( x d' ) + Fst ( d x )
M = 0.405 f cu bx( 0.55 x ) + f sc Asc ( x d' ) + f st Ast ( d x )

Dividing both sides by bd 2 we get:

2

A
M
x
2 = 0.2275 f cu + f sc sc
bd
bd
d

A
x
x d'
+ f st st 1 ......( 2 )
bd d
d d

For any value of x/d, d/d, As/bd, equations (1) and (2) can be solved for As/bd and M/bd2 and
a set of design charts can be plotted (as shown). Steel stresses are to be obtained for any x/d
12
from the strain diagram and stress-strain curve for steel.

Fsc
Fcc

13

14

15

Example 3:Use of Design Charts

The ultimate design moment to be resisted by the section shown is 300
kNm. Determine the area of tension reinforcement (As) required given the
characteristic material strengths are fy = 460 N/mm2 and fcu = 40 N/mm2.
b= 250

Solution:

d= 700

16

17

18

Example 4:Use of Design Charts

The ultimate design moment to be resisted by a beam section with b=250mm

and d=700mm is 900 kNm. Determine the area of tension reinforcement (As)
required given the characteristic material strengths are fy = 460 N/mm2 and
fcu=40 N/mm2. What is the x/d ratio of the beam so designed?
Solution:

19

20