Transmission Lines

TRANSMISSION
LINE PARAMETERS
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Ground
Ground
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h8ps://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=zGcCDVPsa5c
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(DC) Resistance - Conductance

RDC (T ) = (T )
(T ) = (T1 )
T +
T1 +
T is a material-dependent constant
(T ) = 1 (T )
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DC Resistance
Io

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Skin Depth (AC Resistance)
Io
Io
Decays as: I o e
I o e1
Skin Depth: =
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10
Skin Depth (AC Resistance)
Al = 35.3 106 , Al = o = 4 107 Al ( 60Hz ) 1.1 cm
Rac = =
=
A w 2 a
a = 1.5cm
= 1m
RDC
1
6
=
=
=
25.0
10
2
2
a
35.3 106 ( 0.015)
1
6
Rac =
=
=
27.3
10
6
2 a 2 35.3 10 ( 0.011) ( 0.015)
a 10% increase
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11
Inductance (Solid Cylindrical Conductors)

Consider:
a long solid wire
made of non-magneUc material ( = o)
radius a
uniformly distributed current (neglect skin eects)

Amperes Law:
H i d = I enclosed
C
Assume H is constant for a given radius

Current enclosed by dashed curve
when inside the wire (r < a):
Current I out of page

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I enclosed
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r2
=
I
2 total
a
12

MagneDc Field H (Amperes/meter)

ra

2
2
r
1
r

H i d = H 2 r = I enclosed = 2 I total H =
I
2 total
C
2 r a
a

r
I
H =
2 total
2 a

C
r

I total
d
r a H =
2 r

a
Drop the total subscript
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13

MagneDc Flux Density B (Webers/meter2 or Tesla)
r
I
2 a
H =
I
2 r
ra
ra
r
o
I
2
2 a
B = H =
o I
2 r
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ra
ra
14

MagneDc Flux (Webers) = B i da
area
area
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o r
d = Bdr =
I dr
2
2 a
a
o r
o
=
I dr =
I
2
4
0 2 a
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15

Flux Linkage It is NOT the same as the ux though this is
oTen confused.

Flux Linkage is a property of a two-terminal element (or two
points in space)

d
DeniDon of Flux Linkage: = v t dt v t =
dt

d t
d
=
B i da
Faradays law: v t =
dt
dt area

d d
= B i d a =
B i da hence the confusion
dt dt area
area
()
()
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()
()
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16

Flux Linkage (per unit length)
From Slide 15:

d = B i da
Internal Flux Linkage:
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o r
d = Bdr =
I dr
2
2 a
r2
r 2 o r
d = 2 d = 2
I dr
2
a
a 2 a
a
o r 3
o
int =
I dr =
I
4
8
0 2 a
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17

Internal Inductance: Flux-Linkage per unit current
int o 4 107 1
Lint =
=
=
= 107
I
8
8
2
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H/m
18

External Inductance: Flux-Linkage per unit current here the
enDre current I is linked by the ux outside the conductor.
o
B=
I, r a
r2
2 r
o
r1
d = Bdr =
I dr, r a
2 r
o
d = d =
I dr
2 r
r2
r2
o
o
12 o r2
12 =
I dr =
I ln L12 =
=
ln
2 r
2
I
2 r1
r1
r1
Inductance due only to the ux included between r1 and r2.
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19
Total Flux Linking the Conductor to Point P:
P
D
1
14
=
2ln
e
a
2
o
o
D o 1 1
D
P = int + 12 =
I+
I ln =
+ ln I
8
2
a 2 2 2
a
o
=
2
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14
o 1 4 D
o D
D
ln e
I=
ln 1 4 I
ln e + ln I =
2
a
2 ae
a
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20
Total Inductance: Straight, Solid, Isolated Conductor
P
D
a
LTotal
eecDve radius:
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P o D
=
=
ln 1 4
I
2 ae
a = ae1 4
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21
Single-Phase, Two-Wire Line

One conductor is the return circuit for the other.

D

r1

Consider rst only a current on conductor one.
12 =
Dr2
r1
r2
D r2 o
D
o
o
I1 dr =
I ln
I ln
2 r
2
r1 2
r1
o D
o D
o
D
L1 =
ln 1 4 , L2 =
ln 1 4 , L = L1 + L2 = ln
1
4
2 r1e
2 r2 e
r1r2 e
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22
Bundled & Stranded Conductors
Stranded
Conductors
Phase a
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Bundled
Conductors
Phase b
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Phase c
23
Conductor Array

Flux Linkage kPk: Links conductor k to point P due to current Ik
DPM
M
rM
IM
Im
m
DPm
rm
DPk
k
Ik
DP2
rk
DP1
o D
P =
ln 1 4 I
2 ae
To here:
I2
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From here:
r2
1
I1
r1
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kPk
o DPk
=
ln
I
1 4 k
2 ak e
24
Conductor Array

Flux Linkage kPm: Links conductor k to point P due to current Im
DPM
M
rM
IM
Dkm
Im
m
DPm
rm
r2
o
12 =
I ln
2
r1
DPk
k
Ik
2
I2
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DP2
rk
r2
DP1
o DPm
kPm =
ln
Im
2 Dkm
1
I1
r1
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Conductor Array

Via superposiDon, the Total Flux Linkage kP which links
conductor k to point P due to all currents is:

M
M
DPm
o

kP = kPm =
ln
Im
2 m=1 Dkm

m=1

where Dkk = e1 4 rk

write
M
o M
1
o
kP =
ln
D
I
+
ln ( DPm ) I m
km
m
2 m=1
2 m=1
M 1
o M
o
1
o
=
ln Dkm I m +
ln ( DPm ) I m +
ln ( DPM ) I M
2 m=1
2 m=1
2
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Conductor Array

But we generally have (and assume that to be the case) that

thus
M
M 1
Im 0 I M = Im
m=1
m=1
o M
o
1
kP =
ln Dkm I m +
2 m=1
2
o M
o
1
=
ln Dkm I m +
2 m=1
2
o M
o
1
=
ln Dkm I m +
2 m=1
2
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o
ln ( DPm ) I m + 2 ln ( DPM ) I M
m=1
M 1
M 1
o
ln ( DPm ) I m 2 ln ( DPM ) I m
m=1
m=1
M 1
DPm
ln D I m
m=1
PM
M 1
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Conductor Array

Now let P tend to innity

then all the distances DPm are equal,

DPm

lim ln
= 0, all m
P
DPM

and

o M
1

k =
ln
D
Im
km
2 m=1

This is the total ux linking conductor k in an array of M
conductors carrying currents I1, I2, , IM, whose sum is zero.
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28
Another Common (3-Phase) Arrangement
La , Lb , Lc
D
D
neutral
r
b
o M
o
1
ln e1 4 r 1 I a + ln D 1 I b + ln D 1 I c
k =
ln Dkm I m a =
2 m=1
2
o
ln e1 4 r 1 I a + ln D 1 ( I b + I c )
=
2
Ia + Ib + Ic = 0 Ib + Ic = Ia
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( )
( )
( )
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Another Common (3-Phase) Arrangement
o
2
= o
2
a =
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D
D
La , Lb , Lc
r
b
neutral
ln e1 4 r 1 I a + ln D 1 ( I b + I c ) = o ln e1 4 r 1 I a I a ln D 1
D
D
ln 1 4 I a La = Lb = Lc = o ln 1 4
2 e r
e r
( )
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( )
30
Stranded
Conductors
Phase a
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Bundled
Conductors
Phase b
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Phase c
31
Phase a
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Phase b
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Phase c
32
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Bundled Conductors

Single phase, two-conductor, N, M idenDcal sub-conductors,
idenDcal current.
rx
k
3
Dk1
Dk 1
1
Conductor
Bundle x
Current in each
sub-conductor:
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ry
2
Conductor
Bundle y
Current in each
sub-conductor:
I
N
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I
M
34
Bundled Conductors

Since the current sums to zero our previous result sDll holds:

o M
1
=
ln
D
Im

k
km
2 m=1

This is the total ux linking conductor k in an array of M
conductors carrying currents I1, I2, , IM, whose sum is zero.

Hence the total ux linking sub-conductor k of conductor x is
o
k =
2
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I N
I
1
ln Dkm
M
N m=1
ln ( D )
M
m=1
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km
35
Bundled Conductors

M
o I N
I
1
1
k =
ln Dkm
ln Dkm
2 N m=1
M m=1
N
M
o I
I
1
1
=
ln Dkm
ln Dkm
2 N m=1
M m=1
o
=
2
M
N
I
I
M ln Dkm N ln Dkm
m =1
m=1
o M M
N
=
I ln Dkm ln Dkm
2 m=1
m=1
M M D
o
km
=
I ln
2
m =1 N D
km
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Bundled Conductors

The inductance of lament k:

M M D
M M D
km
km

k = o I ln
Lk = o ln
2
2 m=1 N Dkm

m =1 N D
km

The average inductance of the laments in conductor x is:

1 N
Lave = Lk

N k=1

But conductor x is composed of N laments in parallel. If all the
laments had the same inductance, the inductance of the
conductor would be 1/N Dmes the inductance of one lament.
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37
Bundled Conductors

Here all the laments have dierent inductances, but the
inductance of all of them in parallel is 1/N Dmes the average
inductance.

Thus, the inductance of conductor x is:

Lave
1 N
Lx =
= 2 Lk

N
N k=1

This can be further simplied
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38
Bundled Conductors

This can be further simplied

M M D

Lave
1 N
1 o N
km
L
=
=
L
=
ln

x
N
N 2 k=1 k N 2 2 k=1 m=1 N Dkm

N
M M D
N
M MN 2 D
1 o
km
= 2
ln
= o ln 3 km

N 2 k=1 m=1 N Dkm 2 k=1 m=1 N Dkm

N
M MN D
o

=
ln 2 km
2 k=1 m=1 N Dkm

simplied?
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39
Bundled Conductors

N
M MN D
o

Lx =
ln 2 km

2 k=1 m=1 N Dkm

Note that the numerator of the logarithm is the MNth root of mn
terms, which are all the products the distances from all the N
laments of conductor x to all the M laments of conductor y.

For each lament in conductor x there are M distances to laments
in conductor y, and there are N laments in conductor x.

The product for each of the M distances for each of the N laments
results in MN terms.
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40
Bundled Conductors

N
M MN D
o

Lx =
ln 2 km

2 k=1 m=1 N Dkm

The MNth root of the product of the MN distances is called the
geometric mean distance (GMD) between conductor x and
conductor y. It is also called the mutual distance between the two
conductors and labeled Dm
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41
Bundled Conductors

N
M MN D
o
Lx =
ln 2 km

2 k=1 m=1 N Dkm

The denominator of the logarithm is the N2 root of N2 terms.

There are N laments, and for each lament there are N terms r
for that lament Dmes the distances from that lament to every
other lament in conductor x.

Thus the terms in the denominator may be described as the
product of the distances from every lament in the conductor to
itself and to every other lament. (Recall the self-term is D = e r )
1 4
kk
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Bundled Conductors

N
M MN D
o
Lx =
ln 2 km

2 k=1 m=1 N Dkm

The N2 roots of these terms is called the Self GMD of conductor x,
and is also called the Geometric Mean Radius (GMR) and
designated by Ds.

Finally:

o Dm
Lx =
ln

2 Ds
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43
Bundled Conductors

The GMR of standard cables is usually provided by the conductor
manufacturer. Is is also found in various handbooks. See, for
example, the Text Appendix Tables A3 and A4.

If the distances between the conductors is large compared to the
distances between the sub-conductors of each conductor, then the
GMD between conductors approximately equals the distance
between the conductors.

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44
Example

One circuit of a single three-phase line is composed of three solid
0.25-cm-radius wires. The return circuit is composed of two 0.5-
cm-radius wires. The arrangement is as shown. Find the inductance
due to the current in each side of the line and the inductance of
the complete line (in henrys per meter and milihenrys per mile).
9m
a
6m
6m
c
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45
Example

9m
a
6m
N =3
6m
M =2
c
N
M MN D
o
o Dm
km
Lx =
ln 2
=
ln
2 k=1 m=1 N Dkm
2 Ds
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46
Example

9m
a
6m
N =3
M =2
6m
c
N
Dm = MN Dkm = 6 Dad Dae Dbd Dbe Dcd Dce

k=1 m =1
( x)
s
( y)
s
D
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k=1 m =1
N
N2
Dkm = 9 Daa Dab Dac Dba Dbb Dbc Dca Dcb Dcc
= M 2 Dkm = 4 Ddd Dde Ded Dee

k=1 m =1
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47
Example

Dad = Dbe = 9
9m
a
6m
6m
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d
e
Dab = Dbc = Dde = 6

Dae = Dbd = Dce = 62 + 92 = 117
Dcd = 122 + 92 = 15, Dac = 12
Daa = Dbb = Dcc = 0.25 102 0.7788
Ddd = Dee = 0.5 102 0.7788
e1 4 = 0.7788
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48
Example

Dad = Dbe = 9, Dab = Dbc = Dde = 6, Dae = Dbd = Dce = 62 + 92 = 117
Dcd = 122 + 92 = 15, Dac = 12, Daa = Dbb = Dcc = 0.25 102 0.7788
Ddd = Dee = 0.5 102 0.7788
Dm = 6 Dad Dae Dbd Dbe Dcd Dce = 6 9
( x)
117 15 = 10.743
Ds = 9 Daa Dab Dac Dba Dbb Dbc Dca Dcb Dcc

=
Ds =
( y)
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(0.25 10 0.7788) (6) (12) = 0.481

(0.5 10 0.7788) (6) = 0.153
3
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49
Example

Dm
o 10.743
10.743
7
o
L x =
ln ( x ) =
ln
= 2 10 ln
= 6.212 107 H / m
2 0.481
0.481
2 Ds
3

H
10
mH
1m
2.54cm 12inch 5280 ft
7
= 6.212 10 m H 100cm inch ft mile

= 6.212 107 1.609344 106 mH = 0.9997 mH
mile
mile

Dm
o 10.743
10.743
o
7
Ly =
ln ( y ) =
ln
= 2 10 ln
= 8.503 107 H / m
2 D
2 0.153
0.153
s

= 8.503 107 1.609344 106 = 1.368 mH
mile

mH

L = Lx + Ly = 2.3677
mile
n.b.: there are 1609 meters per mile
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50
Example

Note how the conductors in parallel on one side of the line are
separated by 6 meters, and the distances between the two sides is
9 meters. Here the calculaDon of the mutual GMD is important.

For stranded conductors, the distance between the sides of a line
composed on one conductor per side is usually so great that the
mutual GMD can be taken as equal to the center-to-center
distance with negligible error.
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51
Transposed Lines

If a three-phase line uses three idenDcal conductors but with
unequal spacings, then balanced posiDve-sequence ux linkages
are not obtained from balanced posiDve sequence currents.

Instead, unbalanced ux linkages occur, and the phase inductanes
are unequal.

Balance can be restored by changing the conductor posiDons along
the line.

This is called transposiDon.
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52
Transposed Lines

Ia
Ib
Ic
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53
Transposed Lines

9/9/13
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54
Transposed Lines

Note how each phase occupies each posiDon for one-third of the
total length.

Conductor distances are D12, D23, and D31. Each conductor is
idenDcal with a GMR of Ds.

To calculate the inductance assume posiDve-sequence currents Ia,
Ib and Ic. Since Ia + Ib + Ic = 0 the total ux linking the phase-a
conductor while it is in posiDon 1 is:
o
a =
1
2
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m=1
k=a1
ln Dkm
o
=
2
1
1
1
+ I b ln
+ I c ln
I a ln
Ds
D12
D13
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55
Transposed Lines

Similarly, the total ux linking the phase-a conductor while it is in
posiDon 2 and 3 is:

o M
o
1
1
1
1
=
I m ln Dkm =
+ I b ln
+ I c ln
I a ln
a2
2
D
D
D
m=1

s
23
12
k=a2

o M
o
1
1
1

1
a =
I m ln Dkm =
I a ln
+ I b ln
+ I c ln
3

2 m=1
2
Ds
D31
D23
k=a3

The average ux-linkage over the enDre length is:
a + a + a
a + a + a
1
2
3
3
3
3
2
3
a =
= 1
3
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56
Transposed Lines

a =
a + a + a
1
1 o
=
3 2
1 o
=
3 2
9/3/13
1
1
1
1
+ I b ln
+ ln
+ ln
3I a ln
Ds
D23
D31
D12
1
1
1
+ I c ln
+ ln
+ ln
D12
D23
D13
1
1
1
+ I b ln
+ I c ln
3I a ln
Ds
D12 D23 D31
D13 D12 D23
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57
Transposed Lines

1
1
= 1 o 3I ln 1 + I ln
+ I c ln
a
a
b
3 2
Ds

D12 D23 D31
D13 D12 D23

Now since I a + I b + I c = 0 I a = I b + I c
1
1
+ ( I b + I c ) ln
3I a ln
Ds
D12 D23 D31
o 1
o 1 1
1
1
=
I a ln
ln
I a ln
ln
=
3 D D D
2 Ds 3 D12 D23 D31 2 Ds
12 23 31
1 o
a =
3 2
3 D D D
o
o Deq
12 23 31
=
I a ln
La =
ln
, Deq = 3 D12 D23 D31
2
Ds
2
Ds
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58
Example:

A single-circuit three-phase line operated at 60 Hz is arranged as
shown. The conductors are ACSR Drake (see text Table A.4). Find
the inducDve reactance per mile per phase.
20'
20'
38'
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59
Example:

From Table A.4:
20'
20'
38'
Ds = 0.0375 ft.
Deq = 3 20 20 38 = 24.8 ft.
24.8
7 H
L = 2 10 ln
= 13 10
m
0.0375
7
X L = 2 ( 60 )1609 13 107 = 0.788
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mi per phase
60
Example:

Also from Table A.4: X a = 0.399

mi per phase

for a 1-foot spacing, so interpolaDon is required for a 24.8 T.
spacing.
o Dm
o Dm
L=
ln
X L = 2 f
ln
2 Ds
2 Ds
mile
Dm
1
X L = o f ln
= o f ln
+ o f ln Dm
Ds
Ds
Xd
Xa
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61
Example:

Also from Table A.4: X a = 0.399

mile per phase

for a 1-foot spacing, so interpolaDon is required for a 24.8 T.
spacing.
o Dm
o Dm
L=
ln
X L = 2 f
ln
2 Ds
2 Ds
mile
Dm
1
X L = o f ln
= o f ln
+ o f ln Dm
Ds
Ds
Xd
Xa
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62
Example:

If both Ds and Dm are in feet, the rst term is the inducDve
reactance of a two-conductor line having a distance of 1 T.
between conductors.

1

X L = o f ln
+ o f ln Dm
Ds

Xd

Xa

This rst term, Xa, is called the inducDve reactance of a 1-T
spacing and it whats given in the tables. It depends on the GMR
of the conductor and the frequency.

The second term, Xd, is called the inducDve reactance spacing
factor. It depends on the frequency and spacing only.
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63
Example:

For the present example:
24.8
X d = o f ln Deq = 4 10 60 ln
1609
1
7
= 0.3895
mile per phase
X L = 0.399 + 0.3895 = 0.7885

mile per phase
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64
Why Bundled Conductors?

At extra-high voltages (EHV), i.e., voltages above 230 kV, corona
with it resultant power loss and its interference with
communicaDons is excessive if the circuit has only one concutor
per phase.

The high-voltage gradient at the conductor in the EHV range is
reduced considerably by having two or more conductors per
phase in close proximity compared with the spacing between
phases.

Reduced reactance is the other equally important advantage of
bundling. The reducDon in reactance results from the increased
GMR of the bundle.
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65
Common Bundles
(CalculaDons same as for stranded conductors)

2
2bundle
4
d
Ds
= Ds d = Ds d

3
3bundle
9
3 D d2
D
=
D
d
=
d d

s
s
s
d

d

4

4bundle
d
d Ds
= 16 Ds d d 2d = 1.09 4 Ds d 3

d

Dsbundled is the GMR of the bundle while Ds is the GMR of the
individual conductors composing the bundle.
9/3/13
Tramsmission Lines
66
Example

Each conductor of the bundled-conductor line shown is ACSR,
1,272,000-cmil Pheasant. Find the inducDve reactance in ohms
per kilometer (and per mile) per phase for d = 45 cm. Also nd
the per-unit series reactance of the line if its length is 160 km and
the base is 100 MVA, 345 kV.
d
8m
9/3/13
d = 45 cm
8m
Tramsmission Lines
67
Example

From Table A.4, Ds = 0.0465 (feet)
2bundle
s
m
= Ds d = 0.0466 ft 0.3048 0.45 m = 0.080 m
ft
Deq = 3 8 8 16 = 10.08 m
10.08
X L = 2 60 2 10 ln
= 0.365 km per phase
0.080
7
= 0.365 1.609 = 0.587 mile per phase
Z Base
9/3/13
345)
(
=
0.365 160
= 1190 X =
= 0.049 per unit
100
1190
Tramsmission Lines
68
9/3/13
Tramsmission Lines
69
LINE CAPACITANCE
9/3/13
70
Gausss Law: The charges are the source of the electric eld (ux)
D i da =
D i n da = Qenclosed
S
D = E
n
Qenclosed
9/3/13
Electric Flux Density [Coul/m2]

Electric Field [V/m]
Dielectric Permihvity [F/m]
Outward poinUng normal
Total Charge Enclosed
Tramsmission Lines
71
Long cylindrical Wire
+
+
Charge q coulombs
(per unit length of wire)
uniformly distributed
on surface
Perfect cylindrical
conductor, radius a,
assumed very long
= o = 8.854 1012
9/3/13
Tramsmission Lines
72
Electric Field:

Inside the (perfectly conducDng) wire: E 0

Outside the wire (r > a) E Er ar

+
Gaussian
Surface S
a
+
D i n da = o Er 2 r = Qenclosed = q Er =
S
9/3/13
Tramsmission Lines
q
2 o r
73
Electric PotenDal PotenDal Dierence:

D2
D2
D2
q
1
q
V12 = E i d = Er dr =
dr =
ln
2 o D r
2 o D1
D
1
Very unfortunate
D2
notaUon!
P2
_
V12
+
D1
+q
D1
P1
D2
P2
P1
EquipotenUal
Surfaces
9/3/13
Tramsmission Lines
74
For an Array of M Solid Cylindrical Conductors Apply SuperposiDon

Each conductor m has charge qm, and the voltage Vkim between
conductors k and i due to the charge qm acDng alone is

qm
Dim
M
Vkim =
ln
,
Dmm = rm
r
m

2 o Dkm

m
Dkm
PotenDal due to all charges:
k
Dim
+
Dim
1 M
Vki =
qm ln
_ Vki
2 o m=1
Dkm
1
i
We ignore distorUons
b
EquipotenUal
Surfaces
9/3/13
Alternate path of integraUon

in equipotenUal surfaces
from a to b
Direct path of integraUon
from a to b
Tramsmission Lines
due to the presence of the

other conductors but note
that equipotenUal
integraUon paths do exist.
75
Two common arrangements:

1. Capacitance of a Single-Phase Two-Wire Line (Considered earlier)
rx
Dym
1
Vki = Vxy =
qm ln
2 o m=1
Dxm
M
ry
Dyy
q Dyx
=
ln
ln
2 o
Dxx
Dxy
m=x alone m= y alone
Dyy
Dyx Dxy
q Dyx
q
q
D2
Vxy =
ln
ln
=
ln
ln
=
2 o Dxx
Dxy 2 o Dxx Dyy 2 o rxx ryy
q
D
=
ln
, Dyx = Dxy = D, Dxx = rxx , Dyy = ryy
o
rxx ryy
9/3/13
Tramsmission Lines
76

1. Capacitance of a Single-Phase Two-Wire Line (Considered earlier)
Cxy
rx
ry
o
q
D
q
D
q
Vxy =
ln
=
ln Cxy =
=
D
o
Vxy
rxx ryy rxx =ryy o r
ln
r
9/3/13
Tramsmission Lines
77

1. Capacitance of a Single-Phase Two-Wire Line If the two-wire
line is supplied by a transformer with a grounded neutral line then
the voltage between the lines is halved
Vxn = V yn =
Vxy
2
q
q
Cxn = C yn =
=
= 2Cxy
Vxn Vxy 2
Cxn = 2Cxy
rx
9/3/13
C yn = 2Cxy
rn
Tramsmission Lines
ry
78
Example: Find the capaciDve susceptance per mile of a single phase

line (with neutral) operaDng at 60 Hz. The conductor is Partridge,
and the spacing is 20 feet between centers.

From the Appendix, the outside diameter is 0.642 in., and so

0.642

r=
= 0.0268 feet

2 12
D

ln
9
1
1
2.861
10
D m to neutral
r

XC =
=
=
=
ln
2
2 o 4 o f

2 fC
f
r
2 f

D

ln
r

divide by 1609:

9/3/13
6
1.778
10
X =

ln D mi to neutral
C
f
r
Tramsmission Lines
79
Example: Find the capaciDve susceptance per mile of a single phase

line (with neutral) operaDng at 60 Hz. The conductor is Partridge,
and the spacing is 20 feet between centers.

With r = 0.0268 feet

1.778 106
20

X =

ln

0.1961

10
6 mi to neutral
=
C
f
0.0268

or

1

B C =
= 5.10

10 6 S/mi to neutral
XC

9/3/13
Tramsmission Lines
80

2. Capacitance of a Three-Phase Line with equal phase spacing (also
considered earlier)
c
D
D
r
b
Lines a, b, and c have charges qa, qb, and qc, respecDvely with

qa + qb + qc = 0
9/3/13
Tramsmission Lines
81

c
considered earlier)
D
D
r
b
Dim
Dba
Dbb
Dbc
1 M
1
Vki =
qm ln
Vab =
+ qb ln
+ qc ln
qa ln
2 o m=1
Dkm
2 o
Daa
Dab
Dac
1
D
r
D
=
qa ln + qb ln + qc ln , Daa = Dbb = r, Dab = Dbc = Dac = D
2 o
r
D
D
=
9/3/13
1
D
r
q
ln
+
q
ln
b
2 o a r
D
Tramsmission Lines
82

c
considered earlier)
D
D
r
b
1
D
r
Vab =
qa ln + qb ln
2 o
r
D
1
D
r
Vac =
qa ln + qc ln
2 o
r
D
9/3/13
Tramsmission Lines
83

considered earlier)
Now recall that for balanced posiDve-sequence voltages:
3
1
Vab = 3Van + 30 = 3Van
+j
2
2
3
1
Vac = Vca = 3Van 30 = 3Van
j
2
2
3
3
1
1
Vab + Vac = 3Van
+ j + 3Van
j = 3Van
2
2
2
2
9/3/13
Tramsmission Lines
84

2. Capacitance of a Three-Phase Line with equal phase spacing
1
D
r
1
D
r
Vab =
qa ln + qb ln , Vac =
qa ln + qc ln
2 o
r
D
2 o
r
D
3Van = Vab + Vac

1 1
D
r
Van =
2qa ln + ( qb + qc ) ln
3 2 o
r
D
1 1
D
r 1 1
D
D
=
2qa ln qa ln =
2qa ln + qa ln
3 2 o
r
D 3 2 o
r
r
qa
2 o
D
=
ln Can =
= Cbn = Ccn
D
2 o r
ln
r
9/3/13
Tramsmission Lines
85

2. Capacitance of a Three-Phase Line with unequal phase spacing
a much more dicult problem! The line-to-neutral capacitances
are now unequal, but the analysis is simplied by assuming that
we are dealing with the transposed line menDoned earlier. This
averages out the capacitance over the total transposiDon length.
D12
1
9/3/13
D23
D31
Tramsmission Lines
86

Recall a transposed line:
Ia
Ib
Ic
9/3/13
Tramsmission Lines
87

2. Capacitance of a Three-Phase Line with unequal phase spacing -
Consider the three dierent values for Vab for the three dierent
parts of the transposiDon cycle:

For phase a in posiUon 1, phase b in posiUon 2, and phase c in
posiUon 3 (verify these!):
D12
D23
1
r

Vab =
+ qb ln
+ qc ln
qa ln
r
D
D

o
12
31
For phase a in posiUon 2, phase b in posiUon 3, and phase c in
D23
D31
1
r
posiUon 1:
Vab =
+ qb ln
+ qc ln
qa ln

2 o
r
D23
D12
Finally for phase a in posiUon 3, phase b in posiUon 1, and phase c in
posiUon 2:
D31
D12
1
r
Vab =
+ qb ln
+ qc ln
qa ln

2 o
r
D31
D23

9/3/13
Tramsmission Lines
88


A rigorous soluUon for the capacitance is far too complicated to be of
pracUcal use except in the simplest of cases. The diculty that arises
is that the charge on the line changes for each secUon of the
transposiUon cycle. A big simplicaUon (and one that applies well for
the conguraUons used in pracUces) is to assume that the charge on
the line is the same in every part of the transposiUon cycle.

We then compute the average voltage and from that the average
capacitance.

Averaging the three previous voltages

9/3/13
Tramsmission Lines
89



D
D23
D31
D12
D23
r
12
+ ln
+ ln
qa ln
+ qb ln
+ qc ln
qa ln
r
r
r

r
D12
D31

D23
D31 1 1
1 1
r
r
r
r
Vab =
+ qb ln
+ qc ln
+qb ln
+ ln
+ ln
+qa ln
=
3 2 o
r
D23
D12 3 2 o
D23
D31
D12
D31
D
r
D23
D31
D12
12
+q ln
+
q
ln
+
q
ln
b
+qc ln D + ln D + ln D
r
D31 c D23
a
31
12
23
D12 D23 D31

D23 D31 D12
1 1
r3
=
+ qb ln
+ q ln
q ln
3 2 o a
D12 D23 D31 c D31 D12 D23
r3
9/3/13
Tramsmission Lines
90



D12 D23 D31

1 1
r3
Vab =
+ qb ln
qa ln
3
3 2 o
D12 D23 D31
r
D12 D23 D31

1 1
r3
=
+ qb ln
qa ln
, Deq = 3 D12 D23 D31
3
3 2 o
D12 D23 D31
r
Deq 3
1 1
r3
=
qa ln 3 + qb ln
3 2 o
r
Deq 3
Deq
1
r
=
+ qb ln
qa ln
2 o
r
Deq
9/3/13
Tramsmission Lines
91


Again recall, Vab + Vac = 3Van

Deq
Deq
1
r
1
r
3Van =
+ qb ln
+ qc ln
qa ln
+
qa ln
2 o
r
Deq 2 o
r
Deq
Deq
Deq
1
r
1
r
=
+ ( qb + qc ) ln
qa ln
2qa ln
=
2qa ln
2 o
r
Deq 2 o
r
Deq
Deq
2 o
1
=
3qa ln
Can =
, Deq = 3 D12 D23 D31
Deq
2 o
r
ln
r
9/3/13
Tramsmission Lines
92


A common example of unequal phase spacing:

Stranded
Conductors
Phase a
9/3/13
Bundled
Conductors
Phase b
Tramsmission Lines
Phase c
93

d
r
a
Dab
Dbc
Dac

Assume a balances posiDve charge sequence qa, qb, qc, with
qa + qb + qc = 0

Assume the conductors in each bundle share the charge equally, i.e.,
a and a each have qa/2

Assume the Ds are large enough so that D + d D
9/3/13
Tramsmission Lines
94

d
r
a
Dab
Dac
Dbc
Dim
1 M
qm ln
To nd Vab use k
a, i b, m
a, a,b, b,c,
c in Vki =
2 o m=1
Dkm
qa Dia qa Dia
+ ln
ln
2
D
2
D
ka
ka
Dim
qb Dib qb Dib
1 M
1
Vki =
qm ln
=
+ ln
+ ln
2 o m=1
Dkm 2 o
2 Dkb 2 Dkb
Dic
Dic
+ qm ln
+ qm ln
Dkc
Dkc
9/3/13
Tramsmission Lines
95


1 qa Dba qa Dba qb Dbb qb Dbb qc Dbc qc Dbc
V
=
ab 2 2 ln D + 2 ln D + 2 ln D + 2 ln D + 2 ln D + 2 ln D
o
aa
aa
ab
ab
ac
ac

=r
=d
D

Dab qb
Dbc
1 qa Dab
r
d qc Dbc
= 2 2 ln r + ln d + 2 ln D + ln D + 2 ln D + ln D
o
ab
ab
ac
ac

= 1 q ln Dab + q ln rd + q ln Dbc
a
b
c
2
D
Dac
rd

o
ab

ab
9/3/13
Tramsmission Lines
96

Proceeding exactly as before, for a transposed line we average the
voltages and compute the line-to-neutral voltage. This would yield a
very similar result for the line-to-neutral capacitance for a two-
conductor bundle as:
Can =
2 o
ln Deq DSC
rd
3
DSC =
rd 2
4
3
1.091
rd
9/3/13
Deq = 3 Dab Dbc Dac

two conductor bundle
three conductor bundle
four conductor bundle
Tramsmission Lines
97
Charging Current

The current supplied to the transmission line capacitance is called
the charging current.

For a single-phase circuit operaDng at line-to-line voltage Vxy, the
charging current (in amps) is:

I chg = j CxyVxy

A capacitor delivers reacDve power, hence the reacDve power
delivered to the line (in VARS) is
QC =
9/3/13
Vxy 2
1 Cxy
= CxyVxy 2
Tramsmission Lines
98
Example: (Same as before) A single-circuit three-phase line operated

at 60 Hz is arranged as shown. The conductors are ACSR Drake. Find
the capacitance and the capaciDve reactance for one mile of the
line. If the length of the line is 175 mi and the normal operaDng
voltage is 200 kV, nd the capaciDve reactance to neutral for the
enDre length of the line, the charging current per mile, and the total
charging megavoltamperes.

20'
20'
38'
1.108
r=
= 0.0462 ft
2 12
9/3/13
Deq = 3 20 20 38 = 24.77 ft
Tramsmission Lines
99
Example: (Same as before) A single-circuit three-phase line operated

at 60 Hz is arranged as shown. The conductors are ACSR Drake. Find
the capacitance and the capaciDve reactance for one mile of the
line. If the length of the line is 175 mi and the normal operaDng
voltage is 200 kV, nd the capaciDve reactance to neutral for the
enDre length of the line, the charging current per mile, and the total
charging megavoltamperes.

20'
20'
38'
2 o
Cn =
= 8.8466 1012
ln ( 24.77 0.0462 )
F/m
1012
XC =
= 0.1864 106 mi
2 60 8.8466 1609
9/3/13
Tramsmission Lines
100
Example: For 175 miles,
0.1864 106
X C ,175 =
= 1066 to neutral
175
220,000 1
I chg =
= 0.681 A / mi
3 XC
175 0.681 = 119 A
Q = 3 220,000 119 106 = 43.5 M var, delivered
9/3/13
Tramsmission Lines
101
Ground (Earth) Eects on Capacitance
+
+
+
+
+
+
H
_
_
Earth Plane
(Assume perfectly conducUng)
9/3/13
Tramsmission Lines
102
Method of Images
+
+
+
+
+
+
H
Earth Plane Removed
and Replaced by an
Image Conductor (shown)
H
-
-
9/3/13
-
-
-
-
Tramsmission Lines
103
Single Phase Line Above Earth
+q
x
D
H
Earth Plane
9/3/13
Tramsmission Lines
104
+q
H xx
H xy
x
9/3/13
Dim
1 M
Vki =
qm ln
2 o m=1
Dkm
Dyx
Dyy
Dyy
q Dyx
Vxy =
ln
ln
+ ln
ln
D
D
D
D
o
xx
xx
xy
xy
Earth Plane
H xy
H xx
q D
r
=
ln + ln
ln ln
2 o r
H xx
D
H xy
H xy
o
q D
=
ln ln
Cxy =
H xy
o r
H xx
D
+q
ln ln
r
H xx
Compare: Cxy =
Tramsmission Lines
o
ln D r
105

2
2 1/2
Suppose: D = 5 s, r = 0.023 s, Hxx = 2H = 36 s, Hxy = [36 + 5 ] = 36.346 s

o
12
C
=
=
5.178
10
Above earth:
xy
H xy
D
ln ln

r
H xx

o
NeglecDng earth: Cxy =
= 5.169 1012
ln D r

The eect of the earth is to slightly increase the capacitance.

H xy
Note: As H , ln H 0
xx
9/3/13
Tramsmission Lines
106
Electric Field Strength on Conductor Surface and Ground Level

When the electric eld strength exceed the breakdown strength of
air (roughly 30 kV/cm), corona, or discharge occurs.

This in turn causes addiDonal line loss, communicaDon interference,
and audible noise.

Moisture can lower the breakdown level signicantly.

To control corona eects, the electric eld strength on the
conductor surface is generally kept below 20 kVrms/cm.
9/3/13
Tramsmission Lines
107

Electric eld strengths can be computed as follows.

Once line capacitances and conductor voltages are known, the
conductor charges are computed from (for a single phase line)
o
q
Cxy =
q = CxyVxy Er =
D
2 o r
ln
r
9/3/13
Tramsmission Lines
108

For a two-conductor bundle:
d
Er
max
q 2 q 2
Er
max
r
q 2
q 2
q 2 r
q 2
=
+
=
1+ = Er 1+ , Er =
ave
2 o r 2 o d 2 o r d
d ave 2 o r
9/3/13
Tramsmission Lines
109

For a three-conductor bundle:
q 3
d
Er
30
60
q 3 d
q 3
max
Er
max
q 3
q 3
q 3 1
3 1
=
+2
cos30 =
+2
2 o r
2 o d
2 o r
2 d
r 3
q 3
= Er 1+
, Erave =
ave
d
2 o r
9/3/13
Tramsmission Lines
110

For a four-conductor bundle:
q 4
d
d
Er
45
max
Er
max
q 4 1
1
cos 45
r
2r
=
+
+2
= Er 1+
+
ave
2 o r
d
2d
2d
2d
r
2r
r
q 4
= Er 1+
+
, Er =
= Erave 1+ 2.12132
ave
d
2d
2d ave 2 o r
9/3/13
Tramsmission Lines
111

9/3/13
Tramsmission Lines
112

9/3/13
Tramsmission Lines
113

+q
Eground
q
cos
=
2
2 o
y2 + x2
q
y
=
2 2
2 o y + x 2
Earth Plane
Eground
q
Image
9/3/13
Tramsmission Lines
114
(Previous Example) Single Phase Line Above Earth

2
2 1/2
Suppose: D = 5 s, r = 0.023 s, Hxx = 2H = 36 s, Hxy = [36 + 5 ] = 36.346 s

o
12
C
=
=
5.178
10
Above earth:
xy
H xy
D
ln ln

r
H xx

Suppose the line voltage is 20 kV. Then the charge is:

q = CV = 5.178 1012 20 103 = 103.56 109 C / m

The eld strength on the conductor surface is
(r = 0.023 T = 0.00701 m)
q
103.56 109
Er =
=
= 265.6 kV / m = 2.656 kV / cm
12
2 o r 55.63 10 0.00701
9/3/13
Tramsmission Lines
115
(Previous Example) Single Phase Line Above Earth

The eld strength on the ground directly below a wire is:
q
18
Earth Plane
Eground
q
y
q 1
y
=
=
2
2
2
o y + x o y y + x 2
103.56 109
1
18 0.3048
= 48.61 V / m
=
2
2
o
18 0.3048 (18 0.3048) + (5 0.3048)
9/3/13
Tramsmission Lines
116

Transmission Lines

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TRANSMISSION

(DC) Resistance - Conductance

Skin Depth (AC Resistance)

Skin Depth (AC Resistance)

Al = 35.3 106 , Al = o = 4 107 Al ( 60Hz ) 1.1 cm

Inductance (Solid Cylindrical Conductors)

Assume H is constant for a given radius

Current I out of page

Inductance (Solid Cylindrical Conductors)

Inductance (Solid Cylindrical Conductors)

Inductance (Solid Cylindrical Conductors)

Inductance (Solid Cylindrical Conductors)

Inductance (Solid Cylindrical Conductors)

From Slide 15:

Inductance (Solid Cylindrical Conductors)

Inductance (Solid Cylindrical Conductors)

Total Flux Linking the Conductor to Point P:

Total Inductance: Straight, Solid, Isolated Conductor

Single-Phase, Two-Wire Line

Bundled & Stranded Conductors

Another Common (3-Phase) Arrangement

Another Common (3-Phase) Arrangement

Bundled & Stranded Conductors

Bundled & Stranded Conductors

Dm = MN Dkm = 6 Dad Dae Dbd Dbe Dcd Dce

= M 2 Dkm = 4 Ddd Dde Ded Dee

Dab = Dbc = Dde = 6

Ds = 9 Daa Dab Dac Dba Dbb Dbc Dca Dcb Dcc

(0.25 10 0.7788) (6) (12) = 0.481

X L = 2 ( 60 )1609 13 107 = 0.788

Also from Table A.4: X a = 0.399

Also from Table A.4: X a = 0.399

X L = 0.399 + 0.3895 = 0.7885

Why Bundled Conductors?

= 0.365 1.609 = 0.587 mile per phase

Electric Flux Density [Coul/m2]

Long cylindrical Wire

Inside the (perfectly conducDng) wire: E 0

Outside the wire (r > a) E Er ar

Electric PotenDal PotenDal Dierence:

For an Array of M Solid Cylindrical Conductors Apply SuperposiDon

Alternate path of integraUon

due to the presence of the

Two common arrangements:

Two common arrangements:

Two common arrangements:

Example: Find the capaciDve susceptance per mile of a single phase

Example: Find the capaciDve susceptance per mile of a single phase

Two common arrangements:

Two common arrangements:

Two common arrangements:

Two common arrangements:

Two common arrangements:

3Van = Vab + Vac

Two common arrangements:

Two common arrangements:

Two common arrangements:

Two common arrangements:

Two common arrangements:

D12 D23 D31

Two common arrangements:

D12 D23 D31

D12 D23 D31