Popular Science - September-October 16

September/
October
2016
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MARK
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Contents
SEPT / OCT
2016
FEATUR ES
40
The Most Social

Man on the Planet
Inside the brain of the
worlds globe-connecting,
disease-fighting CEO.
DAVE GERSHGORN
47
The Brilliant 10
The top young scientists
driving their fields forward.
VERONIQUE GREENWOOD
AND CASSANDRA WILLYARD
54
64
The Genius List

The hackers, technologists,
scientists, and celebrities
who have bestowed genius
on us so far this year.
Chinas Race to
Space Domination
To try to gain an edge here
on Earth, China is pushing
ahead in space.
CLAY DILLOW, JEFFREY
LIN AND P.W. SINGER
68
The Tesla Factory

An up-close look at the
robots, lasers, and stampers that assemble Elon
Musks work-of-art cars.
COBY McDONALD
PAGE
56
76
Tracking the
Traffickers
Innovative new tech
designed to disrupt and
dismantle wildlife crime.
MILLIE KERR
AND COREY MUELLER
The Man Who Lit the Dark Web

Sex-trafficking rings have found comfortable
homes in software-protected sites online, but one mans datamining tools are now helping cops bust them open.
CH AR LES GR AEB ER
PH OTOGR AP H BY
The Voorhes
On the Cover
F. Scott Schafer visited
Facebook HQ to photograph
CEO Mark Zuckerberg.
SE PT /NSE PT /OC T 20 1 6 POPSCI.COM
Volume 288 No. 5
DEPARTMENTS
FEED
08 Words of Genius
10 PopSci on the Web
NOW
13 Arm your battle stations for
work and play
16 No ordinary acoustic guitar
17 10 great ideas in gear
18 An air purifier that
destroys pollutants
19 Goldilocks workout shirt
20 Do TVs need a billion colors?
21 A helmet to protect your neck
37
26
22 The tech industry needs a

diversity upgrade
NEXT
24 The worlds longest and
highest glass bridge opens
26 Werner Herzog talks AI
30 Two top minds debate
machine learning
32 The Arctic Ocean gets its own
garbage patch
34 Testing an unlikely drug to
treat Down syndrome
35 Smarter on-the-spot triage
37 Coal waste could replace rare
metals in smartphones
38 Visiting a killer asteroid
24
MANUAL
80 Annoy co-workers with this
DIY sky puppet
82 A mini medieval siege weapon
84 Build a fog machine in a mug
86 Listen with your skin
88 The art of artificial limbs
90 A chopper-pontoon racecar
92 Lab-grown bones on display
93 Your hyperlocal radio station
88
END MATTER
94 Ask Us Anything: Why does
garlic breath take so long to
go away?
110 I Wish Someone Would
Invent...
21
32
I
6 PO PS CI . CO M S E PT /O CT 2 016
The other guy.
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GEICO is a registered service mark of Government Employees Insurance Company, Washington, D.C. 20076; a Berkshire Hathaway Inc. subsidiary. 2016 GEICO
Ever Sat in a Room

Full of Geniuses?
Find out what it sounds like in our pages this month
P.22
YOU CAN
ABSOLUTELY BE
W H AT YO U CA NT
S E E . T H ATS W H AT
INNOVATORS AND
DISRUPTORS DO.
Kimberly Bryant, in
Coding Diversity into
Silicon Valley
P.40
WE CAN
MANAGE
ALL
DISEASES
BY THE
END
OF THE
CENTURY.
Mark Zuckerberg,
in The Most Social
Man on the Planet
P.26
The
deepest
question I
had while
making this
film was
whether the
Internet
dreams
of itself.
Werner Herzog,
in Geeking Out
P.56
SOME OF THE
BEST MINDS
OF OUR
G E N E R AT I O N
ARE USING
THE INTERNET
ADVERTISERS
R I C H E R .
Chris White, in The
Man Who Lit the Dark Web
W H AT
HAPPENS
WHEN THE
REST OF
THE WORLD
WAKES UP
AND REALIZES
CHINA IS THE
LEADER IN
S PAC E ?
James Lewis, in
Chinas Race to
Space Domination
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TO MAKE
P.64
Executive Editor Kevin Gray

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Managing Editor Ken Gawrych
P.86
WE HAVE
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GIANT INPUT
CHANNEL
CALLED OUR
SKIN, AND
WE ARENT
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David Eagleman, in
Listen with Your Skin
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Hey Genius,
PopSci is
now on
Apple News.*
Get your daily
smarts on with
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science, tech,
and space.
But Wait...
Theres More
SHOW US WHAT YOU GOT

Each year, Popular Science teams
up with the National Science
Foundation for the Vizzies, a
competition to visualize a scientific
concept or story in an arresting
way. If you have a great visual
idea, submit it at nsf.gov.
THE SCIENCE OF SCISHOW

YouTube star Hank Green and his
team at SciShow do their best
to explain the science all around
you. Now, Popular Science goes
behind the scenes to see how
the explainers do their explaining,
from pitches to postproduction.
BRINGING BACK BIGGIE

For rapper Biggie Smalls, theres
life after deathas a hologram.
This fall, Toronto-based ARHT
Media will put a high-fidelity
digital creation of Biggie onstage.
Popular Science reveals how
a legend gets brought back to life.
I L LUST RAT I ON BY
R. Kikuo Johnson
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WHETHER COPY-PASTING A TERM PAPER OR

hunkered down to a life of code-jockeying, your desk is
sacred space. Its where you wage a daily battle against
your to-do list, your fantasy-football research, and your
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This gear prepares you for conquest on all fronts.
SE PT /OC T 20 1 6 POPSCI.COM
13
First Look
1/ ALIENWARE
AURORA
Your best weapon
against drudgery
should be strong and
easy to repair. The
Aurora is customizable to house
Nvidias flagship
GTX 1080 GPU, and
was designed for
tool-free upgrades.
2/ SYNOLOGY
DS416PLAY
Music and 4K
movies quickly clog
any hard drive.
Store everything in
the DS416play,
and access it from
anywhere you
have an Internet
connection.
3/ BOSE QUIETCOMFORT35
Boses legendary
noise-canceling
headphones have
finally gone wireless.
They simultaneously
connect to both your
computer and phone,
so youll never toggle
with a cord again.
4/ LOGITECH G810
ORION SPECTRUM
Most mechanical
keyboards look like a
Klingon weaponthe
G810 packs fast
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and RGB lighting into
a sleek keyboard
youll actually want
on your desk.
5/ STEELSERIES
RIVAL 700
Information is power,
and the Rival 700s
OLED display makes
it the most powerful
mouse on the market.
Game stats arrive
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hand, or just personalize your mouse with
a moving GIF.
DE SKTO P
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14 POPS CI . CO M S E PT /O CT 2 016
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Standout
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THE
REVERB
TO 11
YAMAHA TRANSACOUSTIC
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THE ACOUSTIC
guitar rarely gets
a makeover. Theres
just no need. The
intimate distance
between good wood
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ear is all thats
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we hear out of the
studio, like reverb
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by
DAVE
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PHOTOGRA PH BY
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by
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GERSHGORN
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Tap away without
distraction on this
digital typewriter,
then upload your
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the cloud.
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Take calls and
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WITH LIGHT
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WE SPEND 90
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where pollutants
stockpile. Cleaning
products and contaminants from pets
and plants can lead
to pollutant buildup.
Air purifiers combat
these invisible
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The driving force
is photoelectrochemical oxidation:
using light to trigger
a chemical reaction
producing hydroxyl
free radicalsthe
same compound that
kills cancer cells in
radiation therapy. The
radicals break down
molecular bonds,
reducing particles to
harmless elements.
PHOTOGRA PH BY
Jonathon Kambouris
on
th
na
is
ur
bo
m
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2016 The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company. All Rights Reserved. NASCAR is a registered trademark of the National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing, Inc. 2016 Hendrick Motorsports, LLC
@GoodyearRacing
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O U R T E L E V I S I O N OV E R LO R D S T H O S E B OX ES T H AT
hulk on our wallsare an insidious lot. Not happy to stay relevant for more than two years, their makers constantly beckon
with new features, each more complicated than the last.
The newest princeling is high-dynamic range, or HDR. These
televisions display more than 1 billion colors, with ultimate control over every possible combination thereof, from the blackest
black to the whitest white (if the content is HDR compatible).
That means you see a more vivid movie, or a more
textured video-game shootout. But do you really
by
need HDR? Dont ask the clerk at Best Buy. Our
COREY
chart has your answer.
MUELLER
Charted
DO I NEED
AN HDR TV?
What do you use
your current TV for?
Your local news

stations dont use
HDR-capable cameras.
No full HDR here.
Just cable TV
TV, but I
stream too.
Both have yet to

announce if they will
have HDR content.
Hulu/HBO
Go
What
services?
NO.
You will see few,
if any, benefits
of HDR TV.
Only on weekends; I never

binge-watch
on a weekday.
How much do
you watch?
HDR content is
limited (for now),
you may not even
come across it.
WAIT.
You already may have
seen the content that
will be remastered
and rereleased.
I live for Netflix

Originals.
Netflix/
Amazon Prime
Youll see some

benefits now, but
wait for more
HDR content.
I play video games,

AND I stream.
Youll definitely appreciate the

enhanced colors, the 2x to 3x
brightness increase, and
the decrease in motion blur for
gaming and streaming.
SAM SU NG K S8 50 0
F ro m $1 ,4 00
20 POPS C I. CO M S E PT /O CT 2 0 16
My controller
gathers dust every few weeks.
How much do
you play?
Ive spent too

many nights at
GameStop.
L G 6 5UH9500
f r o m $2,800
HDR reduces blur

by supporting
120 fps. But you
might not notice.
The increase to 10- to

12-bit color depth will
allow you to find your
enemy hiding way before
he can see you.
YES.
You will benefit
from an HDR TV
in more ways
than one.
VIZIO P-SERIES
FROM $1,300
LEFT TO RIGHT: COURTESY SAMSUNG; COURTESY NETFLIX; CO URTESY LG; CO URTESY WARN ER BRO S. ; COURTESY VIZIO
Video
games
In the Know
S A F E T Y AT
220 MPH
A HEAVY HELMET IS THE LAST THING A
motorcycle racer needs when going 200
mph. The speed alone can drag you backward or snap your neck in a turn. So Bell
has designed a helmet that minimizes the
toll of high-pressure rides. Its the lightest
motorcycle road helmet to meet U.S. safety standards, and still protects the brain
in high-, medium-, and low-speed impacts.
LIGHT, BUT FIRM

The helmet is reinforced with an ultrathin carbon-fiber
weave that weighs 125 grams. As strong as normal carbon fiber, its 20 percent lighter. Flat fibers that offer less
room for resin buildup result in a lighter, stiffer body.
by
BER NE
BRO UD Y
PH OTOGR AP H BY
BRACE FOR IMPACT

The liner handles impact like a suspension system.
Three layersexpanded polypropylene, soft polyolefin
and stiff polystyrenework independently to absorb
energy and protect the head.
Jonathon Kambouris
ROCK AND ROLL

Crushed jade inside the liner keeps the head cool. Jade
dispels heat quicker than any other fabric additives,
reducing skin-surface temperatures up to 10 degrees F.
And jade is permanentit wont wash or wear out.
BATTLETESTED
@GoodyearRacing
CODING
DIVERSITY
INTO SILICON
VA L L E Y
22
PO P S CI. CO M S E PT /O CT 20 16
T H E W H I T E - M A L E - D O M I N AT E D T E C H I N D U S T R Y
is sorely in need of a diversity upgrade. So Kimberly

Bryant founded Black Girls Code in 2012 to add a few
shades to Silicon Valleys color palette. Her nonprot is
dedicated to teaching girls K-12 how to code. Some 6,000
girls have enlisted, from San Francisco to as far away as
Johannesburg, South Africa. Many others have taken
note, from President Obama to the folks at Google,
who this summer gifted the group $2.8 million in oce
space inside their Manhattan headquarters. Bryant, the
groups CEO, talked to Popular Science about the importance of inclusionand how diversity benets us all.
PHOTOGRA PH BY
Cody Pickens
Why is inclusive hiring

important in tech?
by
XAV IE R
HAR DI NG
The people we serveour students, our customers, our marketsare themselves diverse.
Technology can be biased in
how its developed if coders
arent careful. There are apps
that are clearly made by companies with no people of color
on their team. In Oakland
some residents have taken
issue with racially charged
comments made in the
neighborhood safety section
of the local social network,
Nextdoor. The product itself
isnt necessarily inherently
biased. Unconscious bias in
the app is recognized by other
types of folks, which could
then be perceived as prejudice
by users. But there are no
built-in anti-bias tools in it. If
women or people of color were
included at the creation table,
these issues would be noticed.
Are there tech companies

that are doing it right, that
are hiring inclusively?
+STATS
NAME
Black Girls Code
MISSION
Train 1 million girls by 2040
NUMBER OF CHAPTERS
13 worldwide
Its not just hiring, but also

including people of color and
women on all levels: as middle
managers, in leadership positions, even as founders. Slack,
Pandora, and PinterestPinterest especiallyhave really
high numbers of women. If we
arent seated at the table, the
product, policies, and whole
strategy has the potential to
come from a narrow lens.For
me, it was important to see
folks like me on every level,

as both an incentive and as
having someone to mirror my
career path after.
Why do white males

dominate tech in the
rst place?
If you look at schools with a
high population of students
of color like African-American
or Hispanic, they tend to be in
highly populated urban areas.
And theres not a strong pipeline for STEM study. Not being
properly prepped for learning
these elds during K-12 puts
them at a disadvantage when
they reach college.If you do
go into engineering in college,
youve never seen code, and
you have to learn Java. Not to
mention impostor syndrome:
Where, because of your background, you feel like you dont
deserve to be there.
So were losing girls all
along the pipeline: losing them
before they graduate high
school, losing them the rst
couple of years of college, and
absolutely losing the ones left
who arent even oered jobs.
What does the Black Girls

Code curriculum look like?
We teach HTML, CSS, Java,
some Javascript, some Python.
Also proprietary languages associated with roboticswhich
are some of our most popular
classesand were looking into
adding Ruby and Swift. During
the school year, workshops
EVERYTHING WE LEARN MAKING TIRES FOR DALE JR.

INSPIRES WHAT WE ROLL INTO YOURS.
2016 The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company. All Rights Reserved. NASCAR is a registered trademark of the National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing, Inc. 2016 Hendrick Motorsports, LLC
The Platform
are held after school and on

Saturdays. Theres also summer
camps like ones happening in
New York and Washington D.C.
We started in 2012, so many
of our students are still in
school. But weve had girls
continue coding education
with other programs like Game
Heads and Make School for
app development and students
with apps on the market.
My daughter Kai has created the app She 2 You, which
allows female high school
athletes to be recognized by
recruiters. Kai is the one who
inspired me to start Black Girls
Code. She had always been
interested in video games, and
when I enrolled her in a summer
class at Stanford to learn game
design, there were few girls
and even fewer people of color.
So I decided to change that.
Some people say you cant

be what you cant see.
What do you believe?
I really hate that saying with
a passion! Its true that not
having those images makes it
much more dicult because
you dont have anyone whos
walked a similar path. But
you can absolutely be what
you cant see. Thats what
innovators and disruptors do.
Next
EDI TED BY MATT G I LES
The Zhangjiajie
Grand Canyon Glass
Bridge was inspired
by Americas own
Grand Canyon
Skywalk in Arizona.
WHEN IT OPENS NEXT YEAR, THE WORLDS LONGEST

and highest glass bridge will stretch 1,400 feet across
Chinas Zhang jiajie Grand Canyon, a setting that
helped inspire the fictional world, Pandora, in James
Camerons Avatar. To build it, engineers installed
four support towers into the quartz sandstone of
the canyon walls. A steel frame was fitted with more
than 120 glass panels, which will allow up to 800 tourists to walkand gawknearly 1,000 feet above the
national parks floor. Because durability is critical,
each panel is a three-layered, 2-inch-thick slab of
tempered glass; if one layer cracks, the others will
hold. Adrenaline junkies will be able to dangle from
the bridges underbelly on three
long swings. But the real draw is
by
an 870-foot bungee jumpthe
GRENNAN
highest in the world.
MILLIKEN
VISUAL CHINA GROUP/ GETTY IM AGES
25
Number of
volunteers
who repeatedly
jumped on a
cracked panel
to test its
durability
25
Geeking Out
On the Intersection of Humanity

and Artificial Intelligence
VITTORIO ZUNINO CELOTTO/ GETTY IM AGES
WERNER
HERZOG
OVER THE COURSE OF HIS 50-YEAR FILMMAKING CAREER, DIRECTOR
and documentarian Werner Herzog has often explored humanitys

complicated relationship with nature. His newest release, funded by an internet security company Lo and Behold, Reveries of
the Connected Worldexamines the changing roles technology
plays in our lives. Herzog says he rarely uses the Internet himself, and didnt make his rst phone call until the age of 17. Its this
outsiders perspective that imbues the lm with both curiosity
and concern: Here Herzog muses that articial
intelligence has the potential to enhance society,
as
but that a consequence could be losing touch told to
with the very things that makes us human.
MATT GILES
Rise of the Machine

A robot named
Chimp stretches
its limbs in
Herzogs new film.
Geeking Out
AN AI
PRIMER
THE FIELD OF ARTIFICIAL

intelligence research is a beautiful one. Im not surprised by
how far it has come, but I am
surprised by the speed with
which it has come upon us.
Photography had long years of
predecessor technologies, and
cinema had almost a century
of predecessors.
Its too primitive to say that
the Internet and artificial intelligence are evil. The reality
of how it works is not how its
portrayed in the world of movies. But what I think isnt good
is that people lose themselves
28 PO PS C I. CO M S E PT /O CT 2 016
in it if they dont read every

day and develop critical and
conceptual thinking: Your examination of the real world
happens through these tools.
Overdependence on the
Internet is not a healthy thing.
We should indeed develop
our own intelligence and not
rely on artificial intelligence,
because it will never really replace human interaction. In
West Virginia, people will still
gather at a campfire to play
bluegrass music and sing. You
cannot match this kind of community with anything else, and
it cannot be replaced.
Rather, artificial intelligence
will augment. At its very best,
it will create tools that assist
us with our everyday chores.
It will replace certain jobs,
like how mechanical weaving

machines replaced all the hand
weaving, and the bulldozers
replaced the horses. Yes, it replaces human beings, only for
very specific things, and at
the same time, it creates many
other jobs.
The deepest question I had
while making this film was
whether the Internet dreams
of itself. Is there a self of the
Internet? Is there something
independent of us? Could it
be that the Internet is already
dreaming of itself and we
dont know, because it would
conceal it from us?
There is a lot of terra incognita out there. My instincts
tell me that it will reach such
a complexity that it might
become self-reflective.
The deepest question I had

while making this lm was whether
the Internet dreams of itself.
READ John
Markoffs Machines
of Loving Grace. The
author examines robots roles in our lives
throughout history.
LISTEN Ethical
Machines podcast.
Experts debate
ethics in technology
beyond just the
shallow hype.
WATCH Alex Garlands Ex Machina.

An egotistical tech
billionaire builds a
sentient robot. What
could go wrong?
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WATCH Nick
Bostroms 2015 TED
Talk, What Happens
When Our Computers Get Smarter
Than We Are?
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Conversation
HOW WILL
ROBOTS LEARN?
For artificial intelligence to progress,

machines must learn to teach themselves
by
DAVE GERSHGORN +
MATT GILES
Were all in this

together, in that
were trying
to build a
better society
using AI.
F THE INTERNET WAS THE BIRTH OF THE DIGITAL
revolution, then todays articial intelligence

is its rst baby steps toward maturity. 1
Today, AI researchers feed an algorithm
data and painstakingly help it learn.
But to make AI thats knowledgeable on a
grand scalelike learning the idiosyncrasies
needed to translate every human language
the software needs to learn on its own. However, researchers dont agree on how to make
that happen. One camp thinks that if we correct algorithms when they make the wrong
decisions, theyll learn to avoid bad choices
and choose only the right ones. 2 In other
words, we parent our AI until it reaches the
ability to thrive on its own.
The other camp believes learning is also informed by self-awareness, which lets humans
make decisions based on their limits. They
say articial intelligence would also benet
from reecting on its decisions. 3 Algorithms
could avoid bad decisions by understanding
their limited abilities, as some have proved. 4
But there arent hard feelings on research
differencesthe field is idealistic and collaborative, 5 and competitors often share
progress through open-source code.
Its important that they do because the
entire industry will need to answer larger
questions about the impact of their selfaware softwarelike where will humans still
t into a world run by AI? 6
PHOTOGRA PH BY
Brad Wenner
Andrew Ng
Eric Horvitz
C H I EF SC I EN TI ST AT BAI DU
TECHNICA L FELLOW A ND MA N AGI N G

D IRECTO R, MICRO SO FT RESE A RCH
1/
Somehow children
have an amazing
ability to soak in
the world and learn
tons of things about
the world without
needing someone to
provide the output.
The technical term
for this is unsupervised learning. Its
basically just learning
from A without needing B for every single
input. We think a lot
of humans learn just
from A and not much
from B. Children
learn speech just by
listening to speech.
3/
No matter how poor
the pieces are, at
least if you have a
really good layer of
reflection, the system
would know its
limitations. It would
know how good it
is, and it would be
bound by rationality.
It would be able to
understand how its
meant to employ
itself in different
situations, so it would
be helpful even if it
werent perfect.
5/
There is that attitude
in the AI community
today that were all in
this together, in that
were trying to build
a better society using
AI. This has led to an
open sharing of ideas
and even software.
We do what we do because fundamentally
we think it will make
the world a better
place, so we really
want to share our
discoveries with other
people rather than
keep things secret.
2/
Today, we create our
speech recognition
systems on 45,000
hours of audio data
about five years of
continuous talking.
Im in awe that we
can actually build
supercomputers
that can process five
years worth of audio
in a couple of weeks.
But Im also slightly
embarrassed that our
algorithms need so
much data. No
human brain needs
five years of continually transcribed audio
to learn English.
4/
This evolving AI
assistant Ive built
weaves together
vision, natural
dialogue ability, and
generation of facial
expressions that
captures uncertainty
at various levels.
Plus a set of services
that can predict
based on 10 years
of datawhere is
Eric going to be in
10 minutes? How
long will he be in his
office until he leaves?
Which meetings will
he not attend, even
though theyre on
his calendar?
6/
What are the
implications for
people who might
be out of the kind of
jobs theyre trained
for? Can we plan for
that? Can we solve
it? We might have to
come up with ways to
redistribute wealth
because we know
these technologies
will generate more
wealth. We really
need to start being
proactive about this
and think these
things through.
PH OTOGR AP H BY
Michael Clinard
What are the

implications
for people who
might be out
of the kind of
jobs they
trained for?
TRASH
REACHES
ARCTIC
WATERS
Currents
The birth of another ocean

garbage patch
AS SEA ICE SHRINKS, HUMAN

activity in the Arctic increases.
As a result, trash is seeping
into our northernmost ocean,
and seems to be creating a
new garbage patch in the Barents Sea. Previously, scientists
identified five major garbage
patches, which collectively contain millions of tons of trash
too buoyant to sink. Its like a
turd that just wont ush, says
Erik van Sebille, oceanographer
at Imperial College London.
The five patches are in mostly
barren regions where the water is depleted of nutrients. But
this new patch is forming amid
an ecosystem with hundreds
of creatures off the coasts of
Norway and Russia. Researchers tested local wildlife and

found plastic in 88 percent of
sampled seabirds.
So far, attempts at cleanup
have been superficial, and
studies suggest the seafloor
holds more trash than what
floats on the surface. Van
Sebilles research suggests
that plastic removal could
be 14 percent more effective
if it happens close to shore.
Cleaning up in the middle is
like mopping up a leaking tap
without fixing the tap itself,
he says. Its much better to do
it as close to the source as possible, before it has a chance to
interact with marine life.
by
LAURA
KRANTZ
VOCAL-CORD
SALVATION
Surgeon Steven Zeitels saves the voices of singers like Adele (left). But mere
mortals also endure vocal-cord stiffness that can lead to strain and voice
loss. Instead of treating it with costly surgery, Zeitelsdirector of the Massachusetts General Hospital Voice Centeris creating a 45-cubic-millimeter
gel implant that will be injected under the vocal membranes to restore pliability.
Itll be ready for human trials in 2018. This is a way to bring back what had
been thought of as lost forever, Zeitels says. MATT GILES
PHOTOGRA PH BY
Jonathon Kambouris
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Rubicon
FROM CHAT
ROOM TO
CLINICAL TRIAL
BY AGE 7, TERESA CODYS SON, NEAL,
How Parents
Pushed to
Test a Down
Syndrome
Treatment
had yet to say his rst word. He

has Down syndrome, a disorder
caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21, found in 6,000 babies
by
every year in the U.S. Theres no
A L L I S ON
cure, and most people with the
W I L L I A MS
diagnosis have an IQ about 50
points below average and a shorter life expectancy.
Desperate to improve her sons cognition, Cody gave
him supplements, vitamins, and medication, which led
her to an unlikely treatment: Prozac. She found studies
that claim the antidepressantalso known as uoxetinecould stimulate the growth of new neurons in
mice. She convinced Neals pediatrician it couldnt hurt,
so he added the drug to Neals supplement regimen.
Cody believes the drug sped Neals development, and
Insane Study
REDEFINING
EMERGENCY RESPONSE
When first responders enter the scene of an

active shooting or chemical spill, they must
rapidly decide how to prioritize patient care. The
current triage system uses color-coded tags
corresponding to the seriousness of a patients
injuries. The problem is, first responders dont
always have the medical expertise to accurately

identify who needs the most pressing attention.
During disasters, emergency rooms
typically get overwhelmed, says Peter Chai, an
emergency medical physician at the University
of Massachusetts Medical School. So when
although theres no way to

prove causation, Cody created
the Changing Minds Foundation in 2006 to promote the
drug protocol she gave to Neal.
Parents hoping for treatments that will improve their
childrens lives often grasp at
anecdotes like Codys without
waiting for scientific proof.
This tendency can do real damage, as when the false claim
that vaccines cause autism led
parents to refuse shots, causing outbreaks of preventable
diseases like measles to occur.
To see if Codys claim could
possibly be true, Paul Watson, who also has a child with
Down syndrome, approached
University of Texas Southwestern in 2015 to conduct a proper
study. This past spring, UTSW
researchers began administering either fluoxetine or a
placebo to 21 pregnant mothers
whose fetuses have been diagnosed with trisomy 21. After
birth, the children will remain
on the drug for two years.
The researchers think that
the fluoxetine might spur new
neuron growth and steer the
growing brains development.

Were predicting that well get
a faster and higher magnitude
of brain growth with the fluoxetine, and get better cognition
at the end of two years, says
Carol Tamminga, the studys
primary investigator.
Not everyone is optimistic.
Michael Harpold, chief scientific officer for the LuMind Research Down Syndrome Foundation, thinks a 21-person study
is extremely small. I would
question whether youd really
get meaningful results out of
this, he says. (In 2007, Harpold
and 20 other experts signed an
open letter saying the Changing
Minds protocol had significant
risks and unknown results.)
Tamminga, however, says
if this small trial shows that
fluoxetine is associated with a
statistically significant uptick
in cognition, its a promising
start that will prompt more
research. If the study shows
a negative association, she
thinks itll discourage parents
from using Prozac. Either way,
this kind of study is a big win
or a big loss, Tamminga says.
ILLUSTRATIO N BY
WILL SCOBIE
Were predicting that well

get a faster and higher
magnitude of brain growth.
truly injured patients show up later, we have

nowhere to put them.
Enter Google Glass: The augmented-reality
headset that failed as a consumer product is
getting a second life as a tool that turns
paramedics and emergency medical technicians
I L LUSTR ATI ON BY
Cristiana Couceiro
into walking telemedicine suites. Wearing it

while assessing patients allows them to consult
with surgeons and other doctors back at the
hospital in real time.
This fall, UMMS will host an active-shooter
drill and outfit dozens of first responders with
Google Glass to see if it improves emergency

assessment. For extra ground support, UMMS
will also deploy a drone equipped with heat
sensors to help find patients and determine
which ones need the most urgent attention.
KELSEY D. ATHERTON
Dec
ode
d
CALLING
ON COAL
CIVILIZATION AS WE KNOW IT WOULDNT EXIST

without rare earth elements. No smartphones, LEDs,
wind turbines, or even car batteries. REEs, such as
cerium and scandium, are scattered throughout the
earths crust. China alone produces nearly 90percent
of the worlds supply, and the U.S.s only mine closed
this year. But researchers could help break that
Turning energy waste into monopoly with something we already have in
coal and its byproducts.
ingredients for new tech abundance:
Everything thats in the earths crust is also present
within the coal, explains Evan Granite, a chemical engineer at the U.S. Department of Energy. The DOE recently funded a wave of research to boost U.S.
REE production to cope with demand, which is rising about 5 percent every year. Each step of coal
productionmining, cleaning, and burningcreates REE-enriched material. The goal is to use that
waste, now sitting in landfills and storage ponds, in a way thats cheap and environmentally friendly.
U.S. coal-fired power plants, for example, produce 130 million tons of coal ash each year. A recent
study from Duke University identified billions of dollars worth of REEs within coal burned from
coal mined in the Appalachian Mountains and Wyomings Powder River Basin. The challenge now
is extracting the metals, says Sarma Pisupati, a professor of energy and mineral engineering at
Pennsylvania State University. His research focuses on rinsing raw shale with an
ammonium-sulfate solvent to collect REEs early in the coal-production process.
by
Within a few years, DOE-funded projects will enter pilot testing at U.S. coalCORINNE
processing facilities. Perhaps locally sourced smartphones wont be far behind.
IOZZIO
I LLU ST RAT I ON BY
Michael Brandon Myers
S E PT /O C T 2 0 1 6 P O P S C I .C OM
37
Primer
VISITING A
KILLER ASTEROID
DESPITE ITS SMALL SIZE, 101955
Bennu is one of the most dangerous
asteroids in the solar system. In 2135,
it will fly within about 186,000 miles of
Earth, at which point, the odds of it striking us are an unsettling 1-in-2,700. Based
on impact calculations, University of
Arizona Lunar & Planetary Laboratory
staff scientist Bashar Rizk estimates
that if a person were within 5 miles of
the asteroids impact, he or she would
likely not survive. If Bennu were to hit
a city, civilization would be wiped out;
most buildings would collapse or ignite,
or both, Rizk says. The fireball would be
about 1,500 times as bright as the sun.
Thats why this month NASA is sending

a solar-powered spacecraft to rendezvous with the asteroid. The OSIRIS-REx
( Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, Security, Regolith
Explorer) will fly about 1.2 billion miles
to Bennu, then collect samples from the
carbonaceous rock and measure how
heat from the sun changes the asteroids
trajectory. Understanding this effect will
help to determine where the asteroid is
headed, and it also might provide a method of defense: Scientists
could use the suns heat to
by
deflect Bennu from a colliSARAH
sion course with Earth.
FECHT
2016
SEPTEMBER
2016
Launch from Cape
Canaveral, Florida.
2023
AUGUST-OCTOBER
2018
Spacecraft cameras
power up and try to
locate Bennufrom
about 1.3 million
miles away. The
cameras will assess
the asteroids shape,
spin rate, and whether it has any moons.
DECEMBER
2018
Rendezvous with
Bennu. From a distance of a few miles,
the spacecraft will
map the asteroid in
unprecedented detail, identifying areas
that might be easy
to sample (as well
as hazardous craggy
rocks to avoid).
JULY
2020
The spacecrafts arm
reaches onto Bennus
surface and sucks
up 60 grams or more
of asteroid material,
which it stows
in a sample-return
capsule.
MARCH
2021
OSIRIS-REx
leaves Bennu,
carrying the
sample-return
capsule back
to Earth.
SEPTEMBER
2023
The spacecraft
delivers the sample,
which parachutes
for a soft landing in
Utah. OSIRIS-REx
will then bypass
Earth and retire in
a permanent orbit
around the sun.
NASA; ILLUSTRATION BY PETE SUCHESKI
+BY THE NUMBERS
20X8X10
Size, in feet, of
OSIRIS-REx, wings
200
Miles from Earth, in

millions, that OSIRIS
will meet Bennu
Total cost, in
billions of dollars
1,600
Approximate
diameter, in feet,
of the asteroid
OSIRIS-RExs 11-foot arm will suck up dust and pebbles

from the surface of the asteroid 101955 Bennu,
then place the sample in a muffin-shaped capsule for
its return journey to Earth.
ON
E
H
T
THE GENIUS
ISSUE
In just 12 years,
Mark Zuckerberg
built an empire of 1.71
billion followers.
His goal: to friend the
rest of humanity.
BY DAVE GERSHGORN
PHOTOGRAPHY BY
F. SCOTT SCHAFER
P. 41
DOWN
HALL THE
FROM
ZUCK MAR
ERBE K
R
D E S K G S
S
A VIR ITS
T
U
A
REAL LITY
heads of state and other dignitaries have been known
to lose themselves here in games of zero-gravity PingPong and the real-seeming experience of firing virtual
fireworks at each other. Such are their number, and
frequency, that on an early summer morning Zuckerberg is at a loss to rememberor perhaps too diplomatic
to divulgeone of their names. He does, however,
recall the anecdotal nugget of the mans visit.
He wouldnt leave, says Zuckerberg, sitting in a
glass-walled conference room in Facebooks cavernous
and almost factorylike headquarters in Menlo Park,
California. His aide was like, Mr. Prime Minister, you
have to take offyoure two hours late for your flight.
That is exactly the reaction that Zuckerbergthe

32-year-old, still jeans-and-tee-clad creator and CEO of
Facebookwants to elicit from millions of people he
hopes will strap on his Oculus Rift headset. But theres
way more to it than a feeling of presence with PingPong opponents. Zuckerberg wants Oculus, or some
future iteration of it, to replace our laptops, our smartphones, our televisions, the art on our walls, and, in
some cases, seeing our friends in the flesh. So instead
of owning a bunch of devices, you will swipe your
emails and favorite shows into virtual view and go at
it. The point isnt living in solitary work or game mode,
but rather connecting even more frequently with people through a technology that tricks your mind into
thinking its somewhere else, without actually having to be there. Or letting you hold and flip through
digital files at your desk as if they were physical,
with augmented reality. Having brought together 1.71
billion people on a social-media network that began
just 12 years ago in his dorm rooma network that
now comprises the largest global audience in human
historyZuckerberg wants all of us to start connecting
in his new realities.
As he sees it, in just 10 years time, VR will be a
mainstream-computing platform. And just as we saw
an explosion of apps for our smartphones, an entire
ecosystem of activities will be built up around it.
You can bring these objects into any space, he
says. Ill be able to say, OK, were here together, lets
play chess. Now heres a chessboard, and we can be in
any space. We can play chess on Mars.
Zuckerbergs long game isnt the chessboard, or
even building out a virtual Marsthough he plans
on being a part of that too. His driving vision is to
connect our entire planet. For that reason, he pushed
Facebook to buy Oculus for $2 billion in 2014when
everyone else thought it was just another screen for
gamersseeing it as a means to socialize in immersive technicolor from across the world. For that reason too hes working to beam the Internet, via DIY
transmitters, or drones and lasers, to the billions on
the planet who do not yet have online access. And in
this larger pursuit of connecting people and technologies, he has pledged nearly the entirety of his fortune
(99 percent of his Facebook shares, valued at some
$45 billion) to his Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, named
for him and his wife, Priscilla. Its stated goals are
advancing human potential and promoting equality. And he plans to do that, in part, by improving
education and trying to cure the worlds most intractable diseasesby giving scientists access to engineers,
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MY ERS. THIS SPREAD : ILLUSTRATIO N BY SUPERTOTTO ; FRO M TO P: COURTESY
FACEBOOK (2)
whose work could include artificial intelligence.

Its safe to say that no one is doing more, in so many
fields, to bring about this singular vision of connectivity. I certainly would not underestimate him, says Ben
Horowitz, whose venture-capital firm, Andreessen
Horowitz, is a Facebook investor. He is totally determined, willing to fail and try again, has the resources,
and hes a genius. If he cant lead the way, then Im not
sure who can.
THAT WAS HARDLY SILICON VALLEY WISDOM
two years ago when Zuckerberg urged Facebook to
purchase Oculus. Everyone really scratched their
heads and said: VR, is that really a thing? And, Facebook? Why is Facebook doing it? says Mike Schroepfer, the companys chief technology ocer, referring
to the idea of Facebook getting into the hardware
business. At the time, Oculus didnt have the necessary hand- and head-positional tracking that would
make it feel immersive, or real to life. It was sort of a
one-demo thing, says Schroepfer.
Inside Immersion
Oculus design team
tests hardware at
Facebook HQ.
Beaming Internet
The Aquila drone
made its first test
flight on June 28.
THE GENIUS ISSUE
In the past two years, a number of important advances have occurred: higher-quality, pixel-dense LED
screens; faster processors; and improved sensors. And
during that same time, others have followed Zuckerbergs lead. Google backed Magic Leap, an augmentedreality platform that overlays objects onto the real
world. (It also rolled out the $15 Google Cardboard,
which offers a VR experience via your smartphone.)
Microsoft unveiled its HoloLens (also AR). And Apple
is reportedly developing its own headset.
What Zuckerberg is proposingand working to
createis a radical rethinking of our relationship
with our personal technology, which he doesnt see
as all that personal right now. Its kind of crazy to
me that were here in 2016 and the defining relationship we have with computers and phones is apps, not
people, he says. It feels very unnatural and overly
technical to me. His goal is to help build out the nextgeneration computing platform, in which, he says,
people are the foundational element.
His end goal is a seamless integration of our digital and analog lives: augmented reality, also known
as mixed reality. Not a full virtual zone like in VR,
but one based in the real world, in which you call up
the things you need, and the people you need, when
you need them. If you look around the room, he
says, gesturing around the nearly empty conference
room, how many of the things here need to be physical? It turns out, not much. Not the laptops on the
tables, not the TV screens on the walls. Instead of
buying these things for hundreds of dollars, he says,
youd buy it for like a dollar in an app store and use
it whenever.
In addition to the social apps he expects to find in
the virtual world (attending a lecture across the globe,
for example, or standing inside a 360-degree live stream
of a street protest in a foreign capital), Zuckerberg sees
this technology usurping our solitary moments.
Instead of binging on eight hours of Netflix, with
our brains in a zoned-out state, Zuckerberg sees some
of us choosing the interactive brain-on experiences of AR and VR. I think a lot of time people frame
the question like this: Is it weird that people will be
spending time in something like VR when they could
be interacting with people instead? says Zuckerberg,
who notes that he has teams doing studies on the
mental effects of VR exposure. I think that misses
the point on a couple of fronts, the main one being
that what is actually being replaced are other modes
of technology like TV, where I think were more passive. You want to be in a personalized experience
where youre making decisions. You want to be interacting with other people. And VR is a natural extension of that. So in Zuckerbergs augmented future, we
all become more social, not less.
44 POPS C I. CO M S E PT /O CT 2 016
LET THERE
BE LIGHT
Zuckerberg verbally
commands his
bot to illuminate
the house.
HUNGER, AVOIDED
His assistant
can predict when
Zuckerberg will want
to eat breakfast
on any given day,
and time the toaster
accordingly.
Marks
Virtual Pal
BARRIER TO
ENTRY
It sounds simple:
Zuckerberg says,
open the gate.
But getting a dumb
gate to talk with
a smart bot was a
challenge.
A ROBOTIC
GREETING
Facial-recognition
AI sees that
Zuckerberg is
home, unlocks the
door, and swings
it open.
BETTER BABY
MONITOR
The bot could also
capture audio and
video in his daughters
room and send
him alerts.
WORK FROM HOME

Youre not the only
one trying to avoid
piles of spreadsheets.
Zuckerbergs bot
will help organize his
data in virtual reality.
Even off the clock,

Mark Zuckerberg
is still working.
His obsession this
year? Building a
personalized virtual
assistant to control
the devices in his
home. Heres how
the chatbot might
help Zuckerberg
hack his day.
CRANK THE MUSIC

One of Zuckerbergs
primary reasons
for hooking
up his house with AI
was being able to
control the music
from any room.
PERSONALIZED
CLIMATE
Because the bot
responds to only
his voice, Zuckerberg
enjoys wresting control
of the thermostat
from his wife.
I L LUSTR ATI ON S BY
Supertotto
E
H
T
N
O FACE,
R
U
S
ITS EASY TO DISMISS ZUCKERBERGS EFFORTS
to connect the planet as solely self-interested. After
all, Facebook is a public company that makes money
by selling ads against its user. And his Internet-access
program called Free Basics, which makes a limited portion of the Web available for free, has been accused of
a Facebook bias. When India rejected it in February, the
criticism centered on Facebook acting as gatekeeper,
deciding what would and would not be accessible.
Yet Zuckerberg argues the Internet has the power
to lift people out of poverty and promote education,
which explains why hes made connectivity the cornerstone of his $350 billion company. As Horowitz
puts it: Mark has a mission much larger than himself,
and he wont stop until he achieves it. Within Facebook, large swaths of resources tackle complex tasks
like automatic language translation. That way, people
can eventually communicate with nearly all of humanity, with fewer barriers to understanding.
While India was a major setbackThere are a
billion people in India who are not on the Internet,
so thats a big one, Zuckerberg sayshe has a track
record of proving naysayers wrong. Today, Facebook
has launched Free Basics in 42 countries, bringing
25 million people online for the first time.
Zuckerberg slots the unconnected of the world into
three categories: 1 billion who cant afford the Internet,
1 billion without access because they are out of reach
of Wi-Fi, and 2 billion who dont know why they would
want or need to buy a data plan in the first place.
For the billion who want it but cant afford it, Facebook is designing plans for cheaper infrastructure,
and aiming to cut the costs for the telecommunication companies. In July, Facebook introduced another
hardware product to improve connectivity in rural
areas: OpenCellular, a shoebox-size transmitter thats
attachable to existing infrastructure and can broadcast 2G to LTE cellular service as well as Wi-Fi, and can
support up to 1,500 users within 6 miles. Facebook is
$45 Billion Bet

Mark Zuckerberg,
right, and Priscilla
Chan are banking
that software can fix
the worlds issues.
WE C
MANAAN
DISEA GE ALL
BY T H S E S
E N D OE
CENT F THE
I BELIURY.
WE C EVE
A N .
C FLANIGAN/FILMMAGIC/GETTY IMAGES
making the schematics free, encouraging telecom

companies or entrepreneurs to build wireless infrastructure off the OpenCellular platform.
For people in remote areas, Facebook is planning to launch drones to transmit Internet from the
sky. Named Aquila, the drone has the wingspan of a
Boeing 737113 feetbut weighs just 880 pounds and
consumes the wattage of a large microwave. Its essentially one big wing, laden with Internet-beaming lasers.
These drones might eventually stay aloft three months
at a time, using solar power and gravitational energy.
On its inaugural test flight, the drone stayed airborne
for 96 minutesthree times longer than plannedbefore being grounded due to a structural failure. Aquilas
lasers will send signals to towers and dishes over a 31mile radius, delivering enough bandwidth to support
thousands of users.
The last 2 billion, those unconvinced of the Internets purpose, are the most difficult. Zuckerberg puts
it like this: Youve never used the Internet, and someone comes up to you and asks, Do you want to buy a
data plan? Youre like, Why?
Why indeed, if youve never sent an email? The
commitment is enormous, and the venture is full of
prickly political and cultural issues, as the India blowback showed. Yet this goal is crucial to Zuckerbergs
belief that the Internet makes the world a better
place. If we are trying to give every person the power
to share and connect to everyone, he says, then its
hard to do that when more than half the people are
not on the Internet.
Others too want to see this happen. Elon Musk
and SpaceX are taking this on via Internet-beaming
satellites, as is Facebooks fiercest competitor, Google,
with its inflatable balloons and drones. So why should
Zuckerberg be the one to succeed? I think anyone
could do it, he says sincerely. But I think often the
question is, Who cares the most to get it done?
IN 2015, WHEN ZUCKERBERG AND CHANS

daughter, Max, was born, Zuckerberg wrote an open letter to her, pledging to commitwithin their lifetimes
99 percent of their wealth to education reform and
ghting disease, among other things.
Zuckerberg has long cared about education. In 2010
he donated $100 million to the Newark, New Jersey,
school systema venture that left him frustrated due
to the bureaucracy and politics. This time around, hes
focusing on reforming education with something he
understands: software.
In January 2014, Zuckerberg toured a school in Sunnyvale, California, which is part of Summit Public Schools,
a charter-school system started by a software engineer.
The classrooms were set up like a startup, with no walls
between them, and computers on every shared table.
Most compelling to Zuckerberg, though, was that they
were experimenting with personalized education. Each
student learned at his or her own pace. Groups worked
together on more complex problems. Zuckerberg asked
the programs founder to meet the schools engineering
team that had built the initial personalized education
platform. Her response was, Yeah Ill introduce you to
him, Zuckerberg said.
Zuckerberg, surprised that the team was a single
person, made her a deal. Hed give her more engineers
(which will number 30 from his own troops by the end
of the year) as long as the software remained free for
other schools to use, thus connecting educators and
propagating knowledge. She accepted. This school year,
about 120 schools will use the personalized education
software. In the next decade or so, Zuckerberg hopes to
get half the country on board.
To Zuckerberg, education is just another engineering
problem. So is medical research. So is anything. Thats
the heart of the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative as it progresses: the idea that engineers can scale progress in any
eld. A researcher studying cross sections of the brain to
understand neuron pathways, or to look at the growth
of cancer cells, could take years, and even a lifetime, of
physical scanning and study. But applying AI (and its
ability to sort information exponentially faster than humans) to this process could reduce that time by orders
of magnitude. If top scientists had the firepower of a
world-class engineering organization behind them, says
Zuckerberg, Im pretty optimistic we could help build
some tools that can unlock a lot of new understanding.
Not one to lack vision, hes willing to go so far as to say
that science can, through AI and machine learning, one
day manage or cure the main diseases that kill humans,
such as cancer. I really want to convince the world that
it is possible, says Zuckerberg, to get to a place where
we can manage all diseases by the end of the century. I
believe that we can.
And no one has yet gone wrong betting with him.
THE GENIUS
ISSUE
The Brilliant 10
For the 15th year, Popular Science launched a

nationwide search to seek the 10 most innovative
young minds in science and engineering. These
researchers bring creative solutions to some
of the worlds most pressing problems. Here, we
celebrate their game-changing ideas.
BY VERONIQUE GREENWOOD + CASSANDRA WILLYARD
TYPE ILLUSTRATION BY LEON DIJKSTRA
THE GENIUS ISSUE
TURNS ANIMALS INTO FIRST RESPONDERS
John Gunnar
Carlsson
Reroutes
the World with
Geometry
PORT RA I T BY
Leon Dijkstra
FIELD
Industrial and Systems Engineering
AGE 33
INSTITUTION
University of Southern California
ILLUSTRATIO NS BY RADIO
FIELD
Nanomedicine + Chemical Engineering
WHILE THE SAN FRANCISCO

49ers new 68,000-seat stadium
wa s u n d e r co n s t r u c t io n ,
a team executive went to
Stanford University with a
stumper: We want to deliver
hot dogs to fans seats. So how
many servers should we hire?
What routes should they take?
How fast will the food arrive?
The answer: Talk to John
Gunnar Carlsson. Carlsson,
whos since moved to USC, has
made a specialty of solving
computationally tough questionsfrom how to route 1,000
delivery trucks most eciently to getting airplane parts to
the correct hangars around
the world in the right order
using the power of math.
These types of distribution
problems are legendary in
their difficulty. Solving them
is so demanding that strategists tend to fall back on
trial-and-error solutions. But
Carlsson formulated an elegant new approach that uses
geometry to reframe the question. So a problem such as, In
what order should a parcel service make drop-os? becomes,
What shapes should the delivery area be divided into, and
what should the perimeters
be? Then couriers can be directed according to the most
ecient solution.
Asking geometrical rather
than conceptual questions is a
tactic that can be applied to all
kinds of scenarios. So its not
surprising that Boeing, Oracle,
and even the U.S. Air Force
have tapped Carlsson to solve
their most complex challenges.
AGE 36
INSTITUTION
University of California, San Diego
Liangfang
Zhang
DISGUISES NANODRUGS
FOR EFFECTIVE
TREATMENT
TINY, MAN-MADE SPHERES

ca l l e d n a n o pa r t icl e s ca n
shuttle medicines to diseased
tissues with incredible precision. But they all face a common challenge: The immune
system sees the virus-size particles as threats, and eats them
before they can reach their
target. Previously, researchers
had tried to dupe the immune
system, with only limited success. So Liangfang Zhang borrowed a design from nature.
He removed the membrane
from a red blood cell and

snipped it into pieces that he
used to envelop nanoparticles.
Because the membranes come
pre-loaded with proteins that
tell the immune system to back
off, the cloaked particles slip
past the bodys defenses.
But Zhang still needed to
steer the medicine to the site of
injury or infection. To do that,
he upgraded red blood cells for
plateletscells that congregate
where wounds occur. Zhang
and his colleagues shrouded
nanoparticles in platelet skins,
loaded them with antibiotics,
and then injected them into
mice infected with a drugresistant staph infection. They
saw dramatic eects. Although
the nanoparticles contained
just a sixth of the standard dose,
they proved far more effective
than a conventionally delivered
antibiotic.That shows the power and the promise of targeted
delivery, Zhang says.
DANIELLE BASSETT
REIMAGINES HOW THE BRAIN WORKS TO ELEVATE LEARNING
FIELD
Network Neuroscience
AGE 34
INSTITUTION
University of Pennsylvania
Danielle Bassett
launched her career
by challenging a
central tenet of neuroscience: Studying
the brain by dividing
it up into regions
that each handle
specific tasks fails
to capture the wild
variety of what the
organ can do. In her
view, brains arent so
much a collection of
unchanging divisions
as they are a dynamic
network of neurons
morphing over time
and often changing
function depending
on our experiences.
Her theory helped
spawn an entirely
new fieldnetwork
neurosciencethat
incorporates her
background in
physics and complex
systems theory.
Bassett is now
using her model to
study why some
people learn quicker
than others, and how
to improve our ability
to learn. In recent
experiments, Bassett
and her team have
people learn a new
skillsuch as playing
a keyboardwhile inside an MRI machine.
They watch how the
network of active areas in subjects brains
shift as hand-eye
coordination recedes
into muscle memory
over a period of six
weeks. What they
discovered is that
slow learners tended
to use brain networks

associated with
conscious control
for much longer. The
takeaway? People
might be trying too
hard, Bassett says.
We think its hampering the learning
process. She also
found that the brains
of the quickest learners were incredibly
flexiblemeaning
their regions had very
changeable patterns
of communication.
But promising news
for people with
less-pliable brains:
Research from
Bassett and others
suggests that being
fed, caffeinated, and
well-rested can each
boost brain flexibility.
49
THE GENIUS ISSUE
SIDDHARTH
GARG
DEFENDS HARDWARE
FROM HACKERS
FIELD
Electrical and Computer Engineering
INSTITUTION
New York University
AGE
34
IT MIGHT SOUND LIKE THE

premise of a bad supervillain
flick, but its all too feasible:
Hackers can tweak a microchip so when a certain trigger
occurs, it throws open the
gates for attackers to commandeeror destroythe device
in which that chip is embedded. All it takes is one saboteur
at the factory, and youve got
the kind of scenario no one
(particularly the Department
of Defense) wants to consider.
Whats worse: After chip companies send their designs to
manufacture, its almost impossible to tell if the nal product has been tampered with.
So Siddharth Garg came up
with a solution: Strategically
divvy up the chips fabrication
among many manufacturers.
That way, nobody can know

theyve got the piece that hackers could take advantage of.
Though the idea of breaking a
chips manufacture into pieces
already existed, Gargs method
does it using high-level math
rather than doing it randomly,
which guarantees a far greater
level of security without spiking the cost of production. It
also helps stem counterfeiting.
Typically, chipmakers attempt
to prevent rip-offs and foil
corporate espionage simply
by disguising crucial areas of
the chip. But without a complete, intact chip to steal from,
theres no blueprint for a fake.
Now some of the biggest
players in the businessBoeing
among themare using his
method to protect their chips.
All it takes
is one
saboteur
at the factory,
and youve
got the kind
of scenario
no one wants
to consider.
Radio
WILLIAM
RATCLIFF
SOLVES THE
MYSTERIES OF EVOLUTION
FIELD
Evolutionary Biology
INSTITUTION
Georgia Tech
AGE
35
One of the greatest

mysteries of life
is how single cells
came together to
form multicellular
organisms. From an
evolutionary perspective, its deeply odd:
The cells would have
to sacrifice their own
fitness for the sake
of the group. But in a
series of experiments,
William Ratcliff
revealed surprising
insights into what
might have been
necessary for this
transition to occur.
Ratcliff works
with single-celled
yeast. Sometimes
those cells make
copies of themselves
that dont separate
but stay attached,
forming lacy multicellular structures
called snowflakes.
In his initial tests,
Ratcliff put the yeast
cells under pressure
by selecting those
that fell fastest to
the bottom of a test
tubea race that
snowflakes tended to
winand discarding
the rest. Over time,
a strange thing
happened: Instead of
favoring genes that
improved individuals,
the yeast began
to turn down the

expression of some
genes and turn up the
expression of others,
in ways that made
it harder for cells
to split off from the
group. That allowed
the snowflakes to
grow larger and
evolve into greater
complexity. That
shift is the heart of
the whole transition
to multicellularity,
says Ratcliff. Thats
what you need in
order for groups
to evolve to be
more complex.
Now Ratcliff is
investigating whether
snowflake members
can develop different
talents to aid the
group, which is the
next step toward
evolving specialized structures like
organs. He and a
colleague are also
testing a new scenario: When predators
(such as single-celled
paramecia) prey on
individual algae, will
the algal cells start
to evolve into clusters
that are too big to
eat? Ratcliff thinks
the results could
offer more clues
into the mystery
of evolution.
PO RTR AI T BY
Leon Dijkstra
TURNS ANIMALS INTO FIRST RESPONDERS
Cigall Kadoch
FIELD
Cancer Biology
AGE 31
INSTITUTION
Dana-Farber
Cancer Institute
CIGALL KADOCH LIKES TO

ferret out the processes that
cause cancer cells to proliferate.
Im a hunter for biochemical
mechanisms, Kadoch says.
That diligence helped her identify a new suspecta complex
of proteins called BAF
whose link to the disease was
previously unknown.
Scientists used to think that
BAF was little more than a molecular custodianan entity
that motors alongside DNA and
maintains its structure, turning some genes on and others
off. But then researchers noticed that BAF genes are often
mutated in cancers.
Kadoch knew that a protein
called SS18 is mutated in 100
percent of patients with a rare
type of cancer called synovial
Targets the
Mechanisms That
Cause Cancer
sarcoma that occurs in muscle

tissue. Then she discovered that
SS18 is a subunit of BAF. We
were very excited, says Kadoch.
This gave us a direct way to
link BAF to cancer. Upon investigating further, she found that
the mutation appeared to have
broken BAFs guidance system,
turning the wrong genes on
and o in the genome, causing
malignant cells to multiply.
Whats more, Kadoch found
that such BAF defects exist for
more than 20 percent of human cancersso her discovery
could possibly help a lot of people. For every cancer type that
theyve studied, Kadoch found
that restoring the normal form
of BAF (or inactivating the
abnormal form) caused cancer
cells to stop growing.
51
THE GENIUS ISSUE
TURNS ANIMALS INTO FIR
Suchi Saria
Alex
Halderm
FIELD
Health Informatics + Machine Learning
AGE 33
INSTITUTION
Johns Hopkins University
SUCHI SARIA ALWAYS LOVED

designing algorithms. She
grew up writing and debugging code, even doing so on
paper when a computer wasnt
readily available. But I wanted my work to more directly
impact peoples lives, Saria
says. In 2007, a pediatrician
who specializes in newborns
told Saria that doctors collect
sheaves of data on premature
births that largely go unanalyzed. So Saria began designing
algorithms that can classify
and make sense of the thousands of petabytes of messy
data contained in electronic
health records. The goal is to
nd patterns that could better
predict the medical future for
any given patient.
Last year, Saria and her
team developed an algorithm
to serve as the rst-ever earlywarning system for septic
s h o c k , a n o f te n - s u d d e n
response to infection that can
FIELD
Wearable Robotics
AGE 34
Conor
Walsh
DESIGNS SOFT SUITS FOR
SUPERHUMAN STAMINA
INSTITUTION
Harvard University
In college, Conor
Walsh became interested in the growing
field of battery-powered exoskeletons
the robotic, wearable
suits that can allow
disabled people to
walk, or help troops

move faster and
carry heavier loads
with less fatigue. So
he pursued robotics
and began building
exoskeletons himself. But the metal
frames of the bulky
suits never perfectly
aligned with the body.
You cant move in a
totally natural way,
Walsh says. And
theres no point in
feeling like Iron Man
if you have to move
like the Tin Man. So

he bought sewing
machines, recruited
apparel designers,
and began fabricating
soft robotic suits.
Recently, Walsh
and his team demonstrated a nylon-andspandex suit that
straps onto your legs
to make walking easier. The force comes
from a series of cables
and pulleys driven
by battery-powered
motors worn at the
waist. Walsh says the

suit is so comfortable
that some testers
forget theyre wearing
it. When his team
evaluated it on seven
people carrying loads
equivalent to 30
percent of their body
weight, it reduced
the amount of energy
required to walk by
about 7 percent, on
average. That might
not sound like much,
but its an enormous
boon for soldiers who
PORT RA I T BY
Leon Dijkstra
RST RESPONDERS
Mines Health
Records to Predict
Patient Outcomes
man
cause organ failure, accounting for more than 200,000

deaths in the U.S. every year.
Early symptoms are difficult to spot. So Sarias team
examined the records of
16,234patients at Bostons Beth
Israel Deaconess Medical Center and identied 27 variables,
from urine output to whiteblood-cell count. These routine measurements, analyzed
together, accurately predicted
septic shock 85 percent of the
time; in most cases, before the
infection had harmed any organs. The idea is that the tool
would alert doctorswho
cant continually monitor each
patientwhen patients cross
a certain risk threshold. What
this is really allowing doctors
to do is scale themselves up,
Saria says.
Septic shock is just one use
of Sarias algorithms. She also
created a system for predicting which premature babies
will require the most medical
attention. Now shes developing an algorithm to help
patients with autoimmune
disorders. Her work suggests
that the best answers might
already be out there; they just
need to be decoded.
often have to carry

heavy equipment and
traverse long distances quickly. He hopes to
reach the 25 percent
threshold soon.
Next, Walsh
wants to build suits
that can be slipped
under clothing for
civilians with mobility
issues. Most people,
after all, dont need
superhuman abilities.
You just want to give
them a little tap,
Walsh says.
SHYAM GOLL AKOTA

MAKES WI-FI THAT PRODUCES ITS OWN POWER
FIELD
Computer Science + Engineering
AGE 31
INSTITUTION
University of Washington
Wi-Fi chips in
devices such as
smartphones and
laptops communicate by generating
radio signals, an
act that requires a
substantial amount
of power.
Shyam Gollakota
uncovered a way to
create Wi-Fi signals
without radio transistors. And heres the
real payoff: These
passive Wi-Fi devices use 10,000 times
less power than a
typical Wi-Fi chip,
and 1,000 times less
power than the most

efficient Bluetooth,
thereby significantly
reducing the need for
battery power.
He then saw an opportunity to actually
harness power from
the invisible world
of those signals
themselves: What
little power these
wireless devices
still require can be
delivered over Wi-Fi.
Gollakota and his
team devised a way
to send power over
the unused channels
of a traditional Wi-Fi
FIELD
Planetary Astrophysics
AGE 30
INSTITUTION
Caltech
Konstantin
Batygin
PICTURES THE
MOVEMENTS IN OUR
SOLAR SYSTEM
THIS YEAR, THE WORLD

learned that there might be a
ninth planet in the solar system: immense, distant, but
nonetheless following its own
orbit around our sun. That
was thanks to Konstantin
Batygin and his collaborator,
Mike Brown. They were studying the movement of objects in
our solar systems debris belt
just beyond Neptune, trying
to find a reason for some offkilter orbits. Their explanation
sent waves through the scientific community: a distant
ninth planet that took 20,000
years to make it around the
sun. It solved other oddities in
the debris belt as well, such as
why certain objects were clustering. This is what you want
out of a good theory, Batygin
says: It should solve multiple
problems for the price of one.
network. The team

demonstrated that
they could power
battery-free sensors
and tiny cameras at
distances of up to 20
feet, and recharge
batteries 28 feet
away without significantly slowing down
data rates. Now you
can have completely battery-free
devices, Gollakota
says. This is what
computer science
is all about, he says,
trying to understand
and solve actual
human problems.
Not bad for a guy who,

in college, saw astrophysics
more as a plan Bjust in
case, he says, his band didnt
become the next Metallica.
(He still hopes they will.) The
clockwork of the orbits seems
like pretty much the most immutable thing possible, he
says, but the solar system
has rearranged itself multiple
times in its long and dramatic
history. Even before college
graduation, Batygin and his adviser had calculated that there
is a 1 percent chancewhich is
not negligiblethat before our
solar system runs its course,
Mercury will be flung off its
orbit and into space.
Batygin paints dramatic
pictures of how we see planets, and thats a direct result
of his insightful approach.
Sifting through mountains
of existing data, he seeks out
the outliersanomalies and
quirks that defy current explanationto formulate theories
that dont just solve the
mystery, but also suggest the
presence of new phenomena
yet to be discovered.
53
Russian billionaire
Yuri Milner
backs a science-fiction
plan to send tiny
probes to Alpha
Centauri via lasers,
cutting the interstellar
commute from
30,000 years to four.
Turkeys president
uses FaceTime to fight
off a military coup.
Microsoft partners
with the marijuana
industry to offer
its seed-to-sale tracking
software. Which maybe
explains why it bought
LinkedIn at 3 a.m.
The leaked Panama

Papers prove that the
global 1 percent are
indeed guilty of tax
evasion and kleptocracy.
Amsterdam gets a
3-D-printed bridge
with robotic arms.
An AI algorithm
studies Donald
Trumps speeches,
then sends eerily
Trump-like tweets:
I love the states.
I win them. Ohio
is beautiful, I buy it.
Harvard researchers
create a bionic
leaf that produces
energy through artificial
photosynthesis.
Tesla sells its

cars to the masses...
at Nordstrom.
A federal appeals
court upholds
net neutrality.
Finally, a vegan
burger bleeds like
the real thing.
Larry Page says

cars can so fly;
invests accordingly.
Scientists confirm
Einsteins
gravitational wave
theory; suddenly find
themselves
without a purpose.
Delete your
account.
Facebook
Live
begins
to crush cable
TV news.
Chef Jos Andrs

cooks a paella for
5,000 people in
Washington, D.C.
Its made entirely of
food waste.
Syrian refugees
in Lebanon build
a robot that wins
a spot at the
international Vex
Robotics competition
in the U.S.
Twitter trolls the

trolls with
a block button that
actually blocks.
After 17 years of
construction and
28 million tons of rock
moved, the Gotthard
Tunnelthe worlds
longestopens in the
Swiss Alps.
The hackers, technologists, scientists, celebrities, and just plain average folks
who have bestowed genius on us so far this year
THE GENIUS LIST
Disneyland designers
in California use
virtual-reality goggles
to test rides at their
new theme park in
Shanghai.
Elon Musk
combines Tesla,
home batteries,
and SolarCity
turning our homes
into closed-loop
energy giants.
Pokemon Go
(Minus the muggers.)
55
= STUFF THAT FLIES

= BREAKTHROUGHS
= ELON MUSK
ILLUSTRATIO N BY PETE SUCH ESKI; FOR PHOTO CR EDITS, SEE PAGE 10 2.
= SOCIAL
= POP CULTURE
= BOTS
KEY
A 10-year-old
from Finland hacks
Instagram; considers
deleting Justin
Biebers comments.
Facebook hires former

DARPA director,
Regina Dugan. The
weaponization of social
media is so on.
Chinas Ehang
drone taxi gets greenlit
for tests in Nevada,
where things
sometimes go boom.
In India, 800,000
people plant 49.3 million
trees in a single day,
crushing the previous
Guinness World Record
by 48.4 million.
San Diego college

kids fly a rocket
with a 3-D-printed
engine. NASAs still
testing theirs.
A robot stingray
made of rat muscle,
gold, and silicone
swims when
zapped with light.
Snapchat gets its

first feature-length
film, Sickhouse.
And the disappearing
Oscar goes to...
ISSUE
THE GENIUS
A Czech man creates

an augmentedreality tool that
scans a Rubiks Cube
and tells him how
to solve it. Wouldnt
it have just
been easier to...
Elizabeth Holmes
blood-testing
company, Theranos,
goes from $9 billion
unicorn to a $0
donkey. Then word
comes that shell get
to watch Jennifer
Lawrence re-enact
her failure on
the big screen!
The year of VR finally

arrives. (So why is
my headset stuck in
production?)
Inky, a basketball-size
octopus, slips his
New Zealand aquarium
tank, squeezes
through a 6-inch-wide
drainpipe, and escapes
into a nearby bay,
becoming a hero
meme to millions of
cubicle captives.
Volvo teases its

latest car on Snapchat,
choosing millennials
over soccer moms.
Walmart tests
warehouse drones
to speed distribution.
(Insert greeter
joke here.)
New York City proposes

an East River Trolley.
Meanwhile, Elon Musk
tests his Hyperloop.
For four days,

Portugal powers
itself entirely on
renewable energy.
CHRIS WHITE WENT FROM HARVARD SCIENCE TO MILITARY INTELLIGENCE.
POPULAR SCIENCE_ 5 7
NOW HIS TOOLS ARE HELPING BUST SEX-TRAFFICKING RINGS.
BY CHARLES GRAEBER / PHOTOGRAPHY BY THE VOORHES
B
BEFORE CHRIS WHITE COULD
HELP DISRUPT JIHADI FINANCE

NETWORKS, CRUSH WEAPONS
MARKETS, AND BUST UP
SEX-SLAVE RINGS WITH SEARCH

TOOLS THAT MINE THE DARK
WEB, HE FIRST HAD TO FIGURE
OUT HOW TO STOP HIMSELF FROM
PLUMMETING THROUGH THE OPEN GUN DOOR
OF A BANKING BLACK HAWK HELICOPTER.
NO HAND-HOLDING IN A WAR ZONE, HE

THOUGHT. IT WAS SEPTEMBER 2010. WHITE
WAS ON HIS WAY TO A FORWARD OPERATING
BASE OUTSIDE KABUL HEADQUARTERS,
AS PART OF A SECRET INTELLIGENCE CELL
TO HELP CONFRONT THE TALIBAN
and al-Qaida, smash their encrypted online money stream, and win
over the hearts and minds of the Afghanistan population. Slight and
lanky and 28, White felt Dukakis-ridiculous in his unwieldy body
armor and bulbous helmet with Dr. White scrawled in marker on
duct tape across the front, and with the dust from liftoff, he was
nding it hard to breathe. He was still struggling with the unfamiliar
seat straps when the pilot hit the stick, sending White sliding toward
the hot square of the door and the desert 200 feet below.
Down there, Afghanistan was a messy, dangerous place for
pretty much everybody. After nearly a decade of U.S.-led war, the
American body count had hit 1,000, and civilian casualties were
beyond calculation, as President Obamas 30,000-troop surge intensied the ghting that spring. Many feared the situation was
only going from bad to worse. The U.S. was escalating drone strikes
across the border in Pakistan. And U.S. command was under assault after Gen. Stanley McChrystal, the surges architect, found
himself without a job after he and his staff made disparaging
remarks about the commander in chief in some music magazine.
It is hard to imagine that only a few weeks earlier, White had
been just another impossibly young-looking Harvard postdoc
in ip-ops looking forward to a Cambridge summer. Helicopter
gunships and war zones werent on the radar; there were lattes in
the square and rock climbing, and on the other side of campus, a
COURTESY CHRIS WH ITE
prestigious fellowship in the School of Engineering and Applied

Sciences, where he was working at the intersection of big data,
statistics, and machine learning. He had earned academic pole
position and had every expectation it would continue that way
foreverbecoming a professor, building a lab, and sniping out
white papers from a tenured ivory tower.
But then his mentor asked him to attend a weekend conference
at DARPA. White knew it as the alphabet soup that spelled
out Defense Advanced Research
Projects Agency, the Pentagons
scientific-innovation department,
the folks who brought you bionic
exoskeletons, night vision, the M16,
agent orange, GPS, stealth technology, weather satellites, and the
Internet. DARPA projects combined
smart people, big ideas, and big government dollars. Their goal was to
help the nation prevent technological surprise, and every five to 10
years, wheel out world-changing
tech with a strategic edge.
White had gone grudgingly,
expecting a PowerPoint presentation, a recruiting

speech, and maybe some theoretical question like
youd expect from DARPAyou know, see if we can
build some giant laser, White says. Instead, he got
a top-level briefing on the world at war. He learned
there were dark forces out there. Their acts were
brutal, but their tactics and bureaucracy were sophisticated. They were killing and terrorizing, growing and
winning. He also heard there was an opportunity to use big data to counter those
ON THE GROUND
forces; his country was eager to seize that
Chris White, in
advantage as quickly as possible.
Afghanistan,
By the end of a full day, White the wunin 2010, part of
a data-mining
derkind postdoc felt humblingly naive.
nerd A-team.
I dont know anything about war, he
thought. White had never been privy
to the details from a practical, operational perspective. Increasingly, that
perspective involved a need to make sense
of gargantuan icebergs of raw and seemingly unconnected data, to pull plans and
policies out of frozen mountains of intel.
America, it turned out, could use a guy
59
like White in a war zone.

But rst, he had to stop himself from plummeting
through that chopper door. White scrabbled back to
his seat, grabbed the straps, and held on as gunners
slouched in the open door, watching for ground fire.
These veteran warriors were like characters out of
Mission: Impossible, White thought. White was on
their team but with a dierent role, as part of a nerd
A-team in a classied DARPA program called Nexus 7.
For nearly a decade, the U.S. military had been collecting intel in Afghanistan, reportedly courtesy of the CIA,
the National Security Agency, GPS satellites, cellphone
records, battlefield reports, digital financial streams,
surveillance cameras, foreign intercepts, and re-hose
streams from every online social network out there.
While this intel had been usefulfor, say, a targeted
drone strikeit mostly amounted to a data dump. And
there was even more that the U.S. wasnt utilizing in its
quest to understand what Afghanistans citizens wanted and needed. These overlooked clues were, as Maj.
Gen. Michael Flynn, then-head of U.S. intelligence in
Afghanistan, put it, a vast and underappreciated body
of information.
To x that, DARPA had sent in White and a dozen
other geeks to embed with fighting units and make
better use of this data trove. Some of the geeks would
fuse things like satellite data and on-the-ground
surveillance to visualize how trac owed (or didnt
flow, indicating a nearby Taliban checkpoint or a
roadside bomb). Whites team mission was to target
the digital trail of the Taliban and al-Qaidas nancing.
Their data-mining tools were specic to the needs of
the war, and successful enough to garner him promotions, medals, and citations. Eventually, White would
take these tools and the lessons he learned back home,
where they would help revolutionize criminal investigative work, lend a hand to the journalists probing
massive downloads like the Panama Papers, and shine
light into the dark data realm where drugs, guns, and
human beings are bought and sold, and where illicit bitcoin billions ow freely. One day soon, they might even
help pave the way for a more informed democracy.
Sliding toward that Black Hawks open door, White
assumed it was the end. It was only the beginning.
WHITE IS NOT A STUTTERING, BEAUTIFUL MIND TYPE OF

genius. Hes more of a stealth nerd. I first met up with him this
past November in the lobby of a hotel in downtown Seattle.
The lithe and darkly handsome Oklahoman I found in a bright
blue Patagonia windbreaker by the front desk came across as
something like a smaller, quieter hipster Carl Sagan. Which is
to say hes not just bright and passionate, but hes also nice and
strangely normalqualities that might seem at odds with his
role as anointed visionary whiz kid. But apparent contradiction
is Whites secret sauce: Hes an accomplished Ashtanga yoga
practitioner who has been to war, a former government employee on a first-name basis with celebrity Buddhists and legendary
hackers, and a practiced martial artist whos dedicated to the
solitary sit-down science of staring at computer screens.
These apparent contradictions have allowed White, now 34, to
bridge worlds between experts. Hes not the genius cranking out
code, the analyst looking for the next big IPO, the hand-shaking
CEO, or the wartime general turning a pile of intel into a plan. Hes
the guy who can talk to all of those people, understand them, and
combine their strengths into a matrix none individually would
have imagined.
Currently, that matrix has to do with making the Internet a
more interesting, useful, and democratic tool for exploring our
data universe. And it turns out, thats not a career he could plan
for. Post high school, White had surprised classmates by veering
into the hard sciences. He then surprised his family and himself
by abandoning a pre-med track for electrical engineering. He
continued to surprise them with his facility for statistics and
computer science, leading to a rarefied academic byway where
machine learning and big data intersected with human language.
Someof the best minds of our generation are using the Internet to make advertisers richer, White says. But the
connectivity of the Internet is also an unprecedented
CONTRADICTION IS
mechanism for compassion, for understanding each
other, ourselves, and our world. What could be more
WHITES SECRET
interesting than that?
SAUCE: HES A FORMER
But by the time White traveled from his Harvard
postdoc
to that DARPA briefing, he had already
GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEE
parlayed an electrical engineering degree from
Oklahoma State University into a fellowship from
ON A FIRST-NAME
the Department of Homeland Security, and earned
BASIS WITH CELEBRITY
his Ph.D. at the Center for Language and Speech
Processing at Johns Hopkins University. Hed also
BUDDHISTS AND
worked with Microsoft, MIT, IBM, and Google. And, he
says, none of that had prepared him for what he calls
LEGENDARY HACKERS.
the no-kiddingness of the mission in Afghanistan.

I was blown away, says White. It was scary, and it was
stressful, and I was really intensely focused on the work. I knew I
was contributing to something important. But I had no idea that
I was making a radical life change.
At the time, DARPA was changing too. Its new director, Regina
Dugan, had shepherded Nexus 7 through the Pentagon bureaucracy.
She believed in the power of crowdsourcing complicated problems
and wanted DARPA to take on a more active wartime role, rather than blue-skying technologies that might remake the military
10years down the road. As she had
told a Congressional panel, she
wanted military leaders to know
DARPA was in the ght.
/THE DEEP, THE DARK ,
Nexus 7 would be the tip of the
spear. The eort was designed by
AND THE DIRTY_
DARPA project manager Randy
Beneath the Webs candy coatingthe
Garrett, overseen by Dugan, and
5 to 20 percent accessible to Googleis
greenlit by Gen. David Petraeus.
the deep Web, a sea of content hidden
The teams were split into two
from search engines, much of it for legroups totaling about 100 computgit reasons. Inside that is the dark Web,
er scientists, social scientists, and
a world of encrypted content inhabited
intelligence experts. The larger
by hackers, criminals, and terrorists.
group remained stateside, writing code and mashing up military
data sets; White was in the smaller
group, looking over shoulders in
daily visitors to the dark Web
military HQ tents in Afghanistan.
The Taliban and al-Qaida were
military organizations commitpercentage of dark
Web occupied by
ting atrocities in the name of
illegal content,
Allah, but increasingly they opersuch as child porn,
ated like criminal organizations
drugs, terrorist
that ran not on religion, but moncommunications,
ey. That money paid for every
and counterfeit
bullet and bomb, kept troops tocurrency
gether and villages friendly, and
bought information and protection, vehicles and fuel, hearts and
sometimes minds.
estimated number of dark Web pages
Like any criminal operation,
most of that money came from
criminal activity: physical theft, or
billion dollars in
the sale of wares such as weapons,
total sales by the
drugs, and, increasingly, human
dark-Web illicitdrug site Silk Road
beings for ransom, slavery, or sex.
in the two years
Those transactions, and the
before it was shut
profits from them, were hidden
down by the FBI
and laundered through legitimate
businesses and shell corporations.
Some of this happened in the
physical worldreal drugs, real
people, real wads of cash money.
But increasingly, that criminal
price of a stolen Visa or Mastercard
activityeverything from the
on the dark Web
2.5 MILLION
57
30,000 - 40,000
1.2
$7.00
buying and selling of wares via the dark Web and social
media, to the filtering of proceeds through bitcoin
transactions and encrypted accountscould be carried out more easily online, in the same digital world
White had spent his career studying.
The coalition generals in Afghanistan had known
this for years, but that didnt mean they knew all the
details. Nexus 7s larger role was to nd useful needles
in the haystack of U.S. intelligenceincluding anything that could help the generals better understand
the needs of the Afghan people. Whites team focused
on the source of the money, the guns, the drugs, and the
human sex-trac, guring out where and why these
transactions took place and who was involved. White
played middleman between the DARPA teams coding
stateside and the needs of the military commanders
inAfghanistan.
Unfortunately, that meant a lot of cold calling, a
lot of asking for meetings from these big commanders. It was really stressful, White says. Im not really
sociable. But I knew I had to just swallow that because
that was the job.
Getting into conversations with people in a war
zone who didnt know or care why White was interrupting their job was a learning curve steeper than
a Black Hawks takeo, and a waking anxiety nightmare. White didnt talk crap or sportsor, frankly,
particularly like people at rst. Worst of all, he was a
civilian. He had no military uniform, military training, or military rankthe shorthand on the collar or
sleeve for who needs to make time for whom.
One thing about war, White says, is people are
really busy.
He didnt even have a particularly military bearing.
While other guys pumped iron, the lithe little yoga
dude they called Dr. Spaghetti Man was stretching
and breathing on the wrestling mats, an Ivy Leaguer
downward-dogging in a world of booyah. Gradually,
as he extended his stay from nine days to 90, and then
signed on for more stints in the country over the next
year and change, he became DARPAs senior in-country
lead in charge of Nexus 7, and a citizen of this military
world. He learned to invoke the Dr. early and often,
learned that the embarrassingly fancy watch his dad
had given him worked like stars and bars in the government dress code. And he learned that using martial-arts
skills to put big guys on their asses during rec time made
a positive impression, and turned fighting men into
friends. It also helped White and his team do their jobs.
The specic metrics are classied, but the presidential
reports and citations are clear: Nexus 7 made a meaningful contribution to the war for hearts, minds, and lives.
By the end of his time in Afghanistan, Nexus 7
had earned the respect of the commanders too, and
Dr. Spaghetti Man held a DARPA rank equivalent of
61
a one-star general. Nexus 7s efforts also gained citations and

medals from the Department of Defense and the Department of
the Treasury. Among other things, Whites team was commended for creating the large data analytic framework that provided
unique and valuable insights against key strategic and operational questions. White personally was cited as a credit to the agency.
But all the lacquer and ribbon came at a cost. Chris White was
no longer the same wide-eyed postgrad who had boarded a jet to
Kabul. By the end, Id dropped out of Harvard and lost my long-term
girlfriend, White says. But most changed was his view of the world.
White wouldnt say he was shell-shocked. He hadnt been
battering doors and stepping on strange earth loaded with explosives. But for the rst time, hed seen what the enemywhat
peoplewere capable of.
The job was over; it was time to move on from the war. But White
felt he wasnt ready to leave every battle behind. He would soon get
the chance to take one battle beyond the boundaries of war.
The data White had helped track had led the people who risked
their lives toward places where women and children were traded as
commodities, and White had seen rsthand how vulnerable those
women and children were. He also learned that those crimes didnt
exist in Afghanistan alone. And it didnt take a plane to nd them;
it took a modem.
HE INTERNET YOU KNOW IS NOT THE

Internet. Or not all of it. To start, theres the
Internet of Bing, Google, Firefox, and Sirithe
places where your Gmail and bookmarks live, where you
nd cat litter and football scores. Thats said to represent
over 200 terabytes of data, more than if you digitized all
the printed material in the Library of Congress. Thats a
lot of reading, but its not the Internet; its just the surface.
Estimates vary, but the surface Web, or open
Web, represents between 5 and 20 percent of whats
out there. The rest resides in places that most
crawlers cant reach or index. Some data are deep,
in password-protected places like social media and
message boards, or in increasingly common dynamic
T
websiteswhich are more like apps than pages from a book, and
change when you interact with them, like Kayak. The rest of the
Web is dark.
But the dark Web isnt a road youve neglected to drive down
on your way to amazon.com. The main tool of access is Tor (originally an acronym for The Onion Router). Onion routing was rst
developed by the U.S. Naval Research Lab to ensure secure intelligence communication. It bounces encrypted information through
a series of anonymized nodes, rendering it virtually untraceable,
letting you browse a Web you wouldnt want cookies and targeted
ads to trackand creating a haven for those who fear surveillance
and authoritarian control.
The dark Web does not discriminate among government
users, savvy cyber libertarians, planning boards for ISIS, whistleblowing hacktivists, or Arab Spring planners. Its free markets are
unregulated, and specialize in goods that need to be bought and
sold anonymously. In the dark, youre always only three clicks
from the illegal, repulsive, or violent, or, more often than not, from
sharing a jail cell with Jared from Subway. You can probably nd
China White heroin, fake E.U. and U.S. passports, nonsequential
supernote Benjamins, Peruvian flake, DMT, Hard Candy, Pink
Meth, and dump sites for hacked nude celebrity seles.
If youre one of the estimated 2.5 million daily visitors to this
dark world, youre laughing unkindly (or trashing this

description online). No dark-Web catalog can ever be
complete or correct. This game of Whac-A-Mole is
liberating for some, frustrating for others. Its also
a perfect landscape for criminal organizations and
terror groups to communicate, advertise, or buy or
sell anything, including human beings. As you read
this, an estimated 21 million people are being trafcked around the planet. More than half are women
and girls. More than 1 million are children. Nearly
one-quarter are bought and sold as sex slaves. Only
1-in-100 victims of human tracking is ever rescued.
Its a booming business. High profits and low risk
make human tracking one of the fastest-growing
and most lucrative crimes on
the planet; the U.N. recently
BLACK MARKET
estimated that trafficking
Among the many
nets $150 billion a year.
things for sale
And as a business, it diers
on the dark Web
negligibly from the sale of
are guns, drugs,
and sex.
kitty litter or crew-neck
sweaters; in order for consumers to buy your product, they have to be able
to find it. While the makers of Tidy Cats can take
out a billboard, human traffickers need to be visible enough that their customers can find them, but
hidden enough that they cant be tracked down by
authorities. Not surprisingly, that puts the majority of
sex-trac data in the deep or dark Web, or hidden in
plain sight in the terabytes of the surface Web, in ways
quite dierent from legal businesses that want to be
found by consumer Web-search engines.
The exact formula for how search engines like
Bing and Google rank results is governed by secret
algorithms mere mortals arent allowed to know. But
two factors dominate: Pages linked by other pages are
ranked higher, as are pages with keywords matching
the search terms. Thats what puts Wikipedia pages
at the top of most Google searchesthey cite, and
are cited by, numerous other lesser sources (such as
blogs). But sex trackers dont want to be found via
Web search. To throw off the index, they advertise
through one-off ads, unlinked to others. They hide
deep in chat rooms or uncrawlable social-media posts.
They avoid search-engine optimization. Instead of
keywords, they use photos and code words. At this
moment, there are likely hundreds of thousands of
active ads for sex for sale on the Internet. Detectives
using regular search engines have an extremely
difficult time finding these or making cases against
criminals who dont play by Googles rules.
Chris White was given the chance to change the
rules.
Continued on page 98
63
( C H I N A S
R A C E
T O
SPACE STATIONS
MOONWALKS
AND SPY-PROOF
SATELLITES CHINA
LEAVES NO DOUBT
ABOUT ITS SOARING
AMBITIONS
By Clay Dillow, Jeffrey Lin, and P.W. Singer
Illustration by Yuko Shimizu
PAGE
65
S P A C E
D O M I N A T I O N )
( L E T S
G O
T O
T H E
M O O N ! )
Before this decade is out, humanity will go where its never gone before: the far
side of the moon. This dark sideforever facing away from ushas long been a mystery.
No human-made object has ever touched its surface. The mission will be a marvel of engineering. It will involve a rocket that weighs hundreds of tons (traveling almost 250,000
miles), a robot lander, and an unmanned lunar rover that will use sensors, cameras, and an
infrared spectrometer to uncover billion-year-old secrets from the soil. The mission also
might scout the moons supply of helium-3a promising material for fusion energy. And
the nation planting its starry flag on this historic trip will be the Peoples Republic of China.
After years of investment and strategy, China is well on its way to becoming a space
superpowerand maybe even a dominant one. The Change 4 lunar mission is just one
example of its scope and ambition for turning space into an important civilian and military
domain. Now, satellites guide Chinese aircraft, missiles, and drones, while watching over
crop yields and foreign military bases. The growing number of missions involving Chinese
rockets and taikonauts are a source of immense national pride.
China sees space capability as an indication of global-leadership status, says John
Logsdon, founder of the Space Policy Institute at George Washington University. It gives
China legitimacy in an area that is associated with great power.
Chinas estimated space budget is still dwarfed by NASAs, which is $19.3 billion for this
year alone. But Chinas making the most of its outlay. This past year, it had 19 successful
space launchesthe second-highest number behind Russias 26, and ahead of Americas 18.
The decades ahead will see a range of Chinese missions that will matchand maybe even
surpassprevious NASA exploits, including quantum communications satellites and a
crewed mission to the moon in the early 2030s.
By landing on the moon, China isnt just joining an exclusive two-nation club. It is also
redefining what space meansmilitarily, economically, and politicallyin the 21st century.
There are plans for heavy-lift rockets, manned space stations, and one of the worlds largest
satellite-imaging and -navigation networks. Meanwhile the U.S.particularly where human spaceflight is concernedis hardly moving at all. I dont worry about China suddenly
leapfrogging us, says James Lewis, a director at the Center for Strategic and International
Studies, a D.C. think tank. I worry about us being distracted and waking up to realize that
they have a much more powerful position in space.
As in the U.S. space marketplace, China relies on many

state-linked aerospace companies working with its China National
Space Administration (CNSA) to perform a dual role of supporting
its military. Theres the Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (the primary contractor for building spacecraft), its Academy
of Launch Vehicle Technology subsidiary (which helps design the
nations so-called Long March rockets), the Academy of Space
Technology (designing many of Chinas

satellites), and the Aerospace Science and
Industry Corporation, a defense contractor
that builds items like the atomic clocks on
navigation satellites.
Such interconnectedness goes back to
the beginnings of Chinas rocket age and,
ironically, to American soil. The man considered the father of Chinese rocketry is
Qian Xuesen. A Chinese national, Qian
had attended MIT in 1935, went to work on
the Manhattan Project, and later became
a co-founder of Caltechs famed Jet Propulsion Laboratory. But during the Joseph
McCarthy era, he was accused of being a
communist sympathizer, put under house
arrest for five years, and, in 1955, he returned
to China. There he was greeted as a hero. He
later developed Chinas ballistic-missile and
space-rocket programs. In fact, China still
relies on the Long March rockets he helped
develop to launch its space systems.
Starting in the 80s, China put up sophisticated communications and intelligence
satellites, and offered cheap satellitelaunch services to other nations. It began
a taikonaut (a mashup of the Mandarin
word for outer space and naut, which
is Greek for sailor) training program, and
started building out manned mission capsules and space planes. With the launch
of its manned Shenzhou 5, which carried
taikonaut Yang Liwei into space for 21
hours in 2003, Chinas space race began
to hit its marks. From there, China made
rapid leaps: multiple crewed missions,
spacewalks, and, in 2011, the launch of
Tiangong-1, a two-person space lab. Early
next year, it will launch its first-generation
I L LUSTR ATI ON BY
Todd Detwiler
BIGGER BLASTOFFS
In June, China launched its
Long March 7, the latest addition to an
emerging fleet of massive rockets.
2
3
174 FEET LONG
cargo ship, Tianzhou-1, which means

heavenly vessel. The ship will dock with an
existing Chinese space lab and bring
supplies for science experiments.
If any of this sounds like a repeat of
feats already accomplished decades ago
by others (U.S. and Soviet Union), that
glib observation falls to pieces when you
consider technologies like Chinas QUESS
satellitewhich will likely be orbiting
overhead by the time you read this. Short
for Quantum Experiments at Space Scale,
QUESS marks a first-of-its-kind attempt
to beam quantum-encrypted information
between an orbiting satellite and ground
stations below. By encoding that information into the quantum states of particles
like photons, such security schemes ensure
that any attempt to intercept or tamper
with the transmission alerts both sender
and receiver, making quantum encryption
theoretically unbreakable.
In an era of global electronic surveillance, a quantum-communications
network could sidestep even the best
cyberintelligence operations, allowing
Chinese military and intelligence assets
to swap information while keeping potential adversaries or spies in the dark. As
long as China is the only nation bouncing
quantum communications around the
atmosphere, it will enjoy scientific and
strategic security advantages, as well as
a boost to economic security: QUESS researchers say that a long-term goal is the
protection of financial communications.
Chinas rising space prowess has,
predictably, come with geopolitical friction
between Beijing and Washington. While the
nations have deep levels of trade with each
other, they also eye one another as a security threat. In fact, Chinas space program
is repeatedly cited in U.S. security reports
with a growing sense of unease. As the U.S.
and Soviet Union learned in the 1960s and
70s, showcasing capability in space often
translates to influence on the ground. The
military benefits of going to the moon are
zero, but the geopolitical effects are real.
Chinas going to get back to the moon
before we do; theyre going to have people
walking around on another body, and were
not, Lewis says. Right now the U.S. is seen
as the leader in space, but were kind of resting on our laurels. So what happens when
the rest of the world wakes up and realizes
that China is the leader?
That means Chinas heavenly rise could
realign partnerships in space. With its
steady drumbeat of near-term mission
milestones and concrete objectives (as opposed to a vague trip to Mars), the CNSA
gives a lot of countries a nice opportunity
to develop new partnerships to stay

active in space exploration, says Alanna
Krolikowski, an expert in Chinese technology policy and a visiting professor at the
University of Gttingen in Germany.
China is also playing geopolitics with
nation states that arent always willing
to be aligned with Washingtons selfinterests. It has been offering cheap and
easy access to space, launching satellites
for countries like Venezuela, Laos, Nigeria,
and Belarus. Pakistan has used Chinas
military-grade satellite-navigation system,
suggesting that China will also allow use
of space-derived intelligence as part of
future alliance building.
And if it continues its pace, China will
launch its experimental Tiangong-2 space
lab later this year, followed by a crew that
will dock there and test technologies critical for building a permanent manned
outpost in orbit. The first module of that
outpostTiangong-3is Chinas highestprofile project. It is expected to lift off in
2022, marking a new era of Chinese space
research. Tiangong-3 will be able to support three taikonauts, in addition to a bevy
of scientific research. Notably, CNSA has
already rolled out the welcome mat to other countries, offering the opportunity to
place experiments, and astronauts, aboard.
Given a Congressional ban that prohibits
NASA from cooperating with the CNSA in
space, its unlikely the U.S. will be among
them. But many of Americas current partners in space very well might. After all, if the
U.S. and co-owners shutter the expiring International Space Station in 2024 as planned,
China will be the only country up there.
Just as in the Cold War, there is also the
possibility that space activities could yield
more peace, not less. As Chinas military
and civilian dependence on space begins to
mirror that of Americas, the hazard-filled
nature of space operations creates an incentive for both nationsalong with other
space actorsto a maintain at least an uneasy cooperation. Global reliance on the
space-based communications and navigation that power our digital age means that
America and China will have to work together to draw up the rules for the crowded
new space age. After all, the solar system is
our communal turf. At least for now.
1. The CARGO area brings supplies, like satellites, into orbit. 2. STAGE TWO holds tanks
of liquid oxygen and kerosene. 3. Four ENGINES
use 71.7 tons of propellants. 4.The BOOSTERS
detach via pyrotechnic separation. 5.The
total LIFTOFF THRUST is 7,080 kilonewtons.
INSIDE
THE
FACTORY
Elon Musk doesnt shy away from

grand statements. He recently released
his Master Plan for Teslas future,
which calls for cars with solar roofs, full
autopilot, and even the ability to make
money for their owners when theyd
otherwise be in the garage. Musks
high-minded vision is already a hightech reality at Teslas 5.3 million-squarefoot facility in Fremont, California.
BY COBY McDONALD
PHOTOGRAPHY BY SPENCER LOWELL
SMART MOVES (PREVIOUS PAGE)
FRESHLY PRESSED
A robot cart follows magnetic strips on the floor to move

this Model S down the production line. Such electric, selfcharging robots load and unload cars at each stop, making them key to the factorys efficiency. Here, the Model
Swith its body panels attached to an aluminum-andsteel skeletonnears the end of its general assembly.
A Model S fender begins its life as an aluminum sheet

snipped from a 20,000-pound coil. A laser-cutting robot
then slices it into the desired shape before a presswith
1,000 tons of forcestamps it into a three-dimensional
fender. Its then mounted to a measuring board where
engineers examine it for flaws.
TESLA FACT
.08
Time it takes, in seconds, to

cut each fender sheet
RUNNING THE GAUNTLET

German-made Kuka assembly robots piece together the aluminumand-steel bones of the Model S into skeletons, or what Tesla calls
uni-bodies. Powerful and precise, the robots use high-definition 3-D
cameras to see as they drill, weld, and rivet together the body. All told,
the factory is staffed by some 200 robots, many named for X-Men
characters such as Wolverine, Xavier, and Storm.
71
TESLA FACT
92
Number of football fields that

could fit inside the Tesla factory
STAMPING ITS FLEET

In the stamping center, raw aluminum becomes hoods, bumpers,
fenders, and panels. (Lightweight parts are key to the Model S 90Ds
industry-leading 294-mile range.) This past year, Tesla spent a reported $1.6 billion on factory expansion to prepare for production of
the Model 3, a mass-market sedan with an estimated baseline price
of $35,000. Tesla has already received nearly 400,000 preorders.
73
A FINAL (HUMAN) TOUCH

Humansnot robotsput the finishing touches on this Model X
by attaching seats, door handles, and instrument panels. Tesla aims to
deliver 60 to 80 percent more cars this year than last, Musk says.
If the company meets its production goalsand who can doubt
Musk that it will?Tesla will roll out its 190,000th vehicle by the end
of the year. For 2018, Musk pegs the output target at a half-million.
74
POPS C I. CO M S E PT /O CT 20 16
TESLA FACT
140K
Number of Tesla vehicles
on the road worldwide
TRACKING THE
T R A F F I C K E R S
by Millie Kerr and Corey Mueller / Illustration by Tim Enthoven / P.77
32
Percentage of all
seafood imported to the U.S.
that is likely illegal
SOU R C E: MARINE POLICY
H AWA I I
AQUARIUM APP
YELLOW TANG
Aquarium enthusiasts often
unknowingly stock their tanks
with illegally caught fish.
They can now use a free app
that identifies captive-bred
fish (good) from wild-caught
ones (bad), 90 percent of
which are illegally captured
using cyanide. The chemical
harms fish and kills coral.
U N I T E D S TAT E S
E-COMMERCE ENFORCEMENT
SCARLET MACAW
Many of the vendors that sell
illegal wildlifefrom monkey
taxidermy to live macawsdo so
online. A Web crawler developed
by researchers at New York
University will mine the Internet
for sketchy merchandise, then use
algorithms to cross-reference
those animals and products with
endangered-species databases. By
spotting social-media posts and
e-retailers offering suspicious
merch, law enforcement will use
the interface to investigate those
sellers. The platform could
be available as early as this fall.
N I C A R AGUA
TRACKABLE EGGS
OLIVE RIDLEY SEA TURTLE
Wildlife researchers have long tagged animals to study their
natural movements. Now a Central American environmental
NGO is planting trackers in synthetic turtle eggs to trace
trafficking routes. Using 3-D-printed molds, the NGO builds
silicone eggs (with a tiny GPS transmitter inside) that mimic
those laid by sea turtles, which poachers covet. This October,
the eggs will be buried amid real turtle nests. We want to
see how many eggs are leaving the country, and where
theyre going, says program scientist Kim Williams-Guillen.
MEXICO
FORENSIC DATABASE
RED-EYED TREE FROG
Early next year, the Mexican
conservation group Bosque
Antiguo plans to offer lawenforcement agencies a forensic
database that will contain DNA bar
codes of such endangered species
as Central American macaws and
tree frogs. Agents will then have
the tools to prove that animals
and products sold by businesses
were procured illegally, and
use that information as evidence
in criminal prosecutions.
78 POPS C I. CO M S E PT /O CT 2 016
SOUTH AFRICA
PORTABLE DNA SEQUENCER

WHITE RHINO
Authorities have no quick way to
prove that a suspicious material
the bloodstained clothing of a
suspected poacher or a shady
product at a bush-meat marketis
connected to illegal activity.
Traditional DNA sequencing uses
expensive lab-based machines,
and results can take up to a week.
Enter the palm-size MinION,
the worlds first portable DNA
sequencer. Used with a converter
that preps biological materials
for analysis, the device syncs to a
database of more than 20,000
species to accurately determine
the samples origin. The MinION,
which was developed by Oxford
Nanopore Technologies in
England, can provide on-the-spot
evidence of illegal activity. It will
be used in Kenya and South Africa.
1,000
Estimated number
of wildlife rangers killed by poachers
in the past decade
S OURCE : WORL D W I L DL I F E F E DE RAT I ON
M YA N M A R
INDIA
SMART SURVEILLANCE
BENGAL TIGER
India has nearly 10 million acres of
protected tiger habitat, home to
70 percent of the worlds tigers.
But the borders are porous,
rangers are few, and pelts are
prized. The government recently
erected towers equipped with
hidden cameras and long-range
thermal sensors. Software
processes footage in real time,
picks out suspicious activity such
as an illegal human presence, and
sends an alert to a central control
room where staffers dispatch law
enforcement. We wanted to
create technology that would
generate an alert before a crime
takes place, says Ravikant
Singh, a co-creator of the project.
Tons of ivoryfrom
6,500 poached elephants
that Kenya burned
in April 2016, thereby diverting
it from illegal trade
SOU R C E: K EN YA WI LDLIFE SERVICE
GLOBAL CRIME MAP

PANGOLIN
To avoid detection, poachers and
traders rely on shifting trade
routes and corrupt law enforcement. Agents cant catch what
they cant find. Using algorithms
and Googles deep-learning tech, a
new, open-source map constantly
sifts through news reports
on illegal incidentssuch as
smuggling endangered pangolinsto create a nearly real-time
map of global activity. For the first
time, the public, the media, and
law-enforcement agencies will see
the spatial and temporal patterns
of trafficking in their regions,
says creator Kalev Leetaru, of
George Washington University.
PHILIPPINES
REAL-TIME INVOICES
BANGGAI CARDINALFISH
In busy cargo ports, inspectors
have to manually review paper
invoices of big shipments of fish.
Its easy to miss illegal species
and fudged data. But a new
digital-invoice system will deploy
algorithms to more easily and
effectively spot suspicious cargo.
For example, if the actual weight
of a shipment is different from
what was reported on the invoice,
border agents will investigate.
TA N Z A N I A
ELECTRONIC NOSE
AFRICAN ELEPHANT
Each year, smugglers bring
$10 billion worth of forest and
savanna animals and parts,
such as elephant tusks, through
international ports. The electronic
nose, a portable screening tool
that sniffs luggage, would let
customs rapidly identify and seize
wildlife at the point of detection,
says Shari Forbes, a forensic
scientist at the University of
Technology, Sydney, Australia.
Forbes and her team are building a
database of hundreds of the most
trafficked animals and identifying
their odor signatures. The e-nose
could be ready as early as fall 2017.
INDONESIA
BIRD-MARKET MONITOR
BLACK-WINGED STARLING
Every year, some 600,000 birds,
such as the black-winged starling,
are illegally trapped and traded
in poorly regulated pet markets
in Indonesia. A bird-market
monitoring app, slated for release
in 2017, turns civilians into
activists. Snap a photo of an illegal
bird, share it to a database, and
help the government pin down
where illegal activity takes place.
80
PO PS C I. CO M S E PT /O CT 20 16
P HOTO GR AP H BY
J O N AT HAN KA MB O U R IS
by
WI L LI AM
GU R ST EL L E
DIFFICULTY w ww ww
COST $25
TIME 2 hours
TWENTY YEARS AGO, THE WACKY, WAVING INFLATABLE TUBE

also known as a sky puppet or air dancermade its debut as a
decoration at the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta. Since then, its become
most famous as an advertising gimmick at used-car lots.
Goofiness aside, theres a lot of science going on inside that
tube. In 1883, British scientist Osborne Reynolds developed a
theory that predicted how uids, such as water or gas, would ow
through pipes and ducts based on the ratio of speed to viscosity.
Blow air through the exible tube of a sky puppet, and it will ow
smoothly, up to a certain point. When the air speed increases
enough, the flow becomes turbulent and chaotic, turning the
cylinder into a dancing decoration.
Once youve found the ideal tube dimensions to achieve turbulent air ow, you can craft your own sky puppet. Popular Sciences
version is 5 feet tall, and it takes only an afternoon to build.
Annoy Coworkers
with This
DIY Sky Puppet
E DIT E D BY
SO PHI E B U S HWI C K
Manual
Safety glasses
Scissors
Hot-glue gun
Hammer
TOOLS
long nails
minute or
-inch long
blower with
opening
packing tape
3/ Cut the garbage

bag into two pieces,
each 3 inches
2/ Build a stand by
nailing the end
of one board to
the center of the
other. Use the
screws to attach
the blower to the
vertical board so
the PVC fitting
points up.
1/ Connect the outlet of the electric

blower to the wide
end of the PVC
reducing fitting
using hot glue and
packing tape.
+INSTRUCTIONS
pieces
by--inch
r
2 12-by-12-
6/ Give your tube

personalitytape
or glue ribbons,
googly eyes, or
5/ Connect one end

of the tube to the
1.5-inch opening
of the PVC fitting.
4/ Use the adhesive

tape to connect
the pieces into
one longer tube.
Leave both ends
of the tube open.
wide and 2.5 feet

long. Seal each
piece into a skinny
tube with the
adhesive tape.
power supply
r
Battery or
test leads
r
2 alligator
adhesive tape
r
2-inch
of clear
fitting
r
-inch roll
garbage bag
plastic
reducing
1-inch PVC
r
3-inch to
r
30-gallon
wood screws,
DCelectric
a 3-inch
round-head
to 18-volt
r
2 No. 10
feet-perlarger 12-
of wood
r
2 1-inch-
r
130-cubic-
+MATERIALS
8/If the tube isnt

waving enough,
change the voltage to decrease
or increase the
air flow. You can
also try adjusting
the tubes length
or width.
7/Don safety glasses. Use alligator

clips to connect
the positive and
negative terminals of the power
supply to the
appropriate wires
on the blower.
other decorations
to the top.
History Strikes Back
A Boy and
His Trebuchet
The author aims
his DIY version
of a giant medieval
siege engine.
DIY TREBUCHETS RANGE
25 FT
A Mini Medieval
Siege Weapon
AROUND THE TURN OF THE 14TH CENTURY, ENGLANDS KING EDWARD I
led his soldiers north to battle Scottish rebels. Eventually, he

cornered his foes at Stirling Castle in central Scotland. Outside
the castle walls, his English engineers built a phalanx of huge
trebuchets. A trebuchet uses the force of gravity to ing projectiles. Its power comes from a counterweightoften a box
thats lled with stones or sandconnected to a
lever arm. The other end of the arm is attached
by
to a sling that holds a missile, such as a large
WILLIAM
rock. By raising the counterweight into the air
GURSTEL LE
100 FT
with a pulley system and then letting it

drop, the lever sends the boulder flying
with great precision.
Edwards trebuchets, perhaps the most
powerful ones ever made, even had their
own names, such as the Forester and the
Vicar. The biggest was erected last. Called
Ludgar, also known as Warwolf, it had
enough power to fling 300-pound projectiles. By the time it was completedfour
months after the siege beganthe Scots
were ready to surrender. But Edward was
eager to test his new weapon. Unwilling
to waste the time and effort spent on his
deadly toy, Edward ordered the Scots back
inside the castle and continued the siege.
With its first toss, Ludgar broke down an
entire 12-foot-thick castle wall, according to
14th-century chronicler Peter Langtoft. By
the time Edward was ready to accept surrender, only 50 of the castles 120 defenders
remained to crawl out of the rubble.
Inspired by Ludgar, I decided to make
my own trebuchet. For this miniature version, I built a framework of plastic piping
mounted on a stable wooden base. For
a counterweight, I repurposed a pair of
5-pound barbells. A wood prop holds the
weights in place and also acts as a trigger:
When I pull it out of the trebuchet, the
weights slide down a pair of guide rails,
causing the throwing arm to ip from one
side of the trebuchet to the other.
To throw a projectilea golf ball or
small water balloonI attach a string
to my missile, tie a loop in the other end,
and slip the loop over the trebuchets arm.
When the arm ips, it hurls the projectile
high and fartoward an imaginary castle.
For instructions on building

your own mini trebuchet,
visit popsci.com/ludgar.
PHOTOGRA PH BY
Ackerman + Gruber
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SimpliSafe.com/sci
Hackertainment
Build a Fog Machine

That Fits in a Mug
TIME 15 mins
COST $30
DIFFICULTYY wwwww
+TOOLS & MATERIALS

r
Wire strippers
r
Two 23A battery boxes
r
Soldering iron
HALLOWEEN FALLS ON A MONDAY THIS YEAR, GIVING YOU

an excuse to celebrate it in the officewith a mini fog
machine that fits in a coffee mug. This project, inspired by a
water-only fogger from DIYer Brian Clarke, employs sound waves
to turn distilled water into a spooky haze. The
tiny cauldron gives you all the boil and bubble
by
THOM LEAVY
of a witchs brew for a lot less toil and trouble.
r
5.5 mm-by-2.5 mm male
plug for DC power
r
Two 23A batteries
r
Empty, dry 16-ounce
plastic water bottle
r
Etree ultrasonic
fogger
r
Duct tape
r
Mug
r
Distilled water
+INSTRUCTIONS
1/Strip the ends of the battery

box wires. Solder the negative
wire from one box to the positive wire of the other. Solder
the free wires of the battery
boxes to the power plug. Then
insert the batteries.
2/Cut off and discard the top
of the water bottle, leaving a
bottom half that is about four
inches tall. Place the fogger
inside the bottom half with the
power cable folded over the
rim. Secure and waterproof it
with duct tape.
3/Plug in the fogger, place the
batteries in the bottom of the
mug, and set the bottle on top.
Tape the bottle to the inside of
the mug around the rim.
4/Add distilled water to activate
the project. It will begin spewing fog, which you can control
by adjusting the water level.
5-Minute Project
a hole in the plastic

where the beam of
light exits; water will
spill out in an arc. (Use
a bowl to catch the
runoff.) The laser light
will appear to bend
along with the water.
How is this possible?
According to
Snells law, a ray of
light will change its

angle when it hits the
boundary between
one medium (water)
and another (air). So
the light is actually
bouncing back and
forth in straight lines
within the stream of
water, as if trapped in
a hall of mirrors. T.L.
ILLUSTRATION BY +ISM
Bend
a Laser
Beam
Want to defy physics?

This experiment
makes a straight laser
beam appear to bend
into a curve.
Fasten a laser
pointer to a flat
surface, positioned so
it shines horizontally
through a full plastic
water bottle. Poke
PHOTOGRA PH BY
Jonathon Kambouris
a comb.
Recycle me.
Deconstructed
Listen withYour Skin

With the
VEST, we
would no
longer be
limited by
our bodies
or our
senses.
A New Way to Hear
The VEST could
let deaf people
understand audible
conversations. Unlike
a cochlear implant,
its noninvasive
and costs only a
fraction of the price.
WHAT IF OUR BODIES HAD A NEW WAYOTHER

There is no theoretical reason why this cant be
than our eardrumsto hear the world around us?
almost as good as the ears, says Eagleman.
Thats what neuroscientist David Eagleman wonSo far, he has trained deaf people to recognize single
dered ve years ago. He looked at the body for answers
words through the VEST. He hopes to eventually help
and saw a huge sound jack. We have this giant input
them understand sentences, and then full conversachannel called our skin, he says, and we arent using it.
tions. Just like with language, Eagleman discovered,
So Eagleman, along with Scott Novich, his then-grad
childrenwhose brains are more malleablelearned to
student at Baylor College of Medicine, created the
interpret the VEST more easily than adults did.
Versatile Extra-Sensory Transducer, or VEST. The VEST
Eagleman says his device could one day be desystem is worn like it sounds. Through 32 tiny motors,
ployed in dozens of professions to better understand
it translates sound waves into vibrations on your back.
complex environments. A pilot could interpret a
First, a computer or smartphone picks up sounds from
planes status through the VESTs vibrations. An astroyour surroundings and breaks down the audio sample
naut could literally feel the health of the Internainto a set of specic frequencies. Each frequency band in
tional Space Station. Eagleman and Novichs startup,
the set triggers one of 32 motors in the VEST.
Neosensory, plans to develop the VEST for
With time and practice, your brain learns
all kinds of uses so someday we all can expeto unconsciously interpret the series of
rience this sixth sense. The possibilities are
by
CLAIRE
vibrations as soundand individual sounds
endless for the kind of information we could
MALDARELLI
as words in a language.
be streaming in, says Eagleman.
+HOW IT WORKS
1/ A computer or smartphone
picks up sounds from as far
as 20 to 30 feet away. An app
then translates each sound
into distinct vibrations based
on its component frequencies.
2/ The phone, via Bluetooth,
triggers a series of the VESTs
motors to vibrate. Each motor is
calibrated to a single frequency
band so a word feels exactly the
same each time its spoken.
3/ At first, the vibrations feel indistinguishable from one another.

But over time, the brain learns
to match each vibration pattern
to its corresponding word.
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what you hear. In fact, studies show that
you may be able to hear up to 3 times
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All hearing aids work the same way. The microphone picks up the sound
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Meet a Maker
PHANTOM LIMB
James Young sports
one of de Oliveira
Baratas most
audacious projects:
the Phantom Limb,
inspired by the video
game Metal Gear
Solid. Young and
de Oliveira Barata
worked with 11
artists and engineers
to craft an arm that
boasts lights, USB
charging ports, a
3-D-printed hand,
and a drone that
docks on the shoulder, among other
features. Young says
he did lose some
functionality for the
cool factor, but tinkering with the limb
has involved him in
maker culture. Ive
learned about LEDs
and coding, he says.
The Art of Artificial Limbs
A Leg Up
De Oliveira Barata also
makes hyperrealistic
limbs like this one.
PHOTOGRA PH BY
Omkaar Kotedia
IN SET I MAGE: N ADAV KAN DER/TRUNK ARCH IVE
and a leg that resembles porcelain covered

FOR EIGHT YEARS, PROSTHETIC
in a painted floral vine. She makes about
sculptor Sophie de Oliveira Barata creatsix limbs per year, always incorporating clied realistic-looking limbs for amputees
ents ideas so that they receive a personal
who wanted to blend in. But she longed
piece they can celebrate rather than hide.
to work on more whimsical designs that
Of course, a limb covered in feathers or
would stand out. Then she met Pollyanna
Swarovski crystals wont suit everyone.
Hope, a young amputee.
Each prosthesis must satisfy a trifecta
She wanted something a little dierent
of comfort, aesthetics, and functionality,
on her leg: pictures of a cartoon she loved,
and pushing too hard in one direction can
Peppa Pig, said de Oliveira Barata, who is
compromise other areas. But for amputees
based in London. So she designed a unique
who appreciate novelty, de Oliveira Barata
leg covered in tattoo-like images of Peppa
has some outrageous ideas.
and other pigs riding a bicycle and eating
Id really like to make a candy-dispenser
ice cream. Working with Hope made de
leg with a vintage feel and Gobstoppers
Oliveira Barata realize there was a market
inside it, she says. Or a cuckoo-clock leg
for limbs with air.
with a brass bird that pops out every hour.
Since then, de Oliveira Barata founded
Her goal is to craft a limb so strikthe Alternative Limb Project
ing, it transforms the prosthesis
to make artistic prostheses.
by
from an elephant in the room into a
Her work includes an arm
RYAN F.
conversation piece.
wrapped in sculpted snakes
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Enviable Project
A Custom ChopperPontoon-Racecar
LAST YEAR, THE DENTED BODY OF A 1969 BELL OH-58
Kiowa helicopter sold at auction for $3,101. Previously,
it had served in the Vietnam War, flown missions for a
federal drug task force, and been chopped up for parts
in Nashville, Tennessee, before floating away during
a flood. Instead of landing in the junkyard, it got a
second lease on lifeas an amphibious car.
Thats because the helicopters new owner was Jeff
Bloch, a novelty-car builder and D.C. police officer.
Bloch, who had dreamed of making a helicopter racecar for years, received the chopper as a donation and
immediately recruited 16 friends and family members
to help make it drivable. They mounted the helicopter on the chassis of a mid-80s
Toyota van wagon and added
by
a lightweight rear suspension
A NDREW
from a Mazda Miata.
R OSENBL UM
The gear shift is

made from the helicopters repurposed
Vietnam-era stick for
firing machine guns.
But Bloch wanted his racer to look like a drivable

helicopter, not a sloppy mix of mashed-together
parts. So he affixed pontoons to the seam between
copter and car, hiding the mismatched body. He reasoned that they could act as bumpers when races got
heatedand then he realized they could make the vehicle amphibious. If Im going to use pontoons to hide
the chassis, it might as well float, Bloch says. Which
means the vehicle can now do everything except fly.
In May, Blochs Racecopter won the Organizers
Choice award at the 24 Hours of LeMons race in
Millville, New Jersey, even though the Audi engine
dropped a valve after two laps. In the water, that same
engine runs a 7,000 rpm four-blade propeller harvested from a parasail boat. James Bonds submersible
Lotus might look a bit sleeker, but the Racecopter is
100 percent DIYand has actual combat experience.
80
Speed, in mph,
at which the
Racecopter
has driven on
dry land
The 3-liter, 210horsepower engine

came from a wrecked
2002 Audi A6 that
cost Bloch $450.
PHOTOGRA PH BY
Elliott ODonovan
ICO NS BY MICHAEL BRANDON MYERS
Bloch harvested
pontoons from a
1988 Sun Tracker
boat and reinforced
them with steel.
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2016
Biohacks
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Amy Karle
The artist aims to
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and technology.
NEW-MEDIA ARTIST AMY KARLE HAS

always been enthralled by science. She grew
up around her mothers medical research
lab and studied genetic engineering in college. Now Karle, who previously performed
an art piece where a computer mapped her
biofeedback as she meditated, is growing a
skeletal human hand.
In the first step of the creative process,
Karle and a team of experts scanned the
bones of a female hand as the basis for a
digital model. Then they gave the model
pores and other microstructures that
make it mimic bone. Karle 3-D-printed
this scaffolding out of a biodegradable,
nontoxic hydrogel. Finally, the team seeded
the hydrogel with human stem cells and

placed it in a bioreactora container to
keep the project alive. Over the next two
years, Karle wants the cells to grow over
the frame and develop into bone.
Well see if the cells have a mind of their
own, she says. I like to step back and let
the artwork take over.
Karle hopes her work will inspire scientists who are growing bone for medical use.
I have an opportunity to bring attention
to this type of research, she says. The hand
also raises questions about growing body
parts in a lab. We are at an exciting time
where we no longer need to turn to inanimate materials to make an object, she says.
0.45
The size, in
millimeters, of
pores in the
scaffolding of
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LE FT TO RIGHT: COURTESY AMYKARLE.COM; CHARLIE NORDSTROM
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r
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IS THERE A
CURE FOR COLORBLINDNESS?
Short answer
It could be in sight.
THE COLORBLIND DONT

just suer limited career choices (pilot is out). They also miss
some of lifes biggest pleasures
vibrant sunsets, autumn foliage, the ability
to determine if a tomato is ripe. Nobody
chooses a black-and-white TV over color,
says University of Washington ophthalmology professor Jay Neitz, who has devoted
his career to studying color deficiency.
Color makes us happy.
Cone cells in the retina normally help
the brain translate lightwaves into what
we perceive as colors. When those cells
lack red or green photopigments, it causes the most common colorblind disorder,
one that afflicts 1-in-12 men in the U.S. and
94 POPSCI.COM SE PT /OC T 20 1 6
1-in-230 women. Its the most common

single-gene defect in the population. So
far, theres no cure. Soon that may change.
Neitz and his wife, Maureen, with other
scientists, have successfully tested a gene
therapy on male squirrel monkeys, all of
which are colorblind. First, they packed a
normal human photopigment gene into
a harmless virus, then surgically inserted
itvia needleunder the monkeys retinas. Five months later, the moneys passed
a color test in which they were awarded
treats for picking colors on a computer.
Sticking a needle deep in a human eye,
however, is risky. Among other things, it
could cause blindness. So the Neitzes are
working on a safer gene-delivery method,
a shot that is delivered into the vitreous
the clear substance between the eyes lens
and retina. Such vitreous shots are already
in wide use to deliver medication for conditions like macular degeneration. One problem, though: Theres no certainty that genes
introduced into the vitreous will get where
they need to go. The virus itself will have
to penetrate the retina, to get to the cone
cells, says Neitz. We dont have that working perfectly yet. Human clinical trials are
years away. Until then, a new company, EnChroma, makes glasses that enhance color
perception for some types of deficiencies.
ANSWERS BY
Melissa Klein ILLUSTRATIONS BY Paul Blow
WHY IS IT SO HARD TO GET

RID OF GARLIC BREATH?
Short answer
A
You can tell your
partner ate a garlicky
meal a full day after
the fact, even though
he swears he brushed
his teethtwice.
Thats because
minced or crushed
garlic (the manner in
which we normally
eat it) releases four
volatile sulfur compounds to which our
olfactory systems are
particularly sensitive.
The biggest culprit is
Its volatile.
allyl methyl sulfide,

which metabolizes
more slowly than the
others, keeping it at
a higher concentration in the body for a
longer period. After
ingesting garlic, the
potent compounds
are absorbed into the
bloodstream, then
become vaporized
while going through
the lungs. The result:
bad breath.
Doctors reported
on this phenomenon
for the first time in
1936. A patient given
garlic soup through
a feeding tube had

garlic breath hours
later, even though the
food never touched
his mouth.
Twenty-four
hours after consuming garlic, you can
still smell it, says
Sheryl Barringer, a
professor of food
science at Ohio State
University and author
of a 2014 Journal of
Food Science paper
on how various foods
react with sulfur
volatiles. You can also
sweat out the garlic
aroma because the
volatiles are excreted

through pores. (The
same thing can happen with strong spices and other alliums
that are volatile and
metabolize slowly.)
To mitigate the
strength and duration
of the offending
compounds, munch
on an apple or raw
mint after a garlicky
meal, Barringer
says. The polyphenolic compounds in
both are proven to
neutralize the garlic
volatiles. Eating parsley or drinking milk,
especially with your
meal, will also help
tame garlic breath,

as will green tea
and lemon juice. But
flossing and brushing
your teeth are just as
important. If there
are still tiny particles
stuck back there,
you will continue to
have garlic breath,
Barringer says.
DDW*Join the Water Revolution

With the Help of the National Institutes of Health NIH.Gov
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Hundreds of studies that may save your life!
John Ellis Water

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from a Home Distillation Device
Heres the story of how I discovered how to produce Deuterium Depleted Water (*DDW)! DEUTERIUM, A MAJOR
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BOTTLE OR GLASS OF ORDINARY WATER YOU DRINK,
but they dont tell you! Now, you can make DDW for PENNIES
ON THE GALLON rather that $300 for a small bottle . . .
By John Ellis
man rushed up to me at a
New York airport with a
copy of the Jan. 27, 1992
Washington Post. The man
told me, They said it cured thousands of people that went to Tlacote,
Mexico to get some of your water. As
a result, the NIH started the DDW
studies in 1992, right after reporters
went to Mexico because word spread
like the article says: Curing anything
from cancer to diabetes because my
method also changes the properties
of ordinary water! 10,000 people/day
were going there simply running the
cooling water from my machines into
a well! A young girl in Ohio did over
200 wells with her father making the

water with a brochure about State Inspectors shaking their heads as to why
this works. We have Municipal Letterheads (La Salle, CO) after they got rid
of the smell of over 10 million gallons
of e-coli in a 5 acre Municipal Waste
Lagoon said to be untreatable. After
spraying only 1000 gallons on the surface of the lagoon, the smell was gone
in 24 hours (its a cascading effect)
saving $10,000/day in nes and tax
payer millions to build and operate a
Waste Treatment Plant resulting in a
buyout offer from Dole Foods (mold
spores) and now Culligan. (I am in my
87th year but its a family effort.) After
40 years in business we already know
about the good results but now I am
more interested in what happens to
JOHN ELLIS WAT
WORLDS FIRST REP

Water lters are useless (water
passes through toxins!) and like
ordinary distillers carry DEADLY
Deuterium
HEAVY
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MOLECULES because its heatedcooled ONLY ONCE!! Instead,
we do it 100s of times/gallon
to produce DDW Light Water
*(Washington Post article as far
back as 1/27/92: Cures anything
even Cancer and Aids!) leading
up to the NIH.GOV STUDIES and
*Take a 501 C3 Non Prot

people that DONT buy our machines
because in addition to Deuterium,
you may avoid a heart attack because
its easy to prove the Body Electric
requires LESS ENERGY (electric debrillator, pacemaker) to split my water
into hydrogen and oxygen proven by
electrolysis. The Hydrogen Bond Angle (HBA) in ordinary water is 104.5
degrees whereas my water is easier
to split at 113.8 degrees measured by
SEM and go through a membrane increasing measurable blood ow (94%
water). Also, unlike ordinary water,
anything above 108 degrees (alcohol)
WILL GO THROUGH YOUR SKIN
(diabetics soak their feet to avoid am-
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200 wells (ONLY 10 gal on each)!
ALL municipalities (like Flint,
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to protect its citizens!!
Foundation Tax Deduction!

putation). Since LESS ENERGY is required, the IMMUNE SYSTEM has
more energy to ght disease!
The WP article also mentions
light water (this is our DDW, lighter than the *heavy water in ordinary
drinking water used to produce an
atomic bomb!). *Aging and Cancer
anyone?
However, in spite of 332 FDA Tests
and my 13 International Patents that
describe heating and cooling water
100s of times/gallon to also purify
water (not ONCE!) which is how
you produce DDW and the millions
I have spent developing this technology, Scam Experts make fools of
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themselves trying to make money off
of my discovery! Anyone that went
to high school learned about H20
and D20 in chemistry class!! How
many diabetics have lost their legs
or worse because they werent told
this method also increases measurable blood ow? Shysters even sell
alkaline water machines using the
1/27/92 WP article when they dont
make DDW (the article SAYS light
water which is our DDW)! i.e. Make
your body alkaline scam. When you
eat meat, stomach is acidic, vegetables alkaline. PH is always changing.
How about people that died drinking alkaline water? Ionizers dont
produce enough hydrogen to balance
your oxygen (H2O). Most Health
and Science magazines have scientic
advisers concerned about the health
of their readers but they never mentioned the nih.gov studies because
Deuterium Depleted Water was too
expensive . . . until NOW! As a result
of a humanitarian gift, MDs in Africa
said this worked on EBOLA because
in addition to producing DDW, this
is the only method that changes measurable water properties now we
have the ZIKA Virus!
Killing pathogens that

threaten human health
John Ellis ranked #1 in the world in the
discus in 1957 (Track & Field News, Vol.
10, No. 12) but gave it up because he
knew FDA approved anabolic steroids
(now banned) would damage the heart!
He was right and the inventor of anabolic steroids died at 62 after damaging
his own heart: After the abuse by athletes, I wish I had never invented anabolic steroids!
Now you have an opportunity to try the
most patented distiller in America. Thirteen patents and 332 approved FDA
studies. What do these 13 patents do,
and why are they needed? Isnt a water
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distilled. The John Ellis Electron 5 distillers so something no other distillers
on Earth do. They create energy while
re-purifying the water hundreds of
times per gallon using heat and UV light
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Dont think of the John Ellis Electron
distillers as just another home water
distiller, because it isnt. Think of it as
the Paul Bunyon of home distillers that
does wonders both for home use and
commercially!
Gilbert Daunant (Prince Rainiers

cousin): I just walked 40 blocks and
I am 95! Send another E5 to Monaco!
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Continued from page 63
NCE UPON A TIME, WHITE HAD

traded a safe academic track for
an intellectual military adventure.
Two years later, both were over, and at 30
years old, he had to make a new path. From
the outside, his life might have seemed a
logical progression. But to White, it was as if
hed fallen down a rabbit hole and come out
the other side. And then DARPA oered him
the position of program manager. Hed found
hisWonderland.
Once, Id wanted to be a thing, White
saysa respected position like a doctor or
a primary investigator. But now I realized
I wanted to do a thing.
As a DARPA program manager, White
could name his project. And the thing he
wanted to make was a new breed of search
engines, capable of mining the entirety of
the Internet.
In Afghanistan, there were few offthe-shelf tools for mining big data or
visualizing the results; they were built
mostly for experts and for specific
projects. But what if they could build
o-the-shelf pieces and make them available to everyone? A sort of Erector Set of
O
super-search-engine pieces that you could

assemble any number of ways.
The result was initially a three-year
and reportedly up to $50 million
project to construct that search-engine
Erector Set: a suite of perhaps 20 new
super-search-engine parts, coded by 17
dierent units from private industry and
universities, and dedicated to providing
better ways of interacting with and understanding the data available on the whole
Internet, in ways farther reaching and
more transparent than anything possible
with Firefox, Safari, Google, or Bing.
They called it Memexa name combining memory and indexborrowed
from a 1945 article by the visionary former
director of the Office of the Scientific
Research and Development, Vannevar
Bush. Memex would be a tool to visualize connections between ideas and facts.
If it worked, it could empower human
researchers with superhuman insights.
As White explains, data on the Internet
is essentially descriptions of what
happened in the real worldphotos,
emails, blogs, phone calls, GPS trails, and
social-media posts. The goal of an investigator is to dig through the descriptions
and work backward, White says, to

understand that real-world event.
With a traditional Web browser, thats
no easy task.
Type a search termsuch as a phone
numberinto Google, and you might get
20,000 results, links to pages from the surface Web, ranked in order of keyword hits
and the number of hyperlinks each page
has to and from other pages. Your only option is to click through those results one
by one, checking each page for the single
answer you are hoping to nd. Thats ne
for discovering facts such as What is the
capital of Montana? But for complicated
investigations, White likens it to using
a push mower to mow a golf course. Its
sequential and prone to error, he says.
There are better ways.
Whites Memex project would be a
portfolio approach. Some tools would dive
into the dark Web and present all the hidden onion sites to be found there as a list,
something previously considered too difcult to bother with. Others would index
and sort the enormous ows of deep and
dark Web online forums (which are otherwise unsearchable). Others would monitor
social-media trends, connect photos, read
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THE MAN WHO LIT THE DARK WEB
handwritten information, or strip out

data from Web pages and cross-index the
results into data maps.
In theory, Whites search-engine Erector
Set could be useful for any number of
real-world applications; as a DARPA
project, they needed to prove it could be
eective for at least one. Ideally, that test
application would attack a real-world
data-rich problem that could help investigators make the world a better place, and
the country safer.
White decided to focus the Memex
test application on helping American
law enforcement target a crime hed been
shocked to learn about in Afghanistan and
found inherently horrible: the buying
and selling of human beings.
On a computer screen in the Memex
lab in Arlington, Virginia, Wade Shen, its
current program manager, demonstrates
how some of the Memex tools have been
tweaked for sex-trac investigating. The
first is Datawake. Normally, a detective
following a lead (for example, an email
associated with a prostitute) plugs that
info into Google, gets no exact matches
but perhaps 25,300 results, and might
open only a few of those before spotting
a potential new clue and plugging that

into the search bar instead, and moving
on. Searching the entire 25,300 hits this
way would take a detective two weeks of
12-hour shifts.
Datawake combs those same Google
results, pulls the information o the pages, and organizes it visually. On-screen, the
results appear as a series of circles. Lines
between the circles indicate connections
between datanames, phone numbers,
and photos that might appear repeatedly
alongside that email. The detective gets
a peek into all 25,300 resultsand can
start chasing down the most promising
leads without leaving behind any of the
otherresults.
Tools such as these have allowed
district attorneys oces to go back to the
case les of their successfully prosecuted
sex cases, and reuse the phone numbers,
names, emails, and physical addresses already established as evidence. The Memex
tools allow these old cases to provide
search terms to build new cases and prove
criminal conspiracy, linking guys in prison
to sex rings still operating.
One of the most useful tools is TellFinder, which pulls and organizes
co-referenced information from sex ads.

By finding commonalities in adsthe
authors tellsit can group together ads
from the same author or organization, giving investigators a greater insight into the
scope of the business. In one demo, Shen
pulls up 869,000 current ads represented
like population-density bubbles across
the states. He zooms in to towns and jurisdictions and scrolls backward through
dates, revealing where ads were posted
and faded away over time. The map also
shows phone numbers, emails, and physical addresses the ads have in common, and
even photos with the same background
(the same motel drapes and wallpaper
in the background can lead detectives to
a sex-trafficking site). With a few clicks,
Shen shows how ads for one woman
moved across the country, demonstrating
the probable track of her being tracked.
Another tool, called Dig, takes that
co-referenced information and sorts it
into a list that looks a bit like the results
of an Amazon search. Along the side, key
categories and terms allow investigators
to lter the results down to just the information theyre looking for. Dig also takes
TellFinders image-search capabilities and
kicks them up a notch. Its just another

way of looking at the same problem, Shen
explains. And these are just examples
theres no one way to use these tools.
Some Memex tools have been specialized to perform similar tasks in the dark
Web, crawling the otherwise unsearchable
sites for specic information types.
White showed me another tool back in
Seattle: Aperture Tiles. It makes formerly
unmanageable amounts of information
think billions of moving data points on
a mapmanageable. To demonstrate,
he combined motel addresses associated with sex trafficking, and the location
information attached to online posts
made near those addresses. (Most people
have no idea that when theyre accepting
the permissions on a free app, its them
and their data thats the commodity,
henotes.)
Often, patterns emerged: The people
posting the ads would drive from city to
city around the U.S., deciding every few
days to get out of Dodge, likely as a way to
stay under law enforcements radar. Some
people who posted frequently in the U.S.
also posted frequently in Southeast Asia.
What that means, White says, is a question
only a full investigation can answer, but
its reasonable to assume it indicates a connection with international sex tracking.

N DECEMBER 19, 2014, FROILAN
Rosado sat in an idling van outside
a midtown Manhattan sex hotel, a
pregnant 16-year-old in the passenger seat. In
his late 30s, Rosado was the kind of guy who
liked to post Facebook photos of him and his
family dressed like convicts for Halloween,
and seles in mirrored shades with his hair
braided into cornrows, a pencil goatee framing a scowl. Rosado was a pimp. Inside the
hotel was his 18-year-old prostitute, Flora.
Undercover cops had picked her up in a runof-the-mill prostitution-sting operation.
But really, she was the victim.
Flora told investigators shed been
kicked out of her foster home and had
nowhere to go. Rosado took her in, then
started pimping her out. Investigators
soon learned that Rosado had become
an expert at luring girls and women into
the street trade over social media; getting
young woman already under his sway to
contact girls on Facebook as young as 15.
Once lured in, he kept them in line with
violence, drugs, and promises of money.
In one instance, he choked a girl who refused to obey. In a text, he referred to a
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N A DRIZZLING TUESDAY
this past November, I met
Chris White at his new office
in Microsofts town-size campus in
Redmond, Washington, about a dozen
miles northeast of Seattle. Whites directions led along route 520 to a parking
garage and a modern glass-fronted building marked with the number 99, and
inhabited almost exclusively by Ph.D.s.
It was after-hours when White
brought me past security and into
the maze of offices filled with prototypes and experiments, and glass
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girl as fresh meat. He put their photos in

Backpage sex ads with a contact number.
Hed take the call, book the dates, and wait
outside to get his cut.
To build a stronger case against Rosado,
the Oce of Manhattan District Attorney
Cyrus R. Vance Jr. wanted to track more
girls. Flora didnt know their full names,
phone numbers, or whereabouts. And
she didnt really know the details of how
Rosado covered his digital tracks. She
didnt know, for example, that he routinely deleted or changed his girls online ads,
or changed their names, or switched out
burner phones. And so the investigators
had nothing that could connect Rosado to
a larger prostitution ring, even while he ran
his business over the phone from New York
Citys Rikers Island jail.
They turned to Memex, which started
collaborating with their offices in 2014.
Analysts used early versions of Dig and
TellFinder to mine Rosados invisible traces across deleted and current sex ads, and
instantly linked photos, names, emails,
phone numbers, and more girls. As
Rosado continued his business from jail,
investigators listened in as he mentioned
new phone numbers, which they could
then plug in to Memex and connect to
the others. Soon they identied and
located even more victims, building
the evidence that linked Rosado to a
prostitution ring, including 10 teenagers ranging from 15 to 18 years
old, and a case that would stick. On
September 15, 2015, nearly a year
after Rosado was arrested, he was
sentenced to seven-to-14 years in
prison on charges of sex tracking
and promoting prostitution. Today,
the Manhattan District Attorneys
office employs Memex in all of its
human-tracking investigations
having screened 4,752 potential
cases in the first six months of
2016alone.
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walls covered in equations. White had left

DARPA in May 2015, just before his appointment there ended (the organization
employs its researchers for only a limited
amount of time in order to keep new ideas
flowing and the talent pool fresh). But
again, White felt that hed been popped
out of a rabbit hole and faced a crossroads.
At f irst he considered starting a
company that would use automation
and artificial intelligence to allow companies to do their own data analysis and
online-security work. The idea was good
enough to get interest from venturecapital groups. But then White thought
about life as a startup CEO, the toll on his
life with his fiance (White married this
past March), and the limited impact it
would have on the world.
And so, instead of burning a decade
being a CEO, White opted to make a
thingand an existencethat he considered simpler, yet bigger.
As a principal researcher in Microsofts
Special Projects division, he gets to build
on his work with Memexmaking
affordable, user-friendly, data-exploring
and visualization tools for businesses (and
journalists, and everyone else).
The bar is even higher, he says. The
question is no longer Can we make something that works? Its Can we make something that works for a billion people?
White hopes his new project will,
among other things, change peoples relationship with big data, and each other. It
could also impact our democracy in ways
no one has ever imagined.
Before I left, White flipped open his
Lenovo ThinkPad X1 and opened a tool
called Newman, a data-visualization tool
that shows patterns in an email history
in this case, Jeb Bushs email from eight
years as Floridas governor. In seconds,
Newman sorted 250,000 emails into a nodal ower, showing who Bush had emailed
and how often, who was CCed, where
those were forwarded, and how quickly
those emails were responded to. It was, in
eect, an interactive map of inuence and
decision-making, the guts of democracy
made transparent. White easily could have
run the program over time to show relationships with lobbyists or donors, turning
the candidates record round and round,
like an apple in the hand.
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In a knowledge economy, this is

power, White says. Right now there are
only a few browsers, and theyre the only
interface to the worlds information. With
Memex, we thought we could really do
something about that.
Memex tools can show the movements
of ISIS recruits or propaganda; links
between shell companies and money laundering; the flow of illegal guns or labor;
and heat maps showing the frequency
of social-media mentions for words and
ideas, and the intention around them,
live across the map. Theyve been sought
out to track an Ebola outbreak in West
Africa, to understand how people moved
in and out of hot zones, and to help the
White House determine how to respond
to the outbreak. They can also track and
map moods and public sentiments as they
ripple and change across the planet.
Its not difficult to imagine how such
transparency might inform our understanding of global opinions far beyond
our limited views of Twitter or our
personal Facebook feed. Even easier to
imagine is the threat such transparency
poses to the current Internet power and
profit modelthe advertisers who depend on paid experts to rank or review
their product, or use SEO tricks or money to steer Internet searches toward
their goods, and search companies that
make their money selling access to that
influence. Or dictatorships using those
same techniques to influence and control citizens. Or even a democracy, where
a handful of tech companies control the
information flowmaking it hard for
even the most benevolent corporations to
avoid an invisible bias in what tech users
see, the information on which they base
their choices and opinions.
If White is correct, Memex is just the
beginning of a generation of tools that
can help save the Internet from becoming
a gloried shopping mall. Thats good. Its
much better than what we have now. But
will it be profound? Will it make us better
citizens, or more-realized human beings?
White watches me a moment, then
almost smiles.
These are very interesting and very
important questions, he says.
And ones he has only begun to shine his
light on.
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POPULAR SCIENCE magazine, Vol. 288, No. 5 (ISSN 161-7370, USPS 577-250), is published bimonthly by Bonnier Corp., 2 Park Ave., New York, NY 10016. Copyright 2016 by Bonnier Corp. All rights reserved. Reprinting in whole or part is forbidden except by permission of Bonnier Corp. Mailing
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