LECTURE 2
BLS 1st & 2ND YR 2008/09
A.S. HOZA
Introduction
A pathogen is a microorganism that is able to cause disease in a
plant, animal or insect.
Pathogenicity is the ability to produce disease in a host
organism.
Introduction
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pathogenic islands
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pathogenic islands
Bacterial pathogenesis
Infection/entry
Virulence factors
Pathogenesis
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Infection/entry
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Ingestion (fecal-oral)
Inhalation (respiratory)
Trauma (e.g burn)
Arthropod bite (zoonoses:
mosquito, flea, tick,
Tsetse fly)
Sexual transmission
Iatrogenic (needle stick,
blood transfusion)
Maternal-neonatal
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Contact transmission
Vehicle transmission
Vector transmission
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Barrier systems
Host cell
membrane
Taken up by
phagocyte
and resist killing
Inhibitory
molecule
Production
Of antibody
Degrade
antibody
IgA protease
Streptococcus
Antimicrobial
cell-mediated
response
Activate T cells
non-specifically
and
Productively
Superantigen
Staphylococcus
Antimicrobial
immune
response
Vary presenting
microbial
antigen
Switch on
production of
different
antigens
Borrelia
Genetic
recombination
Streptococcus
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Mycobacterium
Virulence factors
Factors enhancing the ability of bacteria to cause disease
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Endotoxin: lipopolysaccharides
Autoimmunity
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Endotoxin: lipopolysaccharide
IL-1
TNF
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Fever
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
Septic shock
death
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Superantigens
Secreted proteins
(exotoxins) that exhibit
highly potent lymphocytetransforming (mitogenic)
activity directed towards T
lymphocytes.
Antigen
/MHC-1
disease
Multiple sclerosis
Acute diseases
Food
poisoning:
Staph infections
Streptococal
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Microbial strategy
Mechanism
Example
Wash-out
Bind to cell
Adhesins
Neisseria
Inhibit ciliary
activity
Ciliotoxic/
Ciliostatic
molecule
Bordetella
Streptococcus
Disrupt
Chemotaxis
cytotoxic
Leucocidins
Staphylococcus
Inhibit
phagocytosis
Capsule
Streptococcus
Inhibit lysosomal
fusion
Inhibitory
molecule
Mycobacterium
Multiply
Unknown
Listeria
Ingestion
and
killing by
phagocyte
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Microbial strategy
Mechanism
Example
Restrict FeLactoferrin
Transferrin
Compete
Siderophore
Mycobacterium
Escherichia
Activate
complement
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Interfere with
Fully sialylated
alternative pathway surface
Neisseria
Inactivate
Elastase
Pseudomonas
Antigen projects
beyond surface
Activation occurs
at the wrong site
Gram-negatives
Interfere with
complementmediated
phagocytosis
C3b receptor
competition,
microbe and
phagocyte
Streptococcus