Unidad 4 Future with be going to

To talk about your future plans, you can use be going to + verb.
In affirmative statements, use subject + be +going to + verb:
I'm going to buy something special.
She's going to be 50.
In negative statements, use subject + be + not +going to + verb:
You're not going to get a present.
She's not going to be 50.
Remember, you can also use isn't (= is not) andaren't (= are not), especially after names and
nouns:
Marcos isn't going to have a party.
My parents aren't going to have a party.
To ask questions about someone's future plans, you can use be going to.
Yes-No questions
Use be + subject + going to + verb . . . ?
A Are you going to have a party?
B Yes, we are. / No, we're not.
Information questions
Use question word + be + subject + going to + verb . . . ?:
A What are you going to do for your birthday?
B I'm not going to do anything special.

Future with be going to: statements

To talk about your future plans, you can use be going to + verb.
In affirmative statements, use subject + be +going to + verb:
I'm going to buy something special.
She's going to be 50.
In negative statements, use subject + be + not +going to + verb:
You're not going to get a present.
She's not going to be 50.
Remember, you can also use isn't (= is not) andaren't (= are not), especially after names and
nouns:
Marcos isn't going to have a party.
My parents aren't going to have a party.
Indirect objects and indirect object pronouns
In the sentence below, my brother is an indirect object and a present is a direct object.
Im going to buy my brother a present.
You can use an indirect object to answer the question Who?
I'm going to buy my mother something special.
Let's send Mom and Dad some flowers.
A direct object answers the question What? It comes after any indirect object:
I'm going to buy my mother something special.
Let's send Mom and Dad some flowers.
An indirect object can be a pronoun. There is an indirect object pronoun for every subject
pronoun:
Subject pronouns
Indirect object
pronouns
I
me
you
you
he
him
she
her
we
us
they
them
I'm going to buy my mother something special.
I'm going to buy her something special.
Let's send Mom and Dad some flowers.
Let's send them some flowers.

Celebrations Vocabulary
birth of a baby
birthday
engagement
family reunion
festival
fiesta
graduation
graduation day
parade
retirement
wedding
wedding anniversary
wedding ceremony
wedding reception
wedding day
Halloween
Mother's Day
New Year's Eve
Valentine's Day
blow out (candles)
celebrate
exchange rings
get dressed up
get married
go out for a romantic dinner
go to see fireworks
go trick-or-treating
send a card
sing "Happy Birthday"
wear a cap and gown
wear a costume

Present continuous for the future

You can use the present continuous to talk about plans. The present continuous is often used
to talk about plans with specific times or places:
A What are you doing for New Year's Eve?
B We're going to The Sea Grill for dinner. We're meeting friends there at 8:30.
(We know where and when to meet.)

Writing personal notes and emails

The start and end of a note or email needs to match the person you are writing to.
Less formal
You can start notes/emails to your friends or other people you know well like this:
Dear (name),

Dear Roberto,

Hi (name),

Hi Roberto,

You can end less formal notes/emails like this:

Take care,
See you,
Love,
More formal
You can start notes/emails to your teacher, your boss, or other people you don't know well like
this:
Dear (name),

Dear Ms. Benson,

You can end more formal notes/emails like this:

Best wishes,
Best regards,
All the best,

Unidad 5
Years
1906 (nineteen oh-six)
1988 (nineteen eighty-eight)
2007 (two thousand [and] seven)
2015 (twenty fifteen)

Past of be born
Statements
You can use the simple past of be to talk about when and where you were born.
Remember, the past simple of be is
subject + was/wasn't or were/weren't . . . :
I / He / She was (or) wasn't . . .
You / We / They were (or) weren't . . .
For statements with be born, use
subject + was / wasn't or were / weren't born:
I was born in So Paulo.
I wasn't born in Seattle.
My parents were born in Hong Kong.
They weren't born in the U.S.
Questions and answers
You can use the simple past of be to ask questions about when and where someone was born.
To ask a Yes-No question with be born, use Was/ Were + subject + born . . . ?
Were you born in the U.S.?
In affirmative answers, use Yes + subject + was / were:
A Were you born in So Paulo?
B Yes, I was.
In negative answers, use No + subject + wasn't / weren't:
A Were your parents born in Hong Kong?
B No, they weren't.

To ask an information question with be born, use question word + was / were + subject + born .
..?
A Where were you born?
B I was born in So Paulo.
A Where was she born?
B She was born in So Paulo.
Simple past (verbs other than be)
Statements
You can use the simple past to talk about actions and events before now:
I lived in So Paulo.
(I lived in So Paulo in the past. I don't live there now.)
In affirmative statements, regular verbs end in -ed:
I lived there for six years.
She moved in May.
The verb is the same for all subjects (I / you / he/ she / it / we / they).
Irregular verbs like leave, go, come, grow up,and speak are different:
My parents left Hong Kong just before I was born.
They went to Seattle.
We came here to San Francisco about three years ago.
I grew up bilingual.
We always spoke Chinese at home.
The verb is still the same for all subjects.
In negative statements, use didn't + verb:
I didn't live there long.
We didn't leave until 1997.
The verb is the same for all subjects.
Questions and answers
You can use the simple past to ask and answer questions about actions and events before
now.
To ask a Yes-No question in the simple past, useDid + subject + verb . . . ?
In affirmative answers, use Yes + subject + did.
In negative answers, use No + subject + didn't.
A Did you live there for a long time?

B Yes, I did.
or
B No, I didn't.
To ask an information question in the simple past, use question word + did + subject + verb . . .
?:
A How long did you live in So Paulo?
B We lived there until I was six. We didn't leave until 1997.

Time expressions
You can use time expressions to say when something happened in the past.

Use for + a period of time (for example, six years, a long time) to say how long:
A How long did you live in So Paulo? Did you live there for a long time?
B Yes. I lived there for six years.
In negative statements you can also saylong:
B I didn't live there long.

Use last + year, month, week, and days of the week to mean "the one before now":
A Did she move here last year?
B Yes. She moved here last May.

Use in with months and years:

She moved here in May.
She moved here in 2009.

Use time words + ago to say how long before now something happened:
A When did they come here?
B They came here about three years ago.

Use from and to to show the start and end times:

We lived in So Paulo from 1994 to 2011.

Use until to talk about "before a point in time":

We lived in So Paulo until I was six. (until + simple sentence)
We didn't leave until 1997. (until + year)

Use when to talk about a specific time:

A When did your parents come here?
B They came when Ling was sixteen. (when+ simple sentence)

Use then to talk about the next event or action:

We didn't leave So Paulo until 1997. Thenwe came to the U.S.

Determiners say "how much" / "how many" of something we are talking about.
all

most

a lot some

a few

no

none

Determiners go before nouns.

To talk about people in general, use determiners without of:
All children learn a language.
Most Canadians need French.
Some students take Spanish.
A few people are good at Latin.
No students like exams. (use no, not none)
But always use of in a lot of:
A lot of people speak English well.
To talk about specific people or things, use the determiner + of:
Most of the people in my office know French.
A lot of the people in this city speak English well.
Some of the students in my class take Greek.
A few of my classmates got As.
None of my friends failed the exams. (usenone, not no)
But you can use all with or without of:
All (of) the children in my town take English.
Use determiners + of + object pronoun:
All of the children in my town take English.
All of them take English.
None of my friends failed the exams.
None of us failed the exams.

Linking ideas: except (for), apart from

You can link ideas with except (for) and apart from.
In these sentences, except (for) and apart fromshow different opinions:
We agreed on most things. We didn't agree on the car.
We agreed on most things except (for)the car.
We agreed on most things apart from the car.
In these sentences, except (for) and apart fromshow shared opinions:
We didn't agree on much. We agreed on my best friend.
We didn't agree on much except (for) my best friend.
We didn't agree on much apart from my best friend.