Classification
Classify the following initial value problems: state the order of each equation, whether they are linear
or non-linear, whether they separable, and classify the coefficients. Are any of them Bernoulli?
1. (yy 0 )0 + x2 y = 5; y(0) = 0
= Second order, non-linear, non-constant coeffs
2
2. y 00 + x1/2 y = ex ; y(0) = 1
= Second order, linear, non-constant coeffs
dy
3. x dx
(1 + x)y = xy 2 + 5; y(0) = 1
= First order, non-linear, non-constant coeffs
dy
dx
+ 3x2 y = x2 ; y(0) = 5
= First order, linear, non-constant coeffs, separable
dy
7. y 1/2 dx
+ y 3/2 = 1; y(0) = 4
= First order, non-linear, constant coeffs, separable, Bernoulli
8.
d2 y
dx2
dy
+ 4y = 0; y(0) = 1, y 0 (0) = 0
4 dx
= Second order, linear, constant coeffs
Solution Techniques
For equations (4)-(8) above, (a) if the equation is first order, state all possible solution techniques
(give reasons), (b) solve each of the equations, regardless of order, by an appropriate technique.
1.6
dy
dx
+ 3x2 y = x2 ; y(0) = 5
a) This DE is linear, thus integrating factor method will work. Moreover, it is separable. Thus,
separation of variables will work as well.
3
b) The general solution is: y = Aex + 1/3
dy
1.7 y 1/2 dx
+ y 3/2 = 1; y(0) = 4
a) This DE is non-linear, thus integrating factor method will not work. It is separable and and
Bernoulli. So either the Bernoulli method or separation of variables will work.
b) The general solution is: y = (C1 e3x/2 + 1)2/3
1.8
d2 y
dx2
dy
4 dx
+ 4y = 0; y(0) = 1, y 0 (0) = 0
a) We only know one solution technique for second order equations, so dont worry about this yet.
b) The general solution is: y = C1 e2x + C2 xe2x
Determine a region of the xy-plane for which the given differential equations would have a unique
solution passing through a point (x0 , y0 ) in that region.
1.
dy
dx
= y 2/3
p
= f (x, y) = 3 y 2 , continuous x, y R.
2
= fy = 3
3 y , continuous x, y R, y 6= 0.
dy
2. x dx
=y
= f (x, y) = xy , continuous x, y R, x 6= 0.
= fy = x1 , continuous x, y R, x 6= 0.
3. (1 + y 3 )y 0 = x2
x2
= f (x, y) = 1+y
3 , continuous x, y R, y 6= 1.
= fy =
3x2 y 2
,
(1+y 3 )2
continuous x, y R, y 6= 1.
4. (x y)y 0 = y + x
= f (x, y) = x+y
xy , continuous x, y R, x 6= y.
2x
= fy = (xy)2 , continuous x, y R, x 6= y.
(1)
Perform the following tasks: (a) find all fixed points and classify their stability, (b) draw the phase
line, (c) next to the phase line, draw sample solution curves in each region.
2
Solution
a) Fixed points
y = 0, 5, 10. Where y = 0 is unstable, y = 5 stable and y = 10 is unstable.
c) Solution Curves
Heating/Cooling
A small metal bar, whose initial temperature was 20 C, is dropped into a large container of boiling
water. How long will it take the bar to reach 90 C if it is known that its temperature increases 2
in one second?
Solution
The problem setup should be:
T 0 = k(T 100); T (0) = 20, T (1) = 22
Thus the general solution is,
T = 100 + cekt .
Where you should find that,
c = 80, k = ln(39/40).
Finally, when T = 90, t = 82.1.
6
6.1
Challenge Questions
Write your own tank problem.
6.2
200 + t2 + C
100 + t
Bifurcation
4h
Hence, there is only one fixed point (i.e., a bifurcation occurs) when h = 4.
There are a few topics that are not included on this review, but that doesnt mean they wont be
on the exam. You are still responsible for all material covered in lecture!