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  • The Mosque and The Modern World Low

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    The Mosque and the Modern World Low

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    22 tayangan248 halaman

    The Mosque and The Modern World Low

    Diunggah oleh

    zelite
    ujyhtgfrde

    Hak Cipta:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Unduh sebagai PDF atau baca online dari Scribd
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    net is a a e ea m7 Renata Holod an ee pape 5.53 — . a PERT etre) 1S R “ is rss a > dare V leo.) Niet ‘@ Aches Patrons and pret since the 1950s Preface and acknowledgments Authors’ note Introduction Personal patronage Chapter 32 Chapter? The State as client 63 64 68 15 76 80 84 Oy} 94 100 Chapter3__ Commissions by local government bodies 107 108 mt 4 6 i} 121 124 127 129 132 134 138 140 142 144 148 The Nosque in Muslim Society: past, present and future Shatig Amash Mosque, Serut, Lebanon Bin Madiya Mosque, Dubai, UAE Bhong Mosque, near Rehimyar Khan, Pakistan El-Sayyida Safiyya Mosque, Cairo, Egypt Mosque and Cultural Centre, Marbella, Spain Al-lbrahim Jami, Caracas, Venezuela Sulaiman Mosq. di Arabia Al-Harithy Mosque, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia jumma Masjid, Johannesburg, South Africa Ismaili Centre, South Kensington, London, UK Ismaili Jamatkhana and Centre, Burnaby, BC, Canada Lalla Soukaina Mosque, Rabat, Morocco King Abdul Aziz Mosque end Foundation, Casablanca, Morocco Mosque of Hassan II, Casablanes, Morocco Jeddah, Istqlal (Freedom) Mosque, Jakarta, Indonesia Masjid Negara (National Mosque, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Negeri Sembilan State Mosque, Seremban, Malaysia Masjid Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aria Shah, Selangor, and Sarawak State Mosque, Kuching, Malaysia Xing Feisal Masjid, I'amabad, Pakistan Great Mosque, Kuwait City, Kuwait State Mosque, Baghdad (competition), rag Al Umma, Tripoli, Libya (project) Capito! Complex Mosque, Dhaka, Bangladesh Grand Netional Assembly Mosque, Ankara, Turkey Village Mosque, New Gourna, Egypt Village Mosque, Ma'ader, Aigeria Baumedienne Village Mosque, near Abdala, Algeria Mosque programme for Pahang State, Malaysia Housing and Development Board Mosques, Singapore Copital Development Authority Mosques, Islamebed, Pakistan Nitein Mosque, Khartoum, Sudan Osman ibn Affan Mosque, Qatar (project) Al-Kindi Plaza Jami, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Imam Turki bin Abdullah Jami (Qasr Al-Hokm), Riyadh, Seudi Arabia Seafront Mosques (Island, Comiche and Al-Ruwais Mosques), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Mimar mosque competition Shushtar New Town Mosques, Khuzestan, lan Khulafa Mosque, Baghdad, Iraq Said Naum Mosque, Jakarta, Indonesia Abu Bakar as-Siddiq Mosque, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia apter 4 ter 5 pter 6 Mosques for public and commert Local community projects worldwide Islamic Centres in the West nstitutions 151 152 155 158 160 162 163 165 169) 170 172 174 wr 181 183 184 189 193 196 201 205 203 213 24 27 28 m 223 224 227 228 230 233 238 24) 248 254 274 285, 206 287 Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia —~ Saiman Mosque: versity Mosque, Ahvaz, Khuzestan, Iran Jondishapur Uni Namaz Khaneh, Tehran, Iran marety of Petroleum and Minerais Mosque, Dhahran, Suc ry bia King Faisal Foundation Mosque, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia ry Mosque, Hamadan, Iran (project) yi Sina Universit Fre centre for Technical and Vocational Training and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh ‘of Kerman Mosque, Iran of Indonesia Mosque, Depok, Jakarta, Indonesia Hote! and Conference Centre Mosque, Mecca, Saudi Arabia King Khaled International Airport Mosque, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Avicenne Military Hospital, Marrakech, Morocco ‘e Mosque, near Casablanca, Morocco University University Dar Lamane Great Mosque, Niono, Mali Yaama Mosque, Tahoua, Niger Masjid-i Tooba, Karachi, Pakistan Sherefuddin's White Mosque, Visoko, Bosnia Islamic Centre and Mosque, Zagreb, Croatia Bait ul-Mukarram, Dhaka, Bangladesh Al-Ghadir Mosque, Tehran, Iran East London and Brick Lane Mosques, London, Dar al-Islam, Abiquiu, NM, USA Taric Islamic Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada ISNA Isiamic Center, Plainfield, IN, USA University of Arkansas Mosque, Jonesboro, AR, USA Bait ul-lsiam, Maple, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Islamic Centre, Kingston, Ontario, Canada UK Mosque and Muslim Institute Paris, France London Central (Regent’s Park) Mosque, London, UK Islamic Center, Washington DC, USA Islamic Cultural Foundation Mosque, Petit Sa Islamic Centre and Mosque, Rome, Italy {slamic Cultural Center of New York, USA connex, Gene, Hite Notes on the text Key mosques and isiamic Centres Select bibliography Glossary Sources of illustrations Index Oe Chapter 4 Personal patronage In the past mosqueshave been financed and bult by wealthy individual patrons and given by them to their own communities and, in some cases, to communities other than ‘their own, as manifestations of their piety and social status. ‘Such patrons were generally members of a ruling oF social ite, such asa monarch, a prince or princess, a sheikhor a ‘religious leader, a landowner or merchant. The building of a mosque wes considered to be a charitable act on the part of the patron, and was generally accompanied by the provision of an endowmentin perpetuity through the creation of a wagf or pious foundation. It was widely believed that. charitable acts constitute one of the three enduring legacies ofa Musiim’s life! Yet, at the came time, many patrons were surely motivated to build mosques.as symbols of political or dynastic power, or of the presence of the ruling power in a Jand conquered by the forces of islam. In the pre-modem periods such acts could also be categorized as acts of the ‘state if the patron was @ ruler and if no real distinction between private and state acts could be made.In today's ‘world, individual patronage, though far outnumbered by other forms, continues to be overwhelmingly by men, and isonly rarely also an act of state? Featured in this chapter ere mosques that were initiated and financed by individuals who did not normaly have recourse to extensive governmental or community funding and retained control ver design decisions Such perscnal control does not necessarily yield more daring departures from type or produce innovations of mosque des, for the ‘taste of the individual patron is usually limited by that of the group or the society, in practice, individual patrons have ‘often sought the services of architects already known for specific types of design, leaving tte room forthe architect ‘to press fora design which departed in any major way from ‘the easily recognizable and understood features ofthe eae eee (Gove! A view ino the main done oF he Al-Harthy Nosque (1985, ean (se p. 39} one ofthe series of mosques desi hy Abe Wohes El Waki showing the tate bree ‘constrcton ofthe pendenves andthe ‘seoneiric atten ofthe chandeler, (Opposte) The vp part ofthe minaret of : the Mesgue of Hass ln Casablanca the falls strectureasiocated with 2 reigous ‘bulging anynerein the wal ep.) tt houseea camper cent fom which tectital service throughout the mosque complex are ‘ontoled on inportantoczasors a power laser beam can be projected from the summit De oft Bhong Mosque, near Rahimyar Khan, Pakistan a (KD ws) 1 etance 2Ounard 3H ‘Miner El-Sayyida Safiyya Mosque, Cairo, Egypt Mosque and Cultural Centre, Marbella, Spain Mosque and Cultural Centre, Marbella, Spain Al-Ibrahim Jami, Caracas, Venezuela (Abovel Plans of root level and main level {Left Section showing the masque standing on a raised platform to give it grester height and enhanced visiiity from the see Yomi rahi) Vew along the qbla wal wit he A\-Harithy Mosque, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (Above) Plan and section showing the mach ieminshed courtyard space eigely Ipnes ‘yeppar ‘enbsow AuueH-ly ‘paasur or Buipyng, aR DauueD yorum soyI0d BunRUEY PUE ‘99 2y3 Gumoys 101212 241 JO MOA y = a oe Jumma Masjid, Johannesburg, South Africa (Below) The 'smaili Centre (1985) in London, designed by Neville Conder of the Casson Conder Partnership, emulates the seale of the surrounding buildings, such as the Victoria and Albert Museum (seen in the background), while simultaneously reflecting the mood of Islamic architectural tradition Ismaili Centre, London, UK ee ee ee seceeceel . | eseseses eseseces| a [eeeseesees SC SSSOTe See re 9 OOOOH OO4 LALAASAAAA cS a i POPC SOOSO OSD It PCP OHOOSOO) Peeesess eseseses| Isseseses! Sonia, Ismaili Centre, London, UK Fist oor ‘oor plnsorine Ismati entre showin the prayer f ye and Foundation, Cassblnca, by in 1983 ad craftsmen. carve. tie cutters and painters King Abdul Aziz Mosque Foundation, Casablanca, Morocco osd010 ‘eaueiqesed ‘|| Uesse} Jo anbsoy\, XY x] anuaa uonesnpa/osospoy Wey s2ABdg € wUEUIN Z ynoaas0y 99ueU9 | oth Wea 7 ae ate 4 % se a ee iacccc OUUTDUCTOREEEER Deceetty = oe“ Beevation and first-floor plan of the Masyd Negara, showing the dodecahedral prayer hall: | the circular pavifion to the left is the i mausoleum reserved for national heroes it Masjid Negara, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia exit, | es pemny ‘Ayy yemny “enbsoyy yeouyy ine wining soe ty Faser Badan consists ofa bck stactarecompisig a tradtional rectanglrbypsstye bal domes and mares, and courtyard wth suroundng porioes The ‘uitns stand on arasedpetform, beneath which al the ancy sevies ae leeated ‘overt Vertu desgn salsa tase ona Ssaneme inspite by he redional hypostle fall heintero spares measuedin bys ich #o lnger need suger rom tetow but ‘ona 2 decorated ereers ral! tothe gle wall The coutvard with smal domes avon istused ya gant mugorrasparase Weoweral pojct ating asingle Atestanding met, as eer cet etd to be ea onan urban ale a then ‘8 mc reduced hua eae with the compen ‘express monumentalty in architecture as well as human, scale n which the pata layout is unequivocally esas, and where symbolic elements such 9 arcades ornament, dome, mugarnas, crenellations and minaret have clear and acceptable referents’ From these basic premises, he hasdeveloped a design proaranme in Which form and ‘ornamentation oferate on two evel: thus she desgnseeks to produce easily recognizable and readablesymbols, wile toying with expectationsndillasia i a provocative ‘ranner. This tendency isevident in histreatmento the hiypostyle hal, the domes anc the inscription programme. For his develapment of the main hypostyle hal, Venturi focused on the same key historica] models as tose used by the ather architects, but chose the Mosque ofbrTulun in Caio ashi inspiration for ordering the vast interior space. The repetition ofthe long screens of arches, each one witha band of caligrephic iscriptions, was the compelng image he transformed and elaborated on the necessarily vast scale ofthe nev mosque. No longer constrained by structural limitations such asthe need to support the arches with pir, the chodses to suspen thescreens from the cling and thus free the floot. In order to relieve the vastness of the resulting ‘open space, rows of low candelabras were planned, The tight colour and oversized sca ofthe callgraphyare reveled in ther esserce onthe mira, whch streatedasa flat-framed arch, A fenestrated dome of mcdestpropartors admits ight to the space in font of the mibrob and mars its location in the qa wall when viewee from outsde!* The specifications fora separate daily prayer halland ¢ ‘hall for women allowed the architect to place them on either side of @ great court which would also accommodate: the ‘overflow of worshipperson special holidays It wes shesize ‘of the resulting court and the fact thatit would beoome 3 completely open, sun-ltspace that engendered theidea oF providing a shade or parasol frit This in tun wasa pete for the inclusion in the campiex of a desian fecture unaue the architecture of lm - the mugarnas. The medal er te propased mugarnas parasol was nota singe exarp Put ‘a number of stone and plaster portals and Jdomes, ranging from the Iman Our mausoleum near Samarrs i drag! tote reconstructed mugarnasdome from Tatht-/-Suleman in Iran, The moulded and pierced double-srell canopy was, to be raed on eight suppartsabove the open spaceiit® important to note that while its cteumference covered, nly the width af the rectangular courtyard the ends oF thelonger sides were let open to thesky another indication of the parasol nature of the ‘dome: Consierng the prospect ofthe eirance agade3ter from closeup and fromm adstance heed to etermire eight and exterior colour of the canopy: The chosen col “ai ‘Hus, s echoed on the monumental front wallna tle ‘with an insertion in white Kufieeript, ending 2 2786 sobriety tothe ensembe, The andiark mare Ph theerd of ths wal completes the edteior ‘The housirg and other facilities called for treated by Venturi asurban appendages Mh tis & Oa O og DP OP Kn awe gry \ So) woh \# Ce Capitol Complex Mosque, Dhaka, Bangladesh (Above) The underside of the bronze chandelier suspended from the dome of the Island Mosque (1986) on the Jeddah corniche, designed by Abdel Wahed El-Wakil (see p. 134) (Opposite) The courtyard of Al-Kindi Plaza Jami i (1986), the mosque commissioned by the Riyadh Development Authority as part of its development of the city's Diplomatic Quarter (see p. 128). Lab Uape ey ‘anbsoyy aBeyit,, Village Mosque, Ma‘ader, Algeria euably ‘ejepqy Jeau ‘anbsoy a6er\|A 2uuaipawinog RiskeyelN ‘2735 Hueyed 10) auiwWes6o1g anbsoy) Mosque Programme for Pahang State, Malaysia Mosque Programme for Pahang State, Malaysia Housing and Development Board Mosques, Singapore Housing and Development Board Mosques. Singapore Capital Development Authority Mosques, Islamabad Nilein Mosque, Khartoum, Sudan Nilein Mosque, Khartoum, Sudan Osman ibn Affan Mosque, Qatar (project) Al-Kindi Plaza Jami, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 2 $ s < 3 8 & s rd — 8 3 a 2 © £ = e E 5 = Imam Turki bin Abdullah Jami, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia The Seafront Mosques, jeddah, Saudi Arabia i) = sm i: Tene The Seafront Mosques, jeddah, Saudi Arabia The Seafront Mosques, jeddah, Saudi Arabia ‘Mimar’ Mosque Competition Mosque in Shushtar New Town, Khuzestan, iran reveals Dba seo ght-atenen and [Beiow) Arts pression ofthe Shuhiar rneghtourhcod mesque i is rbon setting: the bulting was interes to break the mnatany af heal trai its onertaton rs the use tal Mosque in Shushtar New Town, Khuzestan, iran Khulafa Mosque, Baghdad, Iraq Said Naum Mosque, Jakarta, indonesia eee) 7 eee Gilet jn 1977, the Said Naum Nosaueln Jakarta designed Aah Mensa 45 op) Ares ageing ead Vom the Said naum Mosque, Jakarta, Indonesia Said naum Mosque, Jakarta, Indonesia eiskejew ‘induin| ejeny ‘anbsow bippig-se seyeg nay (Wow rer of he domed rye Pal) looting owas te mr An stent his teen made tsftes the seventy oreree strates and surtces by ntodicng woaden ferent ad oor. Abu Bakar as-Siddiq Mosque, Kuala lumpur, Malaysia (@vovel me spproacn tothe enance ofthe ‘mosque at Jondishpr Univesity (1975) ‘rough an ectagonal courant fe p18) (Opposte Tre mosque anit freestanding inate hing Khaled ntti ‘grt (1984), Riyadh, seen fem tshecagona. fara ep 176), Beta The Bandung, Indonesia Salman Mosque at ITB, our rvies ——— ¢ Sot Jondishapur University Mosque, Ahvaz, iran {Blow sit plan showing the mast sa ean rota feature of the layout, nln ports 2 Stat Ut faclivesand unbutelenents (broken ae outlines Jondishapur University Mosque, Ahvaz, iran ues) ‘ueuyey ‘yaueyy ZeweN, {Opposite and atove) The Namaz Khanh (1877-8) in Tehran by Kamran Diba. Ths sll rayer space fs open to the sky but protected bbytwo encosure vals from visual and aural, trations The rotation ofthe inner ereosing ‘alto conform withthe qibats clearly vile, ‘whilethe cuter wallissl verticaly along the ‘Sight line ofa seulpture depicting the hand of Hazrat Abbas. Namaz khaneh, Tehran, Iran | et aeenieerte "Mirai at Darn was designe to have Itrosie ashe fra port o me mkop ‘ampus The bulting, desaned by Cave Rowett Settand completedin 1978, ses ut ofan eas pend stancno ona sacun, its coveted wth eanepy tat ssunparted (yk slr. The interior fe with mate, while treconrstig mitra che Isaccenatedby the use of old an lack moss ereraton (oposite op) Pat the cafe cling a the crcbcd s-conlitaned raver al (oposite below) Srounétoor pana he mazueshewing thearea cf he pocur aed rest cana at the eros aver hal University of Petroleum and Minerals Mosque, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia thussuccessfully fuffiling the intended architectonicand emblematic function, The concept of employing an umbrella structure to provide shade for other structures or functions beneath isnot an entirely new idea. The devices common in hot climates, ticularly in Southeast Asia and in India, for trample in thesixteenth-century Padmanabhapuram Palace in Kerala Yet, n Saud) Arabia, the recent Dhahran ‘exampe as perhaps the fists kind to be completed, followed closely by proposals put forward by Fei Otto in the preliminary design fer the Mecca Conference Centre, in whieh ne envisaged a massive tent sheltering the entire complex (seep. 172), and subsequently in the Diplomatic Cub in Riya” hy mining the essential character of the campus, the architects had to take into account two fundamental considerations: the desert envionment and the desire expressed by the lien thatthe archi re should reflect ‘Seudi character. 4 response to the desert environment Was the use of 3 local concrete mixture of sand, limestone aggregate and cement which ws sardtiasted to blend in With the natural colours of the surioundings, and the use of large canories to provide shade. Their interpretation of the ‘Saudi characte’ is thoroughly rooted and does not break a 101 —sa University of Petroleum and Minerals Mosque, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia King Faisal Foundation Mosque, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia ct) ity Mosque, Hamadan, Iran (proje Bu Ali Sina Universi yet ‘oct suture as 9 te upped cast rearoresstone-encete site ils vt asenes of quate: domes cf tansucent Frege fect woud Have been pratce anew iatepeetaon ofa mugarros one The msaie ata out ofthe Surana epee mraugh acornecting ata anda Wanna eager Bu Ali Sina University Mosque, Hamadan, Iran (project) (ave) ne ceremonial ert Islamic Centre for Technical Vocational Training and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh Be Senge BUTEA) wes (eon Seton adnan pet eC one eo prob tel complex The layout thecentral court ard purpose, while each member country proposed Siliciy ine kaoenel res FCA Goel ev ationy ison baIGraR Tha |S pera aae er, scheme submited by Deruc Pamir of Studio 14 wes selected te romues entation to he abn cenene ty the Board in December 1979, ard the desian process Wa dame tension Te bulngs re surounded competed by mid-1983.The project manager wasGuitekin _brwate-on hee sides Atuna of Studio 14, andthe client was represented by Or Rafiqudein Ahmad, te Director ofCVIR (1973-87) Located some 30 km (20 mies) rorth of Dhaka, outside the Jona) industil zone ard inthe vciity ofthe islamic Univesity, CTVIR i organized around a cental courtyard Tecoreof the layout was programmed aa social-cum= ‘admin'stratveareaineluing an auditorium forup to 500 ‘persors, a cafeteria with a capacty of 1,000, a ibraryard research cente,2n administrative tuiding with an arcade for exibitons, shops and a mosque to accommodate 500, ‘worshipers The rest ofthe faite, suchas dormitories, _atademic buildingsand workshops to the north, faculty and staf housing anda guest house to the west, and astudent centre and sports facts to the east, constituted an outer ‘ing around the core. The plan of the central courtyardand she surrounding buildinasis governed by a rigid orthoooral arid, The need to ‘rotate the mosque inthe centie to achieve the orientation © 1 renal ites Autom taxi Payer ahve Wat nm "on Islamic Centre for Technical Vocational Training and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh {op Thema entrance tthe mosque Cut- (Above) Aview along theexteror of he ut ormsin Wick set yp adalogue wth other wal demonstrates he dinamiciniu amples of eontenporay acitectre ln the bulk the mosque and ts preteing cred by lous Fahw's desan for mifvab ino heat Be ofan ache te Capito Compl. for pedestrian excuaton, Islamic Centre for Technical Vocational Training and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh Frente the pay gt beg ote eanet watsand eats eon Gow nou Pe arsine the mt (Benom! Sect span othe mae and University of Kerman Mosque, Iran (Babar THe mos tt Indonesia Depa competes esaredy Titre Yo rs {peste et xenon pr step the anersty show te n antalya ans University of Indoesia Mosque, Depok, Jakarta, Indonesia University of Inonesia Mosque, Depok, Jakarta, Indonesia Hotel and Conference Centre Mosque, Mecea, Saudi Arabia While universities provide the largest sample among recent hat offer chalenaing solutions tothe problem ot nose assoriated buldinas contemporary mosave desig, 2 nurrber " ons also deserve mention, Oneof these, designed for a specialized commercial client, isthe Inter Centre in Mecca, by the jenta Hotel and Canfere smof Rolf Gutbrod and Frei Otto, Their project nal eompeatiticn Con Gem the winning de ‘porsored i) 1966 by the Saudi Arabian Ministry of Finance andi National Economy, It wasan innovative proposal for 3 ‘ast 60 m (200) high, from which a large fabriestructure (basedon the itea of the Bedouin tent) would be suspended, ithile the buildings beneath itwere to be organized around an artificial oasis Arte: th asked to develop theirscheme for use on adifferent sit, Which they di in 1968.°The new ste was located some ympetition the architects were 665 km (4 mies) west of Mecca alorg a dry riverbed, with the SiratHils 2s backdrop Retaining the basic idea ofthe en structure, the architects adapted their orginal design points, each with toincorporate a cluster of separa is own srading device Completed in August 1974, te Hotel and Conference Centre was intended to provide conference facilites and lodging for pilgrims making the Hay and umra. As Mecca is iractesie tonon-Musims it proved difficult for the architects to supervise censtructon on ste This radical Aesign ot which sid

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