Merged Document 2

What is energy?
Learning Outcome 01
Lesson 01
SO- 01 Reasons for alternative
energy sources
Ability to do work or cause

change
Produces Warmth
Produces Light
Produces Sound
Produces Movement
Produces Growth
Powers Technology
Courtesy of NEED
Reasons for alternative energy

sources
Classes of Energy
POTENTIAL
Stored energy
or energy of
position
Gravitational, Stored
Mechanical, Nuclear,
Chemical
KINETIC
There are various reasons as to why the global

economic future depends on alternative
renewable energy sources.
Energy of
motion
The world economy depends greatly on energy.
Motion, Electrical,
Sound, Radiant,
Thermal
Courtesy of NEED
Renewable Energy
1-Fossil fuels consumption is increasing

1. What are fossil fuels? List them.
Generally defined as energy that comes from

resources which are naturally replenished on a
human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain,
tides, waves, and geothermal heat, etc.
1. ..2..3.
2. Which sector is consuming more fossil fuels?

1.
..
3. Find a chart showing the fuels consumption in

different sectors.
Fossil Fuels
Non-renewable
Accounts for
approximately
87% of the energy
consumed world
wide
Data on left
shows break
down of energy
consumed in the
year 2004
What are fossil fuels?
Created by the
decompisition of
organisms over time
with the assistance
of pressure and
heat.
Composed primarily
of carbons and
hydrocarbons
What exactly is a barrel?
A barrel is equal to
44 - 45 gallons.
Typical products
from a barrel of
crude oil are broken
down on the left.
Nice Energy Statistics

https://yearbook.enerdata.net/worldelectricity-production-map-graph-anddata.html#world-electricity-production-mapgraph-and-data.html
http://www.tsp-data-portal.org/Breakdownof-Electricity-Generation-by-EnergySource#tspQvChart
Why renewable energy?
Fuels Consumption in Different Sectors
1-Fossil fuels consumption is increasing

2- Fossil fuels are nonrenewable.
3-Fossil fuels are unsustainable
4-Fossil fuels contribute to climate change
5- Fossil fuels affect public health
6-Fossil fuels pollute the environment
1-Fossil fuels consumption is increasing.

Most of the worlds
energyabout 80 to 90
0
percentis currently
derived from fossil fuels.
s.

Q.1 What is nonrenewable energy?
Looking ahead at
worldwide energy
consumption projections,
ns,
the predictions show a
steady increase upwards.
s.
Q.2 What is renewable energy?
The tonne of oil equivalent (toe) is a unit of

energy defined as the amount of energy
released by burning one tonne of crude oil.
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Why_are_fossil_fuels_exhaustible_natural_resources
1.010+15 Btu = 25.2 Mtoe
2- Fossil fuels are nonrenewable
Q.1 What is nonrenewable energy?
Q.2 What is renewable energy?
A.1 It is a source of energy, that cannot be

replenished in a short period of time.
A.2- It is a source of energy, that can be

replenished in a short time.
Petroleum, for example, was formed millions of

years ago from the remains of ancient sea life, so
we cant make more quickly
Day after day, the sun shines, the wind blows, and
the rivers flow
When will we run out of fossil fuels?
3-Fossil fuels are unsustainable.

Q.1 what is sustainable?
A.1 An action or process that can continue or last

for long time is said to be sustainable.
(able to be maintained at a certain level or rate)
Q.2 what is unsustainable?
A.2 An action or process that cannot continue or

last for short time is said to be unsustainable
It is essentially
impossible to say.
Not all reserves have
been found.
Shifts in technology
constantly change
the supply and
demand of each
fossil fuel.
Renewable VS Fossil Fuels
Even though renewable, and alternate

energy sources are a possible solution
to our current energy crisis, the fact is
that as of right now they provide about
(20%) of the world's energy needs.
This means that non renewable
sources, (and nuclear energy), are
currently supplying (80%) of the
world's energy resources.
At this rate, some estimates say that
our fossil fuels will run out within 50
years.
Others estimate as much as 200 300
years, either way we will run out of
fossil fuels in the near future and will
be force to look to other sources for
our energy needs.
Earth is warming.
Earth's average temperature
has risen by 1.4F over the
past century, and is projected
to rise another 2 F or more
over the next 100 years.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ab6jV4VBWZE
NASA

Q.1 what are the evidences? List some of them.
a- floods, droughts, or intense rain, hurricanes
b- frequent and severe heat waves.
c- oceans are warming
d- ice caps and glaciers are melting,
e- sea levels are rising.
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/basics/
Every Year an Average Coal Plant Releases

3,700,000 tons of CO2
10,000 tons of SO2.
500 tons of particulates
10,200 tons NOx
720 tons of CO
220 tons of volatile organic
compounds (VOC)
170 pounds of mercury
225 pounds of arsenic
114 pounds of lead
And there are over 600 of them in the US.
Source: Union of Concerned Scientists: www.ucsusa.org

Every year, air pollution from existing coal-fired
power plants:
1- causes hundreds of thousands of asthma
attacks
2- contributes to thousands of premature
deaths from heart and lung disease.
3- Infectious diseases due to contaminated
water and insects
4- Stress due to high temperature and humidity
http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-68361378/fossil-fuels-transport-and.html
Smog (Smoke & Fog)
Visible air pollution composed of nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, ozone,

smoke or particulates among others (less visible pollutants include
carbon monoxide, CFCs and radioactive sources).

Fossil fuels are the largest
greenhouse gas emitters in the
world, contributing 3/4 of all carbon,
methane and other greenhouse gas
emissions.
Because of that the atmosphere is

trapping up to 25 percent more of
the sun's radiation, therefore
causing global warming.

Video: climate change
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtW2rrLHs08

An estimated 80% of smog
today arises from vehicle
exhausts.
Smog smells bad and obstructs
vision
Smog irritates the eyes
Chronic pulmonary diseases
asthma, bronchitis and even
lung cancer may result from
longer-term exposure to smog.

The impact of fossil fuels consumption on the
environment is extensive and affects many areas.
Warmer temperatures
rapid ice melting.
Rising sea levels
Formation of smog.
Effect on crops sustainability.
Oil spills
Damage to waterways can be attributed to the
extraction of coal
http://www.essortment.com/fossil-fuel-its-impact-environment-57291.html
Class Discussion
Any Solution?
1- Alternative renewable energy
sources.
2- Reducing pollution
3- Life style change.
4- Energy efficiency
5- Awareness.
Is this achievable?
Yes- why?
No- Why?
Some Solutions to Energy Problem
reduce consumption
have near zero population growth
shift to renewable energy
reduce greenhouse gas emissions
reduce environmental pollution
reduce military expenditures.
What do you do as an individual?
Study This video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cJ-J91SwP8w
Also, Thinking out of the box

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uStFvcz9Or4
Renewable Energy Share 2008.

Sustainable energy
represents only a
small percentage of
our overall
consumption.
But, with so many
renewable energy
options, the
potential for growth
is strong.
Are these fossil fuels getting cheaper or more

expensive?
they are becoming increasingly expensive
because of scarcity. ?????
Renewable Energy Share 2030.
Renewable Energy Share 2013
Average Annual Growth Rates of Renewable Energy Capacity and

Biofuels Production, End 20092014
Average Annual Growth Rates of Renewable Energy Capacity and
Biofuels Production, E nd-20092014
Advantages and Disadvantages of

Renewable Energy
Some Limitation of Renewable Energy
Sustainable
(nondepletable)
found everywhere
across the world in
different types
nonpolluting
Can create large
number of jobs
Minimal effect on
global warming
variability
low density
higher initial cost
visual pollution, odor
from biomass,
Wildlife from wind
turbines
May not be available when we need it.

Daily and seasonal variation
To smooth out supply need energy storage
systems
Not equally available in all locations

Solar energy more expense
Smaller subsidies
Compete with other land use
Where can Renewable Energy Serve

Power generation
hydroelectric energy
Wind
Solar
Geothermal
Introduction to Renewable Energy

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mIj8EuEJ8FY
Heating
Solar water heating

Biomass: methane and gasoline
Geothermal
Transportation
Biofuel: gasoline
Renewable and Economy

A Vast and Inexhaustible Energy Supply
Stable Energy Prices
The renewable energy industry supports jobs
(sustainable jobs)
Renewable energy development promotes investment
Renewable energy development outperforms fossil fuels
Renewable energy development is relatively labor intensive
Installing renewable energy facilities uses primarily local workers
Local landowners benefit from renewable energy

development
Renewable energy projects pay property and income
taxes that help support local communities.
Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Consumption

of Fossil Fuels
Conclusion
Nobody really has an accurate date as to when the
fossil fuels will be depleted, a lot depends on how
well we can manage what little we have left, and
how fast we can make the transition into alternate
sources
World Population
Learning Outcome 01
Lesson 02
SO- 02 Population growth and energy conservation
World population with projection to 2050
Facts on Population growth and energy

conservation
Can the current business-as-usual scenario meet
the future energy needs of a rapidly growing
world?
Exponential population growth and increasing
energy demands will impact efforts to mitigate
climate change.
Which countries in the world produce and

consume most of world energy and produce
the largest amount of emissions?
Population, GDP and Energy

conservation
Comparisons, percentage of world, for population (rank in world), gross

domestic product, energy consumption, and carbon dioxide emission.
The countries in the

figure produce consume
75% of the energy and
produce 75% of the
world GDP and carbon
dioxide emissions
The energy embedded in foodto run the farm

and grow the food and transport it to the
supermarket and put it in the refrigeratoris 10
to 20 times the energy content of the food itself.
The farther we live from the food source, the
more embedded energy we consume.
Population, gross domestic product (GDP), consumption and production

of energy and production of pollution for the world interrelated.

conservation
With population we would then obtain a
tripling of energy demand by 2050.
The United States consumes a quarter of the
worlds energy, at a rate of about 5 terawatts
Humanitys current energy consumption rate is

22 trillion thermal watts, or 22terawatts.
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Prep by Dr Kamel Adref

conservation
Population growth and conservative economic
growth will need twice as much energy as we
need now.
The currency of the world is not the dollar, its the

joule.
Energy is the single most important technological
challenge facing humanity today.

conservation
Large amounts of renewable, clean energy will be
required to sustain the energy needs of a growing
world.
Solar energy is the only natural energy resource
that can keep up with human consumption. ?

conservation
Governments must understand the connection
between energy availability and population
growth
Government must integrate sustainability into
energy policy and into energy law.
Energy Efficiency and Energy

Conservation
Efficiency refers to technological measures
that improve the efficiency of conversion.
Conservation refers to lifestyle actions that
reduce energy use.

conservation
What are some efficiency and conservation

options?
EFFICIENCY
CHP combined heat and
power (cogeneration)
Lighting (fluorescent, LED)
Electric motors
Appliance efficiency
Automotive efficiency
Airplane efficiency
Building envelope
LIFESTYLE
Carpooling
AC Temperature reduction
(winter)
AC Temperature increase
(summer)
Shorter showers
Recycling materials
Global Warming
Climate Change 101 with Bill Nye
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtW2rrLHs08
Learning Outcome 01
Lesson 03
SO- 03
Explain global warming and the effect of greenhouse gases.
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Example of the
Greenhouse Effect
THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT!
The Suns energy

passes through the
cars windshield.
This energy (heat)
is trapped inside
the car and cannot
pass back through
the windshield,
causing the inside
of the car to warm
up.
So what is a
greenhouse? How
does it work?
What has this got
to do with global
warming then??
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Climate & Weather

Weather
is the day to day condition of the
atmosphere as a particular place
which can change from day to day
and even hour to hour.
Difference
GLOBAL WARMING
is the increase of the Earths
average surface temperature due
to a build-up of greenhouse gases
in the atmosphere.
Climate
is the weather experienced by a
place over many years.
1-Our earth is surrounded by a layer of gases called greenhouse gases

which are naturally occurring.
CLIMATE CHANGE
is a broader term that refers to
long-term changes in climate,
including average temperature
and precipitation.
The Greenhouse Effect
(are these gases needed or have any function?)

2-The main gases that make this layer are carbon dioxide, methane, CFC
and nitrous oxide.
3-This layer of gas acts like the roof of a greenhouse and that is why it is
called the greenhouse effect.
4-They allow the suns heat to pass through easily and warm the planet.
5-They do not allow much to escape back into the space.
5-They keep the planet at a nice warm temperature.

6-Without these gases there would be no life on our planet.
7-Without these gases the temperature would be 33oC colder.
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Without
With
Unfortunately human activity is adding more gas to the layer

than there should be.
It is therefore getting thicker and thicker.
It is still able to let the suns heat through but even less
heat is escaping back into the atmosphere.
This means that the earths temperature is rising.
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Whats the big deal?

Earth has warmed at an unprecedented rate over the
last hundred years and particularly over the last two
decades.
Today, current levels of CO2 in the atmosphere are
higher than at any time during the last 800,000
years.
The main cause of climate change is global warming
caused by the enhanced greenhouse effect which is
increase in the amount of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere.
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Burning of Fossil Fuels

35 facts about global warming
http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/various-globalwarming-facts.php
The Science Behind Global Warming (Documentary)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T-sy6rPJBj4
Debate: Carbon dioxide has zero effect on global warming

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IcrNilVolew
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Pollution from coal,

natural gas, and oil
14
What are greenhouse gases?
Global GHG Emission

Name of gas
Carbon dioxide
(CO2)
Chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs)
Methane
(CH4)
Ozone
(O3)
Nitrous oxide
(N2O)
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Contribution
Source(s)
From burning coal and oil, and the removal of
vegetation
From air conditioners, refrigerators and aerosols
From rice growing, animal waste, swamps and

landfills
From air pollution
From fertilizers and burning of coal and oil
17
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When did global warming start?
Ice Core Data
CO
O2 Measurements Before 1958
8 - Antarctica
Global Atmospheric Concentration of CO2
CO2 Atmospheric
Measurements
CO2 Measurements Since 1958 Mauna Loa, Hawaii
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1000 Years of CO2 and

Global Warming
Temperature
(Northern Hemisphere)
Year
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
Parts Per Million
Degree Celsius Increase
CO2 Concentrations
Year
Spend 5 minutes in 2s listing all the ways that you have

contributed to global warming in the last 24 hours!
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who are the main culprits.?
Global CO2 emissions by sector (source:

'Sustainable Aviation (recent?))
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Warmer
oceans
Shrinking Sea Ice

Temperature
The surface of the world's oceans has become warmer overall

since 1880. In this graph, the shaded band shows the likely
temperature range, which depends on the number of
measurements and the methods used at different times.
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Area of Ice
30
The loss of polar ice

will have a profound
effect on nature in
particular animal
habitats.
Shrinking
Sea Ice
The number of square miles covered by sea ice in the Arctic

Ocean has been decreasing. This graph shows data from
September of each year, which is when the amount of ice is
usually the smallest.
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Portage Glacier
GLOBAL WARMING: Sea Life
Alaska
GLOBAL WARMINGS NEGATIVE IMPACT ON SEA
LIFE
Coral Reef Bleaching
Change in temperature and elevated sea level cause
loss of algae in the coral.
Coral appears white, or bleached.
Result is mass death of sea animals, which are
dependent on the coral reef.
The penguin population near Antarctica has been

declining as the distance between them and their food
has increased.
1914
2004
Photos: NOAA Photo Collection and Gary Braasch WorldViewOfGlobalWarming.org
Many of the worlds islands are already disappearing

beneath the sea.
Rising of
Sea level
Average sea level around the world has been rising for
many years. In this graph, the shaded band shows the
likely range of sea level
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The tiny island nation of the Maldives is in trouble. If

global warming continues, say scientists, the country
could sink beneath the ocean within 100 years. The
average height of the islands above sea level is 1.5
metres and the rate of sea level rise is currently 59cm
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century.
37
Wilder
Weather
Tuvalu is found in the ocean

near Australia. Most of
Tuvalu is less than one metre
above seal level.
Hurricanes in the northern half of the Atlantic Ocean have become

stronger over the last few decades. This graph shows the Power
Dissipation Index, which measures total hurricane power each year
based on the number of hurricanes and their wind speed. The graph
also shows how hurricane strength is related to water temperature.
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There will also be an increase in

COASTAL FLOODING
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And Hurricanes
will become
more frequent,
intense and will
happen in
places that
currently do not
suffer them!
41
Colorado River
Arizona
If global warming in melting ice, why does it cause droughts?
June 2002
Dec 2003
And drought and crop failure which leads to

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Some places will suffer

far more rain.
FAMINE WHICH THEN

LEADS TO DISEASE
And therefore flooding will

become more frequent
and severe.
And this could be common

in countries that do not
usually suffer
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The Effects on Land animals
Tropical Diseases
Global warming can disrupt the

migration, hibernation and
reproductive cycles of certain
types of animals.
Plants and animals will find it hard
to escape or adjust to the effects
of warming because humans
occupy so much land.
Farmland or cities interrupt the
movement of species between
habitats.
It increases temperature
providing an ideal
breeding environment for
mosquitoes.
Dengue fever
Malaria
Yellow fever
Global Warming Effects

Warmer oceans
Increased ocean acidity
Shrinking sea ice
Rising of sea level (because of ice melting and due to
swelling of oceans due to ocean warming )
mass death of sea animals, which are dependent on the
coral reef
Wilder Weather
Droughts and famine
Tropical Diseases
Floods
Plants and animals will find it hard to escape or adjust to the
effects of warming because humans occupy so much land
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What might stop Global

Warming?
Discuss:
Personal
Governmental
Global
48
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Use less:
Government are trying to combat Global Warming by trying

to encourage citizens to use less electricity.
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using renewable energy sources
Renewables
Compared with natural gas, which emits between 0.6 and 2 pounds
of carbon dioxide equivalent per kilowatt-hour (CO2e/kWh), and
coal, which emits between 1.4 and 3.6 pounds of CO2e/kWh, wind
emits only 0.02 to 0.04 pounds of CO2e/kWh, solar 0.07 to 0.2.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life-cycle_greenhousegas_emissions_of_energy_sources
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Whats being done now to

reduce our emissions?
Simple Things To Do
Turn off your computer or the TV
when youre not using it.
Take shorter showers. Heating water uses energy.
Keep rooms cool by closing the blinds, shades, or
curtains.
Turn off the lights when you leave a room.
Use LED bulbs.
U
Wind Power
Solar Power
Fuel-Efficiency
Be Bulb Smart
Use LED
Incandescent
Whats the
difference?
Simple Things To Do
Compact
Fluorescent
Dress lightly when its hot instead of turning up

the air conditioning. Or use a fan.
Dress warmly when its cold instead of turning
up the heat.
500 lbs.
of coal
Offer to help your parents keep the air filters on

your AC and furnace clean.
Walk short distances instead of asking for a

1,430 lbs. CO2 pollution avoided
$30 saved
ride in the car.

Plant a tree.
Recycle.
Summary
Greenhouse Effect
}Earth has warmed at an unprecedented rate over the last

hundred years and particularly over the last two decades.
}Today, current levels of CO2 in the atmosphere are higher
than at any time during the last 800,000 years.
}The main cause of climate change is global warming caused
by the enhanced greenhouse effect increase in the amount
of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
The greenhouse effect is a naturally occurring phenomenon that

blankets the earth and warms it, maintaining the temperature that living
things need to survive.
Without the greenhouse effect the average temperature on the Earth
would be -18C instead of 15C.
The natural greenhouse effect is caused by the greenhouse gases,
especially carbon dioxide and methane that form part of the Earths
atmosphere.
The enhanced greenhouse gas layer also includes CFCs and nitrous oxides
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IcrNilVolew
Global Warming for Kids
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=veLJSKXZJbw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqxMzKLYrZ4
Greenhouse Effect for Kids
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x_sJzVe9P_8
http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&feature=endscreen&v=b
uAiehw0Q1c
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gJwayalLpYY&list=PL9AA81
3BD0BCCA974
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Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and projected

growth with NO emission reductions.
Learning Outcome 01
Lesson 04
SO- 04
International concerns for the

environment and related acts and
regulations
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The Kyoto Protocol was an agreement negotiated

by many countries in December 1997 and came
into force with Russia's ratification on February
16, 2005.
The protocol was developed under the UNFCCC the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change.
Ratification of the protocol
What is the Kyoto Protocol?
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Ratification carries No legal obligation and effectively

becomes a contractual arrangement.
169 countries have ratified the agreement.
Only 2 refused to ratify Kyoto up until December of
2007 - Australia and the USA.
The goals of Kyoto were to see participants

collectively reducing emissions of greenhouse gases
by 5.2% below the emission levels of 1990 by 2012.
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Target assigned to different countries
The protocol Commitment
While the 5.2% figure is a collective one, individual

countries were assigned higher or lower targets and
some countries were permitted increases.
The Kyoto Protocol have committed to cut

emissions of not only carbon dioxide, but of also
other greenhouse gases, being:
carbon dioxide CO2
Methane (CH4)
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
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For example, the USA was expected to reduce

emissions by 7%.
Australia was to be allowed an 8% increase in
emissions.
6
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This chart gives you an idea why different

countries were apportioned different targets:
Kyoto Protocol
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Kyoto Protocol
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aXdmqXG3ITU
Carbon Credit
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ReOj12UAus4
EU Carbon Credit
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fJrFSLfaeeE
Carbon credit, does it work?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oKQ8GW6iblQ
Clean development mechanism
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4x-gpPEqjE8
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Flexibility Mechanisms
Flexibility Mechanisms
Each country is allowed a certain amount of CO2 production

called carbon credit. The mechanisms for implementation are:
Clean development mechanism (CDM)
If a country is not able to reach the required

reductions in GHG on its own lands, it can
pursue one of the following mechanism to
reach the
Finance projects that produce electricity that will save carbon

credits especially in developing countries (generated energy with
less numbers of CO2 tons , i.e. thus obtaining carbon credits)
International Emissions Trading (IET)
Clean development mechanism (CDM)

International Emissions Trading (IET)
Joint Implementation (JI)
Buying carbon credit from countries that are producing less CO2
than their shares
Joint Implementation (JI)

country can invest in an emission reduction project (referred to as
a "Joint Implementation Project") in any other country as an
alternative to reducing emissions domestically
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Exempted countries
Exempted countries
India and China, which have ratified the Kyoto
protocol, are not obligated to reduce greenhouse
gas production at the moment as they are
developing countries.
This means, they weren't seen as the main culprits
for emissions during the period of industrialization
thought to be the cause for the global warming of
today.
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12
Australia negotiated hard when the Kyoto Protocol

was being developed; in fact it.
The excuse - it will be bad for Australia's economy,
the same reasoning the USA uses.
The Kyoto Protocol, while well intentioned, would
appear to be doomed to failing its objectives even
before the 2008-2012 period commences.
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Contents
Learning Outcome 01
Prep by Dr. Kamel Adref
Non-renewable fuels
Non-renewable fuels are fuels that cannot be easily
made or renewed. Examples are:
Oil
Natural Gas
Coal

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How do different types of Renewable Energy work?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kws5m2pxS2s
Lesson 05
SO 05
Characteristics of renewable energy
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Renewable Energy

Renewable Energies
Video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mIj8EuEJ8FY
Geothermal
Wind
Tidal
Hydro-electricity
Biomass
Solar
Websites/Bibliography

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What are the advantages of fossil fuel?
What are the disadvantages of fossil

fuel?
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Advantage of fossil fuels
Disadvantages of Fossil Fuels
A major advantage of fossil fuels is their capacity to generate

huge amounts of electricity in just a single location. Has a
high heating value
Is easily combustible
When coal is used in power plants, they are very cost
effective. Coal is also in abundant supply.
Transporting oil and gas to the power stations can be made
through the use of pipes making it an easy task.
Power plants that utilize gas are very efficient.
Power stations that make use of fossil fuel can be constructed
in almost any location. This is possible as long as large
quantities of fuel can be easily brought to the power plants.
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Power stations that utilize coal need large

amounts of fuel. In other words, they not only
need truckloads but trainloads of coal on a
regular basis to continue operating and
generating electricity. This only means that coalfired power plants should have reserves of coal in
a large area near the plant location.
Use of natural gas can cause unpleasant odors
and some problems especially with
transportation.
Advantages and Disadvantages of

Fossil Fuels
Disadvantages of Fossil Fuels
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Depleting and is a non-renewable resource

Cost of oil can be high (relative to demand)
Pollution is a major disadvantage of fossil fuels. This is
because they give off carbon dioxide when burned thereby
pollutes air as well as causing greenhouse effect which is the
main contributory factor to the global warming experienced
by the earth today.
Coal also produces more carbon dioxide when burned
compared to burning oil or gas. Additionally, it gives off
sulphur dioxide, a kind of gas that creates acid rain.
Environmentally, the mining of coal results in the destruction
of wide areas of land. Mining this fossil fuel is also difficult
and may endanger the lives of miners. Coal mining is
9/14/2016
Prep by Dr.
Kamel Adref
considered one of the most
dangerous
jobs in the world.
Advantages
Is easily combustible
Has a high heating value
Is able to be transported easily
Disadvantages
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Is a non-renewable resource
Pollution
Combustion of oil produces greenhouse gases
Sources of oil are becoming more difficult to find
Cost of oil can be high (relative to demand)
Renewable Energy Solves the Problems

Created by Non-Renewable Energy
Why Renewable Energy?
Huge amount of energy available

A 5 billion year lifetime
Drastically cleaner than non-renewables
Widely distributed around the planet
Many technologies available and affordable
R&D providing even more options
Decentralized technology-more jobs and
security
Non-renewable energy is rapidly depleting,
and is destroying the planet.
Balance of trade deficit from oil

Cost of military to provide oil security
Relative security of decentralized energy systems
Escalating price and competition for nonrenewable energy sources
Pollution health impacts and costs substantially
reduced
Global warming threatens trillion dollars losses to
the economy
Creates efficient infrastructure, manufacturing
and many millions of jobs
List of Renewable Energies

Geothermal
Wave
Using the heat from the Earths core to

provide energy.
Using the energy in the ocean/sea
waves to provide energy.
Tidal
Using the tides of an ocean to produce

useful energy.
Wind
Using moving air to turn wind turbines

to provide energy for electricity.
Solar
Hydroelectric
Biomass
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mIj8EuEJ8FY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-1EIhowgtgA
Using the suns light and heat rays to

produce useful energy. E.g. solar panels.
Forcing water through a passage to turn
a turbine provides a source of energy.
Burning renewable natural resources
such as wood to provide heat energy.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Renewable

Energy
Sustainable (nondepletable,
will not run out)
found everywhere across
the world in different types
nonpolluting
Can create large number of

jobs
Minimal effect on global
warming
Low running cost
Variability and may be

unreliable in some
instances.
low density and low output
higher initial cost
visual pollution, odor from
biomass, Wildlife from wind
turbines
Compete with other land
use
Geothermal Energy

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The core of the Earth is

around 6000C!
That is hot enough to
melt rocks.
Heat source must be no
more than 5-7 km below
the earths surface
For high power
generation, it must be at
convergence of tectonic
plates
18
Some Limitation of Renewable Energy

May not be available when we need it.
Daily and seasonal variation
To smooth out supply need energy storage
systems
Not equally available in all locations

Solar energy more expense
Smaller subsidies
Geothermal
Most groundwater can be considered a source
of geothermal energy
Groundwater at a depth of 100m is 13oC or 55oF
In summer heat can be transferred to the cool
water
In winter heat can be transferred from the water
to the air
Geothermal Energy
Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages are:
Renewable
Less expensive energy source
The water is heated near the core of

the earth until it turns into steam
This steam is then driven up through another
hole which drives steam turbines
Some countries like Iceland gets most of its

energy from geothermal recourses
Electricity is produced!!!
6/28/2014
Disadvantages are:
Earths crust must be thin
Hot rocks and water must be close to earths
surface.
Sometimes hot water pumped to the surface
contains pollutants (sulphur)
Emissions of gases
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Wind Power
Wind Energy
Advantages
High net energy yield

Renewable and free
Very clean source of energy
Wind turns the propeller blades which drives the turbines

and the generator behind it and directly generate
electricity.
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23
No pollution (air or water) during operation
Long operating life

Low operating/maintenance costs
Can be quickly built
Now almost competitive with hydro and fossil fuels
Land can be used for other purposes
Can combine wind and agricultural farms
22
Tidal Power

Advantages are:
Renewable
Energy source is free
No emissions except in the production of equipment.
Disadvantages are:
Irregular wind speeds. This source of energy is not
available all the time.
They cost a lot to make
Location needs to be in high wind area
(coastal/mountainous)
Impacts on environment/habitat
Noise
25
Visual pollution
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ohDG7RqQ9I
Tidal Power harnesses the energy from the seas tide.
Originating from the gravitational pull of the moon.
Water held in or out of bay behind a built dam until significant
difference in level will force water in or out running turbines
The tide drives a turbine as it rushes into and back out

a pipe, therefore producing electricity.
9/14/2016
26

Tidal Power harnesses the energy from the
seas tide originating from the gravitational
pull of the moon.
9/14/2016
28
Advantages are:
Renewable
Limited CO2 emissions; in construction of
equipment
The energy in water is 832 times that in air
Disadvantages are:
Can restrict shipping
May impact on marine life
Do not produce a lot of electricity
Barrages can change the flow of water and,
consequently, the habitat for birds and other
wildlife.
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29
Biofuels and Human History
Biomass
Energy from biomass is the oldest fuel used by

humans.
Energy recovered from biomass-organic matter.

Biomass energy is from the use of living and recently
dead biological material as an energy source
Until end of 19th century major fuel source in the

US
1 billion people in the world still use wood and
energy from manure as primary source of energy
for heat and cooking
Includes: firewood, cattle dung, peat

9/14/2016
Biomass
31
Biomass
Energy recovered from biomass-organic matter. Biomass energy is

from the use of living and recently dead biological material as an
energy source
Three groups
Use
Firewood
Organic wastes (e.g. manure, peat)
Crops grown to be converted into liquid fuels
Traditional (firewood)
biodegradable waste (manure, crop residue, sewage) used
for heating and cooking and can be used to generate biofuel
energy crops (corn, sugarcane, switchgrass, hemp, willow, palm
oil, rapeseed) breakdown to biofuel
The biomass is burnt and the heat energy produced

is used to heat up water to produce steam.
This steam is forced through a turbine which drives
a generator to produce electricity.
9/14/2016
35
Biomass Energy
Advantages are:
Carbon neutral
CO2 ultimately released in energy generation is recently captured and so ideally does not
change total atmospheric levels
Carbon leaks can result in a net increase in CO2 levels
Sequestration in soil can result in a net decrease in CO2 levels
Renewable
Carbon Neutral: no net CO2 emissions (ideally), Emits
less SO2 and NOx than fossil fuels
The use of waste materials reduce landfill disposal
and makes more space for everything else.
Disadvantages are:
Land use/land conversion
Usual problems associated with intensive agriculture
Soil depletion and possible decrease in agricultural
food productivity
May cause bad odor
9/14/2016
37
Requires storage space
Hydroelectricity
Hydroelectricity
Hydroelectricity is a way of capturing the energy
gravity has on water.
A hydro-electric plant consists of a high reservoir
and a low reservoir.
A dam is usually built to keep the water in the top
reservoir there.
9/14/2016
39
When the pipe is opened, water is forced down it

by gravity which turns a turbine in the pipe.
The turbine drives a generator.
9/14/2016
40

Advantages are:
Renewable form of energy
Limited CO2 emissions or footprint
running costs are minimal.
Not intermittent (if reservoir is large enough)
Disadvantages are:
A suitable site is not always near where energy is
being used.
The building of large dams floods large areas and
causes damage to existing habitats.
Changing the flow of a river can affect the water
supply to other areas
The building of the dam costs a lot meaning a high
9/14/2016
initial investment.
Solar Power
They 1st were made in 1973.
The sun can be used directly to produce the
energy for electricity.
It is used commonly to power small objects like
calculators.
To harness the energy on a large scale, you need
Solar Panels or concentrated solar collectors (CSP)
44
9/14/2016
Solar Power
Light hits the solar cell and the silicon absorbs it.
It releases electrons which flow as an electrical
charge. However, its unreliable.
47
How it works
Solar thermal power plants
Steam produced to turn turbine
Solar heating
Active and passive systems
Photovoltaic cells
Solar batteries use special semiconductors
9/14/2016
48
9/14/2016
49

Advantages are:
Renewable
Limited CO2 emissions
The source of energy is free
Disadvantages are:
Not always sunny (Intermittent source - not reliable)
Technology is expensive.
Efficiency of converting solar power to electricity is
low (less than 25%)
Cost of power is high
Equipment can be damaged in storms etc
Dust etc can impact on effectiveness
In case of partial shading the power generated drops
50
drastically
Energy storage problems
Converting Electricity from Renewable Energy to

a Fuel that can be Burned and can Power
Vehicles
Basically two choices:
Store electricity in batteries and use electrical
vehicles
Transfer the energy in the electricity to a
gaseous or liquid fuel.
hydrogen
Ocean Energy
Wave Power. Wave energy is produced when electricity
generators are placed on the surface of the ocean. The
energy provided is most often used in desalination plants,
power plants and water pumps. Energy output is
determined by wave height, wave speed, wavelength, and
water density.
A lot of energy is involved in the motion of waves, currents
and tides in the ocean.
Difficult to harness
Storms destructive and water corrosive
Most successful tidal power

But very few areas w/ the right topography
9/14/2016
54
http://www.volker-quaschning.de/articles/fundamentals4/index.php
Learning Outcome 02
Lesson 01
SO- 01
Solar Thermal Energy
Describe the components of a typical domestic

solar thermal system using a block diagram.
Content
Domestic solar thermal system
Solar Heating Systems
Passive solar heating
Direct gain
Indirect gain
Isolated
Passive solar hot water

Thermosyphon
Active Solar heating

Direct
Indirect
Passive and Active Solar Heating Video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N6QOZGgbj-g
Passive solar building design
Passive solar heating
In passive solar building design, windows,

walls, and floors are made to collect, store,
and distribute solar energy in the form of heat
in the winter and reject solar heat in the
summer.
Is the least expensive way to heat your home.

Passive means it does not involve the use of
mechanical and electrical devices.
Concept
C
oncept
Principal of Operation
Heat is gained when short wave radiation passes through

glass, where it is absorbed by building elements and
furnishings and re-radiated as long wave radiation. Long wave
radiation cannot pass back through glass as easily.
Solar radiation is trapped by the greenhouse

action of correctly oriented (south-facing) glass
areas exposed to full sun.
Trapped heat is absorbed and stored by materials
with high thermal mass (usually masonry) inside
the house. It is re-released at night when it is
needed to offset heat losses to lower outdoor
temperatures
Thermal mass is a large mass of a material with
high thermal capacity
PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING SYSTEMS
Solar Radiation Angle

Why south facing wall?
Sun light intensity between winter and summer.
The house itself acts as the solar collector and

storage facility.
No pumps or fans are used.
This system makes use of the materials of the
house to store and absorb heat.
Three Types:
Direct-Gain
Indirect-Gain
Isolated (Attached Greenhouse)
DIRECT-GAIN
Direct: solar radiation directly

reaching the living space
Large south facing
windows that let in the
sunlight.
Thermal mass is used to
absorb the radiation.
At night the absorbed heat
is radiated back into the
living space.
During winter more sun

light enters homes that
can help in lighting as well
as heating
INDIRECT-GAIN
Indirect: solar radiation reaching an area or mainly a wall
adjacent but not part of the living space.
Collects and stores the
solar energy in one part of
the house and use natural
heat transfer to distribute
heat to the rest of the
house.
Popular method is to use
a Trombe Wall which is a
massive black masonry
that acts as a solar
collector and a heat
storage medium.
Trombe Wall
Non vented: conduction
Vented: convection
Externally vented: to
dissipate heat at night
during summer.
Performance Depends on
Elements to be considered include window placement and size,
and glazing type, thermal insulation, thermal mass, and shading.
Orienting the building to face the equator (south for the northern
hemisphere). Living areas should be facing south. Placing living
areas facing solar noon and sleeping quarters on the opposite
side.
Extending the building dimension along the east/west axis
Shading for summer: when shading windows, external shading is
more effective at reducing heat gain than internal window
covering.
Thermal imaging can be used to document areas of poor thermal
performance in a building for potential improvement and repair
Isolated
An isolated gain system has its
integral parts separate from the
main living area of a house.
Examples are a sunroom and a
convective loop through an air
collector to a storage system in
the house. The ability to isolate
the system from the primary
living areas is the point of
distinction for this type of
system
Heat can be moved to the living
space by natural or forced
convection.
Shading
Shading
Overhang gives shade in summer and permits direct solar radiation into
the structure in winter
Also using of movable shades for summer
Overhang
Passive Solar Energy

Promotes cooling in hot weather and retaining
heat in cold weather
Methods include
Overhangs that block summer sun but allow
winter sun in
Building a wall that absorbs heat during the day
and releases it at night
Plant deciduous trees
Passive Solar heating

Passive solar design depends somehow on
active occupants
low cost when designed into a new home
Active solar heating

Energy systems that require mechanical power
Electric pumps to circulate air, water or other fluids
from solar collectors to a location where heat is stored
Then pumped to where the energy is used
Active solar heating systems that use roof

mounted, solar exposed panels to collect heat
and pump it to where it is needed are a viable
solution where solar exposure of glass for passive
heating cant be achieved.
Passive solar water heating systems

Thermosyphon systems
It consists of
Collector,
Tank,
Water,
Piping system
Passive solar water heating systems

Water flows through the system when

warm water rises as cooler water sinks.
(cold water has a higher density than warm
water, and so it sinks down.)
Water flows through the system when

warm water rises as cooler water sinks.
(cold water has a higher density than warm
water, and so it sinks down.)
The collector must be installed below the

storage tank so that warm water will rise
into the tank.
The collector must be installed below the

storage tank so that warm water will rise
into the tank.
These systems are reliable, but contractors

must pay careful attention to the roof
design because of the heavy storage tank.
The system needs neither a pump nor a
control.
Passive solar Hot water- heating
The system needs neither a pump nor a

control.
Gravity pulls down
heavier water from the
tank . The cold water
pushes the heated water
through the collector
outlet.
Gravity pulls down

heavier water from the
tank . The cold water
pushes the heated water
through the collector
outlet.
Thermosyphon solar water heater

Used in frost-free climates
Relies on the natural
convection of hot water to
circulate the water
On cloudy days, when little
solar energy is available, an
electric heater heats the water
Active solar water heating systems

In contrast to thermosyphon systems, an
electrical pump can be used to move water
through the solar cycle of a system by forced
circulation.
They can be:
direct
indirect.
Does not require pump or

controller.
Direct Solar Water Heating

Direct systems capture the sun's heat in
collectors to directly heat a household's
water supply.
The system consists of collector pipes
filled with water that are linked to an
insulated storage tank usually located
inside a home.
They are more efficient than indirect
ones,
They require more maintenance to
keep the pipes clear of mineral
deposits.
They work best in warmer climates
where the system is less prone to
freezing.
Indirect Solar Water Heating

Indirect systems do not heat the water directly rather they use glycol ( a fluid with
a low-freezing point, antifreeze) to absorb radiant energy from the sun.
As the temperature in the pipes rise, the heat activates a pump that circulates the
glycol fluid through a heat exchange coil in the water tank.
That coil, in turn, transfers its heat to the water tank and , hot water is produced
ready for use.
Indirect pumped system using

antifreeze solution: Main Components
Expansion tank
As shown in figure
a consists of :
Solar collector
Pump
Tank
Air vent
P/T Relief valves
Controller.
Sensors
Expansion tank
Antifreeze solution circulates through the collector
Indirect: Drain Back System

Uses distilled water instead of
antifreeze liquid for improved heat
transfer
Water in the collectors and
exposed piping drains into the
insulated drain-back reservoir tank
each time the pump shuts off.
When the sun shines again, the
pump is activated by a differential
controller.
Notice
The location of the heat exchanger in the tank
The location of the hot water outlet pipe from the
tank
The direction of the water through the collector
Generally, if the heat exchanger is installed in

the storage tank, it should be in the lower half
of the tank.
Principle of operation
Applications
Solar Heating
A sealed circuit of fluid containing a special mix of glycol and water

( antifreeze) is pumped around the system.
Through the Solar panels the fluid is heated . Then it is passed
through a solar coil within the hot water tank.
The heat is then transferred to the main body of water within the
tank.
Once the desired water temperature is reached, this water is ready
for use in the house, office or factory.
Solar Hot
Water
Sensors turn ON the pump when the collector becomes hot
A solar district heating system
Comparison
Passive solar water heating systems are
typically less expensive than active systems,
but they're usually not as efficient.
However, indirect systems can be more
reliable and may last longer. They need less
maintenance.
Indirect systems disadvantages are the high
initial cost, the need for sun to be cost
effective and the need for freeze protection.
Solar Thermal Benefits and Myths
References
What benefits could solar thermal systems generate for your community
Protection against rising fuel prices

Make money for your community
More local jobs
Low maintenance technology

Reduce your carbon emissions
Improve community well-being
What are the common myths surrounding solar thermal panels

solar thermal panels dont work in colder climates
solar thermal panels can only provide a small proportion of my

communitys hot water needs
solar thermal panels will reduce the value of my community building
52
http://www.eere.energy.gov/basics/buildings/
water_heaters_solar.html
http://www.volkerquaschning.de/articles/fundamentals4/index.
php
http://passivesolar.sustainablesources.com/#c
ool
Sensors and Active Elements
Learning Outcome 02
Lesson 02
Illustrate controllers and sensors in
domestic hot water systems (DHWS)
using a block diagram.

B. Pressure sensors
There is a pressure sensor
on the pressurized thermal
loop (after the pump).
A. Temperature sensors
Collector
The temperature sensor is
placed at the outflow of the
collector array. This will give the
highest temperature available
Tank
The temperature sensor is
placed near the exit of the heat
exchanger.
Thermal loop
A temperature gauge is placed
on the piping with flow going to the
collectors (flow in). Another
temperature gauge is placed
within the piping with flow coming
from the collectors (flow out).
E. Valves
Check valves allow fluid

flow in one direction only and
not allow drain-back of colder
liquid
C. Flow sensors
Relief valves to manually

bleed off air from air-traps or
to automatically release
pressure as a safety
D. Pumps
For the thermal loop, a pump
is placed between the exit of
the heat exchanger in the
tank and the inlet of the
collector array.
P/T relief valve :Fully

automatic temperature and
pressure relief valve.
Protection for domestic
installations of unvented water
heaters, to prevent the
temperature of water
exceeding 100C.
There is a flow sensor near the

pump within the pressurized thermal
loop

A. Differential temperature
The primary function in
the solar-thermal
controller is to activate
the main circulating
pump based on the
temperature difference
between the water
leaving the collector
and the cold water
leaving the heat
exchanger.
Control Process
This system has a differential
controller that senses temperature
differences between water leaving the
solar collector and the exit of the heat
exchanger (close to the coldest water
in the tank)
When the water in the collector is
about 15-20 F warmer than the water
in the tank, the pump is turned on by
the controller
When the temperature difference
drops to about 3-5 F, the pump is
turned off. In this way, the water
always gains heat from the collector
when the pump operates.
When pump is turned on. When
pump is turned off
Control Process- Simple logic
Tc Collector Temperature
Tt Tank Temperature
Learning Outcome 02
Lesson 03
Describe the components of a typical solar
thermal steam turbine power plant using a
block diagram
Solar Thermal Collectors
Why Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)?
Collect the suns radiation and transfer that heat

to a fluid as it runs through them (collectors).
Water, Propylene Glycol, Oil, Air, Molten Salt
High Temperature (Concentrating Systems),
Industrial Power Generation
Medium Temperature (Evacuated Tubes)
The efficiency of heat engines (steam power

plant) increases with the temperature of the heat
source. Which leads to
reduce the plant's collector size and total land use per
unit power generated
reducing the environmental impacts of a power plant
as well as its expense.
Residential and Commercial
The output from non-concentrating solar

collectors are limited to temperatures below
200C which is not suitable for power generation
Low Temperature (Flat plates)

Unglazed (Pool Panels)
3
Solar Thermal Collectors for Power Plants

in Concentrated Solar Technology (CST)
[Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)]
Concentrating Solar Thermal Power
Types of
Collectors
CSP Plants
CSP Plants: Direct Systems

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ftl-WM6wms
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=fvwp&NR=1&v=GxHQHcpCWa8
They use identical steam cycles to those of

convectional fossil fuel and nuclear power
plants
Direct systems: The heat transfer fluid is the same thermal energy storage fluid
(No heat exchanger) The working medium is the molten salt. It has to be kept above 220oC
Used in Compact linear Fresnel reflector and thermal tower because they dont required fluid
coupling since the receiver is not moving https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q6NLoo8k8DI
Some terms
Heat transfer fluid (HTF): fluid that collects heat
from the solar collectors
Thermal storage fluid (TSF): fluid in which the
thermal energy is stored, i.e. the fluid that is
heated and kept in hot storage tank
Heat transfer fluid is the same as heat storage
fluid in direct systems
Heat transfer fluid and the heat storage fluid are
different in indirect systems
CSP
Plants: Indirect Systems
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kJb5TPUHILo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jTSZSJnlKUY
Indirect systems: The heat transfer fluid (synthetic oil) is different from the
thermal energy storage fluid (molten salt). Usually used with parabolic trough
(With heat exchanger between the heat transfer fluid and the storage medium).
Used in parabolic trough systems since there is fluid coupling (flexible hoses and
connections) as the absorber is moving with the reflector
How Does it Work?: Direct System
Day and charging:
The heat transfer fluid (HTF) , usually molten salt, is pumped from the cold
storage tank to the solar collector(s).
HTF flows through the solar collector(s) and gain heat and reaches high
temperature. Part of it goes to be stored in the hot storage tank and part goes
to the boiler where it gives its heat to the water to convert water to steam.
After the boiler. part of the fluid is stored in cold storage tank and part
continues the cycle to the solar collector again.
Night and discharging:

During night the hot fluid in the hot storage tank is pumped to the boiler
where it gives some of its heat. It then exits the boiler and is stored in the cold
storage tank.
Note that the HTF is the same thermal energy storage fluid in this
cycle.
Note that during the discharge of the stored heat, the solar
collector(s) loop is eliminated.
CSP Plants
Indirect System
How Does it Work?: Indirect System

Day and charging:
The heat transfer fluid (HTF), usually synthetic oil, flows through the solar
collector(s). Part of it flows to the heat exchanger where it exchange heat with
the thermal energy storage fluid, usually molten salt, and heat it. The other part
flows to the boiler where it gives its heat to convert water to steam. The HTF
coming from the boiler and the one coming from the heat exchanger merge
together again and flow to the solar collector(s) to repeat the cycle.
In the heat exchanger with the thermal energy storage fluid, the thermal energy
storage fluid flows from the cold storage tank passing through the heat
exchanger where it gains heat then flows to the hot storage tank where it is
stored to be used during night.
Night and discharging:

The thermal energy storage fluid flows from the hot storage tank through the
heat exchanger with the HTF where it gives heat to the HTF then it is stored in
the cold storage tank. The HTF fluid flows to the boiler to generate steam.
Note: The HTF is different from the thermal energy storage fluid.
Note: during the discharge period, the solar collector(S) loop is eliminated.
Operating principles- Description

This steam expands in a twostage turbine.
The turbine itself drives an
electrical generator that
converts the mechanical energy
into electrical energy.
The condenser behind the
turbine condenses the steam
back to water, which closes the
cycle. the feed water pump
The condenser is usually cooled
by cooling tower
Concentrating Solar Thermal Power Technologies
Direct vs Indirect
Freezing and local temperature (day and night) is taken
into consideration in terms of choosing the transfer
medium. For freezing environment during night, the
synthetic oil is preferred and thus indirect systems are
more suitable for cold environments.
Oil freezing temperature is low while molten salt
freezing temperature is from 130-220oC.
Oil may vaporize at high temperatures but salt can be
used under normal atmospheric pressure. That is why
indirect systems runs at lower temperatures than
direct systems.
Line-Focused
parabolic trough
linear Fresnel
Point-Focused
solar tower
parabolic dish
17
1. Parabolic Trough
Parabolic Trough
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N1-zjbRqYXk
Why parabola?
18
19
Solar Tracking
20
Parabolic trough solar tracking change orientation from east in the

21
mooring to west in the evening
UAE opens world's largest CSP solar

power plant
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f6eL6RTj_Vk
22
Parabolic Trough Concentrating Collector

The physical characteristics of the concentrator modules are:
Absorber Envelope Material

evacuated glass Envelope (WHY?)
Overall Module Size (2.3m x 6.1 m)

Concentrator Weight ( 81 kg)
Materials of Construction: Aluminum Reflective Surface
Enhanced polished aluminum Lightweight,
The receiver specifications are:
Absorber Tube Outside Diameter (5.08 cm)
Absorber Material Steel Selective Surface Blackened nickled
Absorptance 0.96 - 0.98
Emittance (80C) 0.15 - 0.25
Absorber Envelope Material evacuated glass Envelope (WHY?)
Maximum Operating Temperature 550F (288C)
24
The glass is used to trap heat by greenhouse

effect
Reduce heat loss by convection
The glass tubes are evacuated to reduce the
heat transfer by convection inside the glass
envelope from the tube to the glass envelope
which could be lost next from the envelope to
the atmosphere
2. Solar Power Tower
Thermal Solar-Tower
Concentrating thermal power Solar tower.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UEduOpO-8GA
Concentrated Solar Power Simple Explanation

(Thermal Tower)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JbJ7AVHBQfs
A must see video for your test on the description of the power
generation process
26
What are the advantages of molten salt?
Solar Power Tower
Reaches high temperatures at low pressures unlike

water which needs very high pressure to flow as
water at high temperature
Working at high temperatures assures running the
steam plant at higher efficiency
Cheap
What is the thermal capacity by mass and by volume of molten salt

compared to that of water?
29
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N1-zjbRqYXk
Power plant generation Thermal Solar-Tower

Receiver
Heliostats
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2wM2Vqw1YjY
Solar Power Tower
3. Parabolic Dish
34
Solar Dish
solar dish technology is the worlds most efficient

device for the conversion of solar energy to grid-delivered electricity,
nearly twice as efficient as any alternative solar technology.
The solar heat is projected at a stirling engine which in turn connected to a generator
But what is its main problem?
Tracking
system
35
Stirling Engine
Videos
A Stirling engine is a heat engine that operates by cyclic

compression and expansion of air or other gas (the working
fluid) at different temperatures, such that there is a net
conversion of heat energy to mechanical work.
The Stirling engine is a closed-cycle heat engine with a
permanently gaseous working fluid.
Unlike internal combustion engines (like car engines), Stirling
engines do not require the burning of fuel inside a cylinder to
operate. They rely mainly on heating the cylinder head by any
means
37
STIRLING SOLAR ENERGY

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bwazXoqULKA
Solar dish for heating

Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) - Murray Power
and Generation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-SsJBobMpAk
How Stirling engine works

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4T-uVWZR2Rc
4. Compact linear Fresnel reflector
Compact linear Fresnel reflector
Uses long, thin segments of mirrors to focus

sunlight into a fixed absorber located at a
common focal point of the reflectors.
Concentrating the sun energy to approximately
30 times its normal intensity.
The concentrated energy is transferred through
the absorber into some thermal fluid.
The fluid goes through a heat exchanger to
power a steam generator.
But what is its advantage over the solar disk or parabolic trough?
Power plant generation Thermal Solar-Linear

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LHdhbp9mZUg
Technology Fundamentals
Most techniques for generating electricity from
heat need high temperatures to achieve
reasonable efficiencies.
The output temperatures of non-concentrating

solar collectors are limited to temperatures below
200C.
Therefore, concentrating systems must be used to
produce higher temperatures.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pP48pAb8sec
Types of CollectorsParabolic Trough Collector-PTC

The PTC consists of large
curved mirrors, which
concentrate the sunlight to
a focal line or evacuated
glass tube. The PTC can be
300600 meter long.
They are 75% efficient . The
oil inside the tubes can be
heated up to 400oC .
Types of Collectors- Linear

The power plant consists
of rows of linear Fresnel
reflectors . In the focal
line of these is a metal
absorber tube, which is
usually embedded in an
evacuated glass tube that
reduces heat losses.
The power plant produces
steam at 270oC and 55
bars.
What is the purpose of the evacuated glass tube?
Types of Collectors- Dish

A parabolic concave mirror
(the dish) concentrates
sunlight; the two-axis
tracked mirror must follow
the sun with a high degree
of accuracy in order to
achieve high efficiencies. In
the focus is a receiver
which is heated up to
650C.
It is used for heating water
or for generating electricity
using Stirling engines.
Types of Collectors- Tower

Hundreds or even thousands
of large two-axis tracking
mirrors are installed around a
tower.
They are called heliostats.
The tracking system must be
very precise in order to ensure
that sunlight is really focused
on the top of the tower.
The absorber is located on the
top of a tower, and is heated
up to temperatures of 1000C
or more.
Classification of Collectors
Line focused: parabolic trough and CLFR
Point focused: Solar tower and parabolic dish
Tracking
Single axis: parabolic trough and CLFR
Two axis: Solar tower (heliostats) and parabolic
dish
The four CSP technology families
Reflector: reflects the solar radiation onto the receiver

Receiver : absorb solar flux and transfer the heat to the working fluid
Classification of Systems
Direct systems
Indirect systems
Review early slides
Operating principles of CSP Systems

The collector field is formed from
different types of collectors (PTC or
Fresnel, dish, tower).
In the focal line or point of these is a
metal absorber tube, which is usually
embedded in an evacuated glass tube
or a receiver ( tower).
A heat transfer Fluid (HTF)(Thermo oil
or air or molten salt) flows through
the absorber tube or receiver.
The HTF is heated to 400C-1000C
A heat exchanger transfers the heat
from the HTF to a water steam cycle
(also called Rankine cycle) to produce
superheated steam.
Operating principles of CSP Systems,

Contd
This steam expands in a twostage turbine.

The turbine itself drives an
electrical generator that
converts the mechanical energy
into electrical energy.
The condenser behind the
turbine condenses the steam
back to water, which closes the
cycle. the feed water pump
The condenser is usually cooled
by a cooling tower
Economic of Solar Thermal electricity

Renewable resources
greatly exceed the
present and future
electricity demands
solar radiation is by far
the most abundant
source of energy
1 km of desert land
may generate 50 MW
of electricity
1 km of desert land
avoids 200,000 tons
CO2 per year
1% of the Sahara desert

can provide the electricity
demand of the world
Solar thermal power plants are the most effective technology to harvest this vast
resource
UAE=100,000MW system
54
55
Pros and Cons of Concentrated Solar Power

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8sLej0oD1Ak
Useful sites
Useful sites
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7dEoncyjR1U
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8sLej0oD1Ak
*Pros and Cons of Concentrated Solar Power
http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&feature=endscreen&v=73S
NIuZ333s
SolarReserve Concentrated Solar Power Technology Animation
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FIGH71TdUew
*Shams 1 CSP Plant
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aBS8XMtNJYo
*How does it work: Shams
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=fvwp&NR=1&v=GxHQH
cpCWa8
Coal Power Plant
http://www.slideshare.net/engineeringzhaw/03032015-2martinselignovatec
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pP48pAb8sec
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G6PP6lDjoa8
Power Plant Fundamentals
http://www.mpoweruk.com/semiconductors.htm
Electropedia- amazing site- highly recommended
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VJ-YpM8bjlw
The Status of Concentrating Solar Power Development

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RkucHl4GgN8
Concentrating Solar Power Plants 1 MW- 5 MW (Fresnel technology
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4izFzVCzx6A
Zenith solar power
Thermal Energy Storage - Classification
Learning Outcome 02
Lesson 04
SO 04
Describe heat storage methods and
mediums.
Energy storage
is the capture of energy produced at one time
for use at a later time.
Different forms of energy
radiation,
chemical
gravitational potential
electricity,
elevated temperature (sensible energy),
Latent energy
Kinetic energy
energy demand patterns
Thermal Energy Storage- objective
Why would we try to store energy?
Advantages of Thermal Energy Storage

Because many renewable sources (e.g. wind,
solar, tidal) are intermittent in nature, storage is
useful, both for the times it is available, and not
needed, as well as those times it is needed, but
not available.
Another advantage is to optimally use the
infrastructure (the conversional steam power
station) by having it running most of the day at
rated capacity and thus reducing the price per
kWh produced
Advantages and Disadvantages of Energy Storage
Responding to sudden change in renewable energy sources

Performance and cost are continually improving
Allows renewable and fossil source to integrate
Reduce losses from the gap between energy supply and demand
Less wasted energy
More reduction in greenhouse gas emissions
Energy lost in round trip inefficiencies (from storage to steam)

Additional cost and complexity
Additional infrastructure and space requirements
Some energy storage methods
compressed air,
mechanical springs
rotating flywheels,
pumped water (pumped-storage hydroelectricity) (most common
worldwide, efficiency above 80%)
Heat (hot water, or heated rocks or gravel, molten salts or
concrete slabs)
Ice (use off peak energy at night (usually at cheap rate) to create
ice, which is then stored and used to provide air conditioning in
large buildings during summer days)
Charged electric batteries, (electric vehicles) or
electrolytic production of hydrogen (chemical) and then methane
Advantages and Disadvantages of Energy Storage

Facilitates effective utilization of intermittent renewable sources
(either cycling resource like solar or sudden drop in resource)
Reduces need for increased peak generation capacity
Performance and cost are continually improving
Allows renewable and fossil source to integrate
Optimal use the infrastructure
Reduce losses from the gap between energy supply and demand
Responding to sudden change in renewable energy sources (like
clouds or wind stops), i.e. improving grid stability and renewable
energy becomes more reliable
Less wasted energy (specially renewable when demand
decreases while the resource is available)
More reduction in greenhouse gas emissions
Energy lost in round trip inefficiencies (from storage to steam)
Additional cost and complexity
Additional infrastructure and space requirements
pumped hydro-storage
given a location with morphological potential (e.g. ground height potential) and environmental
potential (e.g. wind kinetic energy) a hydro-storage solution may be most appropriate
Thermal storage mediums
Technical Requirements for Thermal

Storage Mediums
Heat is transferred to a thermal storage medium in

an insulated reservoir during the day, and
withdrawn for power generation at night.
High energy density (per-unit mass or per-unit volume) in the storage

material
Thermal storage medium include
Mechanical and chemical stability of storage material
Pressurized steam (Steam Accumulator),

Concrete,
Phase change materials (PCM),
molten salts (MS) such as calcium, sodium and
potassium nitrate
Steam Accumulators -- PS10
Good heat transfer between heat transfer fluid (HTF)

and the storage medium
Complete reversibility for a large number of charging/discharging cycles

Low thermal losses
Ease of control
Steam Accumulators- PS10
The PS10 Solar Power Plant , is the world's first commercial

concentrating solar power tower operating near Seville, in
Andalusia, Spain.
HTF is
water
Saturated steam at 250C

50 min storage operation at 50% load
Steam Accumulators
The purpose of a steam accumulator is to release steam
when the demand is greater than the boiler's ability to
supply at that time (peak demand), and to accept steam
when demand is low.
Also response time of boiler is high, why?
Steam accumulator provides clean dry steam
instantaneously, to meet a peak demand
allows the boiler to fire up to its maximum continuous
rating for maximum efficiency
Why not just store steam as a vapor?
Storing steam as a gas under pressure is not practical due to the

enormous storage volume required at normal boiler pressures.
http://www2.spiraxsarco.com/resources/stea
m-engineering-tutorials/the-boilerhouse/steam-accumulators.asp
Steam Accumulators
Charging
The tank is under high pressure
and about half-filled with cold
water and steam is blown in via
a perforated pipe near the
bottom of the drum.
Some of the steam
condenses and heats the water.
The remainder fills the space
above the water level.
When the accumulator is fully
charged the condensed steam
will have raised the water level
in the drum to about threequarters full and
the temperature and pressure
will also have risen.
Steam Accumulators
Discharge
Steam can be drawn off as

required, either for driving
a steam turbine or for process,
by opening a steam valve on
top of the drum.
The pressure in the drum will
fall causing the water to
evaporate (flashing). The steam
generated is then discharged for
use.
Consequently pressure and
temperature are reduced
gradually .
Recharging restart when the
pressure goes below setting .
Steam Accumulators in CSP

Steam accumulators are wellsuited for direct steam
generation (DSG) CSP plants in
which steam is produced
directly in the solar field and
then used in the power block
to produce power.
The steam accumulator acts as
phase separator where steam
is produced from the wet
steam accumulator (flashing).
Superheating can be done in a
separate superheater.
Molten Salt Storage

Molten salt are used as a thermal energy storage method to
retain thermal energy collected by a solar tower or solar
trough so that it can be used to generate electricity at night.
The molten salt mixtures vary. The most extended mixture
contains sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate and calcium
nitrate.
It is non-flammable and nontoxic.
Direct steam generation
However, this technology has the disadvantages of high

freezing points and high investment costs
http://moltensalt.org/whatIsMoltenSalt.html
CSP=concentrating solar power
Advantages of Molten Salt
Advantages of Molten Salt
Melts at high temperature at normal atmospheric

pressure, thus can store high thermal energy
Flows as water in molten state
Heat capacity is similar to water by volume
its operating temperatures are compatible

with today's steam turbines. High working
temperature means high thermal efficiency of
the heat engine (power plant)
low-cost medium to store thermal energy
non-flammable and nontoxic.
Molten salt is used in the chemical and metals
industries to transport heat, so industry has
experience with it.
(heat capacity of water per kg is higher but water is less

dense)
It contracts when it freezes unlike water which

expands
Chemically stable under heat
Allows reaching high operating temperature in CSP
plants thus increases the plant efficiency
The main components of a molten salt power tower plant
Molten Salt Storage Andasol 1
The solar field: Heliostats (reflective mirrors on a pedestal) track

the sun and concentrate the energy into a defined area common for
all mirrors.
The tower & receiver: the energy reflected by the solar field is
directed to a central receiver on top of a tower. The solar energy is
collected in the form of heat within the receiver.
Heat Transfer Fluid: liquid molten salt is used as the medium to

collect the energy from the sun inside the receiver.
Molten salt storage tanks: salt is pumped from a cold salt storage
tank, through the receiver where it is heated, and into a hot salt
storage tank.
Power generation plant: Rankine Cycle- Boiler-Turbine- CondenserPump.
Molten Salt Storage Charging
Syn. Oil
Collector field
NaNO3-KNO3
Molten salt storage
H2O
Conventional steam turbine
In current parabolic trough power plant projects, the two-tank molten

salt storage technology is most commonly applied.
(indirect CSP system)
CSP Plants: Direct Systems

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ftl-WM6wms
The liquid salt is pumped through solar collector where the

focused sun heats it to 566C.
It is then sent to a well insulated hot storage tank.
The thermal energy can be stored for up to a week.
Discharging
When electricity is needed, the hot salt is pumped to a steam-generator

to produce superheated steam for a turbine generator power plant.
It is kept liquid at 288 C in an insulated "cold" storage tank
A 100-megawatt turbine would need a tank of about (9.1 m) tall

and (24 m) in diameter to drive it for four hours by this design.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=blKj_UYziGg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DAvjb2c9BH8
Direct systems: The heat transfer fluid is the thermal energy storage fluid
(No heat exchanger) The working medium is the molten salt. It has to be kept above 220oC
Used in Compact linear Fresnel reflector and thermal tower because they dont required fluid
coupling since the not moving
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q6NLoo8k8DI
CSP
Plants: Indirect Systems
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kJb5TPUHILo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jTSZSJnlKUY
Indirect systems: The heat transfer fluid (synthetic oil) is different from the
thermal energy storage fluid (molten salt). Usually used with parabolic trough
(With heat exchanger between the heat transfer fluid and the storage medium).
Used in parabolic trough systems since there is fluid coupling as the absorber is
moving with the reflector
Solid media concrete storage

The concrete storage module is composed of a tube and the storage
concrete.
Preferred for single phase HTF up to 400/500 C
Modular design from 500 kWh to 1000 MWh
Can you describe the operation of this CSP power plant?
Direct vs Indirect
Freezing and local temperature (day and night) into
consideration in terms of choosing the transfer
medium
Oil freezing temperature is low while molten salt
freezing temperature is from 120-220oC.
Oil may vaporize at high temperatures but salt can be
used under normal atmospheric pressure
Indirect systems are more suitable for cold
environments and non fixed absorbers like parabolic
trough
Direct systems is usually associated with fixed receivers
(solar power tower or LCFR)
Solid media concrete storage- Charging

Thermal energy is stored in the concrete storage
medium as the HTF transport the heat energy from
the solar collector.
Solid media concrete storage- Discharging

The stored energy is used when required for process
or power generation
Solid media concrete storage

Advantages
A- low cost of the solid media.
B-good contact between the
concrete and the piping,
C- Flexible to large no. of sites
and construction materials
Phase Change Material Storage

When a substance changes
phase, from either a solid to
a liquid or liquid to gas, it
requires energy.
The energy required is

known as a latent heat.
The word latent means
hidden.
A phase-change material (PCM)

is a substance with a high heat of fusion
which, melting and solidifying at a certain
temperature, is capable of storing and
releasing large amounts of energy. Heat is
absorbed or released when the material
changes from solid to liquid and vice versa;
thus, PCMs are classified as latent heat
storage (LHS) units.
Phase Change Material Storage Charging
Heat form the receiver solar collector-is applied to the

PCM which changes its phase from solid to liquid by storing
the heat as latent heat of fusion or from liquid to vapor as
latent heat of vaporization.
Phase Change Material Storage Discharging

When the stored heat is extracted by the load, the PCM will
again change its phase from liquid to solid or from vapor to
liquid.
Separated
ammonia
Separated
ammonia
ammonia
ammonia
water
Water
Ammonia
solution
Ammonia
absorbed
in water
The thermal match between the storage system and working fluid are
maximized when steam production, which is an isothermal process,
is coupled with an isothermal storage process (PCM). Being that
latent heat storage is isothermal, it is deemed advantageous to use
this type of system for the evaporation of steam. Since the
preheating and superheating stages are sensible heat processes,
they benefit when coupled with sensible heat storage systems
water
Separated
water
Separate
d water
Water
Ammonia
solution
Ammonia
absorbed
in water
Advantages of PCM
constant temperature during a phase change
changes are capable of storing and releasing
large quantities of thermal energy as they
change from solid to liquid and vice versa.
Higher storage density than sensible heat
Smaller volume
Summary
Usually encapsulated in
capsules of high
melting point material
for improved heat
transfer characteristics
Phase Change Material Storage

Selection of Phase Change Materials
References
http://www.nrel.gov/csp/troughnet/thermal_ene
rgy_storage.html
400
LiNO3
350
For industrial
process heat
Enthalpy [J/g]
300
250
200
LiNO3-NaNO3
NaNO2
KNO3-LiNO3
http://freespace.virgin.net/m.eckert/new_page_
6.htm
Solar Thermal storage using PCM
NaNO3
150
100
KNO3-NaNO2-NaNO3
KNO3-NaNO3
50
0
100
KNO3
For solar power

generation
150
200
Thermal Energy Storage in Phase Change

Material can potentially result in
-- 60% reduction in container size
-- 2% to 3% improvement in overall system
efficiency
-- Flexibility to operate with different steam
cycles
--It has added advantage of heat supply at
constant temperature .
250
Temperature [C]
300
350
http://social.csptoday.com/technology/cspthermal-storage-increasing-options
Types of Solar Thermal Collectors

Evacuated-tube solar collectors
Flat-plate collector
Learning Outcome 02
Lesson 05
Sub-outcome 6: Design, simulate,
and analyze a at plate solar collector
Flat-plate collector
Glazed flat-plate collectors are insulated,
weatherproofed boxes that contain a dark absorber
plate under one or more glass or plastic covers.
Unglazed flat-plate collectors; typically used for solar
pool heating, have a dark absorber plate, made of
metal or plastic, without a cover or enclosure.
Evacuated-tube solar collectors

They feature parallel rows of transparent glass
tubes. Each tube contains a glass outer tube
and metal absorber tube attached to a fin. The
fin's coating absorbs solar energy but inhibits
radiative heat loss. These collectors are used
more frequently for U.S. commercial
applications.
The glass is used to trap heat and reduce heat
loss by convection
The glass tubes are evacuated to reduce the
heat transfer by convection inside the glass
envelope
Types of Flat Plate Solar Collectors

Low Temperature Collectors
Flat-Plate Solar Collector
About 15oC temperature rise

Unglazed
For swimming pools and crop drying
Can use plastic or metallic pipes
Medium Temperature Collectors
From about 10oC to above 100oC temperature rise

Single or double glazed
water heating, space heating and some medium temperature
industrial heating uses
High Temperature Collectors
heavy insulation
High temperature capabilities
May be mounted in a sun-tracking system
Main Components
Main Components
Glass
Toughened glass (glazing) protects the absorber from the outside environment while allowing
through >90% of sunlight.
Absorber
A thin sheet of aluminum is coated with a highly selective material that is extremely efficient at
absorbing sunlight and converting it into usable heat. The aluminum sheet is welded to the
copper riser pipes.
Insulation
The insulation helps reduce heat loss from the sides and back of the collector. Made from ultralight weight insulating material (like foam) is chosen to greatly reduce the weight of the collector.
Back Sheet
An aluminum alloy sheet seals the back of the panel and adds to the rigidity of the collector.
Riser & Header Pipes
The header and riser pipes are brazed together to form a heat exchanger that the solar system
heat transfer fluid circulates through. The absorber sheet is welded to the riser pipes, thus
transfers heat to the heat transfer fluid.
Aluminum Frame
Extruded from high tensile aluminum alloy, the rails form the outer framework of the collector
and are designed with wings for easy mounting frame attachment.
Energy balance for the absorber plate

3
1
Incident Radiation
Absorbed, reflected or transmitted
Absorptivity is the fraction of irradiation

absorbed by a surface.
Reflectivity is the fraction reflected by the
surface.
Transmissivity is the fraction transmitted by the
surface (defined for transparent surfaces).
Fig. 3
Light scattering and diffusion
Flat plate thermal performance
Solar Irradiation
http://www.ita
canet.org/thesun-as-asource-ofenergy/part-3calculatingsolar-angles/
IiT
Fig. 4. Heat ow through a at plate solar collector
Total irradiation distribution Ii
I DN cosT I dT I r
http://www.enhemsbuildings.fer.hr/_download/repository/EDPE13_%5BGulin,_Vasak,_Baotic%5D.pdf
Solar Irradiation
The energy rate per unit area striking the surface. The key equation
for this calculation is:
I iT I DN cos T I dT I r
Ii= total solar irradiation on surface , W/m2
IDN = direct normal radiation W/m2
equ.1
=incident angle (the angle between the sun

direction and the normal direction of a tilted surface)
Id= diffuse radiation component from sky , W/m2
Ir= shortwave reflected from other surfaces , W/m2
I iT
I DN cos T I dT I r
The first term constitutes around 85% of the total on clear days. The 2 other
terms should not be neglected. But in our analysis we neglect them because
they are very complicated to calculate
I iT
I DN cos T
equ.2
Typical clear sky absorption and

scatteringg of incident sunlight
Solar Irradiation
While the solar radiation incident on the Earth's
atmosphere is relatively constant, the radiation at
the Earth's surface varies widely due to:
atmospheric effects, including absorption and
scattering;
local variations in the atmosphere, such as water
vapour, clouds, and pollution;
latitude of the location; and
the season of the year and
the time of day.
Direct Normal Irradiation IDN

Equ.3, developed by Bouquer Lambert, takes into
consideration the reduction in Normal solar
irradiation Eo as it passes through the atmosphere
Eo
I DN . expB / sin E
equ.3
Therefore
I DN
Where
Eo= Normal solar radiation on the Earth surface neglecting the
existence of atmosphere W/m2
B the attenuation coefficient of solar radiation in the earth
atmosphere (table 1.). A quantity that characterizes how easily a
material or medium can be penetrated by a beam of light,
IDN the energy of solar radiation that falls at the right angle on
square meter of the earth (maximum 970 W/m2)
Eo
exp B / sin E
equ.4
- Solar altitude.
http://pveducation.org/pvcdrom/propertiesof-sunlight/sun-position-calculator
Solar altitude
The altitude (solar elevation angle) is the angle between the

horizon and the center of the sun's disc
depends on latitude of the location, day in the year and the time of day.
http://www.timeanddate.com/astronomy/united-arab-emirates/abu-dhabi
The Solar Altitude
The Solar altitude (solar elevation angle) is

the angle between the horizon and the center of the sun's disc
It depends on
Latitude
Day of the year
Time in the day
Example -1
Values of Eo , B, and
Calculate the Direct Normal irradiation IDN and total solar irradiation Ii on a
collector in the months of January and June at 12 noon assuming A collector
tilt of 30o
January
I DN
Eo
1209
985W / m 2
exp B / sin E exp 0.142 / sin 44
I iT
I DN cos T
985. cos 53
593W / m 2
June
I DN
Values of Eo and B
Average annual values
Values of and
for a collector Tilt 30o Time 12 noon
I iT
Eo
exp B / sin E
I DN cos T
1069
871W / m 2
exp 0.205 / sin 88
871. cos 30
754W / m 2
Example -2
Calculate the Direct Normal irradiation IDN and total solar irradiation Ii on a
collector in the months of March and August at 12 noon assuming A collector
tilt of 30o .
Useful Energy absorbed by the plate Qa
An energy balance for the absorber plate is

Qa
A
Ta4 Tc42 Ta Tc 2 Ta Tf

I iT .W c1.W c 2 .D a
Rrad
Rconv
Rcond
equ.5
Qa= energy rate absorbed by absorber plate, W

A=absorber area, m2
Ii=total solar irradiation at cover plate ,W/m2
=transmittance of cover plates ( glazing),
dimensionless.
=absorptivity of absorber plate at wavelength of solar
irradiation, dimensionless
T= temperature , K
Useful Energy absorbed by the plate Qa

Reflectivity, the fraction of incident radiation
reflected by a surface
Transmittance, the fraction of incident
electromagnetic radiation at a specified
wavelength that passes through a surface
The emissivity of a given surface is the
measure of its ability to emit radiation energy
in comparison to a blackbody at the same
temperature.
Qa
A
I iT .W c1.W c 2 .D a
Ta4 Tc42 Ta Tc 2 Ta Tf

Rrad
Rconv
Rcond
equ.5
Rrad= thermal resistance from absorber to second

cover plate, m2.k4/W
Rconv= thermal resistance to convection from
absorber to second cover plate, m2.k4/W
Rcond= thermal resistance to conduction from
absorber to ambient through the insulation, m2.k4/W
C1=first cover plate
C2=second cover plate
a=absorber
f = ambient
Useful energy absorbed by the plate Qa

Thus, the rate of useful energy extracted by the
absorber Qa, is proportional to the rate of useful
energy absorbed by the collector, less the amount
lost by the collector to its surroundings This is
expressed as follows :
Qa = Ii.c1.c2.aAU.A.(Ta T )
Where
Qa is useful energy gain- W
Ta is the mean temperature of the absorber oC
equ.6
Useful energy absorbed by the plate Qa

Per unit area equ. 6 takes the simpler form:
Where
Qa
A
[ I iT .W c1.W c 2 .D a U t fi t f ].Fr
equ.7
tfi=temperature of inlet fluid to absorber, oC

U=overall heat transfer coefficient combining ( rad, conv, cond
losses), W/m2.K
Fr=empirical determined correction factor, dimensionless.
Fr=0.9
Fr
Qa
Qmax
Qa
I iT .W c1.W c 2 .D a U t a t f
I iT .W c1.W c 2 .D a U t fi t f
Qmax
when
T fi
equ.8
Tf
Collector efficiency
Typical values of U in equation 2

Type of glazing
U, W/m2.K
Unglazed
13-15
Single Glazed
6-7
Double Glazed
3-4
Absorptivity : the fraction of the incident radiation flux absorbed by the body.
Another important characterization of the

collector is its efficiency , which is defined as
the energy rate transferred to the fluid divided
by the solar irradiation on the cover plate,
K
http://www.solarmirror.com/fom/fom-serve/cache/43.html
Qa A
I iT
equ.9
Example-3
A flat plate single-glazed collector is available for a
solar-heating application. The transmittance of each
of the cover plates is 0.85, and the aluminum
absorber plate has an =0.93. Assume an ambient
temperature Tf = 15oC and Tfi=20oC.
Determine the collector efficiency in the month of
January at 12 noon assuming a collector tilt of 30o .
Qa
[ I iT .W c1.D a U t fi t f ].Fr
A
Qa
[593.0.85.0.93 620 15].0.9 395W m 2
A
Qa A 395
K
0.67
I iT
593
Rate of heat extraction from the

collector
The rate of heat extraction

from the collector can be
measured by means of the
amount of heat carried
away by the uid passing
through it and can be
expressed as follows:
Qa = m.cp(To Ti)
where m is the mass ow rate of uid through the

collector-kg/s.
Example-4
A flat plate double-glazed collector is available for a
solar-heating application. The transmittance of each
of the two cover plates is 0.87, and the aluminum
absorber plate has an =0.9. Assume an ambient
temperature Tf = 18oC and Tfi=20oC.
Determine the collector efficiency in the months
December at noon assuming a collector tilt of 30o .
Example-5
1- What is the daily energy required to heat a
domestic water tank containing 100 kg of water, if the
water is heated from 20oC to 60oC. ? Location :Abu
Dhabi. Month: January
Qreq/d = 100x4180x( 60-20)=16720000 J/d=16720. kJ/d
2- What is the size of the collector in example
A
heat required / d
rate of heat absorbed per unit area in a day
Qreq / d ( J / d )
16720000
A
1.175 | 1.2m 2
2
Qa / A(W / m ) u t 395 u10(hr ) u 60 u 60
Qa / A K .I iT calculated from the absorber analysis
Absorber Surface Area Calculation

Calculate
I DN
Eo
exp B / sin E
Calculate
I iT I DN cos T
depend on the altitude, the day and
the time in the day, depends on the
same factors plus the tilt angle of the absorber
Calculate
Qa
A
[ I iT .W c1.W c 2 .D a U t fi t f ].Fr
Useful sites
http://isfh.de/institut_solarforschung/hocheff
izienter-flachkollektor.php?_l=1
Very good site, research, projects, teaching
http://www.iklimnet.com/save/glass_transmit
tance.html
http://pveducation.org/pvcdrom/properties-of-sunlight/sun-positioncalculator
https://www.nrel.gov/analysis/sam/help/html-php/index.html?mt_solar_fraction.htm
Absorber Surface Area Calculation

Calculate absorber efficiency K
Calculate heat required per day
Qa A
I iT
Qreq / d ( J / d )
Qa = m.cp(To Ti)
Calculate required absorber area
A
A
heat required / d
rate of heat absorbed per unit area in a day
Qreq / d ( J / d )
Qa / A(W / m 2 ) u t
is the sun light duration during the day in seconds

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What is energy?

Ability to do work or cause

Reasons for alternative energy

There are various reasons as to why the global

The world economy depends greatly on energy.

1-Fossil fuels consumption is increasing

Generally defined as energy that comes from

2. Which sector is consuming more fossil fuels?

3. Find a chart showing the fuels consumption in

What are fossil fuels?

What exactly is a barrel?

Nice Energy Statistics

Why renewable energy?

Fuels Consumption in Different Sectors

1-Fossil fuels consumption is increasing

1-Fossil fuels consumption is increasing.

2- Fossil fuels are nonrenewable.

Q.2 What is renewable energy?

The tonne of oil equivalent (toe) is a unit of

1.010+15 Btu = 25.2 Mtoe

2- Fossil fuels are nonrenewable.

2- Fossil fuels are nonrenewable

Q.1 What is nonrenewable energy?

Q.2 What is renewable energy?

A.1 It is a source of energy, that cannot be

A.2- It is a source of energy, that can be

Petroleum, for example, was formed millions of

When will we run out of fossil fuels?

3-Fossil fuels are unsustainable.

A.1 An action or process that can continue or last

A.2 An action or process that cannot continue or

4-Fossil fuels contribute to climate change

Renewable VS Fossil Fuels

Even though renewable, and alternate

4-Fossil fuels contribute to climate change

4-Fossil fuels contribute to climate change

Every Year an Average Coal Plant Releases

5- Fossil fuels affect public health

Smog (Smoke & Fog)

Visible air pollution composed of nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, ozone,

6-Fossil fuels pollute the environment

Because of that the atmosphere is

causing global warming.

5- Fossil fuels affect public health

7-Fossil fuels pollute the environment

Some Solutions to Energy Problem

Study This video

Also, Thinking out of the box

Renewable Energy Share 2008.

Are these fossil fuels getting cheaper or more

Renewable Energy Share 2030.

Renewable Energy Share 2013

Average Annual Growth Rates of Renewable Energy Capacity and

Advantages and Disadvantages of

Some Limitation of Renewable Energy

May not be available when we need it.

Not equally available in all locations

Compete with other land use

Where can Renewable Energy Serve

Introduction to Renewable Energy

Solar water heating

Renewable and Economy

Local landowners benefit from renewable energy

Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Consumption