KU1101
Pengantar Rekayasa dan Desain I
Conversion from Chemical to Thermal Energy
10/17/2013
www.consumerenergycenter.org/transportation/consume
r_tips/vehicle_energy_losses.html
Combustion
Combustion
Oxidation
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Basic concepts
Amado Avogadro
mol (mole/molecule)
Stoichiometric equation
C8H18
O2
CO2
H2O
12.5
HV
3,51 kg
3,09 kg
1,42 kg
???
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Heating Value
= Energy in Fuel and Oxydizer Energy in products of combustion
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Chemical symbol
Mole percent
Nitrogen
N2
78.084
Oxygen
O2
20.947
Argon
Ar
0.934
CO2
0.0350
Carbon dioxide
Neon
Ne
0.001818
Helium
He
0.000524
Methane
CH4
0.00017
Krypton
Kr
0.000114
Hydrogen
Nitrous oxide
H2
0.000053
N2 O
0.000031
Xenon
Xe
0.0000087
Ozone*
O3
trace to 0.0008
Carbon monoxide
CO
trace to 0.000025
Sulfur dioxide
SO2
trace to 0.00001
Nitrogen dioxide
NO2
trace to 0.000002
Ammonia
NH3
trace to 0.0000003
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Isooctane + air
O2 +
3.76N2
CO2
H2O
N2
12.5
Molecule
mass
12.0 x 8
+ 18.0 =
114.
16.0 x 2
+ 3.76 x
14.0 x 2
= 137.
12.0 +
16.0 x 2
= 44.0
1.00 x 2
+ 16.0 =
18.0
Mass
1.00 kg
15.1 kg
3,09 kg
1,42 kg
Stoichiom
etric coeff.
HV
45500 kJ
(A/F)mass = 15.1
(A/F)molar = 12.5 x (1+3.76) = 59.5
Fuel
Hydrogen :
Carbon
Reaction
Product
19th century
Coal
Approx
CHO0.1S0.05N0.01
1 :1
20th century
Petroleum :
Isooctane C8H18
2.25 : 1
CO2 + H2O
4 :1
CO2 + H2O
Diesel : cetane
(C16H34).
2.125 : 1
CO2 + H2O
Fuel Cell : H2
infinite : 1
H2O
21st century
10/17/2013
Diesel combustion
Hydrocarbon
C1-4 : gas
C5-? : liquid
methane, CH4
Gasoline : 5-10 C and 10-25 H (example : isooctane C8H18-> ideal
for otto engine)
Long C : solid
wax, tar,
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Distillation process
10/17/2013
http://www.worldpetroleum.org/index.php?/Technology/petroleum-refiningcourtesy-of-aip.html