Chapter 2

Chapter 2
Desciptive Statistics: Tabular and Graphical

Presentations
Ahmad Fadly Nurullah bin Rasedee
ahmadfadlynurullah@yahoo.com
December 10, 2015

www.unikl.edu.my
Chapter 2
Contents
Contents
Summarizing categorical
data
Summarizing quantative
data
Exploratory Data Analysis:
The Stem-and-Leaf
Display
Crosstabulations and
Scatter Diagrams
Blocks
Summarizing categorical data

Summarizing quantitative data
Exploratory data analysis: the stem-and-leaf display
Crosstabulations and scatter diagrams
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Frequency Distribution
Contents
data
data
The Stem-and-Leaf
Display
Scatter Diagrams
Definition (Frequency distribution)
Blocks
A frequency distribution is a tabular summary of data

showing the number (frequency) of items in each of
several nonoverlapping classes.
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Contents
data
data
The Stem-and-Leaf
Display
Scatter Diagrams
Blocks
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Relative frequency and percent frequency distirbution
Contents
data
data
The Stem-and-Leaf
Display
Definition (Relative frequency)
Scatter Diagrams
Blocks
The relative frequency of a class equals the fraction or

proportion of items belonging to a class.
Relative frequency of a class =
Chapter 2
Frequency of a class
n
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Contents
data
data
The Stem-and-Leaf
Display
Scatter Diagrams
Blocks
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Contents
data
data
The Stem-and-Leaf
Display
Scatter Diagrams
Blocks
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Summarizing quantative data

Contents
data
data
The Stem-and-Leaf
Display
Scatter Diagrams
Blocks
The three steps necessary to define the classes for a

frequency distribution with quantitative data are
1. Determine the number of nonoverlapping classes.
2. Determine the width of each class.
3. Determine the class limits.
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Contents
data
data
The Stem-and-Leaf
Display
Scatter Diagrams
Blocks
Classes are formed by specifying ranges that will be used

to group the data.
Number of classes - number data of groups
Width of the class - Range of data in group
Approximate class witdh

Approximate class witdh =
Difference between data value

Number of classes
Difference =Largest value - smallest value
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Contents
data
data
The Stem-and-Leaf
Display
Scatter Diagrams
Blocks
Class limits must be chosen so that each data item

belongs to one and only one class.
lower class limit identifies the smallest possible data
value assigned to the class.
upper class limit identifies the largest possible data
value assigned to the class.
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Contents
data
data
The Stem-and-Leaf
Display
Scatter Diagrams
Blocks
*Class midpoint is the value halfway between the lower

and upper class limits
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Relative Frequency and Percent Frequency Distributions
Contents
data
data
The Stem-and-Leaf
Display
Class limits must be chosen so that each data item

belongs to one and only one class.
Scatter Diagrams
Blocks
Relative frequency of class

Relative frequency of class =
Frequency of the class

n
n - number of observation
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Dot plot
Contents
data
data
One of the simplest graphical summaries of data is a dot

plot.

The Stem-and-Leaf
Display
Scatter Diagrams
Blocks
Chapter 2
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Histrogram
Contents
data
A common graphical presentation of quantitative data is a

histogram.
data
The Stem-and-Leaf
Display
Scatter Diagrams
Blocks
Chapter 2
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Histrogram
Contents
data
data
The Stem-and-Leaf
Display
Scatter Diagrams
Blocks
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Cumulative Distributions
Contents
data
data
The Stem-and-Leaf
Display
Scatter Diagrams
Blocks
The Cumulative frequency distribution is a variation of

the frequency distribution that provides another tabular
summary of quantitative data.
Note that a cumulative relative frequency distribution
shows the proportion of data items, and a cumulative
percent frequency distribution shows the percentage of
data items with values less than or equal to the upper limit
of each class.
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Cumulative Distributions
Contents
data
data
The Stem-and-Leaf
Display
Scatter Diagrams
Blocks
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Ogive
Contents
data
data
The Stem-and-Leaf
Display
Scatter Diagrams
Blocks
A graph of a cumulative distribution, called an ogive,

shows data values on the horizontal axis and either the
cumulative frequencies, he cumulative relative
frequencies, or the cumulative percent frequencies on the
vertical axis.
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Ogive
Contents
data
data
The Stem-and-Leaf
Display
Scatter Diagrams
Blocks
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Exploratory Data Analysis: The

Stem-and-Leaf Display
Contents
data
data
The Stem-and-Leaf
Display
Scatter Diagrams
Blocks
The techniques of exploratory data analysis consist of

simple arithmetic and easy-to-draw graphs that can be
used to summarize data quickly. One techniquereferred
to as a stem-and-leaf displaycan be used to show both
the rank order and shape of a data set simultaneously.
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Contents
data
data
The Stem-and-Leaf
Display
Scatter Diagrams
Blocks
Chapter 2
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Contents
data
data
The Stem-and-Leaf
Display
Scatter Diagrams
Blocks
Chapter 2
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Contents
data
data
The Stem-and-Leaf
Display
Scatter Diagrams
Blocks
Chapter 2
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Crosstabulations and Scatter Diagrams

Crosstabulation
Contents
data
data
A crosstabulation is a tabular summary of data for two

variables.

The Stem-and-Leaf
Display
Scatter Diagrams
Blocks
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Crosstabulation
Contents
data
data
The Stem-and-Leaf
Display
84 good restaurants, 150 very good restaurants, and 66

excellent restaurants
Scatter Diagrams
Blocks
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Crosstabulation
Contents
data
data
The Stem-and-Leaf
Display
Scatter Diagrams
Blocks
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Crosstabulation
Contents
data
data
The Stem-and-Leaf
Display
Scatter Diagrams
Blocks
Chapter 2
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Simpsons Paradox
Contents
data
data
The Stem-and-Leaf
Display
Scatter Diagrams
The data in two or more crosstabulations are often

combined or aggregated to produce a summary
crosstabulation showing how two variables are related.
Blocks
The drawback of aggregate data based conclusion is the

possible reversal of conclusion due to the unaggregated
data.
The reversal of conclusions based on aggregate and
unaggregated data is called Simpsons paradox.
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Simpsons Paradox
Contents
data
data
The Stem-and-Leaf
Display
Scatter Diagrams
Blocks
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Scatter Diagram and Trendline
Contents
data
data
The Stem-and-Leaf
Display
Scatter diagram - a graphical presentation of the

relationship between two quantitative variables, and a
trendline is a line that provides an approximation of the
relationship.
Scatter Diagrams
Blocks
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Contents
data
data
The Stem-and-Leaf
Display
Scatter Diagrams
Blocks
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Contents
data
data
The Stem-and-Leaf
Display
Scatter Diagrams
Blocks
Chapter 2
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Blocks
Contents
data
data
The Stem-and-Leaf
Display
Scatter Diagrams
Blocks
Definition (Greetings)
Hello World
Theorem (Fermats Last Theorem)

an + b n = c n , n 2
Uh-oh.
By the pricking of my thumbs.
Uh-oh.
Something evil this way comes.
Chapter 2
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Thank You

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Chapter 2

Desciptive Statistics: Tabular and Graphical

December 10, 2015

Summarizing categorical data

Ahmad Fadly Nurullah bin Rasedee

December 10, 2015

Summarizing categorical data

Definition (Frequency distribution)

A frequency distribution is a tabular summary of data

Ahmad Fadly Nurullah bin Rasedee

December 10, 2015

Summarizing categorical data

Ahmad Fadly Nurullah bin Rasedee

December 10, 2015

Summarizing categorical data

Definition (Relative frequency)

The relative frequency of a class equals the fraction or

Ahmad Fadly Nurullah bin Rasedee

December 10, 2015

Summarizing categorical data

Ahmad Fadly Nurullah bin Rasedee

December 10, 2015

Summarizing categorical data

Ahmad Fadly Nurullah bin Rasedee

December 10, 2015

Summarizing quantative data

The three steps necessary to define the classes for a

Ahmad Fadly Nurullah bin Rasedee

December 10, 2015

Summarizing quantative data

Classes are formed by specifying ranges that will be used

Approximate class witdh

Difference between data value

Difference =Largest value - smallest value

Ahmad Fadly Nurullah bin Rasedee

December 10, 2015

Summarizing quantative data

Class limits must be chosen so that each data item

Ahmad Fadly Nurullah bin Rasedee

December 10, 2015

Summarizing quantative data

*Class midpoint is the value halfway between the lower

December 10, 2015

Summarizing quantative data

Class limits must be chosen so that each data item

Relative frequency of class

Frequency of the class

Ahmad Fadly Nurullah bin Rasedee

December 10, 2015

Summarizing quantative data

One of the simplest graphical summaries of data is a dot

Exploratory Data Analysis:

Ahmad Fadly Nurullah bin Rasedee

December 10, 2015

Summarizing quantative data

A common graphical presentation of quantitative data is a

Ahmad Fadly Nurullah bin Rasedee

December 10, 2015

Summarizing quantative data

Ahmad Fadly Nurullah bin Rasedee

December 10, 2015

Summarizing quantative data

The Cumulative frequency distribution is a variation of

Ahmad Fadly Nurullah bin Rasedee