Department of Chemical Engineering.

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Material balances are nothing more than the

application of the conservation law of mass.

Material balance calculations are almost invariably a

prerequisite to all other calculation in the solution of
both simple and complex chemical engineering
problems.

Material balance analysis is simply an accounting of all

materials flowing, generated, or consumed in a
chemical process.
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80 kg Salt Water
0 wt% NaCl

100 kg Salt Water

10 wt% NaCl
Evaporator

?? kg Residue

?? wt% NaCl
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A system is any arbitrary portion of a process set out

specifically for analysis. A control volume is any
imaginary or tangible boundary which encloses the
system.
Types of System
Closed System
A system is closed if there is mass passing through the
control volume during the period of analysis.
Open System
A system is open if mass can pass through the control
volume during the period of analysis
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Batch reaction in a Vessel

Fluid Flow in a Pipe

Control
Volume

Control
Volume

Fluid, u0

A ===> B

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In a steady-state process, the values of all variables in the

process (such as chemical composition, temperature,
pressure, etc.) do not change with time. Otherwise, it is
an unsteady-state process.
For a steady-state process:

x i
0 or

dx i
0
d

Where xi = any process variable (T, p, ) and = time

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The conditions inside the process remain unchanged with

time,
The conditions of the flowing streams remain constant
with time
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Initial condition for an open steady-state

system with accumulation

Condition of an open steady-state system

with accumulation after 50 minutes

Initial condition for an open steady-state

system with negative accumulation

Condition of an open steady-state system with

negative accumulation after 50 minutes

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Initial state of a batch mixing

process

Final state of a batch mixing

process

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The batch process represented

as an open system

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 The

Material Balance for single component process

Accumulation of
material within
the system

Total Flow
into the
system

Total flow
out of the
system

What Goes in Must Come out

Accumulation

Final Material
in the System

Initial
Material in
- the
system

Consider a control volume

A and B

A =====> B
B =====> C

B and C

Balancing B within the control volume,

mB = +(mass increase)B (mass decrease)B

mB = +InputB + GeneratedB ConsumedB

OutputB
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Possible scenarios for B,

If (input + generation)B > (output + consumption)B,
then the amount B within the control volume
increases (accumulation)
If (input + generation)B < (output + consumption)B,
then the amount B within the control volume
decreases (depletion/negative accumulation)
If (input + generation)B = (output + consumption)B,
then the amount B within the control volume will
not change (steady-state)
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The general mass balance equation can be written as

Acc/Dep = Input + Generation Output
Consumption
For a steady-state process, there is no accumulation or
depletion of materials:
Input + Generation Output Consumption = 0
OR
Input + Generation = Output + Consumption

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If there is no chemical reaction, there is no means for a

material to be generated or consumed, then
Acc/Dep = Input Output
If there is no chemical reaction and steady-state condition
exists, then:
0 = Input Output
OR
Input = Output

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The procedure of determining whether enough

information is given to solve the problem. To determine
the degrees of freedom (DF):
DF = U V
Where U = number of unknown variables to be solved
V = number of independent equations relating the
unknown variables.
What are independent equations?
An equation is independent if it cannot be derived
algebraically from the other equations.
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Possible cases depending on the value of DF:

DF = 0 :
there are equal number of unknowns and
independent equations and the
problem, in
principle, can be solved.
DF > 0 :
there are more unknowns than
independent
equations and the problem
is underspecified and
has infinitely many
solutions.
DF < 0 :
there are more independent equations than
unknowns and the problem is
overspecified and
has no exact solution.
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Consider the following set of equations used for solving

x, y and z.

3x 4y + 5z = 6
-2x + 7y 13z = -20
x + 3y 8z = -14
Determine whether enough equations are available to
solve for the values of x, y, and z.

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1.

Read the problem and clarify what is to be accomplished.

2.

Draw a sketch of the process; define the system by a boundary.

3.

Label with symbols the flow of each stream and the associated compositions and other
information that is unknown.

4.

Put all the known values of compositions and stream flows on the figure by each stream;
calculate additional compositions and flows from the given data as necessary. Or, at least
initially identify the known parameters in some fashion.

5.

Select a basis.

6.

Make a list by symbols for each of the unknown values of the stream flows and compositions,
or at least mark them distinctly in some fashion, and count them.

7.

Write down tha names of an appropriate set of balances to solve; write the balances down
with type of balance listed by each one.

8.

Count the number of independent balances that can be written; ascertain that a unique
solution is possible. If not, look for mare information or check your assumptions.

9.

Solve the equations. Each calculation must be made on a consistent basis.

10.

Check your answer by introducing them, or some of them, into any redundant material
balances.

1.

Material balance equations.

2.

Stoichiometric relationships based on chemical

reactions (particularly) useful when solving reactive

processes).
3.

Energy balance equations (to be discussed later).

4.

Physical constraints on some variables.

5.

Process specifications.

6.

Physical properties and laws.

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thickener in a waste disposal unit of a

plant removes water from wet sewage
sludge. How many kilograms of water leave
the thickener per 100 kg wet sludge that
enter the thickener? The process is in the
steady state.

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 Basis:

100 kg wet sludge

The system is the thickener (an open
system). No accumulation, generation, or
consumption occur. The total mass balance is

Consequently.

the Water amounts to 30 kg.

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Sebanyak 100 mol/jam larutan etilen diklorida 40% dalam

toluena dimasukkan ke sebuah kolom (menara) distilasi. Di
dalam menara distilasi proses berlangsung secara kontinyu
dan tidak terjadi akumulasi sehingga 100 mol/jam bahan
juga keluar dari kolom. Aliran keluar kolom dibagi menjadi
dua yaitu aliran distilat (D) dan aliran dasar (B = bottom)
Aliran distilat keluar dari puncak kolom mengandung 10%
mol etilen diklorida. Tentukan laju alir masing-masing aliran
tersebut.

Pertama buatlah diagram alir dan tulis hal-hal yang

diketahui (besaran kualitas dan kuantitas)

Kemudian tentukan basis (sudah ada, tidak

perlu ditentukan lagi) langsung ke persamaan
neraca bahan
Neraca massa (mol) total :
F=D+B
...........................................(1)
Neraca

massa (mol) komponen (dalam soal

ini hanya satu komponen) :
F . XF = D . XD + B . XB
......................(2)

(1) 100 mol/jam = D + B

B = 100 mol/jam D

(2) 100 . (0,4) = D . (0,95) + B . (0,1)

40
40
30
D
B
B

= 0,95D + (100-D) . (0,1)

= 0,95D + 10 - 0,1D
= 0,85D
= 35,3 mol/jam
= 100 mol/jam 35,3 mol/jam
= 64,7 mol/jam