3D Strutural Analysis of Crack Risk in Hardening Concrete

REPORT BE96-3843/2001:53-2
3D Structural Analysis of
Crack Risk in Hardening Concrete
Verification of an Engineering Method
Ola Kjellman 1
1
2
Jan Olofsson 2
Dep of Structural Mechanics, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden

Skanska Teknik AB, Sweden
Published by
Department of Civil & Mining Engineering
Division of Structural Engineering
ISBN 91 - 89580 53 2
2001:53-2
SE
3D Structural Analysis of Crack

Risk in Hardening Concrete
Verification of an Engineering Method
S
AC
P
I
Report No:
2001:53-2
Improved Production of
Advanced Concrete Structures
Author1
Ola Kjellman
1
Address
Author
Dep of Structural Mechanics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg

Jan Olofsson
Address
Author
jan.olofsson@teknik.skanska.se
Skanska Teknik AB, S-405 18 Gothenburg, Sweden
Address3
Author4
Address4
Task/Subtask no:
T4/T4.1
Brite EuRam Contract No. BRPR-CT97-0437
Project no:
Brite EuRam Proposal No. BE96-3843
Project title:
IPACS - IMPROVED PRODUCTION OF ADVANCED

CONCRETE STRUCTURES
Project coordinator:
Betongindustri AB, Dr Mats Emborg
Partners:
Betongindustri AB
Cementa AB
Selmer ASA
Technical University of Delft
ENEL
Technical University of Lule
NCC AB
Skanska Teknik AB
Technical University of Braunschweig
Ismes
Norwegian Public Roads Directorate
Elkem AS
Norcem AS
Technical University of Trondheim
Date of issue of this report:
4 January 1999
Revised date:
7 March 2001
Project funded by the European Community under the Industrial & Materials Technologies
Programme (Brite-EuRam III)
IMPROVED PRODUCTION OF ADVANCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES - IPACS

Background
Research and practical experience show that the quality and lifetime of concrete structures largely
depend on the curing conditions in the concrete's early life, as inadequate curing leads to malfunction
and cracking. A major source of deleterious cracking already in the construction stage is the
occurrence of stresses in the hardening concrete due to restrained volume change related to hydration
temperatures and shrinkage phenomena. It is thus of utmost importance, especially regarding new high
performance concrete, that the proper execution conditions are maintained throughout the construction
period by avoiding the premature cracking.
Objective of project
Main goal of IPACS is to evaluate, integrate and extend the existing knowledge about early age
concrete crack prediction in engineering practice yielding the following benefits:
Contractors and designers will have new and more reliable engineering instruments enabling them to
predict and to optimise the technical effect and cost of alternative designs and execution procedures all in the process of fulfilling the quality requirements set up by the owners or the community (codes).
Reduced costs because of the present tendency to specify costly but unnecessarily rigorous crack
criteria will be avoided.
Owners will have access to improved means of specifying and controlling desired quality
requirements regarding serviceability and service life of their structures.
Reduced maintenance costs and increase of service lifetime.
Main tasks and investigations in IPACS and output from the project:
Hydration and volume changes To acquire data for the modelling of properties of a
number of currently used concrete types.
Mechanical properties - Testing and modelling of mechanical properties.
Behaviour of structures - Computer modelling of structural behaviour.
Field tests - To check and improve the models of the previous tasks in full-scale tests.
Expert System.
The Expert System synthesises the results from the project into a robust engineering tool for planning
and control of the production of concrete structures. It contains modules of varying simplicity, which
can be used in all the phases of a construction project from pre-design to maintenance
Project Partners:
See earlier page
Project Co-ordinator:
Dr Mats Emborg Betongindustri AB (Heidelberger Zement North Europe) (SE)
Dr Hans-Erik Gram/Mr Mats berg Cementa AB (Heidelberger Zement North Europe) (SE)
Disclaimer
The author/authors and producer of this report have used their best effort in preparing this report. These efforts
include the development, research and testing of the theories and programs to determine their effectiveness. The
author/authors and producer make no warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, with regard to these programs
or documentation contained in this report. The author/authors and publisher shall not be liable in any event for
incidental or consequential damage in connection with, or arising out of, the furnishing, performance, or use of
these programs.
Editorial/production supervision:
Cover design:
Prepress material:
Printed and published by
Prof. Lennart Elfgren

Hans Hedlund
By report authors
Lule University of Technology,
Department of Civil and Mining Engineering,
Division of Structural Engineering
SE-971 87 Lule, Sweden
Preface
This work was carried out from August 1998 to January 1999, at the Department of Structural Mechanics at Chalmers
University of Technology, Gothenburg and at Skanska Teknik AB. The work was initiated and directed by Jan
Olofsson, Skanska Teknik AB with the purpose to be a report within the Brite EuRam Project IPACS (Improved
Production of Advanced Concrete Structures). In the IPACS project the importance of finding engineering methods to
estimate early age cracking risk is strongly stressed. The presented method in this report can serve as a useful and
practical engineering tool in this regard.
This work has also been the Master Thesis for Ola Kjellman with Prof. Hans Petersson at Department of Structural
Mechanics at Chalmers as examiner.
Special thanks to Per Kettil, Department of Structural Mechanics and Skanska Teknik AB, for valuable suggestions,
help, advice and support throughout this work. Sigurdur Ormarsson, Department of Structural Mechanics is also
gratefully acknowledged for his help concerning ABAQUS 5.7 and Prof. Hans Petersson for all help and valuable
comments.
Abstract
A common phenomenon when casting concrete structures is cracking caused by restrained volume changes due to the
temperature development during the hydration. Cracking may cause for example lack of durability against concrete
aggressive substances as well as an increased risk of corrosion in reinforcement bars. This might result in expensive
repairs or measures.
During the resund Link Project, Jan Olofsson and Per Kettil at Skanska Teknik AB, derived an engineering method
applicable for crack risk estimation. The objective of this report is to document, test and verify this engineering method,
where the effect of structural restraint caused by adjoining structures is included in a simplified manner.
The steps of the proposed engineering method are:
1.
2.
3.
Temperature analysis
Structural restraint analysis
Stress analysis, using a simplified model
The testing and verification have been carried out by performing finite element analyses in ABAQUS 5.7 of a concrete
wall cast on a slab. For verification, a full 3D stress analysis of the structure has been performed.
The results show good agreement between the proposed engineering method and verification analysis.
Keywords:
Restraint, crack risk, concrete, stress simulations, FEM, structure mechanics.
Table of Contents
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
3
3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4
3.1.5
3.2
3.2.1
3.2.1.1
3.2.1.2
3.2.2
3.2.2.1
3.2.2.2
4
4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3
5
5.1
5.2
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.2.3
5.3
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.4
5.4.1
5.4.2
5.4.3
5.4.4
5.5
5.5.1
5.5.1.1
5.5.1.2
5.5.1.3
5.5.1.4
5.5.2
5.5.2.1
5.5.2.2
5.5.2.3
5.5.2.4
5.6
6
6.1
7
Introduction
Background
Objectives
Simplifications
Method
Thermal cracks and restraints
Mechanism of thermal cracking.
Observed crack patterns
Factors that affect thermal cracking
Theory
Material models
Maturity development
Heat development
Linear elastic material model
A material model with time dependent elastic modulus
Crack criteria
Structural analysis using the finite element method
Mathematical models
Heat conduction
3D elasticity
Finite element method FEM
FE-formulation of 3D elasticity
Numerical solution method of the transient problem
A proposed engineering method for crack risk estimation
The engineering method
Temperature and maturity analysis
Restraint analysis
Stress analysis using a simplified model
Verification analysis
Geometric model
Temperature analysis using the FE program 4C Temp & Stress
Finite element mesh
Boundary and initial conditions
Results
User defined subroutines in ABAQUS 5.7
Subroutine UTEMP
Subroutine UMAT
Full 3D stress analysis in ABAQUS used for verification
Finite element mesh
Load case
Results
Stress analysis using the engineering method
3D restraint simulations in ABAQUS
Finite element mesh
Material properties
Results
Stress analysis in ABAQUS using a simplified model
Finite element mesh
Load case
Results
Comparison
Concluding remarks
Further research
References
5
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
9
12
12
12
12
13
13
14
15
15
15
16
18
18
20
21
21
22
23
25
26
26
27
28
29
30
34
34
34
37
37
37
38
38
40
40
40
41
41
42
46
46
47
48
48
50
51
51
52
APPENDIX
Appendix A: UTEMP SUBROUTINES
Appendix B: UMAT SUBROUTINES
Appendix C: INPUT FOR THE TEMPERATURE ANALYSIS
Appendix D: INPUT FILE FOR THE FULL 3D STRESS ANALYSIS
Appendix E: INPUT FILES FOR THE RESTRAINT ANALYSES
Appendix F: INPUT FILE FOR THE STRESS ANALYSIS: SIMPLIFIED MODEL
Appendix G: DERIVATION OF THE DEGREE OF RESTRAINT
Appendix H: EFFECT OF GROUND STIFFNESS
Appendix I: FINITE ELEMENT PROGRAM 4C TEMP & STRESS
Appendix J: ANALYTICAL SOLUTION OF THE TIME DEPENDENT ELASTIC MODULUS
1 Introduction
1.1
Background
A common phenomenon when casting concrete structures is cracking caused by restrained volume
changes due to the temperature development during the hydration. The cracks may cause lack of
durability against concrete aggressive substances as well as increased risk of corrosion in
reinforcement bars. Further, the resistance of a structure against different liquids and gases is
reduced. If the structure consists of plain concrete it can loose its load bearing capacity. Cracks are
also unfavourable due to aesthetic reasons.
Due to the problems described above, extensive research of how to prevent cracking is currently in
progress all over the world. In the European Community, one such project is Improved Production
of Advanced Concrete Structures IPACS [13]. The objectives of IPACS are to evaluate, integrate
and extend the existing knowledge about early age crack prediction in engineering practice. IPACS
is divided into six tasks:
Task 1: Mobilisation, Management and Finalisation
Task 2: Hydration and Volume Changes Characterisation of hardening concrete and

evolution of the hydration process and temperature development
Task 3: Mechanical behaviour Testing, description and modelling of material parameters
Task 4: Structural behaviour Analytical and numerical modelling of structures
Task 5: Field Tests - Site measurements and verifications of numerical simulations
Task 6: Expert system Recommendations and guides for good practice
By using the techniques and methods concluded from the IPACS project, the potential savings in
Europe is approximated to about 300-400 MECU/year [13].
When working in major infrastructure projects, such as the resund Link project, many crack risk
simulations need to be carried out during the project. Often a separate simulation of every casting is
needed. In order to cope with all these simulations a handy tool is needed. This tool should not be
too complex, but give sufficiently accurate results. It also has to be fast in computational time, and
the model used should be easy to adjust, e.g. type of formwork, stripping time, location and spacing
of cooling pipes etc., if the risk of cracking is too high. During the resund Link Project, Jan
Olofsson and Per Kettil at Skanska Teknik AB, derived an engineering method applicable for crack
risk estimation.
1.2
Objectives
The objective is to document, test and hopefully verify a method of crack risk estimation, where the
effect of structural restraint caused by adjoining structures is included in a simplified manner. The
method proposed will reduce a large complex three-dimensional structure into a reasonably small
and simplified model. In such a simplified model, only the point of highest cracking risk is studied
and the three-dimensional restraint is taken into account by an equivalent spring in the zdirection. By using this method, large savings in computational time will be the result.
1.3
Simplifications
In this work, the following simplifications have been introduced:

The material response in the old concrete will be considered as linear elastic.
The material response in the young concrete will be modelled with a time dependent elastic
modulus. The near liquid material stiffness of the fresh concrete is neglected in this work.
Neither shrinkage, nor creep will be included in the model. It is believed that these
simplifications will not influence the validation of the method to estimate the restraint.
The restraint effect of the underlying ground is neglected in the analysis.
The temperature over the cross-section of a full 3D-model does not vary in the longitudinal
direction, i.e. no cooling effects at the longitudinal ends of the structure have been taken into
account.
The crack criterion used in the simplified model is a maximum stress criterion where the
structure is assumed to be crack free (not a cracking crack width criterion, which is used during
the structural design).
1.4
Method
The method used to cope with the objectives of this report is to perform finite element simulations
with commercial finite element programs. Two analyses will be performed, one using the simplified
engineering method for crack estimation proposed in this report, and the other using a full three
dimensional model. By comparing the results from both of the analyses, conclusions can be drawn
whether the simplified method/model is appropriate or not.
To understand the mechanisms involved in early-age cracking of concrete a literature study has
been made. This study also includes the manuals of the finite element programs used, as well as the
structural behaviour.
2 Thermal cracks and restraints

In Section 2.1, different types of thermal cracks are described with reference to when in time these
occur and factors that influence the cracking.
2.1
Mechanism of thermal cracking.
The reason why thermal cracks appear in restrained concrete structures is that during the expansion
(heating) phase, only small compression stresses will arise in the young concrete due to the low
Youngs modulus of the concrete. Then, in the contraction (cooling) phase the concrete is much
stiffer and high tensile stresses are induced into the concrete. If the structure is restrained by
adjoining structural parts restraint stresses will appear. These stresses can be neglected only if the
structure is almost free to expand or contract.
This type of cracking has traditionally been associated with thick concrete structures where the
temperature rise within the body is high, uneven and long lasting. However, cracks can also arise in
more slender concrete structures due to temperature differences between the cast structure and the
adjoining structure in combination with an unfavourable restraint situation.
Thermal cracks in early age have traditionally been divided into two main groups [3]:
1. Through cracks.
2. Surface cracks.
This grouping is inadequate from a number of points since it is assigned to neither the development
of the cracks, when they occur, nor to the consequences of cracks on functionality and durability.
Instead, Bernander, Emborg, et.al [7] classifies thermal cracks according to when in time they
occur. Therefore, early age thermal cracks should rather be divided into cracks in the expansion
(heating) phase and cracks in the contraction (cooling) phase, as shown in Table 2.1.
Table 2.1 Type of cracks in expansion and contraction phase. [7] p.8
Type of crack
Through cracks
Expansion phase (heating)

Will arise if the difference in mean
temperature between different parts in a
casting is large.(*)
Surface cracks
Will arise if the temperature difference
between the central parts of the structure
and the surface is large.
(*)
Also cracks in the adjoining concrete structure may occur.
Contraction phase (cooling)

Are normally caused by the restraint from
an adjoining structure.
May arise due to rapid cooling, for
example stripping of form at cool or
windy weather.
2.2
Observed crack patterns
The types of cracks to be considered can be expressed by using a matrix definition as seen in Table
2.1. Below, these types are explained more in detail, see Figure 2.1.
Through cracks
Through cracks are cracks that pass through the structure and often occur during the contraction
phase in conjunction with external restraint. External restraint is, in this report, when adjoining
structures or supports restrict the changes in volumes. Through cracks may as well occur in the
expansion phase if the difference in mean temperature between different parts of a casting is too
great. [7]
Surface cracks
Surface cracks normally occur during the expansion phase due to that the temperature development
within the concrete structure is uneven. The inner parts of the structure often gets warmer and tend
to expand more than the surfaces, why the surfaces are exposed to tensile stresses. Surface cracks
can also occur in relation to stripping of formwork, if the warm concrete surface is being cooled
down very quickly, i.e. due to a thermal chock. [7]
Early age cracks in the expansion phase
Early age cracks in the expansion phase will appear within a few days after casting. As mentioned
before, both surface cracks and through cracks may arise during the expansion phase. Also cracking
in the adjoining structure can occur during this stage, se Figure 2.1. Early cracks in this stage have a
tendency to close during the contraction phase and even self heal in the young concrete. [7]
Peak temperature is commonly in the range

of 30-60 C,
15-48 hours
after the casting
begun.
Temperature
A
Surface
cracks
New
section
Contraction phase
Older
concrete
Time
Expansion phase
A-A
Through cracks
Figure 2.1 Example of surface cracks and through cracks that can occur during expansion and
contraction phase. [3] p. 582.
Cracks during the contraction phase

Cracks that form during the contraction phase are usually through cracks (Figure 2.1). These cracks
can appear weeks, months and even years after the casting is completed. This cracking is usually
permanent and can cause great damage to the structure with respect to functionality, durability,
impermeability and appearance. These cracks are far more severe compared to those that appear
during the expansion phase. Surface cracks caused by late form stripping can also be included in
this category. [7]
2.3
Factors that affect thermal cracking
The following factors affect the thermal stress situation, (Figure 2.2.) [3]:
-
Thermal properties and temperature development of young concrete.

Temperature of the adjoining structure.
Mechanical properties of the young concrete.
The influence of uneven maturity development.
The degree and type of restraint.
Etc.
Dimensions
MIX DESIGN
Cementtype
Cementcontent
Cementsubstitues
Additives, w/c
Aggregates
CAST
CONCRETE
Heat development
ADJOINING
STRUCTURE
Dimensions
Stiffness
Temperature
POURING
sequence, rate
Construction
joints (length)
Initialtemperature
Cooling
ENVIRONMENT:
Air temp
Humidity
Form work
Insulation
NON-UNIFORM
MATURITY
MECANICAL
PROPERTIES
Strength
Elasticity
Creep (**)
Temp.expans
Temp.contract
Fracturemech.
Temperature
development
MATURITY
DEVELOPMENT
RESTRAINT
MATHEMATICAL
MODELS
TEMPERATURE
STRESSES
CRACKING
RISKS
(**) Arrowonly
for creep
CRACKING ?
Measures
Figure 2.2 Diagram showing interacting factors governing temperature-induced stresses and
cracking in early-age concrete. [1] p.6.
Thermal properties and temperature development of young concrete

Its convenient to arrange the factors that affect the temperature development in inner factors and
external factors. [7]
Inner factors concrete recipe and mix
Thermal properties such as heat development, specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity and
density. These properties depend of the amount and type of cement and ballast, grading of ballast,
water cement ratio and additives.
External factors casting procedure and surroundings
The conditions in the structure at casting and after casting. These conditions are for example casting
temperature, ambient temperature, adjoining structures temperature, type of formwork, insulation,
supply of cooling or heat during the curing, wind speed and solar radiation.
Temperature of the adjoining structure

The relationship between the temperature of the cast structure and ambient temperature, as well as
between the temperature of the cast structure and temperatures of the adjoining structures are of
most importance. The relationship depends on the weather, production procedure or what artificial
actions have been taken, which may result in major changes in thermal stresses and risk of cracking.
[7]
In cases when casting against an old concrete structure, thermal volumetric changes of this old
structure will have huge influence of the tensile stresses and of the risk of cracking.
The dimensions of the structure are of importance. In thick structures, the temperature rise due to
hydration is very high, why also the temperature drop during the following cooling phase will be
large. Large temperature differences can cause both surface cracks and through cracks. In thin
structures (thickness < 0,5 m) the temperature rise is not so obvious as in thick structures.
Subsequently the risk of surface cracks for this kind of structures is low. On the other hand, thin
structures are often subjected to great restraint from adjoining structures. This makes the risk for
through cracks during the cooling phase quite high. [3]
Mechanical properties of the young concrete
The following mechanical properties of the young concrete will affect the thermal stresses [3]:
-
Elasticity, shrinkage and creep

The strength and maturity development of the concrete
Expansion and contraction coefficients for volumetric changes due to changes in
temperature
Ultimate stress properties
The influence of uneven maturity development

Due to temperature variations in a curing concrete element, the mechanical properties may vary widely within the
structure during hardening. This is an effect of uneven maturity development within the cast structure. Uneven
development of maturity often explains the presence of surface cracks on the structure. [7]
10
The type and degree of restraint Structural mechanics

A newly cast concrete structure will always be restrained (restricted possibility of motion) at some
degree, where as temperature changes gives birth to compressive and tensile stresses within the
structure. The stress situation within the structure will change at different stages in time. The
restraint of a concrete element is influenced of its position and the stiffness of the adjoining
structures. Although the restraint has crucial importance on the risk of cracking, codes have
traditionally been based upon temperature criteria only.
In practice, restraint can be said to be the sum of inner restraint and external restraint. Inner restraint
is defined as the restraint, which occur when there is an uneven temperature situation within the
structure. External restraint is defined as the restraint caused by adjoining structures and/or
supports. [7]
Very seldom does either of these restraints occur as a pure phenomenon, but are often a
combination of both. Therefore, there is no reason for speaking of surface cracks and through
cracks with respect to what type of restraint there is, but rather of the degree of restraint.
Finding the correct degree of restraint of a concrete structure is difficult, but very crucial in order to
get accurate results. Aspects taken into account when defining the degree of restraint are for
example [7]:
-
The stiffness of adjoining structures.

Compliance and flexibility of the ground.
The influence of gravity.
Friction forces in construction joints.
Thermal movements of adjoining structures due to heating caused by the cast section.
The degree of restraint might be expressed in percent, where 100 % is defined as fully restrained
and 0% is defined as totally lack of restraint. [3]
11
3 Theory
In Sections 3.1 and 3.2, the material models and analysis methods used in this report to predict
cracking are explained.
3.1
Material models
3.1.1 Maturity development

The maturity development used in this report is taken from the finite element program 4C Temp &
Stress, developed by DTI Building Technology [5]. The maturity is defined as equivalent age at
20C as follow [5],
t
M = H ( )dt
(3.1)
where H() is a temperature function and t denotes time. This function is the relative rate of
hardening at temperature compared to the rate at 20C, defined as
H ( ) = e
where,
1
E 1

R 293 273+
(3.2)
R = gas constant =8.314 J/mol C
= concrete temperature [C]

= activation energy [J/mol], defined as
E
for < 20C
E = f1 + f2(20 - )
for 20C
E = f1
where,
f1 = activation energy factor 1 [J/mol]
f2 = activation energy factor 2 [J/molC].
In this report the activation energy factors (f1 and f2) are set to 33 500 and 1470 respectively.
3.1.2 Heat development
A Danish model describes the adiabatic heat development used in this report. The function that
describes the heat development is [5],

e
M
where,
Q(M)
Q( M ) = Q e
= heat development at the maturity M [kJ/kg]
= total heat development [kJ/kg]
= time constant [h]
= curvature parameter [-]
= maturity hours [h].
12
(3.3)
Since the heat development is depending of the maturity, which is depending of the heat
development, an iteration process has to be performed until the correct relationship is established.
Values for variables used in the thermal analysis are found in Appendix C.
3.1.3 Linear elastic material model
The linear elastic material model is valid for small elastic strains (normally less then 5 %) [9]. The
material can be isotropic, orthotropic, or fully anisotropic, and can have properties that depend on
temperature and time. Uncracked, hardened concrete has a material behaviour that might be defined
as linear elastic isotropic.
The total stress at any point in time is defined from the total elastic strain as
= D el
(3.4)
where,
= el +
(3.5)
where is the total stress vector, D is material stiffness matrix, and is the total strain vector
(elastic strains and thermal strains). Linear elastic materials satisfy normally the conditions of
material stability, which means that D is positive definite [11].
All linear elastic materials in this report are assumed to have isotropic behaviour, i.e. the material
has the same properties in all directions. This assumption is applicable to uncracked concrete, which
is treated in this report. Isotropic behaviour is the simplest form of linear elasticity, and the stressstrain relationship is given by [11],
xx
1

yy

E
zz
0
xy (1 + )(1 2 )
xz
0

0
yz
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
(1 2 )
2
0
0
0
1
2
(1 2 )
0
xx

yy
zz
0

0
xy
xz
0

1
(1 2 ) yz
2
0
0
(3.6)
The elastic properties are completely defined by giving the Youngs modulus, E, and the Poissons
ratio, . As seen in Eq. (3.6), the shear stresses and shear strains do not depend on the normal
stresses and normal strains (and vice versa). For stability reasons it was previously required that D
has to be positive definite, and for an isotropic material it can be shown that this is fulfilled if [11],
E > 0, and 1< < 12
3.1.4
(3.7)
A material model with time dependent elastic modulus
For the newly cast concrete, a material model with time dependent elastic modulus has been used.
This material model has been modelled in the user subroutine UMAT in ABAQUS 5.7 [9].
The constitutive relationship for the time dependent material model might be written as
d = D( , t ) d el
(3.8)
el =
(3.9)
where,
13

E( ,t )
D( ,t ) =
(1+ )(1 2 ) 0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
2
(1 2 )
0
1
2
(1 2)
0
0
0 (3.10)
0
0
1
(1 2 )
2
0
if the material is assumed to behave isotropic [11]. This is a fairly accurate assumption as long as
the newly cast concrete is crack free.
The development of Youngs modulus is described by [5],
E ( M ) = E 0 ( E0 E ) e
e ,E
(3.11)
where,
E0
E
E
e,E
M
= Initial condition of the Youngs modulus [Pa]

= End value of the Youngs modulus [Pa]
= Curvature parameter [-]
= Time [h]
= Maturity time [h].
As a linear elastic material model has been applied, D(,t) has to be positive definite, i.e.
E(t) > 0, and 1< (t) < 12
(3.12)
Very young concrete is more close to a liquid than to a solid. This has been neglected in this work
as a simplification.
3.1.5 Crack criteria
Several different crack criteria might be used measuring the crack risk. In [1], Bernander imposes
that a stress criterion should be used. The stress criterion mostly used, is defined as
max
tension
0.7
f ct
for no cracking (safety margin of 30%).
(3.13)
where fct denotes the tensile strength of concrete. This is the crack criterion specified by the
Swedish road department (Vgverket) and the crack criterion that is used in this report. Other crack
criteria can be found using fracture mechanics [8], or cracking crack width criterion as in BBK94
[4].
Temperature criteria are often used at construction sites to minimise cracking, as temperature is
easy to measure [1]. The normal temperature limitations apply to maximum temperatures,
temperature differences within the cast sections and mean temperature differences between the new
and the older restraining concrete.
14
3.2
Structural analysis using the finite element method
The mathematical model, usually in the form of partial differential equations, tries to describe the
reality as accurately as possible. The finite element method is an approximate way of solving the
mathematical model, by numerical computation. The steps in a finite element analysis are shown in
Figure 3.1.
Reality
Analysis
Testing
Design
Physical model of reality
Mathematical model
Numerical solution Finite element anaysis
Visualization
Act on results
Figure 3.1
Steps in a finite element analysis.
3.2.1 Mathematical models

3.2.1.1 Heat conduction
The equilibrium equation for the heat flow is according to [11 and 15]
q+ P = 0
q x

q y + P(x , y , z ) = 0
z
q z
(3.14)
where the source term P includes convection effects. The boundary condition is prescribed heat
influx qn at the boundary. The Fourier heat conduction equations are

q x
k xx k xy k xz x
q = k

(3.15)
q = K
y
yx k yy k yz y
q z
k zx k zx k zz

z
where K contains the conductivities and is the temperature. If the material is considered isotropic,
K can be written as
15
1 0 0
K = k 0 1 0
0 0 1
where k is the thermal conductivity.
(3.16)
Heat transfer to the surroundings from the surface can be expressed in terms of a temperature
difference and a heat transfer coefficient k. The heat flow qn might be described according to [5] as
q n = k (T Tamb )
= surface temperature of the volume
where,T
Tamb
(3.17)
= the ambient temperature.
The heat transfer coefficient k is based on the parameters [5]:

-
Thermal properties of the formwork
Thermal properties of the insulation used (if any)

The wind velocity
The equation of k is according to [5]

1
where,
1 t
t
k = + +
C ins form
k = overall transmission coefficient [kJ/m2hC]
C = convective surface transmission coefficient [kJ/m2hC]
t = thickness of insulation and of formwork, respectively [m]
= thermal conductivity [kJ/mhC]
(3.18)
An approximate value for C by forced convection can be calculated as a function of the wind
velocity, as
C = 20 + 14 v
for v 5 m/sec
C = 25.6 v 0.78
for v >5 m/sec
where v is the wind velocity by forced convection [m/sec] [5].
(3.19 a)
(3.19 b)
Neither flux nor radiation has been taken into account for in this work.
3.2.1.2 3D elasticity
The mathematical model should describe the state of the physical model at any point in time.
Usually, the mathematical model is described by partial differential equations. One of the most used
mathematical models to describe the structural behaviour at a macro scale is three-dimensional
elasticity.
-
The equations of equilibrium are [11]
16
~ T + b = 0
where
x
0
z
0

xx
0
yy
bx
zz

+ b y = 0
z xy
b z
xz
y
yz
~T
is the differential operator transposed
is the stress vector, and
is the body force per unit volume.
(3.20)
The kinematic relations assuming small strains are [11]
~u
=
xx 0

yy
zz 0
=
xy
xz y

yz
z
0
y
0
x
0
u
x
z u
y
0 u
z
(3.21)
where
= strain vector,
u = displacement vector.
- The constitutive relations (Hooks generalised law in case of linear elastic materials) [11]
= D
(3.22)
where
D = the material stiffness matrix.
A combination of the three equations, Eqs (3.20) (3.22), yields the Naviers equations
~ T D
~u + b = 0
(3.23)
which hold inside the considered volume. On the boundary S either the displacements u or the
tractions t are prescribed
u = g on Sg
(3.24)
t = n = h on Sh
(3.25)
where
17
is a known, prescribed displacement vector at the boundary Sg,
is a known, prescribed traction vector at the boundary Sh, and
is the normal vector to the boundary Sh.
Note that the total boundary S consists of Sh and Sg.

Since, in most cases, the partial differential equations are hard to solve analytically, an approximate
solution can be obtained by using the finite element method.
3.2.2 Finite element method FEM
Due to the complexity of the mathematical model often the only way of solving the partial differential equations
provided by the mathematical modelling is by a numerical method. Of these numerical methods, the finite element
method (FEM) is dominating.
3.2.2.1 FE-formulation of 3D elasticity

In a FE-formulation, Naviers equations Eq (3.23) have to bee reformulated. Instead, a weak form
of Eq (3.23), often termed the virtual work might be used [11]. With the weak form of the
equilibrium equations, it is straightforward to derive the FE equations for three-dimensional
elasticity.
The approximation of the displacement vector u can be written as
u = Na
(3.26)
where
N
contains the element shape functions, and
holds the nodal displacements.
The corresponding strains are
~ u = Ba
=
where
~N
B=
(3.27)
The finite element equations become [11]

T
B DBdV a = N T hdS + N T gdS + N T bdV
Sh
Sg
V
V
(3.28)
with the boundary conditions

u = g on Sg
t = n = h on Sh
This equation can be written in a more compact fashion as,
Ka = f
(3.29)
where K is the stiffness matrix, and f the force vector defined as
18
K = ke
f = fe
assembly, adding element matrices

into a global system of equations.
(3.30)
where
k e = B T DBdV
Ve
fe =
T
N hdS +
S h,e
(3.31)
T
T
N gdS + N bdV
S g,e
Ve
and the index e refer to individual final elements.

From Eq (3.29) the displacements a can be solved. When a is known the stresses can be
computed by using the relation
= DBa
(3.32)
19
3.2.2.2 Numerical solution method of the transient problem

Time discretisation is often used when solving a transient problem. This means that the timedomain [0,T] is divided into a number of time increments of length ti (Figure 3.2). The calculation
is then made stepwise using some kind of finite difference scheme within each time increment,
based on an assumed (usually linear) variation [18]. In this work, a simple Euler scheme is adapted.
The stress at the end of the time increment (ti+1) is computed as
i +1 = i + D( t i +2ti +1 ) i
(3.33)
where
D(
t i + t i +1
2
) = the stiffness matrix at time
(t)
Response
D ( t i +2ti+1 )
i+1
i
Time
0
ti
ti+1
ti
Figure 3.2
Finite difference approximation [18] p.2.8
20
t i +t 1
i+
2
4 A proposed engineering method for crack risk estimation

4.1
The engineering method
Jan Olofsson and Per Kettil at Skanska Teknik AB in Gothenburg develop the engineering method
described in the following section. The method is divided into three major steps as illustrated by
Figure 4.1:
1. Temperature and maturity analysis
2. Restraint analysis
3. Non-linear stress analysis: Simplified model

for cross section:
Temperature development
Maturity development
E-modulus development
2D or 3D linear elastic restraint analysis:
Cube cut out

from the wall
Volume representing the
restraint from the slab
Estimated restraint
(stiffness relationship)
Non-linear stress analysis:

Using a reduced model
Stresses
Risk of cracking ?
Figure 4.1 Steps in the engineering method proposed for crack risk evaluation.
21
4.1.1
The time dependent temperature distribution and equivalent maturity hours can be calculated by
using a special purpose finite element program, for example as in this case 4C - Temp & Stress [5].
Very often, this analysis only has to be two-, or one-dimensional since the temperature distribution
in the z-direction, and also the maturity does not change from section to section, and the plane of
interest is the z-symmetry plane (Figure 4.2). From time t and temperature , the equivalent
maturity M can be computed. When the maturity is known, the elastic modulus E might be
calculated.
or
x
Reality
2D temperature analysis
z
OUTPUT
Maturity, M
Temperature,
Elastic modulus, E
Figure 4.2 The z-symmetry plane is used in the temperature analysis. This analysis
can be either 2D or in simpler cases 1D.
22
4.1.2 Restraint analysis

In order to estimate the structural restraint of the analysed structure, two linear elastic restraint
simulations are carried out. The first to find the average restraint during the expansion phase and the
second to find the average restraint during the contraction phase. During these restraint analyses an
arbitrary temperature load is applied on the newly cast concrete, i.e. the wall. The old adjoining
concrete is assumed to have a fully developed elastic modulus in both of the analyses. These
simulations can be either 2D or 3D depending of the geometry of the analysed structure. Inputs to
these restraint analyses are the average elastic moduli of the expansion and the contraction phases.
The elastic moduli are computed from the results obtained in the previous temperature and maturity
simulation.
The restraint stresses in the new concrete can then be plotted. The stress level is compared to the
maximum stress level (defined as the stress level achieved if the restraint had been 100 %, i.e. no
strain in z-direction) as
Rz =
zz
100
T pre E wall
(4.1)
where
Rz
zz
Tpre
Ewall
= Restraint [%]
= Stress in the z-direction at the studied point [MPa]
= Thermal expansion coefficient [C-1]
= Arbitrary prescribed temperature load [C]
= Elastic modulus of the wall used in the restraint simulation [MPa]
The actual restraint is now known and will be between 0 and 100 %. The point with the highest risk
of cracking can then be estimated by maximising f(TR). Now, T is either the true temperature
increase during the heating phase or the true temperature drop during the cooling phase of the point
analysed, depending of which restraint analysis is looked upon. T is, in other words, achieved
from the temperature analysis described in the previous Section 4.1.1. Two different Rz have now
been computed, one that is valid during the expansion phase and the other that is valid during the
contraction phase.
The relation of stiffness between the new and the old concrete that represents the restraint in the
point with the highest risk of cracking can be calculated as
Aadj E adj
Awall E wall
Rz
1 Rz
(4.2)
where,
Aadj Eadj
= Stiffness of the adjoining part causing the correct restraint situation [N]
Awall Ewall = Stiffness of the part of the wall studied [N]

Rz
= Restraint from Eq (4.1)
This is simply a result from a derivation using two parallel-coupled beams where one is
representing the newly cast wall and the other the restraining structure, in this case the slab. The
derivation of Eq (4.2) is found in Appendix G.
23
The relation between the stiffnesses is then used in the stress analysis for defining a spring
stiffness in the z-direction, i.e. the stiffness of the restraining slab compared to that of the wall. The
steps in the restraint analysis are shown in Figure 4.3.
Tpre
For both of the
restraint analyses:
Stress in z-direction, zz
Structural restraint, Rz
Elastic modulus during:

1. expansion phase
2. contraction phase
zz
Relation of stiffness used

in the simplified model for
stress analysis:
2D or 3D linear restraint analysis
Aadj Eadj = R z
Awall Ewall 1 R z
One for the expansion
phase and one for the
contraction phase.
Figure 4.3 The restraint analyses are carried out to find the relation of stiffness between
the new cast and the adjoining structure during the expansion and contraction
phases.
24
4.1.3
In the stress analysis the studied part is connected to a relevant part of the old adjoining structure
(Figure 4.4). The studied part is a cube cut out from the wall surrounding the point with the highest
risk of cracking. The size, i.e. the stiffness, of the old adjoining structure (restraining part) is
determined through Eq (4.2). The temperature development used in the studied part is that of the
point with the highest cracking risk from the temperature development. The temperature of the
restraining part is normally kept constant, if this has cooled to the ambient temperature. When the
stress development is computed the risk of cracking can be calculated accordingly to Eq (3.13).
In the z-direction, this is

equal to a spring with
stiffness S
Studied
wall part
y
y
x
Restraining
volume of
the slab
S = Aadj Eadj =
3D non-linear stress analysis using

a Simplified model
R
= Awall Ewall z
1 Rz
Stress crack risk criterion.
Stress development
max
max
0.7
f ct
= max tensile z
OK?
Figure 4.4 3D reduced model non-linear stress analysis used to estimate the cracking risk.
25
5 Verification analysis
The purpose of the verification analysis is to conclude whether the simplified engineering method
described in Section 4 is a adequate tool for crack risk estimation, or if another approach has to be
taken under consideration.
Section 5.1 describes the geometric model used in the verification process. The temperature
analysis used as input to both of the stress analyses, and for deriving the elastic moduli used in the
restraint analyses, are found in Section 5.2. Section 5.3 presents the subroutines used for describing
the temperature distribution and the time dependent material model in ABAQUS 5.7. The full 3D
stress analysis is found in Section 5.4, and the engineering method in Section 5.5. A comparison
between the both stress analyses is presented in Section 5.6.
5.1
Geometric model
The geometry used is taken from [7] p.43, and refers to a structure often used in practice. The
structure, a road underpass, is shown in Figure 5.1.
1m
5m
1m
8m
4m
Figure 5.1 An ordinary Swedish concrete road underpass.

The structure part analysed is one of the wall-cast-on-slab parts shown in Figure 5.2. This part
can also represent for example a concrete wall in a building or in a concrete tunnel.
26
0.5 m
5.0 m
12.0 m
1.0 m
4.0 m
Figure 5.2 Part of the road underpass used in the simulation.
5.2
Temperature analysis using the FE program 4C Temp & Stress
The heat conduction analysis in the finite element program 4C Temp & Stress [5] is used to
simulate the temperature field and maturity development. The temperature field will then be used
as input to the stress analyses in ABAQUS 5.7 [9]. Furthermore, it will be used for estimating the
location with the highest risk of cracking, and the maturity used for calculating the average elastic
modulus during the expansion and contraction phases used in the restraint analysis. The reason why
4C Temp & Stress was chosen for generating the temperature field is that Skanska Teknik AB
uses it for crack risk simulations in ongoing projects. There are also various possibilities in
modelling boundary conditions in a simple manner.
Since 4C Temp & Stress is a 2D finite element program; only the temperature field in the
midsection of the wall-slab is simulated (see Figure 5.3). This means that when exporting the
temperature field into ABAQUS, all cross-sections will have the same temperature field variation in
time. This approximation is fairly accurate since only the end parts of the wall are subjected to
cooling effects from the end surfaces.
27
Figure 5.3 Cross-section used in the temperature simulation (shaded), which is the symmetry
plane in this direction.
5.2.1 Finite element mesh
4C Temp & Stress automatically meshes the geometry specified by the user. The elements used
for the mesh are triangular plane elements. These elements use a quadratic variation for describing
temperature. The mesh used in the temperature analysis is shown in Figure 5.4.
Refined surface mesh to

account for steep gradients
of temperature at form
stripping.
Figure 5.4 Finite element mesh of 6-node triangles used in the temperature simulation.
28
5.2.2
Boundary conditions specified during the simulation are:

-
Formwork covering the sides of the wall during the whole simulation.
The top of the wall has no insulation.
No insulation or formwork is provided to the adjoining concrete structure, i.e. the slab.
No artificial cooling or heating is provided during the simulation.
Boundary conditions are specified in Figure 5.5. All values are constant in time.
Air
Air:
v = 5 m/s
k = 90 kJ/m2hC
Tamb = 17C
Form
work
Form work:
Tamb = 17C
k = 14.4 kJ/m2hC
v = 5 m/s
tform = 21 mm
form = 0.504 kJ/mhC
Form
work
Air
Ground:
Tamb = 17C
k = 20 kJ/m2hC
v = 0 m/s
Air
Air
Air
Ground
Figure 5.5 Boundary conditions during the temperature analysis.

The ambient temperature is set to 17C during the temperature analysis.
Initial conditions are specified as:
-
Initial temperature of the concrete slab, Tslab, initial = 17C

Initial temperature of the concrete wall, Twall, initial = 24C
29
5.2.3
Results
The temperature development of the lower part of the wall, which is the most interesting for this
thesis, is plotted in Figure 5.6. Here it is seen that the lower part of the wall is cold down by the
adjoining slab. The maximum temperature, + 46.5C, in the wall is reached 23 hours after the cast
begun, while at one wall thickness twall up from the slab, the temperature only reaches +44.9C at 19
hours after the cast begun. The time values of the expansion and contraction phases are not equal
for all points in the structure due to differences in peak temperature. A point with higher peak
temperature has a longer expansion phase than a point with a lower peak temperature. The
expansion and contraction phases are defined respectively depending of the point studied.
6
4
twall
2
0
Time
Figure 5.6 Temperature development of points at the centre of the midsection of the wall.
The wall has not fully cooled to ambient temperature within the time of the analysis (168h), but the
ambient temperature (17C) will be used when computing the temperature drop, i.e. the temperature
load of the wall during the contraction period.
Figure 5.7 shows the temperature distribution at the centre of the cross-section of the wall, 23 hours
after the cast begun.
30
24.5
29.4
34.3
39.2
44.1
Area where the

highest risk of
cracking is located.
29.4
44.1
39.2
34.3
24.5
19.6
Figure 5.7 Temperature field at t=23 h, with the approximate location of the highest cracking
risk (shaded).
Due to the cooling effect of the slab, the highest risk of cracking is located approximately one half
to one and a half wall thickness (twall) above the construction joint as shown in Figure 5.7. This is an
assumption and must therefore be checked in either the full 3D stress analysis, or in the engineering
method (using f(T,R)).
The temperature development (in the 2D temperature analysis) of the nodes specified for the full 3D
stress analysis (Section 5.4) was saved to a file. In this file, all nodes having the same (x,y)
coordinates will have the same temperature development, i.e. the cooling effect of the end surfaces
is not accounted for. This file will be used as input to the full 3D stress analysis and to the stress
analysis using the simplified model analysis (Section 5.5.2).
From the temperature and maturity analysis input to the restraint analyses should also be computed.
The input is the average elastic modulus during the expansion and contraction phases for the point
with the highest cracking risk accordingly to Section 4.1.2. Due to the cooling effect mentioned
above, the point with the highest cracking risk is assumed to be located one half to one and a half
wall thickness (twall) above the construction joint. The temperature and maturity development
(Figure 5.8) are therefore plotted for y = 0.5twall, 1.0twall and 1.5twall.
31
50
Tmean,exp
Tmean,cont
Temperature [ C]
45
0.5 twall
1.0 twall
1.5 twall
40
35
30
25
20
15
0
24
48
72
96
120
144
168
120
144
168
Time [h]
300
0.5 twall
1.0 twall
1.5 twall
Maturity [h]
250
200
150
Mcont
100
50
Mexp
0
24
48
72
96
Time [h]
Figure 5.8 The temperature and maturity development at y = 0.5twall, 1twall and 1.5twall.
In Figure 5.8, the method used for finding the maturity of the expansion and contraction phases are
shown for y = 1.0 twall. The maturity is then used to calculate the corresponding elastic modulus
with Eq (3.11) from Section 3.1.4. The elastic modulus development is shown in Figure 5.9.
32
40000
35000
Econt
E-modulus [MPa
30000
25000
Properties:
20000
E0
E
MPa
e,E
15000
Eexp
10000
5000
0
1
10
Mexp
100
Mcont
=
=
0 MPa
35000
12.89
1 15
1000
Maturity [h]
Figure 5.9 Development of the elastic modulus.

The same procedure is then used for the other two points. The calculations of the elastic moduli
during the expansion and contraction phases are found in Table 5.1.
Table 5.1 Data for calculating the average elastic moduli used in the restraint analysis.
y = 0.5 twall
Temperature [C]:
T0h
Tmax at (time)
Tambient
Taverage, expansion
texpansion
Taverage, contraction
tcontraction
Maturity [h]:
texpansion Mexpansion
tcontraction Mcontraction
Elastic modulus [MPa]:
Mexpansion Eexpansion
Mcontraction Econtraction
y = 1.0 twall
y = 1.5 twall
24.00
39.48 (18h)
17
31.74
10 h
28.24
59 h
24.00
44.91 (19h)
17
34.46
9.5 h
30.96
61 h
24.00
45.93 (22h)
17
34.97
10 h
31.47
65 h
13.0
109.2
13.2
133.7
13.8
150.2
13001
32126
13228
32703
13885
32982
The average elastic moduli during the expansion and contraction phases used in the restraint
simulations are 13.2 GPa and 32.7 GPa respectively (Table 5.1) for
y = 1.0 twall.
33
5.3
User defined subroutines in ABAQUS 5.7
In ABAQUS 5.7 [9], there are possibilities of user defined subroutines for establishing user defined
temperature field and defining transient material response. The subroutines used in this Master
Thesis are UTEMP, to define temperature fields in time, and UMAT, to define the time dependent
material behaviour.
5.3.1
Subroutine UTEMP
The user subroutine UTEMP [9] allows the user to prescribe temperatures at the nodes of a finite
element model. The user has to define the temperature in the node by FORTRAN [6] code. 4C
Temp & Stress, was used to generate the temperature input file temp.inp to the UTEMP-files used in
this Master Thesis. The input file contains every nodes temperature variation in time. The time
increments in the input file have been set to 1 hour. If time is in between two time values, a linear
interpolation between the two values will be made.
The output returned to ABAQUS is the nodal temperature, TEMP(MSECPT), in the node for which
UTEMP was called. A number of variables are passed into UTEMP from ABAQUS for information.
These are [9]:
-
MSECPT
KSTEP
KINC
TIME(1)
TIME(2)
NODE
COORDS
Maximum number of section values required for any node in the model. For
the solid elements used in this report MSECPT = 1.
Step number.
Time increment number.
Current value of step time, i.e. the time within the step.
Current value of total time, i.e. the total time from the first step.
Node number.
An array containing the current coordinates of this point.
The UTEMP-files are built in the following way:

1. Depending of which node UTEMP is called for a variable NNR is set to some value. This is
the value used when finding the correct position in the temperature input file temp.inp.
2. From temp.inp the appropriate temperature values are read, and a linear interpolation is done
if the time value TIME(2) an integer value.
3. TEMP(MSECPT) is set equal to the calculated temperature of the node, and returned to
ABAQUS.
The UTEMP files used in the simplified method and in the verification analysis are listed in
Appendix A.
5.3.2
Subroutine UMAT
The user subroutine UMAT [9] has been used to define the mechanical constitutive behaviour of the
newly cast concrete. The UMAT subroutine is very powerful and can be used to specify any
material model if used appropriate. UMAT is called twice for every integration point with in each
time increment, the first time to compute the stiffness matrix and the stresses and the second time to
check that the stresses computed are correct, otherwise an iteration process is performed.
Output from the UMAT subroutine must be an update of the stresses and the solution-dependent
state variables to their values at the end of the time increment for which it is called. Also, UMAT
must provide the material stiffness matrix, el / el, for the constitutive model [9].
34
The material model used in UMAT is the material model with time dependent elastic modulus
described in Section 3.1.4. When modelling the response in UMAT, the response is approximated to
be linear elastic within the time increment, but with plastic strains when moving from one time
increment to the next as shown in Section 3.2.2.2. The constitutive relationship modelled in UMAT
is
i+1 = i +
i = i + Di el,i
(5.1)
where
i / el,i , here approximated as Di = D

Di =
( )
t i + t i +1
2
(5.2)
and
el = -
(5.3)
This can be shown in Figure 5.10.
Approximation
Exact solution
i+1
i
i
el,i
el,i+1
el,i
el
Plastic deformation if
unloading at t i+1
Figure 5.10 Material response using a time dependent elastic modulus.

The maturity function Eq (3.1) in Section 3.1.1 is numerically calculated as
M i +1 = M i + H i ( ) (t i +1 t i )
(5.4)
where
Mi+1
= Maturity at time ti+1.
Mi
= Maturity at time ti.
Hi()
= Value of temperature function during time increment i.
Mi+1 is stored in a state variable.

As an approximation, Hi() Eq (3.2) is defined as the average temperature function during the time
increment, that is
35
(t ) + (t i )
H i ( ) = H i +1
(5.5)
when used with Eq (5.4).

The elastic-modulus during the i-time step is computed accordingly to Eq (3.11) as
E ( M ) = E 0 ( E0 E ) e
e ,E
(5.6)
with notifications defined in Section 3.1.4.

The UMAT files used are listed in Appendix B.
36
5.4
Full 3D stress analysis in ABAQUS used for verification
The finite element analysis used for verification of the proposed engineering method is a full threedimensional analysis taking the true structural restraint at any point in time into account. Due to
symmetry, only half of the structure is studied in the analysis. The ABAQUS input file used in the
verification analysis is listed in Appendix D.
5.4.1 Finite element mesh
The finite element mesh used in the full 3D stress analysis is shown in Figure 5.11.
Figure 5.11
Finite element mesh of 20-node bricks used in the full 3D analysis. (Coordinate
axes are defined as: 1 = x, 2 = y, 3 = z)
The elements used are 20-node solid brick elements of type C3D20 [9]. These elements are of
second order, i.e. they are using quadratic basic functions. The reason why these elements were
chosen is that they give a more exact solution of the stresses then 8-node elements.
5.4.2
Boundary conditions
Since the temperature development is defined by a separate temperature analysis, no thermal
boundary conditions need to be considered at this stage of the analysis. These have already been
taken care of in the temperature analysis.
Structural boundary conditions are (Figure 5.12):
-
Symmetry plane at z = 0, i.e. uz = 0

Symmetry plane at x = 0, i.e. ux = 0
Fixed displacement y = 0 at bottom nodes at z = 0
37
x-symmetry plane
ux = 0
z-symmetry plane
uz = 0
uy = 0
Figure 5.12 Structural boundary conditions.

Initial conditions
The initial temperatures of the wall and the slab are the same as in the temperature analysis, i.e. for
the wall 24C and for the slab 17C.
The material parameters are all set to zero at the beginning of the analysis;
M(t=0)
0h
E(t=0)
1.0 kPa
Numerical problems will occur in the first time increment if the material stiffness is set to zero
when UMAT is called for the first time. Therefor E(t=0) is set to 1.0 kPa, which is a very low value
of the modulus of elasticity.
5.4.3
Load case
The load case is defined only by the temperature development, found by the temperature analysis
and stored in the input file temp.inp. No external loads have been applied, nor has the deadweight
been included since this implies that the underlying ground has to be taken into consideration. In
Appendix H it is shown that the effect of the underlying ground can be neglected for this structure.
5.4.4
Results
The result of interest is the stress in the z-direction. The stress output from the three-dimensional
analysis is correct at all points in the structure if the cooling effect from the end surfaces is
neglected. This is the case since the restraint has been fully accounted for at all points in the
structure. The stress field obtained at the end of the analysis time is shown in Figure 5.13.
38
Point of maximum
tensile stress in the zdirection, one wall
thickness above the
construction joint.
Thezz stress field at t=168h. (The ABAQUS postprocessor only use values of the
corner nodes for contour display.)
Figure 5.13 shows that the assumption about the location of maximum tensile stress at one wall
thickness twall above the construction joint (Section 5.2.3) was correct. A curve showing the stress
development at the point of maximum zz shown in Figure 5.13 is found in Figure 5.14.
Figure 5.13
+ 3.842
4.00
3.00
szz [MPa]
2.00
1.00
0.00
0
24
48
72
96
120
144
168
-1.00
-2.00
-3.00
- 2.098
Time [h]
Figure 5.14
Stress development at one wall thickness above the construction joint, i.e. at
(x,y,z) = (0, 1.5, 0).
Maximum stress at this point is +3.84 MPa. The stress level is high, since creep has not been included in the model
used. Artificial cooling, i.e. cooling pipes can also reduce the stress level obtained.
39
5.5
Stress analysis using the engineering method
The engineering method proposed in Section 4 it built up of three main parts:

1.
2.
3.

Restraint simulations
The temperature and maturity analysis used was presented in Section 5.2. In Section 5.5.1 are the
restraint analyses for the expansion and contraction phases found, while the stress analysis using a
simplified model is given in Section 5.5.2.
5.5.1
3D restraint simulations in ABAQUS
As proposed in Section 4.1.2, two restraint simulations have been performed:

1. With the average elastic modulus of the expansion phase, Eexp = 13.2 GPa (Table 5.1,
Section 5.2.3)
2. With the average elastic modulus of the contraction phase, Econt = 32.7 GPa (Table 5.1,
Section 5.2.3).
In both cases, an arbitrary temperature load of T = -10C has been used to estimate the structural
restraint. Neither the gravitational force, nor the ground stiffness has been taken into account during
these analyses. In [10] it has been shown that if using a ground stiffness of less or equal to 60 000
kN/m2 (stiff sand or compacted moraine), the restraint caused by the ground can be neglected. This
holds if the length of the structure is less or equal to 24 m for a structure similar to the studied one.
In Appendix H the effect of including ground stiffness to this structure is shown. The effect on the
stresses is negligible (less than 2%). The input files used in the restraint analyses are listed in
Appendix E.
5.5.1.1 Finite element mesh
For the restraint simulations, ABAQUS 5.7 has been used. The FE-mesh used for both of the
restraint simulations is the same as for the full 3D stress analysis. This to minimise the error due to
different models. The mesh is shown in Figure 5.15.
Figure 5.15 FE-mesh used in the restraint simulations.

40
5.5.1.2 Boundary and initial conditions

Boundary conditions
Since the temperature drop in the wall should not affect the slab, double node sets have been used in
the joint between the wall and the slab. These nodes are coupled by constraint equations in order to
prescribe identical displacements of the coupled nodes.
The structural boundary conditions are the same as in the full 3D stress analysis (Figure 5.12).
Initial conditions
The initial temperature of both the wall and the slab is set to 0C in both of the analysis.
5.5.1.3 Material properties

The material properties used in the restraint simulations are:
Expansion phase
Slab:
Wall:
35.0
0.17
1.010-5 C-1
13.2
0.17
1.010-5 C-1
35.0
0.17
1.010-5 C-1
32.7
0.17
1.010-5 C-1
GPa
GPa
Contraction phase
Slab:
Wall:
41
GPa
GPa
5.5.1.4 Results
The results from the restraint analyses are used to determine the relation of stiffness between the
new and the old concrete using Eqs (3.1) and (3.2). The stress in the z-direction of the studied point
is used as input to Eq (3.1).
Expansion phase
The zz stress field of the expansion analysis is shown in Figure 5.16.
Figure 5.16 The stress field of the analysis of the expansion phase.
If both the restraint Rz, expansion (computed through Eq (3.1)) and the temperature increase during the
expansion phase Texpansion (from the temperature analysis Section 5.2) are plotted as functions of
height at the centre of the symmetry section, i.e. from (x,y,z) = (0,1,0) to (0,6,0), the point with the
highest risk of cracking can be estimated by maximising the product of R and T (Figure 5.17).
From Figure 5.17 it can be seen that the location of the maximum cracking risk is located about 0.5
m above the construction joint, i.e. at one wall thickness (y=1.5 m) above the joint. Consequently
the assumption in Section 5.2.3 was correct.
42
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90 100
Restraint [%]
4
3,5
3
delta
temperature
2,5
Restraint
Max risk of
cracking
2
1,5
1
10
15
20
25
Texpansion [C]
Figure 5.17 Determination of the point with the highest risk of cracking during the expansion
phase by maximising the product of R and T.
The zz-stress of the point studied ( (x,y,z) =(0,1.5,0) ) is equal to 0.926 MPa. From Eq (3.1) the
structural restraint in this point is,
Rexp ansion =
0.926 10 6
100 = 70.2%
1.0 10 5 (10) 13.2 10 9
The restraint in this point is 70.2 % compared to a fully restrained structure. Now the relation of
stiffness in the expansion phase can be calculated by Eq (3.2) as,
( Aadj E adj ) expansion
( Awall E wall ) expansion
Rexpansion
1 Rexpansion
0.702
= 2.35
1 0.702
Eadj = 15.5 GPa
If,
Awall = 0.25 m2
Ewall = 13.2 GPa
Aadj = 0.5 m2
Eadj is used in the stress analysis using a simplified model.

Contraction phase
The second restraint analysis is performed with average elastic modulus during the contraction
phase. It is in the contraction phase that the risk of through cracks is the highest. The zz-stress field
of the contraction analysis is shown in Figure 5.18.
43
Figure 5.18 The stress field of the analysis of the contraction phase.
By plotting both the restraint Rz, contraction (computed through Eq (3.1)) and the temperature drop
during the contraction phase Tcontraction as functions of height at the centre of the symmetry section,
i.e. from (x,y,z) = (0,1,0) to (0,6,0), the point with the highest risk of cracking during the
contraction phase can be estimated in the same way as presented for the expansion phase. From
Figure 5.19 it can be seen that the maximum cracking risk is also for the contraction phase located
about one wall thickness above the construction joint. Consequently the assumption in Section 5.2.3
was correct.
10 20 30 40
50 60 70 80 90 100
Restraint [%]
4,00
3,50
3,00
delta
temperature
2,50
Restraint
2,00
Max risk of
cracking
1,50
1,00
10
15
20
25
30
35
Tcontraction [C]
Figure 5.19 Determination of the point with the highest risk of cracking during the contraction
phase by maximising the product of R and T.
The zz-stress of the studied point ( (x,y,z) =(0,1.5,0) ) is in this case equal to 2.12 MPa. From Eq
(3.1) the structural restraint in this point might be calculated as
44
Rcontraction
2.12 10 6
=
100 = 64.8%
1.0 10 5 (10) 32.7 10 9
The restraint in this point is 64.8 % compared to a fully restrained structure. The relation of stiffness
in the contraction phase can now be calculated by Eq (3.2) as
( Aadj E adj ) contraction
( Awall E wall ) contraction
If
Rcontraction
0.648
=
= 1.84
1 Rcontraction 1 0.648
Eadj = 30.1 GPa
Awall = 0.25 m2
Ewall = 32.7 GPa
Aadj = 0.5 m2
Eadj is used in the stress analysis using a simplified model.
45
5.5.2
Stress analysis in ABAQUS using a simplified model
The last part in the proposed engineering method is the stress analysis using a simplified or reduced
model. ABAQUS 5.7 has been used in this analysis. The reason why ABAQUS was used also for this
stress analysis is that the same temperature input file and material model as for the full 3D stress
analysis can be used. The input file used in this stress analysis is listed in Appendix F.
5.5.2.1 Finite element mesh
The finite element mesh used in the simplified model is shown in Figure 5.20.
Vwall
Vadj
Figure 5.20 Finite element mesh of the simplified model.

In this model, as well as in the full 3D model, 20-node solid brick elements have been used. The
reason why the same elements were chosen was to minimise model errors. The dimensions of the
two bodies used in the analysis are:
(height, thickness, depth)wall
(0.5, 0.5, 0.5) m
(height, thickness, depth)adj
(1.0, 0.5, 0.5) m
The volume of the underlying structure Vadj (simulating the restraint caused by the structure) has
been chosen to be twice the volume of the wall structure Vwall, in accordance with calculations on
the previous sides:
Aadj /Awall = 0.5 / 0.25 = 2
46
5.5.2.2 Boundary and initial conditions

The two structure parts used in the simplified model is connected to each other only in the zdirection, why the adjoining part acts as a spring in this direction (Figure 5.21).
x
z
Spring
Figure 5.21 The structural behaviour of the simplified model.

The way the two structures are connected is by constraint equations. The following structural
boundary conditions are used (Figure 5.22):
- uz = 0 at section z = 0.5
- ux = 0 at the x-symmetry plane
- uy = 0 at the surfaces meeting each other.
- uz,i = uz,j at section z = 0 (i.e. plane sections remain plane after deformation).
- uy,i = uy,j at section y = 0.5 (i.e. plane sections remain plane after deformation).
uy,i = uy,j
uz,i = uz,j
at z = 0
uy =0
x
ux =0 at x = 0
(shaded)
z
uz =0
at z = 0.5
Figure 5.22 Structural boundary conditions of the simplified model.
47
Initial conditions
Initial temperatures are set to
Twall, initial = 24C
Tadj, initial = 17C
The material parameters in UMAT at the beginning of the analysis are set as,
Wall
M(t=0)
0h
E(t=0)
1.0 kPa*
Adjoining structure ( Section 4.5.1.4)

E(0 t 19h) = 15.5 GPa (expansion phase)
E( t >19h)
*)
= 30.1 GPa (contraction phase)
Numerical problems will occur in the first time increment if the material stiffness is set to zero
when UMAT is called for the first time. Therefor, E(t=0) is set to 1.0 kPa which is a very low
value of the modulus of elasticity.
5.5.2.3 Load case

As in the full 3D stress analysis, the temperature input file temp.inp has been used to defined the temperature
development within the structure. The temperature fields defined in temp.inp have already taken all the thermal
boundary conditions into account, why no such boundary conditions need to be specified in this analysis.
5.5.2.4 Results
The result of interest is the stress in the z-direction at the midpoint of the wall-part. The stress field at the end of the
analysis looks like Figure 5.23.
Point of interest
Figure 5.23 zz stress field at the end of the analysis (t = 168h).

For the point shown in Figure 5.23 the stress development has been taken out of ABAQUS (Figure
5.24).
48
4.00
+ 3.870
szz [MPa]
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
-1.00
24
48
72
96
120
144
168
-2.00
-3.00
- 2.070
Time [h]
Figure 5.24 Stress development of the point studied.

The tensile stress in the z-direction of the simplified model reaches a peak value of +3.87 MPa,
compared to + 3.84 MPa in the full 3D stress analysis (see Figure 5.14).
49
5.6
Comparison
If both of the stress analyses are drawn in the same diagram (Figure 5.25), the results can easily be
compared to each other.
4.00
szz [MPa]
3.00
2.00
1.00
Simplified
model
0.00
-1.00 0
24
48
72
96
120
144
Full 3D
analysis
168
-2.00
-3.00
Time [h]
Figure 5.25 Both stress analyses plotted in the same diagram.

In Figure 5.25 it is seen that both of the curves are very much alike, almost identical. The most
important conclusion is that the peak values are equal. In this case the compression stresses built up
during the expansion phase of the simplified model are lower than those of the full 3D analysis, and
the tension stresses during the contraction phase are higher than those of the full 3D analysis. If
comparing peak values (maximum compressive and tensile stresses) of both the models (Table 5.2),
it is seen that the engineering method is on-the-safe-side for this example.
Table 5.2
Peak compressive and tensile stresses of the two stress analyses.

Analysis type
Full 3D stress analysis
Stress analysis using the

simplified model
Max compressive stress
- 2.098 MPa
- 2.070 MPa
Max tensile stress
+ 3.842 MPa
+ 3.870 MPa
zz
If Figure 5.25 is studied closely, it can be noticed that the two curves do not match at every point in
time. The reason is that the structural restraint in the full 3D analysis is not constant during the
expansion and contraction phases, as it is in the stress analysis using the simplified model. One way
of getting a more exact solution at every point in time, would be to change the structural restraint
of the simplified model more often. This has not been a part of this Master Thesis, since the
numbers achieved are within an error limit of 5 %.
50
CONCLUDING REMARKS
6 Concluding remarks
The stress analyses performed in ABAQUS 5.7 show of good agreement between the engineering
method proposed in Section 4 and the full 3D stress analysis for the kind of concrete structure
analysed in this Master Thesis.
The comparison has been made using a fairly simple material model where neither creep nor
shrinkage has been included. What effect would these parameters have on the result? Creep has a
relaxing effect on the stress development, meaning that the stress level is reduced compared to if
creep had been neglected. Including creep would hence result in a lowered crack risk, which is
positive. Shrinkage on the other hand would increase the stress level and furthermore the crack risk.
In most cases, creep is the dominating parameter of these two, why the stress level probably would
be lowered if both creep and shrinkage were included. For the comparison, it is believed that the
agreement would still be accurately enough even if creep and shrinkage were taken into account.
The reason for this is that both creep and shrinkage are material related parameters, which mean
that including these in the material model would have approximately the same effect on both of the
stress developments. This, of course, is under the assumption that the same material model is used
in both of the analyses, which is the case in this Master Thesis.
The analyses have resulted in a better understanding of the structural restraint situation in a concrete
wall on a slab structure. It has been shown that the point with the highest tensile stresses is located
approximately one wall thickness above the construction joint for this type of structure.
By using the average elastic modulus of the contraction and expansion phases respectively, very
good agreement of stress development is reached compared to the full 3D stress analysis. If more
exact agreement is needed, the structural restraint of the simplified model has to be changed more
often.
An interesting comment is the computational time that was required to perform a stress analysis of
the kind presented in this report. If using the engineering method with the simplified model the
computational time was approximately one hour, while the full 3D stress analysis needed 12 hours.
This show what savings in computational time can be made if using the engineering method
proposed in this report.
A problem with commercial finite element programs, such as 4C Temp & Stress and ABAQUS
5.7, is the black box construction, which makes it difficult to check the actions behind each
command.
6.1
Further research
The analyses performed were limited to one specific structure, with defined dimensions. It would be
of most interest to perform a parameter study of a wall on a slab structure. Then more general
conclusions about the location of maximum tensile stress, and furthermore maximum crack risk can
be drawn. Also, conclusions about the restraint situation can be obtained.
It would have been very interesting to perform these analyses including both creep and shrinkage in
the material model to verify the assumption that these material parameters have little effect on the
structural restraint situation, i.e. the agreement of the stress developments.
Since ABAQUS is a general finite element program, the heat generation can be defined using the
subroutine UTEMP explained earlier and a heat simulation analysis would be performed directly in
ABAQUS 5.7. Then the cooling effect of end surfaces of the structure can be taken into account.
51
7 References
[1]
Bernander S.: STATE of the ART REPORT on Pratical Measures to Avoiding Early Age
Thermal Cracking in Concrete Structures; RILEM TC 119 TCE, 1997.
[2]
Betonghandboken Arbetsutfrande, utgva 2 Projektering och Byggande, AB

Svensk Byggtjnst, Stockholm 1994.
[3]
Betonghandboken Material, utgva 2, AB Svensk Byggtjnst, Stockholm 1994.
[4]
Boverket, Byggavdelningen: Boverkets handbok om betongkonstruktioner, Band 1,

Konstruktion (BBK 94), Tryckeri Balder AB, Stockholm 1995.
[5]
DTI Building Technology: 4C Temp & Stress, Ver. 2.0 for Windows, User Manual,
DTI Building Technology, Taastrup 1998.
[6]
Ekman T. and Eriksson G.: Programmering i Fortran 77, Studentlitteratur, Lund 1991.
[7]
Emborg M, et. al.: Temperatursprickor i betongkonstruktioner. Berkningsmetoder fr

hydratationsspnningar och diagram fr ngra vanliga typfall, Avdelningen fr
Konstruktionsteknik, Tekniska Hgskolan i Lule, Teknisk rapport 1997:02, Lule
1997.
[8]
Hillerborg A., Moder M. and Petersson P.E.: Analysis of Crack Fromation and Crack
growth in Concrete by means of Fracture Mechanics and Finite Elements., Cement and
Concrete Research, vol 6, 1976
[9]
HKS, Hibbit, Karlsson and Sorensen INC.: ABAQUS/Standard, Theory Manual, Users
Manual Volume I, II, III, Version 5.7; HKS, Providence, Rhode Island 02906 USA.
[10] Nilsson M.: Inverkan av tvng i gjutfogar och i betongkonstruktioner p elastisk

underlag, Examensarbete vid Avd. fr Konstruktionsteknik, Lule Tekniska Hgskola,
Lule 1998.
[11] Ottossen N. and Petersson H.: Introduction to the finite element method, New York,
Prentice-Hall 1994
[12] Pettersson D.: Stresses in Concrete Structures from Ground Restraint, Rapport TVBK1014, Department of Structural Engineering, Lund Institute of Technology, Lund 1998.
[13] Project Programme of Brite/EuRam project BE 96 3843 27 January 1997.
[14] Saleh I.:Early age temperature of the pier caisson concrete walls for the resund Link
Bridge, Master Thesis 90, Structural Design and Bridges1998, Royal Institute of
Technology, Stockholm 1998.
[15] Samuelsson A. and Wiberg N-E.: Finite Element Method Basics, Studentlitteratur,
Lund 1998.
52
CONCLUDING REMARKS
[16] Samuelsson A. and Wiberg N-E.: Byggnadsmekanik - Hllfasthetslra,

Studentlitteratur, Lund 1993.
[17] Samuelsson A. and Wiberg N-E.: Byggnadsmekanik - Strukturmekanik,
Studentlitteratur, Lund 1995.
[18] Wiberg N-E.: Paper that contains Transient Heat Transfer. Course literature of FEMBasic course at Chalmers University of Technology, 1997.
53
APPENDIX
Appendix A
Subroutine UTEMP used in the full 3D stress analysis
SUBROUTINE UTEMP (TEMP,MSECPT,KSTEP,KINC,TIME,NODE,COORDS)
IMPLICIT REAL*8 (A-H,O-Z)
C
C
C
INCLUDE 'ABA_PARAM.INC'
INTEGER NNR,NUMNOD,NTIME,STEPCORR
DIMENSION TEMP(MSECPT), TIME(2), COORDS(3)
DIMENSION A(1:2), TID(2)
C
C
C
***
OPEN INPUT AND CONTROL FILES ***
OPEN(UNIT=IIN,FILE='/tmp2/vxjkjol/ws3d/temp.inp',STATUS='OLD')
C
C
C
***
STEP CORRECTOR ***
STEPCORR=12
C
C
C
***
ASSIGN NNR NUMBERS ***
IF (NODE.GE.1100.AND.NODE.LE.1199) THEN
NNR=
1
ELSEIF (NODE.GE.2100.AND.NODE.LE.2199) THEN
NNR=
2
NNR=
3
NNR=
4
NNR=
5
.
.
.

NNR=
169
NNR=
170
ENDIF
C
C
C
***
READING FROM INPUT FILE temp.inp
IF (INT(TIME(2)).LT.0.1) THEN
TINC=INT(TIME(2))+1
READ(IIN,*, END=999) NUMNOD,NTIME
IROW=1+(NNR-1)*(NTIME+1)+TINC
DO K=1,IROW
READ(IIN,*, END=999) TID(1), A(1)
ENDDO
A:1
DO K=1,12
ENDDO
ELSE
TINC=INT(TIME(2))+STEPCORR
IROW=1+(NNR-1)*(NTIME+1)+TINC
DO K=1,IROW
ENDDO
ENDIF
999 CONTINUE
C
C***
C
LINEAR INTERPOLATION
***
TEMP(MSECPT)=A(1)+((A(2)-A(1))*(TIME(2)-INT(TIME(2))))
C
REWIND IIN
RETURN
END
A:2
Subroutine UTEMP used with the Stress analysis: Simplified model

C
C
C
INTEGER NNR,NNR1,NNR2,NUMNOD,NTIME,STEPCORR,IROW
DIMENSION A(2), TID(2)
C
COMMON IIN
C
C
C
***
OPEN INPUT FILE ***
OPEN(UNIT=IIN,FILE='/tmp2/vxjkjol/simp/temp.inp',STATUS='OLD')
C
C
C
***
STEP CORRECTOR ***
STEPCORR=12
C
C
C
***
ASSIGN NNR NUMBERS ***
IF (NODE.GE.110.AND.NODE.LE.119) THEN
NNR=
19
NNR=
19
NNR=
19
NNR=
19
NNR= 19
NNR=
31
NNR=
31
NNR=
31
NNR=
51
NNR=
51
NNR=
51
NNR=
51
NNR=
51
NNR=
63
NNR=
63
NNR=
63
NNR=
83
NNR=
83
A:3
NNR=
83
NNR=
83
NNR=
83
ENDIF
C
C
C
***
READING FROM INPUT FILE temp.inp
TINC=INT(TIME(2))+STEPCORR
IROW=INT(1+(NNR-1)*(NTIME+1)+TINC)
DO K=1,IROW
ENDDO
111
C
C***
C
CONTINUE
LINEAR INTERPOLATION
***
TEMP(MSECPT)=A(1)+((A(2)-A(1))*(TIME(2)-INT(TIME(2))))
C
REWIND IIN
RETURN
END
A:4
Appendix B
Subroutine UMAT used with the Full 3D Stress analysis and the Stress analysis: Simplified model
SUBROUTINE UMAT(STRESS,STATEV,DDSDDE,SSE,SPD,SCD,
RPL,DDSDDT,DRPLDE,DRPLDT,
STRAN,DSTRAN,TIME,DTIME,TEMP,DTEMP,PREDEF,DPRED,CMNAME,
NDI,NSHR,NTENS,NSTATV,PROPS,NPROPS,COORDS,DROT,PNEWDT,
CELENT,DFGRD0,DFGRD1,NOEL,NPT,LAYER,KSPT,KSTEP,KINC)
1
2
3
4
C

C
CHARACTER*8 CMNAME
DIMENSION STRESS(NTENS),STATEV(NSTATV),
1 DDSDDE(NTENS,NTENS),DDSDDT(NTENS),DRPLDE(NTENS),
2 STRAN(NTENS),DSTRAN(NTENS),TIME(2),PREDEF(1),DPRED(1),
3 PROPS(NPROPS),COORDS(3),DROT(3,3),DFGRD0(3,3),DFGRD1(3,3)
DIMENSION DSTRESS(6)
REAL*8 EM,R,H,M,v,E0,Eoo,TAUeE,ALFAE,EK
C
C
C
C**********************************************************************
C*
*
C*
SUBROUTINE FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A TIME AND TEMPERATURE
*
C*
DEPENDENT E-MODULUS.
*
C*
*
C**********************************************************************
C*
C*
Last modified:
Ola Kjellman 990107 kl 15.00
C*
C**********************************************************************
C
C*** MATERIAL CONSTANTS
C
E0=0.0D0
Eoo=35.0D9
TAUeE=1.289D1
ALFAE=1.15D0
R=8.314D0
v=0.17D0
C
C*** MEAN EQUIVALENT MATURITY AND E-MODULUS OF THE TIME INCREMENT
C
M = STATEV(1)
IF((TEMP+DTEMP*0.5D0).LT.2.0D1) THEN
EM=3.35D4+1.47D3*(2.0D1-(TEMP+DTEMP*0.5D0))
ELSE
EM=3.35D4
ENDIF
H=EXP(EM/R*(1.0D0/293.0D0-1.0D0/(273.0D0+(TEMP+DTEMP*0.5D0))))
M=M+H*(DTIME)
STATEV(1)=M
B:1
E = E0 - (E0-Eoo)*EXP(-(TAUeE/M)**ALFAE)
IF (E .LT. 1.0D3) THEN
E = 1.0D3
ENDIF
C
C*** MEAN D-MATRIX OF THE INCREMENT
C
EK = E/((1.0D0+v)*(1.0D0-2.0D0*v))
DO 360 I = 1,6
DO 340 J = 1,6
DDSDDE(I,J) = 0.0D0
CONTINUE
CONTINUE
340
360
DDSDDE(1,1)
DDSDDE(1,2)
DDSDDE(1,3)
DDSDDE(2,1)
DDSDDE(2,2)
DDSDDE(2,3)
DDSDDE(3,1)
DDSDDE(3,2)
DDSDDE(3,3)
DDSDDE(4,4)
DDSDDE(5,5)
DDSDDE(6,6)
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
EK*(1.0D0-v)
EK*v
DDSDDE(1,2)
DDSDDE(1,2)
DDSDDE(1,1)
DDSDDE(1,3)
DDSDDE(1,3)
DDSDDE(2,3)
DDSDDE(1,1)
EK * (1.0D0-2.0D0*v)/2.0D0
DDSDDE(4,4)
DDSDDE(4,4)
C
C*** STRESS STATE AT THE END OF THE TIME INCREMENT
C
DSTRESS(1) = DDSDDE(1,1)*(DSTRAN(1))
+DDSDDE(1,2)*(DSTRAN(2))
+
+
+
+
+
+
C
280
DO 280 I = 1,6
STRESS(I) = STRESS(I)+ DSTRESS(I)
CONTINUE
RETURN
END
B:2
Subroutine UMAT used with the Restraint analyses

1
2
3
4
C

C
CHARACTER*8 CMNAME
C
C**********************************************************************
C*
*
C*
*
C*
*
C*
*
C**********************************************************************
C*
C*
Last modified:
C*
C**********************************************************************
C
C*** MATERIAL CONSTANTS
C
E0=0.0D0
Eoo=35.0D9
TAUeE=1.289D1
ALFAE=1.15D0
R=8.314D0
v=0.17D0
IF (CMNAME(1:5) .EQ. 'MWALL') THEN
C
C*** MEAN EQUIVALENT MATURITY AND E-MODULUS OF THE TIME INCREMENT
C
M = STATEV(1)
IF((TEMP+DTEMP*0.5D0).LT.2.0D1) THEN
EM=3.35D4+1.47D3*(2.0D1-(TEMP+DTEMP*0.5D0))
ELSE
EM=3.35D4
ENDIF
H=EXP(EM/R*(1.0D0/293.0D0-1.0D0/(273.0D0+(TEMP+DTEMP*0.5D0))))
M=M+H*(DTIME)
STATEV(1)=M
E = E0 - (E0-Eoo)*EXP(-(TAUeE/M)**ALFAE)
B:3
IF (E .LT. 1.0D3) THEN

E = 1.0D3
ENDIF
ELSEIF (CMNAME(1:5) .EQ. 'MSLAB') THEN
IF (TIME(2).LE.19.0) THEN
E = 15.5D+9
ELSE
E = 32.7D+9
ENDIF
ENDIF
C
C
EK = E/((1.0D0+v)*(1.0D0-2.0D0*v))
DO 360 I = 1,6
DO 340 J = 1,6
DDSDDE(I,J) = 0.0D0
CONTINUE
CONTINUE
340
360
DDSDDE(1,1)
DDSDDE(1,2)
DDSDDE(1,3)
DDSDDE(2,1)
DDSDDE(2,2)
DDSDDE(2,3)
DDSDDE(3,1)
DDSDDE(3,2)
DDSDDE(3,3)
DDSDDE(4,4)
DDSDDE(5,5)
DDSDDE(6,6)
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
EK*(1.0D0-v)
EK*v
DDSDDE(1,2)
DDSDDE(1,2)
DDSDDE(1,1)
DDSDDE(1,3)
DDSDDE(1,3)
DDSDDE(2,3)
DDSDDE(1,1)
EK*(1.0D0-2.0D0*v)/2.0D0
DDSDDE(4,4)
DDSDDE(4,4)
C
C
+
+
+
+
+
+
C
B:4
280
DO 280 I = 1,6
CONTINUE
WRITE(6,*) CMNAME(1:5), TIME(2), E
RETURN
END
B:5
Appendix C
Input for the temperature analysis
C:1
C:2
C:3
Appendix D
Input file for the Full 3D Stress analysis
************************************************************
**
FULL 3D ANALYS AV SPNNINGAR I EN
**
VGG-PLATTA STRUKTUR MED TEMPERATURER
**
VILKA VARIERAR I TIDEN FRN 4C-TEMP&STRESS
**
**
************************************************************
**
**
*HEADING
3D ANALYSIS OF A CONCRETE WALL-SLAB STRUCTURE, MASTER THESIS 1998
************************************************************
**
NODEDATA GENERATED BY EXCEL 97
************************************************************
*NODE, SYSTEM=R
1101,
-0.250,
6.000,
0.000
1102,
-0.250,
6.000,
0.250
1103,
-0.250,
6.000,
0.500
1104,
-0.250,
6.000,
0.750
1105,
-0.250,
6.000,
1.000
.
.
.
(Definition of nodes used for building the mesh)
502120,
2.000,
0.000,
4.750
502121,
2.000,
0.000,
5.000
502122,
2.000,
0.000,
5.250
502123,
2.000,
0.000,
5.500
502124,
2.000,
0.000,
5.750
502125,
2.000,
0.000,
6.000
************************************************************
**
ELEMENTDATA GENERATED BY EXCEL 97
************************************************************
************************************************************
**
ELEMENTSET NR 1
-WALL
************************************************************
*ELEMENT,TYPE=C3D20
,ELSET=EWALL
1101, 1101, 1301, 1303, 1103, 3101, 3301, 3303, 3103,
1201, 1302, 1202, 1102, 3201, 3302, 3202, 3102,
2101, 2301, 2302, 2102
1201, 1301, 1501, 1503, 1303, 3301, 3501, 3503, 3303,
1401, 1502, 1402, 1302, 3401, 3502, 3402, 3302,
2301, 2501, 2502, 2302
1102, 1103, 1303, 1305, 1105, 3103, 3303, 3305, 3105,
1202, 1304, 1203, 1104, 3202, 3304, 3203, 3104,
2102, 2302, 2303, 2103
1202, 1303, 1503, 1505, 1305, 3303, 3503, 3505, 3305,
1402, 1504, 1403, 1304, 3402, 3504, 3403, 3304,
2302, 2502, 2503, 2303
.
.
.
10111, 19121,
19211,
20111,
10211, 19321,
19411,
20311,
10112, 19123,
(Definition of elements in element set EWALL)
19321,
19322,
20311,
19521,
19522,
20511,
19323,
19323,
19212,
20312,
19523,
19412,
20512,
19325,
19123,
19122,
20112
19323,
19322,
20312
19125,
21121, 21321, 21323, 21123,

21211, 21322, 21212, 21122,
21321, 21521, 21523, 21323,
21411, 21522, 21412, 21322,
21123, 21323, 21325, 21125,
D:1
19212, 19324, 19213, 19124, 21212, 21324, 21213, 21124,

20112, 20312, 20313, 20113
10212, 19323, 19523, 19525, 19325, 21323, 21523, 21525, 21325,
19412, 19524, 19413, 19324, 21412, 21524, 21413, 21324,
20312, 20512, 20513, 20313
************************************************************
**
ELEMENTSET NR 2
-SLAB
************************************************************
*ELEMENT,TYPE=C3D20
,ELSET=ESLAB
100101, 100101, 100301, 100303, 100103, 300101, 300301, 300303,
100201, 100302, 100202, 100102, 300201, 300302, 300202,
200101, 200301, 200302, 200102
100201, 100301, 100501, 100503, 100303, 300301, 300501, 300503,
100401, 100502, 100402, 100302, 300401, 300502, 300402,
200301, 200501, 200502, 200302
100301, 100501, 100701, 100703, 100503, 300501, 300701, 300703,
100601, 100702, 100602, 100502, 300601, 300702, 300602,
200501, 200701, 200702, 200502
.
.
.
300103,
300102,
300303,
300302,
300503,
300502,
200812, 301523, 301723, 301725, 301525, 501523, 501723, 501725,

301612, 301724, 301613, 301524, 501612, 501724, 501613,
401512, 401712, 401713, 401513
200912, 301723, 301923, 301925, 301725, 501723, 501923, 501925,
301812, 301924, 301813, 301724, 501812, 501924, 501813,
401712, 401912, 401913, 401713
201012, 301923, 302123, 302125, 301925, 501923, 502123, 502125,
302012, 302124, 302013, 301924, 502012, 502124, 502013,
401912, 402112, 402113, 401913
**************************************************************
** MATERIAL WALL
**************************************************************
*SOLID SECTION,ELSET=EWALL,MATERIAL=MWALL
*MATERIAL,NAME=MWALL
*USER MATERIAL, TYPE=MECHANICAL, CONSTANT=1
1.0E-5
*DEPVAR
2
*EXPANSION,TYPE=ISO,ZERO=20
1.0E-05
**************************************************************
** MATERIAL SLAB
**************************************************************
*SOLID SECTION,ELSET=ESLAB,MATERIAL=MSLAB
*MATERIAL,NAME=MSLAB
*ELASTIC,TYPE=ISOTROPIC
35.00E+9 , 1.70E-01
1.0E-05
**************************************************************
** INITIAL CONDITION
**************************************************************
*INITIAL CONDITION, TYPE=temperature
NWALL, 24
NSLAB, 17
**************************************************************
** CONSTRAINT EQUATIONS
**************************************************************
*EQUATION
2
EQN1, 1, 1.0, EQN2, 1, -1.0
2
EQN1, 2, 1.0, EQN2, 2, -1.0
501525,
501524,
501725,
501724,
501925,
501924,
D:2
2
EQN1, 3, 1.0, EQN2, 3, -1.0
**************************************************************
** BOUNDARY CONDITION SET 1
**************************************************************
*BOUNDARY,OP=NEW
NZSYMM, ZSYMM
XSYMM, XSYMM
XYNOLL, 2, ,
.00000E+00
**************************************************************
**************************************************************
** START STEP 1
** t=1-24h, INC=1h
** GIVES 24 INCREMENTS
**************************************************************
**************************************************************
*STEP, MONOTONIC=NO, INC=180
*STATIC, DIRECT
1, 24
*RESTART,WRITE,FREQUENCY=
1
***************************************************************
** LOAD SET 2, TEMPERATURE LOADING FOR TIME t=1 TO t=168h
***************************************************************
*TEMPERATURE, USER
NWALL,
NSLAB,
*NODE FILE,FREQUENCY=
1,GLOBAL=YES
NT
*EL FILE,FREQUENCY=
1,POSITION=INTEGRATION POINTS
S
*EL FILE,FREQUENCY=
1,POSITION=NODES
S
*END STEP
**************************************************************
**************************************************************
** START STEP 2
** t=24-48h, INC=4h
**************************************************************
**************************************************************
*STATIC, DIRECT
4, 24
1
***************************************************************
***************************************************************
*TEMPERATURE, USER
NWALL,
NSLAB,
1,GLOBAL=YES
NT
*EL FILE,FREQUENCY=
S
*EL FILE,FREQUENCY=
1,POSITION=NODES
S
*END STEP
**************************************************************
**************************************************************
** START STEP 3
** t=48-168h, INC=15h
**************************************************************
**************************************************************
*STATIC, DIRECT
15, 120
1
D:3
***************************************************************
***************************************************************
*TEMPERATURE, USER
NWALL,
NSLAB,
1,GLOBAL=YES
NT
*EL FILE,FREQUENCY=
S
*EL FILE,FREQUENCY=
1,POSITION=NODES
S
*END STEP
***************************************************************
** DEFINITION OF NODESETS USED IN THE MODEL
***************************************************************
*nset, nset=NSLAB
100101, 100102, 100103, 100104, 100105, 100106, 100107, 100108, 100109, 100110,
.
.
.
502115, 502116, 502117, 502118, 502119, 502120, 502121, 502122, 502123, 502124,
502125
*nset, nset=NWALL
1101, 1102, 1103, 1104, 1105, 1106, 1107, 1108, 1109, 1110, 1111, 1112, 1113,
.
.
.
21513, 21514, 21515, 21516, 21517, 21518, 21519, 21520, 21521, 21522, 21523,
21524, 21525
*nset, nset=NZSYMM
1101, 1201, 1301, 1401, 1501, 2101, 2301, 2501, 3101, 3201, 3301, 3401, 3501,
500501, 500601, 500701, 500801, 500901, 501001, 501101, 501201, 501301, 501401,
501501, 501601, 501701, 501801, 501901, 502001, 502101
*nset, nset=EQN1
21101, 21102, 21103, 21104, 21105, 21106, 21107, 21108, 21109, 21110, 21111,
21112, 21113, 21114, 21115, 21116, 21117, 21118, 21119, 21120, 21121, 21122,
21123, 21124, 21125, 21201, 21202, 21203, 21204, 21205, 21206, 21207, 21208,
21209, 21210, 21211, 21212, 21213, 21301, 21302, 21303, 21304, 21305, 21306,
21307, 21308, 21309, 21310, 21311, 21312, 21313, 21314, 21315, 21316, 21317,
21318, 21319, 21320, 21321, 21322, 21323, 21324, 21325, 21401, 21402, 21403,
21404, 21405, 21406, 21407, 21408, 21409, 21410, 21411, 21412, 21413, 21501,
21502, 21503, 21504, 21505, 21506, 21507, 21508, 21509, 21510, 21511, 21512,
21513, 21514, 21515, 21516, 21517, 21518, 21519, 21520, 21521, 21522, 21523,
21524, 21525
*nset, nset=EQN2
100901, 100902, 100903, 100904, 100905, 100906, 100907, 100908,
100909, 100910, 100911, 100912, 100913, 100914, 100915, 100916,
100917, 100918, 100919, 100920, 100921, 100922, 100923, 100924,
100925, 101001, 101002, 101003, 101004, 101005, 101006, 101007,
101008, 101009, 101010, 101011, 101012, 101013, 101101, 101102,
101103, 101104, 101105, 101106, 101107, 101108, 101109, 101110,
101111, 101112, 101113, 101114, 101115, 101116, 101117, 101118,
101119, 101120, 101121, 101122, 101123, 101124, 101125, 101201,
101202, 101203, 101204, 101205, 101206, 101207, 101208, 101209,
101210, 101211, 101212, 101213, 101301, 101302, 101303, 101304,
101305, 101306, 101307, 101308, 101309, 101310, 101311, 101312,
101313, 101314, 101315, 101316, 101317, 101318, 101319, 101320,
101321, 101322, 101323, 101324, 101325
*NSET, NSET=PLAN
1125, 1213, 1325, 1413, 1525, 2113, 2313, 2513, 3125, 3213, 3325, 3413, 3525,
4113, 4313, 4513, 5125, 5213, 5325, 5413, 5525, 6113, 6313, 6513, 7125, 7213,
7325, 7413, 7525, 8113, 8313, 8513, 9125, 9213, 9325, 9413, 9525,
10113, 10313, 10513, 11125, 11213, 11325, 11413, 11525, 12113, 12313, 12513,
D:4
13125, 13213, 13325, 13413, 13525, 14113, 14313, 14513, 15125, 15213, 15325,
15413, 15525, 16113, 16313, 16513, 17125, 17213, 17325, 17413, 17525, 18113,
18313, 18513, 19125, 19213, 19325, 19413, 19525, 20113, 20313, 20513, 100125,
100213, 100325, 100413, 100525, 100613, 100725, 100813,
100925, 101013, 101125, 101213, 101325, 101413, 101525, 101613, 101725, 101813,
101925, 102013, 102125, 200113, 200313, 200513, 200713, 200913, 201113, 201313,
201513, 201713, 201913, 202113, 300125, 300213, 300325, 300413, 300525, 300613,
300725, 300813, 300925, 301013, 301125, 301213, 301325, 301413, 301525, 301613,
301725, 301813, 301925, 302013, 302125, 400113, 400313, 400513, 400713, 400913,
401113, 401313, 401513, 401713, 401913, 402113, 500125, 500213, 500325, 500413,
500525, 500613, 500725, 500813, 500925, 501013, 501213, 501325, 501413,
501525, 501613, 501725, 501813, 501925, 502013, 502125
*NSET, NSET=XSYMM
1301, 1302, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1306, 1307, 1308, 1309, 1310, 1311, 1312, 1313,
1314, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1318, 1319, 1320, 1321, 1322, 1323, 1324, 1325,2301,
2302, 2303, 2304, 2305, 2306, 2307, 2308, 2309, 2310, 2311, 2312, 2313, 3301,
3302, 3303, 3304, 3305, 3306, 3307, 3308, 3309, 3310, 3311, 3312, 3313, 3314,
3315, 3316, 3317, 3318, 3319, 3320, 3321, 3322, 3323, 3324, 3325,
4301, 4302, 4303, 4304, 4305, 4306, 4307, 4308, 4309, 4310, 4311, 4312, 4313,
5301, 5302, 5303, 5304, 5305, 5306, 5307, 5308, 5309, 5310, 5311, 5312, 5313,
5314, 5315, 5316, 5317, 5318, 5319, 5320, 5321, 5322, 5323, 5324, 5325,
6301, 6302, 6303, 6304, 6305, 6306, 6307, 6308, 6309, 6310, 6311, 6312, 6313,
7301, 7302, 7303, 7304, 7305, 7306, 7307, 7308, 7309, 7310, 7311, 7312, 7313,
7314, 7315, 7316, 7317, 7318, 7319, 7320, 7321, 7322, 7323, 7324, 7325,
8301, 8302, 8303, 8304, 8305, 8306, 8307, 8308, 8309, 8310, 8311, 8312, 8313,
9301, 9302, 9303, 9304, 9305, 9306, 9307, 9308, 9309, 9310, 9311, 9312, 9313,
9314, 9315, 9316, 9317, 9318, 9319, 9320, 9321, 9322, 9323, 9324, 9325,
10301, 10302, 10303, 10304, 10305, 10306, 10307, 10308, 10309, 10310, 10311,
10312, 10313,11301, 11302, 11303, 11304, 11305, 11306, 11307, 11308, 11309,
11310, 11311, 11312, 11313, 11314, 11315, 11316, 11317, 11318, 11319, 11320,
11321, 11322, 11323, 11324, 11325,12301, 12302, 12303,
12304, 12305, 12306, 12307, 12308, 12309, 12310, 12311, 12312, 12313,
13301, 13302, 13303, 13304, 13305, 13306, 13307, 13308, 13309, 13310, 13311,
13312, 13313, 13314, 13315, 13316, 13317, 13318, 13319, 13320, 13321, 13322,
13323, 13324, 13325,14301, 14302, 14303, 14304, 14305, 14306, 14307, 14308,
14309, 14310, 14311, 14312, 14313,15301, 15302, 15303, 15304, 15305, 15306,
15307, 15308, 15309, 15310, 15311, 15312, 15313, 15314, 15315, 15316, 15317,
15318, 15319, 15320, 15321, 15322, 15323, 15324, 15325,16301, 16302, 16303,
16304, 16305, 16306, 16307, 16308, 16309, 16310, 16311, 16312, 16313,
17301, 17302, 17303, 17304, 17305, 17306, 17307, 17308, 17309, 17310, 17311,
17312, 17313, 17314, 17315, 17316, 17317, 17318, 17319, 17320, 17321, 17322,
17323, 17324, 17325,18301, 18302, 18303, 18304, 18305, 18306, 18307, 18308,
18309, 18310, 18311, 18312, 18313,19301, 19302, 19303,
19304, 19305, 19306, 19307, 19308, 19309, 19310, 19311, 19312, 19313, 19314,
19315, 19316, 19317, 19318, 19319, 19320, 19321, 19322, 19323, 19324, 19325,
20301, 20302, 20303, 20304, 20305, 20306, 20307, 20308, 20309, 20310, 20311,
20312, 20313,101101, 101102,101103, 101104, 101105, 101106, 101107, 101108,
101109, 101110,101111, 101112, 101113, 101114, 101115, 101116, 101117,
101118,101119, 101120, 101121, 101122, 101123, 101124, 101125,201101, 201102,
201103, 201104, 201105, 201106, 201107, 201108, 201109, 201110, 201111,
201112, 201113, 301101, 301102, 301103, 301104, 301105, 301106, 301107,
301108, 301109, 301110, 301111, 301112, 301113, 301114, 301115, 301116,
301117, 301118, 301119, 301120, 301121, 301122, 301123, 301124, 301125,
401101, 401102, 401103, 401104, 401105, 401106, 401107, 401108, 401109,
401110, 401111, 401112, 401113, 501101, 501102, 501103, 501104,
501105, 501106, 501107, 501108, 501109, 501110, 501111, 501112, 501113,
501114, 501115, 501116, 501117, 501118, 501119, 501120, 501121, 501122,
501123, 501124, 501125
*NSET, NSET=XYNOLL
500101,500201,500301,500401,500501,500601,500701,500801,500901,501001,501101,
501201,501301,501401,501501,501601,501701,501801,501901,502001,502101
*USER SUBROUTINES, INPUT=/tmp2/vxjkjol/ws3d/utempfull.f
*USER SUBROUTINES, INPUT=/tmp2/vxjkjol/ws3d/umat.f
D:5
Appendix E
Input file for the Restraint analysis in expansion phase
************************************************************
**
RESTRAINT ANALYSIS E = 13.2 GPa
**
**
**
************************************************************
**
**
*HEADING
RESTRAINT ANALYSIS OF A CONCRETE WALL-SLAB STRUCTURE, MASTER THESIS 1998
************************************************************
**
************************************************************
*NODE, SYSTEM=R
1101,
-0.250,
6.000,
0.000
1102,
-0.250,
6.000,
0.250
1103,
-0.250,
6.000,
0.500
1104,
-0.250,
6.000,
0.750
1105,
-0.250,
6.000,
1.000
.
.
.
502120,
2.000,
0.000,
4.750
502121,
2.000,
0.000,
5.000
502122,
2.000,
0.000,
5.250
502123,
2.000,
0.000,
5.500
502124,
2.000,
0.000,
5.750
502125,
2.000,
0.000,
6.000
************************************************************
**
************************************************************
************************************************************
**
ELEMENTSET NR 1
-WALL
************************************************************
*ELEMENT,TYPE=C3D20
,ELSET=EWALL
1101, 1101, 1301, 1303, 1103, 3101, 3301, 3303, 3103,
1201, 1302, 1202, 1102, 3201, 3302, 3202, 3102,
2101, 2301, 2302, 2102
1201, 1301, 1501, 1503, 1303, 3301, 3501, 3503, 3303,
1401, 1502, 1402, 1302, 3401, 3502, 3402, 3302,
2301, 2501, 2502, 2302
1102, 1103, 1303, 1305, 1105, 3103, 3303, 3305, 3105,
1202, 1304, 1203, 1104, 3202, 3304, 3203, 3104,
2102, 2302, 2303, 2103
1202, 1303, 1503, 1505, 1305, 3303, 3503, 3505, 3305,
1402, 1504, 1403, 1304, 3402, 3504, 3403, 3304,
2302, 2502, 2503, 2303
.
.
.
10111, 19121,
19211,
20111,
10211, 19321,
19411,
20311,
10112, 19123,
19212,
19321,
19322,
20311,
19521,
19522,
20511,
19323,
19324,
19323,
19212,
20312,
19523,
19412,
20512,
19325,
19213,
19123,
19122,
20112
19323,
19322,
20312
19125,
19124,
21121, 21321, 21323, 21123,

21211, 21322, 21212, 21122,
21321, 21521, 21523, 21323,
21411, 21522, 21412, 21322,
21123, 21323, 21325, 21125,
21212, 21324, 21213, 21124,
E:1
20112, 20312, 20313, 20113

10212, 19323, 19523, 19525, 19325, 21323, 21523, 21525, 21325,
19412, 19524, 19413, 19324, 21412, 21524, 21413, 21324,
20312, 20512, 20513, 20313
************************************************************
**
ELEMENTSET NR 2
-SLAB
************************************************************
*ELEMENT,TYPE=C3D20
,ELSET=ESLAB
100101, 100101, 100301, 100303, 100103, 300101, 300301, 300303,
100201, 100302, 100202, 100102, 300201, 300302, 300202,
200101, 200301, 200302, 200102
100201, 100301, 100501, 100503, 100303, 300301, 300501, 300503,
100401, 100502, 100402, 100302, 300401, 300502, 300402,
200301, 200501, 200502, 200302
100301, 100501, 100701, 100703, 100503, 300501, 300701, 300703,
100601, 100702, 100602, 100502, 300601, 300702, 300602,
200501, 200701, 200702, 200502
.
.
.
300103,
300102,
300303,
300302,
300503,
300502,
200812, 301523, 301723, 301725, 301525, 501523, 501723, 501725,

301612, 301724, 301613, 301524, 501612, 501724, 501613,
401512, 401712, 401713, 401513
200912, 301723, 301923, 301925, 301725, 501723, 501923, 501925,
301812, 301924, 301813, 301724, 501812, 501924, 501813,
401712, 401912, 401913, 401713
201012, 301923, 302123, 302125, 301925, 501923, 502123, 502125,
302012, 302124, 302013, 301924, 502012, 502124, 502013,
401912, 402112, 402113, 401913
**************************************************************
** MATERIAL WALL
**************************************************************
13.200E+9 , 1.70E-01
1.0E-05
**************************************************************
** MATERIAL SLAB
**************************************************************
35.00E+9 , 1.70E-01
1.0E-05
**************************************************************
**************************************************************
NWALL, 0
NSLAB, 0
**************************************************************
**************************************************************
*EQUATION
2
EQN1, 1, 1.0, EQN2, 1, -1.0
2
EQN1, 2, 1.0, EQN2, 2, -1.0
2
EQN1, 3, 1.0, EQN2, 3, -1.0
**************************************************************
501525,
501524,
501725,
501724,
501925,
501924,
E:2

**************************************************************
*BOUNDARY,OP=NEW
NZSYMM, ZSYMM
XSYMM, 1, , .0000E+00
XYNOLL, 2, ,
.00000E+00
**************************************************************
**************************************************************
** START STEP 1
** STATIC ANALYSIS
** CONSTRAINT ANALYSIS
**************************************************************
**************************************************************
*STEP,PERTURBATION
*STATIC
1
***************************************************************
** LOAD SET 1, TEMPERATURE LOADING, DELTA T=-10 C ON THE WALL
***************************************************************
*TEMPERATURE, OP=NEW
NWALL, -10
*FILE FORMAT, ASCII
1,GLOBAL=YES
NT
*EL FILE,FREQUENCY=
1,POSITION=NODES
S
*END STEP
***************************************************************
** NODESETS FOR WALL, SLAB, ZSYMM
***************************************************************
*nset, nset=NSLAB
100101, 100102, 100103, 100104, 100105, 100106, 100107, 100108, 100109, 100110,
.
.
.
502115, 502116, 502117, 502118, 502119, 502120, 502121, 502122, 502123, 502124,
502125
*nset, nset=NWALL
1101, 1102, 1103, 1104, 1105, 1106, 1107, 1108, 1109, 1110, 1111, 1112, 1113,
.
.
.
21513, 21514, 21515, 21516, 21517, 21518, 21519, 21520, 21521, 21522, 21523,
21524, 21525
*nset, nset=NZSYMM
1101, 1201, 1301, 1401, 1501, 2101, 2301, 2501, 3101, 3201, 3301, 3401, 3501,
4101, 4301, 4501, 5101, 5201, 5301, 5401, 5501, 6101, 6301, 6501, 7101, 7201,
7301, 7401, 7501, 8101, 8301, 8501, 9101, 9201, 9301, 9401, 9501,
10101, 10301, 10501, 11101, 11201, 11301, 11401, 11501, 12101, 12301, 12501,
13101, 13201, 13301, 13401, 13501, 14101, 14301, 14501, 15101, 15201, 15301,
15401, 15501, 16101, 16301, 16501, 17101, 17201, 17301, 17401, 17501, 18101,
18301, 18501, 19101, 19201, 19301, 19401, 19501, 20101, 20301, 20501, 100101,
100201, 100301, 100401, 100501, 100601, 100701, 100801,
100901, 101001, 101101, 101201, 101301, 101401, 101501, 101601, 101701, 101801,
101901, 102001, 102101, 200101, 200301, 200501, 200701, 200901, 201101, 201301,
201501, 201701, 201901, 202101, 300101, 300201, 300301, 300401, 300501, 300601,
300701, 300801, 300901, 301001, 301101, 301201, 301301, 301401, 301501, 301601,
301701, 301801, 301901, 302001, 302101, 400101, 400301, 400501, 400701, 400901,
401101, 401301, 401501, 401701, 401901, 402101, 500101, 500201, 500301, 500401,
500501, 500601, 500701, 500801, 500901, 501001, 501101, 501201, 501301, 501401,
501501, 501601, 501701, 501801, 501901, 502001, 502101
*nset, nset=EQN1
21101, 21102, 21103, 21104, 21105, 21106, 21107, 21108, 21109, 21110, 21111,
21112, 21113, 21114, 21115, 21116, 21117, 21118, 21119, 21120, 21121, 21122,
E:3
21123, 21124, 21125, 21201, 21202, 21203, 21204, 21205, 21206, 21207, 21208,
21209, 21210, 21211, 21212, 21213, 21301, 21302, 21303, 21304, 21305, 21306,
21307, 21308, 21309, 21310, 21311, 21312, 21313, 21314, 21315, 21316, 21317,
21318, 21319, 21320, 21321, 21322, 21323, 21324, 21325, 21401, 21402, 21403,
21404, 21405, 21406, 21407, 21408, 21409, 21410, 21411, 21412, 21413, 21501,
21502, 21503, 21504, 21505, 21506, 21507, 21508, 21509, 21510, 21511, 21512,
21513, 21514, 21515, 21516, 21517, 21518, 21519, 21520, 21521, 21522, 21523,
21524, 21525
*nset, nset=EQN2
100901, 100902, 100903, 100904, 100905, 100906, 100907, 100908,
100909, 100910, 100911, 100912, 100913, 100914, 100915, 100916,
100917, 100918, 100919, 100920, 100921, 100922, 100923, 100924,
100925, 101001, 101002, 101003, 101004, 101005, 101006, 101007,
101008, 101009, 101010, 101011, 101012, 101013, 101101, 101102,
101103, 101104, 101105, 101106, 101107, 101108, 101109, 101110,
101111, 101112, 101113, 101114, 101115, 101116, 101117, 101118,
101119, 101120, 101121, 101122, 101123, 101124, 101125, 101201,
101202, 101203, 101204, 101205, 101206, 101207, 101208, 101209,
101210, 101211, 101212, 101213, 101301, 101302, 101303, 101304,
101305, 101306, 101307, 101308, 101309, 101310, 101311, 101312,
101313, 101314, 101315, 101316, 101317, 101318, 101319, 101320,
101321, 101322, 101323, 101324, 101325
*NSET, NSET=XSYMM
1301, 1302, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1306, 1307, 1308, 1309, 1310, 1311, 1312, 1313,
1314, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1318, 1319, 1320, 1321, 1322, 1323, 1324, 1325,2301,
2302, 2303, 2304, 2305, 2306, 2307, 2308, 2309, 2310, 2311, 2312, 2313, 3301,
3302, 3303, 3304, 3305, 3306, 3307, 3308, 3309, 3310, 3311, 3312, 3313, 3314,
3315, 3316, 3317, 3318, 3319, 3320, 3321, 3322, 3323, 3324, 3325,
4301, 4302, 4303, 4304, 4305, 4306, 4307, 4308, 4309, 4310, 4311, 4312, 4313,
5301, 5302, 5303, 5304, 5305, 5306, 5307, 5308, 5309, 5310, 5311, 5312, 5313,
5314, 5315, 5316, 5317, 5318, 5319, 5320, 5321, 5322, 5323, 5324, 5325,
6301, 6302, 6303, 6304, 6305, 6306, 6307, 6308, 6309, 6310, 6311, 6312, 6313,
7301, 7302, 7303, 7304, 7305, 7306, 7307, 7308, 7309, 7310, 7311, 7312, 7313,
7314, 7315, 7316, 7317, 7318, 7319, 7320, 7321, 7322, 7323, 7324, 7325,
8301, 8302, 8303, 8304, 8305, 8306, 8307, 8308, 8309, 8310, 8311, 8312, 8313,
9301, 9302, 9303, 9304, 9305, 9306, 9307, 9308, 9309, 9310, 9311, 9312, 9313,
9314, 9315, 9316, 9317, 9318, 9319, 9320, 9321, 9322, 9323, 9324, 9325,
10301, 10302, 10303, 10304, 10305, 10306, 10307, 10308, 10309, 10310, 10311,
10312, 10313,11301, 11302, 11303, 11304, 11305, 11306, 11307, 11308, 11309,
11310, 11311, 11312, 11313, 11314, 11315, 11316, 11317, 11318, 11319, 11320,
11321, 11322, 11323, 11324, 11325,12301, 12302, 12303,
12304, 12305, 12306, 12307, 12308, 12309, 12310, 12311, 12312, 12313,
13301, 13302, 13303, 13304, 13305, 13306, 13307, 13308, 13309, 13310, 13311,
13312, 13313, 13314, 13315, 13316, 13317, 13318, 13319, 13320, 13321, 13322,
13323, 13324, 13325,14301, 14302, 14303, 14304, 14305, 14306, 14307, 14308,
14309, 14310, 14311, 14312, 14313,15301, 15302, 15303, 15304, 15305, 15306,
15307, 15308, 15309, 15310, 15311, 15312, 15313, 15314, 15315, 15316, 15317,
15318, 15319, 15320, 15321, 15322, 15323, 15324, 15325,16301, 16302, 16303,
16304, 16305, 16306, 16307, 16308, 16309, 16310, 16311, 16312, 16313,
17301, 17302, 17303, 17304, 17305, 17306, 17307, 17308, 17309, 17310, 17311,
17312, 17313, 17314, 17315, 17316, 17317, 17318, 17319, 17320, 17321, 17322,
17323, 17324, 17325,18301, 18302, 18303, 18304, 18305, 18306, 18307, 18308,
18309, 18310, 18311, 18312, 18313,19301, 19302, 19303,
19304, 19305, 19306, 19307, 19308, 19309, 19310, 19311, 19312, 19313, 19314,
19315, 19316, 19317, 19318, 19319, 19320, 19321, 19322, 19323, 19324, 19325,
20301, 20302, 20303, 20304, 20305, 20306, 20307, 20308, 20309, 20310, 20311,
20312, 20313,101101, 101102,101103, 101104, 101105, 101106, 101107, 101108,
101109, 101110,101111, 101112, 101113, 101114, 101115, 101116, 101117,
101118,101119, 101120, 101121, 101122, 101123, 101124, 101125,201101, 201102,
201103, 201104, 201105, 201106, 201107, 201108, 201109, 201110, 201111,
201112, 201113, 301101, 301102, 301103, 301104, 301105, 301106, 301107,
301108, 301109, 301110, 301111, 301112, 301113, 301114, 301115, 301116,
301117, 301118, 301119, 301120, 301121, 301122, 301123, 301124, 301125,
401101, 401102, 401103, 401104, 401105, 401106, 401107, 401108, 401109,
401110, 401111, 401112, 401113, 501101, 501102, 501103, 501104,
501105, 501106, 501107, 501108, 501109, 501110, 501111, 501112, 501113,
501114, 501115, 501116, 501117, 501118, 501119, 501120, 501121, 501122,
501123, 501124, 501125
E:4
*NSET, NSET=XYNOLL
500101,500201,500301,500401,500501,500601,500701,500801,500901,501001,501101,
501201,501301,501401,501501,501601,501701,501801,501901,502001,502101
E:5
Input file for the Restraint analysis in contraction phase

************************************************************
**
RESTRAINT ANALYSIS E = 32.7 GPa
**
**
**
************************************************************
**
**
*HEADING
RESTRAINT ANALYSIS OF A CONCRETE WALL-SLAB STRUCTURE, MASTER THESIS 1998
************************************************************
**
************************************************************
*NODE, SYSTEM=R
1101,
-0.250,
6.000,
0.000
1102,
-0.250,
6.000,
0.250
1103,
-0.250,
6.000,
0.500
1104,
-0.250,
6.000,
0.750
1105,
-0.250,
6.000,
1.000
.
.
.
502120,
2.000,
0.000,
4.750
502121,
2.000,
0.000,
5.000
502122,
2.000,
0.000,
5.250
502123,
2.000,
0.000,
5.500
502124,
2.000,
0.000,
5.750
502125,
2.000,
0.000,
6.000
************************************************************
**
************************************************************
************************************************************
**
ELEMENTSET NR 1
-WALL
************************************************************
*ELEMENT,TYPE=C3D20
,ELSET=EWALL
1101, 1101, 1301, 1303, 1103, 3101, 3301, 3303, 3103,
1201, 1302, 1202, 1102, 3201, 3302, 3202, 3102,
2101, 2301, 2302, 2102
1201, 1301, 1501, 1503, 1303, 3301, 3501, 3503, 3303,
1401, 1502, 1402, 1302, 3401, 3502, 3402, 3302,
2301, 2501, 2502, 2302
1102, 1103, 1303, 1305, 1105, 3103, 3303, 3305, 3105,
1202, 1304, 1203, 1104, 3202, 3304, 3203, 3104,
2102, 2302, 2303, 2103
1202, 1303, 1503, 1505, 1305, 3303, 3503, 3505, 3305,
1402, 1504, 1403, 1304, 3402, 3504, 3403, 3304,
2302, 2502, 2503, 2303
.
.
.
10111, 19121,
19211,
20111,
10211, 19321,
19411,
20311,
10112, 19123,
19212,
20112,
10212, 19323,
19412,
20312,
19321,
19322,
20311,
19521,
19522,
20511,
19323,
19324,
20312,
19523,
19524,
20512,
19323,
19212,
20312,
19523,
19412,
20512,
19325,
19213,
20313,
19525,
19413,
20513,
19123,
19122,
20112
19323,
19322,
20312
19125,
19124,
20113
19325,
19324,
20313
21121, 21321, 21323, 21123,

21211, 21322, 21212, 21122,
21321, 21521, 21523, 21323,
21411, 21522, 21412, 21322,
21123, 21323, 21325, 21125,
21212, 21324, 21213, 21124,
21323, 21523, 21525, 21325,
21412, 21524, 21413, 21324,
E:6
************************************************************
**
ELEMENTSET NR 2
-SLAB
************************************************************
*ELEMENT,TYPE=C3D20
,ELSET=ESLAB
100101, 100101, 100301, 100303, 100103, 300101, 300301, 300303,
100201, 100302, 100202, 100102, 300201, 300302, 300202,
200101, 200301, 200302, 200102
100201, 100301, 100501, 100503, 100303, 300301, 300501, 300503,
100401, 100502, 100402, 100302, 300401, 300502, 300402,
200301, 200501, 200502, 200302
100301, 100501, 100701, 100703, 100503, 300501, 300701, 300703,
100601, 100702, 100602, 100502, 300601, 300702, 300602,
200501, 200701, 200702, 200502
.
.
.
300103,
300102,
300303,
300302,
300503,
300502,
200812, 301523, 301723, 301725, 301525, 501523, 501723, 501725,

301612, 301724, 301613, 301524, 501612, 501724, 501613,
401512, 401712, 401713, 401513
200912, 301723, 301923, 301925, 301725, 501723, 501923, 501925,
301812, 301924, 301813, 301724, 501812, 501924, 501813,
401712, 401912, 401913, 401713
201012, 301923, 302123, 302125, 301925, 501923, 502123, 502125,
302012, 302124, 302013, 301924, 502012, 502124, 502013,
401912, 402112, 402113, 401913
**************************************************************
** MATERIAL WALL
**************************************************************
32.700E+9 , 1.70E-01
1.0E-05
**************************************************************
** MATERIAL SLAB
**************************************************************
35.00E+9 , 1.70E-01
1.0E-05
**************************************************************
**************************************************************
NWALL, 0
NSLAB, 0
**************************************************************
**************************************************************
*EQUATION
2
EQN1, 1, 1.0, EQN2, 1, -1.0
2
EQN1, 2, 1.0, EQN2, 2, -1.0
2
EQN1, 3, 1.0, EQN2, 3, -1.0
**************************************************************
**************************************************************
*BOUNDARY,OP=NEW
NZSYMM, ZSYMM
XSYMM, 1, , .0000E+00
XYNOLL, 2, ,
.00000E+00
501525,
501524,
501725,
501724,
501925,
501924,
E:7
**************************************************************
**************************************************************
** START STEP 1
** STATIC ANALYSIS
** CONSTRAINT ANALYSIS
**************************************************************
**************************************************************
*STEP,PERTURBATION
*STATIC
1
***************************************************************
** LOAD SET 1, TEMPERATURE LOADING, DELTA T=-10 C ON THE WALL
***************************************************************
*TEMPERATURE, OP=NEW
NWALL, -10
*FILE FORMAT, ASCII
1,GLOBAL=YES
NT
*EL FILE,FREQUENCY=
1,POSITION=NODES
S
*END STEP
***************************************************************
** NODESETS FOR WALL, SLAB, ZSYMM
***************************************************************
*nset, nset=NSLAB
100101, 100102, 100103, 100104, 100105, 100106, 100107, 100108, 100109, 100110,
.
.
.
502115, 502116, 502117, 502118, 502119, 502120, 502121, 502122, 502123, 502124,
502125
*nset, nset=NWALL
1101, 1102, 1103, 1104, 1105, 1106, 1107, 1108, 1109, 1110, 1111, 1112, 1113,
.
.
.
21513, 21514, 21515, 21516, 21517, 21518, 21519, 21520, 21521, 21522, 21523,
21524, 21525
*nset, nset=NZSYMM
1101, 1201, 1301, 1401, 1501, 2101, 2301, 2501, 3101, 3201, 3301, 3401, 3501,
4101, 4301, 4501, 5101, 5201, 5301, 5401, 5501, 6101, 6301, 6501, 7101, 7201,
7301, 7401, 7501, 8101, 8301, 8501, 9101, 9201, 9301, 9401, 9501,
10101, 10301, 10501, 11101, 11201, 11301, 11401, 11501, 12101, 12301, 12501,
13101, 13201, 13301, 13401, 13501, 14101, 14301, 14501, 15101, 15201, 15301,
15401, 15501, 16101, 16301, 16501, 17101, 17201, 17301, 17401, 17501, 18101,
18301, 18501, 19101, 19201, 19301, 19401, 19501, 20101, 20301, 20501, 100101,
100201, 100301, 100401, 100501, 100601, 100701, 100801,
100901, 101001, 101101, 101201, 101301, 101401, 101501, 101601, 101701, 101801,
101901, 102001, 102101, 200101, 200301, 200501, 200701, 200901, 201101, 201301,
201501, 201701, 201901, 202101, 300101, 300201, 300301, 300401, 300501, 300601,
300701, 300801, 300901, 301001, 301101, 301201, 301301, 301401, 301501, 301601,
301701, 301801, 301901, 302001, 302101, 400101, 400301, 400501, 400701, 400901,
401101, 401301, 401501, 401701, 401901, 402101, 500101, 500201, 500301, 500401,
500501, 500601, 500701, 500801, 500901, 501001, 501101, 501201, 501301, 501401,
501501, 501601, 501701, 501801, 501901, 502001, 502101
*nset, nset=EQN1
21101, 21102, 21103, 21104, 21105, 21106, 21107, 21108, 21109, 21110, 21111,
21112, 21113, 21114, 21115, 21116, 21117, 21118, 21119, 21120, 21121, 21122,
21123, 21124, 21125, 21201, 21202, 21203, 21204, 21205, 21206, 21207, 21208,
21209, 21210, 21211, 21212, 21213, 21301, 21302, 21303, 21304, 21305, 21306,
21307, 21308, 21309, 21310, 21311, 21312, 21313, 21314, 21315, 21316, 21317,
21318, 21319, 21320, 21321, 21322, 21323, 21324, 21325, 21401, 21402, 21403,
21404, 21405, 21406, 21407, 21408, 21409, 21410, 21411, 21412, 21413, 21501,
21502, 21503, 21504, 21505, 21506, 21507, 21508, 21509, 21510, 21511, 21512,
E:8
21513, 21514, 21515, 21516, 21517, 21518, 21519, 21520, 21521, 21522, 21523,
21524, 21525
*nset, nset=EQN2
100901, 100902, 100903, 100904, 100905, 100906, 100907, 100908,
100909, 100910, 100911, 100912, 100913, 100914, 100915, 100916,
100917, 100918, 100919, 100920, 100921, 100922, 100923, 100924,
100925, 101001, 101002, 101003, 101004, 101005, 101006, 101007,
101008, 101009, 101010, 101011, 101012, 101013, 101101, 101102,
101103, 101104, 101105, 101106, 101107, 101108, 101109, 101110,
101111, 101112, 101113, 101114, 101115, 101116, 101117, 101118,
101119, 101120, 101121, 101122, 101123, 101124, 101125, 101201,
101202, 101203, 101204, 101205, 101206, 101207, 101208, 101209,
101210, 101211, 101212, 101213, 101301, 101302, 101303, 101304,
101305, 101306, 101307, 101308, 101309, 101310, 101311, 101312,
101313, 101314, 101315, 101316, 101317, 101318, 101319, 101320,
101321, 101322, 101323, 101324, 101325
*NSET, NSET=XSYMM
1301, 1302, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1306, 1307, 1308, 1309, 1310, 1311, 1312, 1313,
1314, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1318, 1319, 1320, 1321, 1322, 1323, 1324, 1325,2301,
2302, 2303, 2304, 2305, 2306, 2307, 2308, 2309, 2310, 2311, 2312, 2313, 3301,
3302, 3303, 3304, 3305, 3306, 3307, 3308, 3309, 3310, 3311, 3312, 3313, 3314,
3315, 3316, 3317, 3318, 3319, 3320, 3321, 3322, 3323, 3324, 3325,
4301, 4302, 4303, 4304, 4305, 4306, 4307, 4308, 4309, 4310, 4311, 4312, 4313,
5301, 5302, 5303, 5304, 5305, 5306, 5307, 5308, 5309, 5310, 5311, 5312, 5313,
5314, 5315, 5316, 5317, 5318, 5319, 5320, 5321, 5322, 5323, 5324, 5325,
6301, 6302, 6303, 6304, 6305, 6306, 6307, 6308, 6309, 6310, 6311, 6312, 6313,
7301, 7302, 7303, 7304, 7305, 7306, 7307, 7308, 7309, 7310, 7311, 7312, 7313,
7314, 7315, 7316, 7317, 7318, 7319, 7320, 7321, 7322, 7323, 7324, 7325,
8301, 8302, 8303, 8304, 8305, 8306, 8307, 8308, 8309, 8310, 8311, 8312, 8313,
9301, 9302, 9303, 9304, 9305, 9306, 9307, 9308, 9309, 9310, 9311, 9312, 9313,
9314, 9315, 9316, 9317, 9318, 9319, 9320, 9321, 9322, 9323, 9324, 9325,
10301, 10302, 10303, 10304, 10305, 10306, 10307, 10308, 10309, 10310, 10311,
10312, 10313,11301, 11302, 11303, 11304, 11305, 11306, 11307, 11308, 11309,
11310, 11311, 11312, 11313, 11314, 11315, 11316, 11317, 11318, 11319, 11320,
11321, 11322, 11323, 11324, 11325,12301, 12302, 12303,
12304, 12305, 12306, 12307, 12308, 12309, 12310, 12311, 12312, 12313,
13301, 13302, 13303, 13304, 13305, 13306, 13307, 13308, 13309, 13310, 13311,
13312, 13313, 13314, 13315, 13316, 13317, 13318, 13319, 13320, 13321, 13322,
13323, 13324, 13325,14301, 14302, 14303, 14304, 14305, 14306, 14307, 14308,
14309, 14310, 14311, 14312, 14313,15301, 15302, 15303, 15304, 15305, 15306,
15307, 15308, 15309, 15310, 15311, 15312, 15313, 15314, 15315, 15316, 15317,
15318, 15319, 15320, 15321, 15322, 15323, 15324, 15325,16301, 16302, 16303,
16304, 16305, 16306, 16307, 16308, 16309, 16310, 16311, 16312, 16313,
17301, 17302, 17303, 17304, 17305, 17306, 17307, 17308, 17309, 17310, 17311,
17312, 17313, 17314, 17315, 17316, 17317, 17318, 17319, 17320, 17321, 17322,
17323, 17324, 17325,18301, 18302, 18303, 18304, 18305, 18306, 18307, 18308,
18309, 18310, 18311, 18312, 18313,19301, 19302, 19303,
19304, 19305, 19306, 19307, 19308, 19309, 19310, 19311, 19312, 19313, 19314,
19315, 19316, 19317, 19318, 19319, 19320, 19321, 19322, 19323, 19324, 19325,
20301, 20302, 20303, 20304, 20305, 20306, 20307, 20308, 20309, 20310, 20311,
20312, 20313,101101, 101102,101103, 101104, 101105, 101106, 101107, 101108,
101109, 101110,101111, 101112, 101113, 101114, 101115, 101116, 101117,
101118,101119, 101120, 101121, 101122, 101123, 101124, 101125,201101, 201102,
201103, 201104, 201105, 201106, 201107, 201108, 201109, 201110, 201111,
201112, 201113, 301101, 301102, 301103, 301104, 301105, 301106, 301107,
301108, 301109, 301110, 301111, 301112, 301113, 301114, 301115, 301116,
301117, 301118, 301119, 301120, 301121, 301122, 301123, 301124, 301125,
401101, 401102, 401103, 401104, 401105, 401106, 401107, 401108, 401109,
401110, 401111, 401112, 401113, 501101, 501102, 501103, 501104,
501105, 501106, 501107, 501108, 501109, 501110, 501111, 501112, 501113,
501114, 501115, 501116, 501117, 501118, 501119, 501120, 501121, 501122,
501123, 501124, 501125
*NSET, NSET=XYNOLL
500101,500201,500301,500401,500501,500601,500701,500801,500901,501001,501101,
501201,501301,501401,501501,501601,501701,501801,501901,502001,502101
E:9
Appendix F
Input file for the Stress analysis: Simpified model
************************************************************
**
SIMPLIFIED 3D ANALYS AV SPNNINGAR I EN
**
VGG-PLATTA STRUKTUR MED TEMPERATURER
**
VILKA VARIERAR I TIDEN FRN 4C-TEMP&STRESS
**
**
Ver:
1.0
990106 KL 12.30
**
************************************************************
**
**
*HEADING
3D ANALYSIS OF A CONCRETE WALL-SLAB STRUCTURE, MASTER THESIS 1998
************************************************************
**
************************************************************
*NODE
111,
0.000,
0.500,
0.500
112,
0.000,
0.500,
0.250
113,
0.000,
0.500,
0.000
121,
0.125,
0.500,
0.500
123,
0.125,
0.500,
0.000
131,
0.250,
0.500,
0.500
132,
0.250,
0.500,
0.250
133,
0.250,
0.500,
0.000
141,
0.375,
0.500,
0.500
143,
0.375,
0.500,
0.000
151,
0.500,
0.500,
0.500
152,
0.500,
0.500,
0.250
153,
0.500,
0.500,
0.000
211,
0.000,
0.375,
0.500
213,
0.000,
0.375,
0.000
231,
0.250,
0.375,
0.500
233,
0.250,
0.375,
0.000
251,
0.500,
0.375,
0.500
253,
0.500,
0.375,
0.000
311,
0.000,
0.250,
0.500
312,
0.000,
0.250,
0.250
313,
0.000,
0.250,
0.000
321,
0.125,
0.250,
0.500
323,
0.125,
0.250,
0.000
331,
0.250,
0.250,
0.500
332,
0.250,
0.250,
0.250
333,
0.250,
0.250,
0.000
341,
0.375,
0.250,
0.500
343,
0.375,
0.250,
0.000
351,
0.500,
0.250,
0.500
352,
0.500,
0.250,
0.250
353,
0.500,
0.250,
0.000
411,
0.000,
0.125,
0.500
413,
0.000,
0.125,
0.000
431,
0.250,
0.125,
0.500
433,
0.250,
0.125,
0.000
451,
0.500,
0.125,
0.500
453,
0.500,
0.125,
0.000
511,
0.000,
0.000,
0.500
512,
0.000,
0.000,
0.250
513,
0.000,
0.000,
0.000
521,
0.125,
0.000,
0.500
523,
0.125,
0.000,
0.000
531,
0.250,
0.000,
0.500
532,
0.250,
0.000,
0.250
533,
0.250,
0.000,
0.000
F:1
541,
0.375,
0.000,
0.500
543,
0.375,
0.000,
0.000
551,
0.500,
0.000,
0.500
552,
0.500,
0.000,
0.250
553,
0.500,
0.000,
0.000
1111,
0.000,
-0.250,
0.500
1112,
0.000,
-0.250,
0.250
1113,
0.000,
-0.250,
0.000
1121,
0.125,
-0.250,
0.500
1123,
0.125,
-0.250,
0.000
1131,
0.250,
-0.250,
0.500
1132,
0.250,
-0.250,
0.250
1133,
0.250,
-0.250,
0.000
1141,
0.375,
-0.250,
0.500
1143,
0.375,
-0.250,
0.000
1151,
0.500,
-0.250,
0.500
1152,
0.500,
-0.250,
0.250
1153,
0.500,
-0.250,
0.000
1211,
0.000,
-0.375,
0.500
1213,
0.000,
-0.375,
0.000
1231,
0.250,
-0.375,
0.500
1233,
0.250,
-0.375,
0.000
1251,
0.500,
-0.375,
0.500
1253,
0.500,
-0.375,
0.000
1311,
0.000,
-0.500,
0.500
1312,
0.000,
-0.500,
0.250
1313,
0.000,
-0.500,
0.000
1321,
0.125,
-0.500,
0.500
1323,
0.125,
-0.500,
0.000
1331,
0.250,
-0.500,
0.500
1332,
0.250,
-0.500,
0.250
1333,
0.250,
-0.500,
0.000
1341,
0.375,
-0.500,
0.500
1343,
0.375,
-0.500,
0.000
1351,
0.500,
-0.500,
0.500
1352,
0.500,
-0.500,
0.250
1353,
0.500,
-0.500,
0.000
1411,
0.000,
-0.750,
0.500
1413,
0.000,
-0.750,
0.000
1431,
0.250,
-0.750,
0.500
1433,
0.250,
-0.750,
0.000
1451,
0.500,
-0.750,
0.500
1453,
0.500,
-0.750,
0.000
1511,
0.000,
-1.250,
0.500
1512,
0.000,
-1.250,
0.250
1513,
0.000,
-1.250,
0.000
1521,
0.125,
-1.250,
0.500
1523,
0.125,
-1.250,
0.000
1531,
0.250,
-1.250,
0.500
1532,
0.250,
-1.250,
0.250
1533,
0.250,
-1.250,
0.000
1541,
0.375,
-1.250,
0.500
1543,
0.375,
-1.250,
0.000
1551,
0.500,
-1.250,
0.500
1552,
0.500,
-1.250,
0.250
1553,
0.500,
-1.250,
0.000
************************************************************
**
************************************************************
************************************************************
**
ELEMENTSET NR 1
-WALL
************************************************************
*ELEMENT,TYPE=C3D20
,ELSET=EWALL
11,
313,
333,
133,
113,
311,
331,
131,
323,
233,
123,
213,
321,
231,
121,
312,
332,
132,
112
12,
333,
353,
153,
133,
331,
351,
151,
343,
253,
143,
233,
341,
251,
141,
111,
211,
131,
231,
F:2
332,
352,
152,
132
513,
533,
333,
313,
511,
531,
331,
311,
523,
433,
323,
413,
521,
431,
321,
411,
512,
532,
332,
312
22,
533,
553,
353,
333,
531,
551,
351,
331,
543,
453,
343,
433,
541,
451,
341,
431,
532,
552,
352,
332
************************************************************
**
ELEMENTSET NR 2
-SLAB
************************************************************
*ELEMENT,TYPE=C3D20
,ELSET=ESLAB
31,
1313,
1333,
1133,
1113,
1311,
1331,
1131,
1111,
1323,
1233,
1123,
1213,
1321,
1231,
1121,
1211,
1312,
1332,
1132,
1112
32,
1333,
1353,
1153,
1133,
1331,
1351,
1151,
1131,
1343,
1253,
1143,
1233,
1341,
1251,
1141,
1231,
1332,
1352,
1152,
1132
41,
1513,
1533,
1333,
1313,
1511,
1531,
1331,
1311,
1523,
1433,
1323,
1413,
1521,
1431,
1321,
1411,
1512,
1532,
1332,
1312
42,
1533,
1553,
1353,
1333,
1531,
1551,
1351,
1331,
1543,
1453,
1343,
1433,
1541,
1451,
1341,
1431,
1532,
1552,
1352,
1332
**************************************************************
** MATERIAL WALL
**************************************************************
*USER MATERIAL, TYPE=MECHANICAL,CONSTANT=1
1.0E-5
*DEPVAR
2
1.0E-05
**************************************************************
** MATERIAL SLAB
**************************************************************
1.0E-5
*DEPVAR
2
1.0E-05
**************************************************************
**************************************************************
NWALL, 24
NSLAB, 17
**************************************************************
**************************************************************
*EQUATION
2
PLANZ1, 3, 1.0, 1531, 3, -1.0
2
PLANY1, 2, 1.0, 131, 2, -1.0
**************************************************************
**************************************************************
*BOUNDARY,OP=NEW
XSYMM , 1, ,
.00000E+00
PLANY0, 2, ,
.00000E+00
PLANY2, 2, ,
.00000E+00
PLANZ0, 3, ,
.00000E+00
**************************************************************
21,
F:3
** START STEP 1, t= 1 - 24 h
**************************************************************
*STATIC, DIRECT
1, 24
1
***************************************************************
***************************************************************
*TEMPERATURE, USER
NWALL,
*NODE PRINT
NT
*END STEP
**************************************************************
** START STEP 2, t= 24 - 48 h
**************************************************************
*STATIC, DIRECT
4, 24
1
***************************************************************
***************************************************************
*TEMPERATURE, USER
NWALL,
*NODE PRINT
NT
*END STEP
**************************************************************
** START STEP 3, t= 48 - 168 h
**************************************************************
*STATIC, DIRECT
15, 120
1
***************************************************************
***************************************************************
*TEMPERATURE, USER
NWALL,
*NODE PRINT
NT
*END STEP
*NSET, NSET=EQN1
511,512,513,521,523,531,532,533,541,543,551,552,553
*NSET, NSET=EQN2
1111,1112,1113,1121,1123,1131,1132,
1133,1141,1143,1151,1152,1153
*NSET, NSET=PLANX0
111,112,113,211,213,311,312,313,411,413,511,512,513,
1211,1213,1311,1312,1313,1411,1413,1511,1512,1513
*NSET, NSET=PLANX1
151,152,153,251,253,351,352,353,451,453,551,552,553,
1251,1253,1351,1352,1353,1451,1453,1551,1552,1553
*NSET, NSET=PLANY0
511,512,513,521,523,531,532,533,541,543,551,552,553
*NSET, NSET=PLANY1
111,112,113,121,123,132,133,141,143,151,152,153
*NSET, NSET=PLANY2
1111,1112,1113,1121,1123,1131,1132,1133,1141,1143,1151,1152,1153
*NSET, NSET=PLANY3
1511,1512,1513,1521,1523,1531,1532,1533,1541,1543,1551,1552,1553
*NSET, NSET=PLANZ0
113,123,133,143,153,213,233,253,313,323,333,343,353,
413,433,453,513,523,533,543,553,1113,1123,1133,1143,1153,
1213,1233,1253,1313,1323,1333,1343,1353,1413,1433,
1453,1513,1523,1533,1543,1553
F:4
*NSET, NSET=PLANZ1
111,121,131,141,151,211,231,251,311,321,331,341,351,411,
431,451,511,521,531,541,551,1111,1121,1131,1141,1151,1211,1231,1251,
1311,1321,1331,1341,1351,1411,1431,1451,1511,1521,1541,1551
*NSET, NSET=NWALL
111,112,113,121,123,131,132,133,141,143,151,152,153,211,
213,231,233,251,253,311,312,313,321,323,331,332,333,341,
343,351,352,353,411,413,431,433,451,453,511,512,513,521,
523,531,532,533,541,543,551,552,553
*NSET, NSET=NSLAB
1111,1112,1113,1121,1123,1131,1132,1133,1141,1143,1151,
1152,1153,1211,1213,1231,1233,1251,1253,1311,1312,1313,
1321,1323,1331,1332,1333,1341,1343,1351,1352,1353,1411,
1413,1431,1433,1451,1453,1511,1512,1513,1521,1523,1531,
1532,1533,1541,1543,1551,1552,1553
*NSET, NSET=XSYMM
131,132,133,231,233,331,332,333,431,433,531,532,533,1131,1132,1133,
1231,1233,1331,1332,1333,1431,1433,1531,1532,1533
*USER SUBROUTINES, INPUT=/tmp2/vxjkjol/simp/utempsimp.f
*USER SUBROUTINES, INPUT=/tmp2/vxjkjol/simp/umat.f
F:5
Appendix G
Derivation of the Degree of Restraint
Longitudinal direction
Consider two strips joined together.

Impose a temperature (or shrinkage) change on one of them. Assume that straight sections remain
straight (valid far from boundary).
2
Compatibility:
Straight line 1 = 2 !
A1
A2
Equilibrium:
1 A1 + 2 A2 = 0
(1)
1 = E1 (1 - 1 T1)
Constitutive:
2 = E2 2
Compatibility:
(2)
1 = 2
(3)
(1) + (2) + (3)

E1 (1 - 1 T1) A1 + E2 2 A2 = 0
1 = 1 T1
E1 A1
E1 A1 + E 2 A2
(4)
(4) + (2)
E1 A1
1 = ( )E1 1 T1 1
E1 A1 + E 2 A2
Degree of restraint
G:1
Appendix H
Effect of ground stiffness
By adding a ground stiffness and including gravitation to the ABAQUS input file of the restraint analysis during the
contraction phase, the effect of soft ground can be studied. In this work both a ground stiffness of 20 MN/m2 and 60
MN/m2 was tested. The density of the concrete has been set to 2350 kg/m3 and the gravitation to 9,81 m/sec2. The stress
fields were then compared to that used in the report, without any ground stiffness or gravitation included.
Figure 1 zz-stress field of the contraction phase using a ground stiffness of 20 MN/m2
Figure 2 zz-stress field of the contraction phase using a ground stiffness of 60 MN/m2
H:1
Figure 3 zz-stress field of the contraction phase without using any ground stiffness (boundary conditions as
described in the report Section 4.5.1)
As can be seen from Figures 1 through 3, no significant change in stress levels are noticed (less than
2%). Therefore, the effect of ground stiffness can be neglected in this work.
H:2
Appendix I
Finite element program 4C Temp & Stress
General
The finite element program used by Skanska Teknik AB for crack risk simulations is a Danish
program called 4C Temp & Stress, further on just referred to as 4C.
Modules in 4C are:
Project EditorA pre processor for defining geometry, boundary conditions, initial conditions,
materials etc. Also, specifying the calculation parameters and activating the
calculations are done here.
The Project Solver module takes care of project calculations such as
Project Solver
generating the finite element mesh and calculating the temperature,
maturity, approximated stresses and stress developments.
Viewer
In the result viewer, the results from the calculation can be displayed in
Result
either an x/y-diagram or an isocurve view. Also, results in user defined
points (x,y) can be printed into a file for editing in an other program, for
example Excel.
4C is designed to determine how temperatures and stresses vary in a two-dimensional polygonal
area (with or without holes, heating cables and cooling pipes).
4C is a 2 dimensional finite element program, meaning that there are possibilities to define very
conservative boundary conditions in the third dimension (no strain in z-direction, no rotation around
x-axis and/or no rotation around y-axis). Plane stress and plane strain can be handled as well.
For plane stress the only non-zero stresses are xx, yy and xy. In plane stress conditions the inplane stresses xx, yy, xy directly determine the in-plane strains xx, yy, xy and vice versa.
Moreover, when the in-plane stresses are known, these stresses determine the remaining strain
components zz, xz, yz. Of these, only the out-of-plane strain zz is different from zero. [3]
For plain strain the only non-zero strains are xx, yy and xy. As in the case of plane stress, the inplane strains xx, yy, xy directly determine the in-plane stresses xx, yy, xy and vice versa. When
the in-plane strains are known, these strains determine the remaining stress components zz, xz, yz.
Of these, only the out-of-plane stress zz, in general, is different from zero. [3]
The following analyses can be performed in 4C:
Thermal analysis
Stress analysis
Typically, 4C can be used in analysing:
Linear-elastic disks in a plane stress or plain strain situation.
Hardening and restrained concrete structures.
I:1
4C automatically meshes the geometry specified by the user. The elements used for the mesh are
triangular plane elements (Figure 1). The elements use a quadratic variation for describing
temperature and stress variations.
Figure 4.5 Finite element mesh.

Thermal analysis
The thermal analysis results in:
computation of the temperature field in time,

calculation of the maturity as a function of place and time, and
an approximate stress analysis.
A scheme of a thermal analysis is shown in Figure 2.
I:2
Thermal boundary conditions

- External temperature
- Insulation or formwork
- Cooling pipes/heating wires
- Radiation from the sun
Material parameters
- Internal heat generation by
materials
- The thermal conductivity of
the concrete
Casting schedule
- Time of casting
- Casting temperature
Thermal analysis
Temperature field
Maturity
Stress approximation
Figure 4.6 Scheme showing input and output from a thermal analysis.
The thermal boundary conditions can be changed according to a prescribed function. This will
occur in hardening concrete structures during from work removal and when cooling pipes/heating
wires are switched on and off.
Material parameters concerning the concretes heat development etc. are defined in the material
database. Thermal properties of the adjoining structures are also defined here.
Casting schedule can be defined when assigning the polygon a material. If the structure is divided
into several parts, it is possible to assign a casting time and a casting temperature for every one of
them. This makes it possible to simulate the correct casting conditions.
From Figure 2 it is seen that three different outputs are available.
Temperature field
The temperature field of the structure defined is available at any point in time. Temperature plots as
diagrams in time for max/min temperature in every casting or user specified points are available.
Also, isocurve plots for specified time can be viewed.
Maturity
The maturity as a function of place and time can be viewed either in diagrams or as isocurves for a
specified time. Stiffness and strength properties in the stress simulation develop as a function of
maturity.
Stress approximation
In the approximated stress analysis performed in the thermal analysis, simplifications are used.
Poissons ratio is assumed to be equal to zero. No supports are defined for the structure. The
approximate stress calculation will only reveal stresses in z-direction, and is therefor a shortcut to
obtain an indication whether or not the general stress calculation, performed in the stress analysis,
will yield an acceptable result.
I:3
Stress analysis
The stress analysis is based on the thermal analysis, and therefor a thermal analysis must be
performed before a stress analysis. In the stress analysis, stresses as a function of time and place are
calculated. The stress analysis is based on (Figure 3):
External loads and supports.

Thermal expansion obtained by a previous thermal analysis.
How stiffness and strength properties develop as a function of maturity, where the maturity is
found from the thermal analysis.
Creep and relaxation of materials.
External loads and

supports
Thermal expansion
Stiffness and
strength properties
Creep and
relaxation
Stress analysis
Stress state in time
Figure 4.7 Scheme showing input and output in a stress analysis.

The external loads can be described as functions of time.
Result viewing
The results achieved from the two analyses can be viewed in the Result Viewer. The results can be
displayed either as graphs or as isocurves, as seen in Figure 4 and Figure 5.
I:4
Figure 4.8 Minimum and maximum temperature per volume cast as displayed in 4C Temp &
Stress.
Figure 4.9 Isocurve plots of a wall-slab structure. As shown, there are possibilities of zooming
more interesting parts for better viewability.
Graphs can be displayed for:
- User specified points.
- Average value of the casting.
- Minimum and maximum values of the casting.
For the stress analysis desired type of stress can be selected. There are possibilities to display x, y,
xy, z, max. main tensile, max. main compressive or main tensile stress/strength ratio.
I:5
Appendix J
Analytical solution of the time dependent elastic modulus
E(t)
(t)
The constitutive relation of the material model with time dependent elastic modulus is:
d
= E( t )
d el
(1)
and the total strains is the elastic strains plus the thermal strains, i.e.
= el +
(2)
= ((t)- 0)
(3)
where,
= 1.010-5 C-1
E-modulus development
E(t) = E0 + a t,
E0 = 1.0103 Pa
9
a = 1.010 Pa/time
(4)
Temperature development
(t) = b t,
0 = 0C,
b = 10C/time
(5)
(1)
( t ) = E ( t )d el
(6)
(2)
= el + = 0
(6) + (8)
el = = bt
(7)
d el = d = bdt
(8)
( t ) = E ( t )bdt = ( E0 + at )bdt =
0
t2
t2
= b E0 t + a = b E 0 t + a
2 0
2
J:1
(9)
This function is shown in Figure 1.
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
0.00E+00
Stress [Pa]
-1.00E+04
-2.00E+04
Analytical
solution
-3.00E+04
ABAQUS
5.7
-4.00E+04
-5.00E+04
Time
Figure 1
Diagram showing the analytical solution provided above and the solution when using ABAQUS 5.7.
As can be seen in Figure 1, the two curves are very similar, i.e. the approximation used in ABAQUS
is accuratly enough.
The files used in the ABAQUS 5.7 analysis for this verifaication is shown below.
ABAQUS input file
*HEADING
SDRC I-DEAS ABAQUS FILE TRANSLATOR 23-Sep-98
14:02:51
*NODE, SYSTEM=R
1, 0.0, -0.5, 1.0
2, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0
3, 0.0, 0.5, 1.0
4, 0.25, -0.5, 1.0
5, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0
6, 0.5, -0.5, 1.0
7, 0.5, 0.0, 1.0
8, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0
9, 0.0, -0.5, 0.5
10, 0.0, 0.5, 0.5
11, 0.5, -0.5, 0.5
12, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5
13, 0.0, -0.5, 0.0
14, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0
15, 0.0, 0.5, 0.0
16, 0.25, -0.5, 0.0
17, 0.25, 0.5, 0.0
18, 0.5, -0.5, 0.0
19, 0.5, 0.0, 0.0
20, 0.5, 0.5, 0.0
*ELEMENT,TYPE=C3D20
,ELSET=E1
1,
1,
3,
8,
6,
13,
15,
2,
5,
7,
4,
14,
17,
9,
10,
12,
11
*SOLID SECTION,ELSET=E1,MATERIAL=M0000001
20,
19,
18,
16,
J:2
*MATERIAL,NAME=M0000001
1.0E-5
*DEPVAR
2
1.0E-05
**************************************************************
**
INITIAL CONDITION
**************************************************************
n1, 20
*BOUNDARY, OP=NEW, TYPE=DISPLACEMENT
symm, XSYMM
2, 1, 2,
.00000E+00
14, 1, 2,
.00000E+00
n1, 3, ,
.00000E+00
*STEP,INC=10000
*STATIC
0.01, 1,0.0005, 0.01
1
** RESTRAINT SET 1
**************************************************************
** TEMPERATURE NDRING AV VGGEN
**************************************************************
*TEMPERATURE, USER
n1
1,GLOBAL=YES
U,NT
*EL FILE,FREQUENCY=
1,POSITION=NODES
S,E
*NODE PRINT
NT
*END STEP
*nset, nset=n1, generate
1, 20, 1
*nset, nset=symm
1,2,3,9,10,13,14,15
*USER SUBROUTINES, INPUT=/tmp2/vxjkjol/test1/utemp9.f
*USER SUBROUTINES, INPUT=/tmp2/vxjkjol/test1/umat9.f
ABAQUS UTEMP file utemp9.f

C
C
C
C
C
TEMP(MSECPT) = 10*TIME(1)
C
WRITE(6,*) TIME(1), TEMP(MSECPT)
C
RETURN
END
J:3
ABAQUS UMAT file umat9.f

1
2
3
4
C

C
CHARACTER*8 CMNAME
C
C
C
C**********************************************************************
C*
*
C*
*
C*
*
C*
*
C**********************************************************************
C*
C*
Last modified:
C*
C**********************************************************************
C
C***
C
COMPUTATION OF E-MODULUS
***
E0=1.0D3
a = 1.0D9
b = 10
alp = 1.0D-5
v=0.0D0
E = E0 + a*TIME(2)
C
C
EK = E/((1.0D0+v)*(1.0D0-2.0D0*v))
340
360
DO 360 I = 1,6
DO 340 J = 1,6
DDSDDE(I,J) = 0.0D0
CONTINUE
CONTINUE
DDSDDE(1,1)
DDSDDE(1,2)
DDSDDE(1,3)
DDSDDE(2,1)
DDSDDE(2,2)
DDSDDE(2,3)
DDSDDE(3,1)
DDSDDE(3,2)
DDSDDE(3,3)
DDSDDE(4,4)
DDSDDE(5,5)
DDSDDE(6,6)
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
EK*(1.0D0-v)
EK*v
DDSDDE(1,2)
DDSDDE(1,2)
DDSDDE(1,1)
DDSDDE(1,3)
DDSDDE(1,3)
DDSDDE(2,3)
DDSDDE(1,1)
EK * (1.0D0-2.0D0*v)/2.0D0
DDSDDE(4,4)
DDSDDE(4,4)
J:4
C
C
+
+
+
+
+
+
C
280
DO 280 I = 1,6
CONTINUE
RETURN
END
J:5

3D Strutural Analysis of Crack Risk in Hardening Concrete

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3D Strutural Analysis of Crack Risk in Hardening Concrete

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REPORT BE96-3843/2001:53-2

Dep of Structural Mechanics, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden

3D Structural Analysis of Crack

Dep of Structural Mechanics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg

Skanska Teknik AB, S-405 18 Gothenburg, Sweden

Brite EuRam Proposal No. BE96-3843

IPACS - IMPROVED PRODUCTION OF ADVANCED

Betongindustri AB, Dr Mats Emborg

Date of issue of this report:

IMPROVED PRODUCTION OF ADVANCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES - IPACS

Prof. Lennart Elfgren

Restraint, crack risk, concrete, stress simulations, FEM, structure mechanics.

Task 1: Mobilisation, Management and Finalisation

Task 2: Hydration and Volume Changes Characterisation of hardening concrete and

Task 3: Mechanical behaviour Testing, description and modelling of material parameters

Task 4: Structural behaviour Analytical and numerical modelling of structures

Task 5: Field Tests - Site measurements and verifications of numerical simulations

Task 6: Expert system Recommendations and guides for good practice

In this work, the following simplifications have been introduced:

2 Thermal cracks and restraints

Mechanism of thermal cracking.

Expansion phase (heating)

Contraction phase (cooling)

Observed crack patterns

Peak temperature is commonly in the range

Cracks during the contraction phase

Factors that affect thermal cracking

Thermal properties and temperature development of young concrete.

Thermal properties and temperature development of young concrete

Temperature of the adjoining structure

Elasticity, shrinkage and creep

The influence of uneven maturity development

The type and degree of restraint Structural mechanics

The stiffness of adjoining structures.

3.1.1 Maturity development

R = gas constant =8.314 J/mol C

= concrete temperature [C]

= total heat development [kJ/kg]

= time constant [h]

= curvature parameter [-]

= maturity hours [h].

A material model with time dependent elastic modulus

= Initial condition of the Youngs modulus [Pa]

for no cracking (safety margin of 30%).

Structural analysis using the finite element method

Steps in a finite element analysis.

3.2.1 Mathematical models

= the ambient temperature.

The heat transfer coefficient k is based on the parameters [5]:

Thermal properties of the formwork

Thermal properties of the insulation used (if any)

The equation of k is according to [5]

The equations of equilibrium are [11]

is the differential operator transposed

is the stress vector, and

is the body force per unit volume.

The kinematic relations assuming small strains are [11]

D = the material stiffness matrix.

is a known, prescribed displacement vector at the boundary Sg,

is a known, prescribed traction vector at the boundary Sh, and

is the normal vector to the boundary Sh.

Note that the total boundary S consists of Sh and Sg.