Contoh :
Pada 1 atm, <1000 C stabil air dalam bentuk cair
Contoh :
Pada 1 atm, <1000 C stabil air dalam bentuk cair
>1000C air stabil dalam bentuk uap
Pada 1 atm dan > 1000C : (uap) < (cair).
Saat dicapai kesetimbangan (kec. penguapan =
kec. kondensasi) (cair) = (uap).
Membeku
Batas Fasa
Titik didih dan titik kritis
Titik didih : temperatur saat tekanan uap = tekanan luar
Bila tekanan luar = 1 atm titik didi normal Tb
Bila tekanan luar = 1 bar (tekanan standar) titik didih
standar
1,00 bar = 0,987 atm titik didih standar < titik didih
normal
Titik kritis
does
not
arise
in
the
open
vessel
because
the
vapour
that
evaporates
is
free
to
disperse,
and
the
external
pressure
upon
the
liquid
thus
remains
constant
throughout.)
Titik kritis
Hea?ng
also
causes
expansion
of
the
liquid,
and
thus
a
reduc?on
in
its
density,
and
eventually
a
point
comes
where
the
densi?es
of
the
liquid
and
vapour
are
equal.
At
this
point,
the
surface
between
the
two
phases
vanishes,
and
the
container
is
lled
with
a
single
uniform
phase
called
a
supercriBcal
uid.
The
temperature
at
which
the
surface
between
the
two
phases
disappears
is
called
the
criBcal
temperature,
Tc,
and
the
vapour
pressure
at
the
cri?cal
temperature
is
called
the
criBcal
pressure.
The
point
on
a
phase
diagram
corresponding
to
the
cri?cal
temperature
and
pressure
is
called
the
criBcal
point.
Note
that
at
and
above
the
cri?cal
temperature,
the
liquid
phase
does
not
exist
-
it
is
replaced
by
the
supercri?cal
uid.
Fluida superkritis
Fluida superkritik adalah fluida pada T dan P di atas
harga kritiknya.
Ti?k
kri?s
adalah
??k
T-P
dimana
fasa
cair
dan
gas
membentuk
suatu
fasa
homogen,
memiliki
sifat
iden?k
yang
berbeda
dari
fasa
gas
maupun
cairnya.
Fluida
superkri?k
berada
T
dan
P
di
atas
??k
kri?knya
dan
sifat
sik
merupakan
kombinasi
uida
gas
dan
cair.
Evaporation
Boiling
areas
The number of molecules on a larger surface will be more than
those on a smaller surface. Since evaporation takes place
due to molecules escaping from the liquid surface, it is obvious
that the rate of evaporation will be faster from a vessel with
a larger mouth. The rate of evaporation depends on the
exposed area of the liquid.
put tea/coffee in a saucer to cool it
- Take equal amounts of water at different
temperature.
The nature of the attractive cohesive forces will determine the
rate of evaporation. The cohesive forces in water is much larger
than that in alcohol. This is the reason why the rate of
evaporation in alcohol is higher than that seen in water.
- Take equal amounts of water in identical vessels
(cover and uncovered)
We have observed that the rate of evaporation in a closed vessel
is slower than that in the open vessel. The molecules escaping
from the surface of the liquid in a closed vessel collect in the space
above the liquid. Some of the molecules evaporated can return
and condense back to the liquid, after losing their energy in
collision. Thus the evaporation-condensation goes on till
equilibrium is reached. That is the rate of molecules evaporating is
the same as the rate of molecules condensing back. Once the
equilibrium is established, no more extra evaporation occurs. (In
this situation, the space above the liquid is said to be saturated
with vapor. The pressure exerted by the vapor on the liquid is said
to be saturated vapor pressure. The saturated vapor pressure of
a liquid increases with the increase of temperature).
But the same phenomena does not happen in an open vessel.
Because molecules escaping from its surface get scattered away
into the atmosphere, they are unable to condense back in the
same liquid surface. New molecules come to the surface, get
evaporated and the process continues.
- Put some drops of water in your hand, When the
identical vessels. Close one vessel with a lid. You will see that the
water in the vessel with a lid boils faster. This is because the water
vapor escaping in the closed vessel collects in the space above the
liquid. The steam returns back into the water and heats the water
faster. We are creating a condition of saturated vapor in the closed
vessel. This is the reason why water in a closed vessel boils faster,
that is it attains the temperature of 100C faster.
TITIK LELEH dan TITIK TRIPEL
Titik leleh adalah suhu dimana fase cair dan fase padat dalam
keadaan setimbang.
Titik beku aalah temperature
Titik leleh zat = titik beku
Pada 1 atm titik beku normal
Pada 1 bar titik beku standar
TITIK TRIPEL
Titik tripel suatu zat adalah temperatur dan tekanan yang
menyatakan pada suhu dan tekanan tersebut zat yang bersangkutan
berada pada 3 fase yaitu cairan, padatan, dan gas. Titik tripel air
terjadi pada suhu 273.16 K (0.01 C) dan tekanan parsial gasnya
611.73 pascals (atau 6.1173 millibars, 0.0060373057 atm).
DIAGRAM FASA
Diagram fasa menggambarkan daerah P & T dimana
masing-masing fasa berada dalam stabil.
Biasanya botol minuman dingin lebih tebal dari botol minuman panas
Botol coca cola atau botol teh lebih tebal dari botol bir bintang atau botol
anggur orang tua
masukan air ke dalam botol lalu simpan botol di dalam kulkas.Botol
dapat pecah ketika air membeku
ICE SKATING
the thin blades with the ice is only a small fraction of the
area of the blade, it exerts sufficient pressure to melt the
ice. The layer of water formed enables the skates to glide
easily
Walking on snow
is difficult because of this effect of pressure which lowers
the melting point of ice. If the pressure exerted by the foot
is sufficient to melt the snow into water, the water refreezes
again when the foot is raised. The ice formed on the sole of
the boot as the foot is raised makes walking difficult.
Pada P >>> H2O mempunyai beberapa fasa padat,
mis : es II, III, V, VI, VII.
(a)
(d)
(b)
(c)
(a). Here we can see the seperate phases of carbon dioxide. The
meniscus is easily observed.
(b) With an increase in temperature the meniscus begins to
diminish
(c) Increasing the temperature further causes the gas and liquid
densities to become more similar. The meniscus is less easily
observed but still evident.
(d) Once the critical temperature and pressure have been
reached the two distinct phases of liquid and gas are no
longer visible. The meniscus can no longer be seen. One
homogenous phase called the "supercritical fluid" phase
occurs which shows properties of both liquids and gases.
- Pada
bath yang dingin. Guna bath : panas yang dilepaskan pada waktu terjadi
penurunan entropi ditransfer ke bath, sehingga prosesnya isotermal.
Gambar
C berbentuk gas hanya didapatkan pada suhu di atas 4000 K dan P rendah.
Untuk mendapatkan C cair, maka kita harus bekerja pada kondisi T = 4500 K
dan P = 1000 atm atau T = 2000 K dan P = 106 atm.
engan adanya katalis (besi atau nikel), konversi dapat berlangsung pada T
D
=2300 K dan P = 70.000 atm.
Jadi, intan alam dan buatan dapat dibedakan dengan adanya katalis logam tsb.
Bila mengandung katalis logam intan buatan, intan berwarna.
Bila tak mengandung katalis logam intan alam, intan tidak berwarna.
dG = V dp S dT
P konstan :
P = - S
Fungsi Gibbs molar Gm =
P = - Sm
Diagram
vs T :
Slope = - Sm
Sm selalu + slope = negatif
T makin > makin <
Karena Sm(g) > Sm() > Sm(s)
Slope d /dT untuk gas > cair > padat
Keterangan gambar :
Pada suhu < Tf
= Vm dp Sm dT
T konstan : (d / dP)T = Vm
Vm(g)
d
dG = V dp S dT
d = Vm dp Sm dT
= Vm P Sm T
T konstan : = Vm P
Vm =
Pada kesetimbangan :
Apabila kesetimbangan diganggu : perubahan
perubahan
Persamaan Clapeyron
Untuk menentukan slope batas fasa
maka pd kest.
( , P ,T) = (, P, T)
kemudian T & P sedikit diubah tetapi fasa dan fasa
tetap berkest., maka :
harga kedua fasa akan berubah, tetapi harga
yang baru tetap sama dan perubahannya sama
besar, yaitu sebesar :
dGm = Vm dP Sm dT
dGm = d
- Sm () dT + Vm () dP = - Sm () dT + Vm ()
dP
{ Vm () - Vm () } dp = { Sm () - Sm () } dT
Persamaan Clapeyron
Sm =
=
Kurva kest. padat cair (pelelehan)
Vmelt,m =
Jadi slope dP / dT = + / + = + garis kest. padat
cair condong ke kanan .
( kecuali H2O ke kiri )
Integral persamaan di atas :
P
T
dP = Hmelt,m / Vmelt,m dT / Tf
P*
T*
Asumsi : Hmelt,m dan Vmelt,m untuk
padatan dan cairan konstan ( tak bergantung pada T ).
P - P* = Hmelt,m / Vmelt,m ln T /T*
P = P* + Hmelt,m / Vmelt,m ln T /T*
P* dan T* = fix point (harga P dan T yang sudah
tertentu pada kurva kest. tsb.).
P & T pada Tf
Jawab
a. Fix point P* dan T* dipilih P dan T pada titik
tripel H2O, yaitu :
P* = 0,006 atm
T* = 273,16 K
Hmelt,m (273K) = 6,01 KJ mol-1 ( Hmelt,m
dianggap konstan pada range P* P
dan T* T )
Vmelt,m = - 1,7 cm3 mol-1 ( negatif, karena
untuk H2O Vm () < Vm (s)
Dengan menggunakan pers. di atas diperoleh :
t (0C) : -1,0 -0,5
P (atm) : 129 65,3
0,0
1 ,28
0,5
1,0
- 62,6 -126
Gambar :
T* = 00 C = 273,15 K
P - P* = Hmelt,m / Vmelt,m ln T /T*
(1500 -1 ) x 1,013.105 N m-2 = 6,01 KJ mol-1 / -1,7x10-6 m3 mol-1 ln T / 273,15 K
T = 261,7 K = -11,5 0C.
Jadi P akan mempengaruhi Tf.
Untuk H2O : P = 1 atm
Tf = 00C
P = 1500 atm Tf = - 11,50C
Untuk zat lain : P makin > Tf makin >
Kurva kest. cair gas ( penguapan )
Kemiringan kurva ;
Pada perubahan cair gas diperlukan panas sebesar
entalpi penguapannya.
Hevap,m = +
Vm (g) >> Vm () Vevap,m = Vm (g) - Vm ()
= + dan besar
Pers. Clapeyron : dP / dT = Hevap,m / T. Vevap,m
= + / + = + dan kecil
Jadi kemiringan dP / dT penguapan < dP / dT
pelelehan.
Gambar :
dP / dT = Hevap,m / T. Vevap,m
dP / dT makin >
P makin > slope makin > kurva kest. cair
gas makin condong ke kiri.
Gambar
dapat diabaikan
terhadap Vm(g)
dP / dT = Hevap,m / T. Vm(g)
Bila gas dianggap gas ideal :
Vm(g) = RT / P
dP / dT = Hevap,m / T x P / RT
Hevap,m / RT2
T
d ln P = Hevap,m / R dT /T2
P*
T*
SOAL
Buat kurva tekanan uap untuk H2O antara -50C
sampai 1000C.
Jawab :
Gunakan pers. ln P / P* = - Hevap,m / R ( 1/T
1/T*)
Dari 00C 300C :
P* = 0,006 atm
T* = 273,16 K
H
Dari 700C
yaitu :
P* = 1 atm
T* = 1000C = 373 K
Hevap m (373 K) = 40,66 KJ mol-1
Hasil yang diperoleh :
t (0C) :
-5
10 20
30
P (atm) : 0,004 0,006 0,08 0,012 0,023 0,318
70
0,318
80
0,476
90
0,697
100
1,00
Gambar :
SOAL :
Buat kurva kest. es uap antara suhu 100C
sampai +50C.
Jawab :
Hevap,m (273 K) = 45,05 KJ mol-1
Hmelt,m (273 K) = 6,01 KJ mol-1
H
= H
+ H
sampai +50C.
Jawab :
Hevap,m (273 K) = 45,05 KJ mol-1
Hmelt,m (273 K) = 6,01 KJ mol-1
Hsub,m = Hevap,m + Hmelt,m
= 45,05 + 6,01 = 51,06 kJ mol-1
Hasil yang diperoleh :
t (0C) : - 10
P (atm) : 0,0026
-5
0,0039
0
5
0 ,006 0,009
Gambar :
(s) = () = (g)
ketiga kurva kest. berpotongan pada titik tripel.
Titik tripel untuk suatu zat harganya sudah tertentu.
Mis : titik tripel untuk H2O,
T = 273,16 K
P = 0,006 atm.
.
Vmelt,m = Vm () - Vm (s)
=
Hmelt,m = +
Slope dP / dT = + / = ( ke kiri)
Hmelt,m = +
Slope dP / dT = + / = ( ke kiri)
slope ke kanan
erarti : P makin > Tf makin >.
B
SOAL
Bila benzena membeku pada suhu 5,50C, maka
densitasnya berubah dari 0,879 g/cm3 menjadi
0,891 g/cm3. entalpi pelelehan Hm = 10,59
KJ/mol.
Hitung : Tf benzena pada P = 1000 atm.
Jawab :
konstituen=
Contoh :
CaCO3 (s) CaO (s) + CO2 (g)
Jumlah fasa =
Jumlah konstituen =
Jumlah komponen = 2
Contoh :
H2O (l)
O2(g) + H2 (g) pada t kamar
Jumlah fasa P = 2
Jumlah konstituen = 3
Jumlah komponen = 3
Pada suhu kamar H2 dan O2 tidak bereaksi
membentuk H2O, sehingga tidak
berkesetimbangan, sehingga dianggap sebagai
konstituen bebas.
Apabila spesies di dalam sistim dapat bereaksi dan berada pada kesetimbangan,
Jumlah komponen = jumlah spesies jumlah hubungan :
C = S - R
Tahapan :
1. Identifikasikan jumlah S ( jumlah spesies yang berbeda, mis : ion yang
terdapat
dalam masing-masing fasa.
2. Tentukan jumlah R ( hubungan antara spesies, mis : reaksi pada
kesetimbangan, netralisasi muatan ).
Contoh : Berapa jumlah komponen dalam sistim :
a. Sukrosa dalam H2O
b. NaCl dalam H2O
Jawab :
a. S = 2, yaitu sukrosa dan H2O
R = 0, tak ada hubungan antara keduanya.
C=20=2
b. S = 3, yaitu molekul H2O, ion Na+, Cl-, H+, OH-.
R = 1 hubungannya adalah muatan listriknya netral. Jumlah Na+ = jumlah Cl-.
C = 3 1 = 2, Bila konsentrasi H2O dan NaCl sudah ditentukan, maka konsentrasi
spesies lainnya sudah tertentu.
SISTIM 2 KOMPONEN
C=2
F=2P+2=4P
Bila T konstan
F = 3 P
Untuk sistim 1 fasa (P=1)
F = 2, yaitu
tekanan dan komposisi.
Diagram Fasa
- Untuk larutan ideal
- Solute volatile & solvent volatile
Untuk larutan ideal solute dan solvent mengikuti
hukum Roult :
p
=X .p *
A
A A
p =X .p *
B
B B
p
=X .p *
A
A A
p =X .p *
B
B B
X = komposisi cair
Y = komposisi uap
Azeotrope
An azeotrope is a mixture of two or more pure compounds (chemicals) in such a ratio
that its composition cannot be changed by simple distillation.[1] This is because when an
azeotrope is boiled, the resulting vapor has the same ratio of constituents as the original
mixture of liquids. As the composition is unchanged by boiling, azeotropes are also
known as constant boiling mixtures (especially in older texts). The word azeotrope is
derived from the Greek words ""=boil and ""=change, combining with prefix
"-"=no to give the overall meaning "no change on boiling".
Examples of azeotropes
Proportions are by weight.
nitric acid (68%) / water, boils at 120.5C at 1 atm (negative azeotrope)
perchloric acid (28.4%) / water, boils at 203C (negative azeotrope)
hydrofluoric acid (35.6%) / water, boils at 111.35C (negative azeotrope)
ethanol (96%) / water, boils at 78.1C
sulfuric acid (98.3%) / water, boils at 338C
acetone / methanol / chloroform form an intermediate boiling (saddle)
azeotrope
diethyl ether (33%) / halothane (66%) a mixture once commonly used in
anaesthesia.
benzene / hexafluorobenzene forms a double binary azeotrope.
Types of azeotropes
positive azeotrope : the boiling point of an azeotrope is either less than the boiling points
of any of its constituents
example of a positive azeotrope is 95.6% ethanol and 4.4% water
(by weight)
Ethanol boils at 78.4C, water boils at 100C, but the azeotrope boils
at 78.1C, which is lower than either of its constituents
New research in the June issue of the American Chemical Societys Journal of
Agricultural and Food Chemistry suggests hydrogen bonding as the cause of taste
differences amongst various vodka brands. I'm not entirely
convinced. I've discussed hydrogen bonding here on Associated Content
before, and discussed how it can result in some pretty amazing
transformations, such as those found in Jello. The researchers make the case
that ethanol, which is present in the vodka, can act as one half of the
hydrogen bond, with water (present in the vodka) acting as the other half.
The formation of the hydrogen bonds forces the water molecules directly
surrounding the ethanol molecules into a cage-like environment that has
some rigidity and structure to it. It doesn't become completely solid,
obviously, but it's more structured and ordered than a liquid would normally
be.
The articles authors suggest that it is this tenuous cage-like structure of
water and ethanol molecules that lies at the heart of the vodkas taste. It is no
surprise to anyone that different brands of vodka taste differently. More
expensive vodkas tend to be "smoother" and contain less harsh flavors,
whereas a cheap vodka may have a strong medicinal taste and be quite
difficult to drink unless its mixed with other flavors. That is why you rarely
see high-end vodkas being mixed into a daiquiri or other type of strong,
fruity drink; the "pureness" of the more expensive vodkas is completely
besides the point if its delicate flavor is overwhelmed with orange juice. If
you want to make a mixed drink, any brand of vodka will suffice; purists
who insist on drinking vodka straight will opt for the more expensive brand.
The solubility of the small alcohols in water
Consider ethanol as a typical small alcohol. In both pure water and pure ethanol
the main intermolecular attractions are hydrogen bonds.
In order to mix the two, you would have to break the hydrogen bonds between
the water molecules and the hydrogen bonds between the ethanol molecules. It
needs energy to do both of these things.
However, when the molecules are mixed, new hydrogen bonds are made
between water molecules and ethanol molecules.
The energy released when these new hydrogen bonds are made more or less
compensates for that needed to break the original ones.
In addition, there is an increase in the disorder of the system - an increase in
entropy. That is another factor in deciding whether things happen or not.
Phase diagrams
Distillation of mixtures
If two solvents can form a positive azeotrope, then distillation of any mixture of those
constituents will result in the distillate being closer in composition to the azeotrope than
the starting mixture. For example, if a 50/50 mixture of ethanol and water is distilled
once, the distillate will be 80% ethanol and 20% water (see ethanol data page), which is
closer to the azeotropic mixture than the original. Distilling the 80/20% mixture produces
a distillate that is 87% ethanol and 13% water. Further repeated distillations will produce
mixtures that are progressively closer to the azeotropic ratio of 95.5/4.5%. No number of
distillations, however, will ever result in a distillate that exceeds the azeotropic ratio.
Likewise when distilling a mixture of ethanol and water that is richer in ethanol than the
azeotrope, the distillate (contrary to intuition) will be poorer in ethanol than the original
but slightly richer than the azeotrope.[3]
If two solvents can form a negative azeotrope, then distillation of any mixture of those
constituents will result in the residue being closer in composition to the azeotrope than
the original mixture. For example, if a hydrochloric acid solution contains less than
20.2% hydrogen chloride, boiling the mixture will leave behind a solution that is richer in
hydrogen chloride than the original. If the solution initially contains more than 20.2%
hydrogen chloride, then boiling will leave behind a solution that is poorer in hydrogen
chloride than the original. Boiling of any hydrochloric acid solution long enough will
cause the solution left behind to approach the azeotropic ratio.[4]
hydrogen chloride, then boiling will leave behind a solution that is poorer in hydrogen
chloride than the original. Boiling of any hydrochloric acid solution long enough will
cause the solution left behind to approach the azeotropic ratio.[4]
Azeotropic distillation
Extractive distillation
Extractive distillation is similar to azeotropic distillation, except in this case the entrainer
is less volatile than any of the azeotrope's constituents. For example, the azeotrope of
20% acetone with 80% chloroform can be broken by adding water and distilling the
result. The water forms a separate layer in which the acetone preferentially dissolves. The
result is that the distillate is richer in chloroform than the original azeotrope.[2]
result. The water forms a separate layer in which the acetone preferentially dissolves. The
result is that the distillate is richer in chloroform than the original azeotrope.[2]
Dari gambar pertama dapat dilihat bahwa feed masuk kolom pada temperatur 108,2 C
dengan komposisi propanol 0,33. Pada kolom pertama (P=2,8 atm), komposisi azeotrop
yaitu sebesar 0,5 sehingga distilat yang diperoleh berkisar pada nilai tersebut sedangkan
bottom yang diperoleh berupa ethyl acetate murni.
Untuk memperoleh propanol murni, distilat kemudian didistilasi lagi pada kolom kedua
(P=1,25 atm). Distilat ini memasuki kolom kedua pada temperatur 82,6 C. Komposisi
azeotrop pada kolom kedua yaitu 0,38 sehingga kandungan propanol pada distilat
berkisar pada nilai tersebut. Bottom yang diperoleh pada kolom kedua ini berupa
propanol murni. Bila Anda perhatikan, titik azeotrop campuran bergeser dari 0,5%mol propanol menjadi 0,38%-mol propanol. (*nahh apa lagi coba yang berubah??
hehe.. temperatur operasi jelas berubah.. karena tekanan berubah, maka temperatur dan
komposisi juga berubah.. ingat termodinamika?? hehehe..)
Jadi, dengan metode pressure swing distillation ini, dapat diperoleh propanol dan ethyl
acetate dengan kemurnian yang tinggi. Dan untuk lebih mengoptimasi proses, distilat
keluaran kolom 2 dapat direcycle dan dicampur dengan aliran umpan untuk didistilasi
kembali. Nah, bagaimana? Apakah metode seperti demikian pernah terbesit di benak
teman-teman? Nahh.. marilah kita lebih memperhatikan dosen-dosen yang sudah
bersusah payah mengajari kita.. Hehehe..
Pada pemisahan ethanol air, di kolom pertama ditambahkan entrainer (biasanya berupa
benezena), distilat dari kolom pertama terdiri dari ethanol benzena, sedangkan bottom
nya air. Campuran ethanol benzena masuk ke kolom kedua, disini benzene jadi distilat
dan bottomnya ethanol murni.
Sedangkan pada distilasi ekstraktif, komponen ketiga yang ditambahkan (biasa disebut
solvent) memiliki titik didih yang lebih tinggi dari campuran biner yang akan dipisahkan.
Tujuannya sama aja, yaitu buat merombak struktur azeotrop dari suatu campuran biner.
Pada pemisahan ethanol air, di kolom pertama ditambahkan entrainer (biasanya berupa
benezena), distilat dari kolom pertama terdiri dari ethanol benzena, sedangkan bottom
nya air. Campuran ethanol benzena masuk ke kolom kedua, disini benzene jadi distilat
dan bottomnya ethanol murni.
Sedangkan pada distilasi ekstraktif, komponen ketiga yang ditambahkan (biasa disebut
solvent) memiliki titik didih yang lebih tinggi dari campuran biner yang akan dipisahkan.
Tujuannya sama aja, yaitu buat merombak struktur azeotrop dari suatu campuran biner.
Pada pemisahan ethanol air, di kolom pertama ditambahkan SOLVENT, biasanya
berupa ethylene glycolproduk atas distilasi sudah langsung berupa ethanol murni,
sedangkan bottomnya tinggal air dan ethylene glycol.
Karena range titik didih air ethylene glycol cukup jauh(sekitar 100 C sama 160 an gitu
deh), solvent dapat di recovery setelah air nya di evaporasikan.
= 2,5
Contoh soal
Dibuat campuran 50 g n-heksana + 50 g nitrobenzena pada suhu 290 K.
Dit : a. Komposisi kedua fasa
b. Perbandingan kedua fasa
c. Pada suhu berapakah mulai terbentuk 1 fasa.
Jawab :
n (n-heksana) = 50 g / 86,2 gmol-1 = 0,58 mol
n (nitrobenzena) = 50 g / 123 gmol-1 = 0,41 mol
n total = 0,99 mol
X n-heksana = 0,59
X nitrobenzena = 0,41
Berarti pada 290 K terjadi 2 fasa
a. Komposisi kedua fasa ditentukan dari perpotongan tie line dengan kurva.
Komposisi fasa 1 : X NB = 0,37 dan X NH = 0,63
b.
c. Membentuk 1 fasa pada suhu 292 K.