Notloggedin Talk Contributions Createaccount Login

Article

Talk

Read Edit

Viewhistory

Search

Abrasive
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Mainpage

ForthePuddleofMuddalbum,seeAbrasive(album).

Contents
Featuredcontent

Anabrasiveisamaterial,oftenamineral,thatisusedtoshapeorfinishaworkpiecethroughrubbingwhichleadstopartofthe

Currentevents

workpiecebeingwornawaybyfriction.Whilefinishingamaterialoftenmeanspolishingittogainasmooth,reflectivesurface,the

Randomarticle

processcanalsoinvolverougheningasinsatin,matteorbeadedfinishes.

DonatetoWikipedia
Wikipediastore

Abrasivesareextremelycommonplaceandareusedveryextensivelyinawidevarietyofindustrial,domestic,andtechnological
applications.Thisgivesrisetoalargevariationinthephysicalandchemicalcompositionofabrasivesaswellastheshapeofthe

Interaction
Help
AboutWikipedia

abrasive.Commonusesforabrasivesincludegrinding,polishing,buffing,honing,cutting,drilling,sharpening,lapping,andsanding
(seeabrasivemachining).(Forsimplicity,"mineral"inthisarticlewillbeusedlooselytorefertobothmineralsandminerallike

Communityportal

substanceswhethermanmadeornot.)

Recentchanges

Filesarenotabrasivestheyremovematerialnotbyscratchingorrubbing,butbythecuttingactionofsharpteethwhichhavebeen

Contactpage

cutintothesurfaceofthefile,verymuchlikethoseofasaw.However,diamondfilesareaformofcoatedabrasive(astheyaremetal
rodscoatedwithdiamondpowder).

Tools
Whatlinkshere
Relatedchanges

Contents [hide]

Uploadfile

1 Mechanicsofabrasion

Specialpages

2 Abrasiveminerals

Permanentlink
Pageinformation
Wikidataitem
Citethispage

3 Manufacturedabrasives
3.1 Bondedabrasives
3.2 Coatedabrasives
3.3 Otherabrasivesandtheiruses

Print/export
Createabook
DownloadasPDF
Printableversion

4 Choiceofabrasive
5 Otherinstancesofabrasion
6 Seealso
7 References

Inotherprojects
Wikimedia
Commons

8 Furtherreading

Demo
Version - ExpertPDF Software Components
9 Externallinks

Languages

Mechanicsofabrasion

[ edit ]

Azrbaycanca

Bosanski
Catal

Mainarticle:Abrasion(mechanical)
Abrasivesgenerallyrelyuponadifferenceinhardnessbetweentheabrasiveandthematerialbeingworkedupon,theabrasive
beingtheharderofthetwosubstances.However,thisisnotnecessaryasanytwosolidmaterialsthatrepeatedlyrubagainsteach
otherwilltendtoweareachotherawayexamplesinclude,softershoesoleswearingawaywoodenorstonestepsoverdecadesor

Dansk

centuriesorglaciersabradingstonevalleys.

Deutsch

Typically,materialsusedasabrasivesareeitherhardminerals(ratedat7oraboveonMohsscaleofmineralhardness)orare

Eesti
Espaol

syntheticstones,someofwhichmaybechemicallyandphysicallyidenticaltonaturallyoccurringmineralsbutwhichcannotbecalled
mineralsastheydidnotarisenaturally.(Whileusefulforcomparativepurposes,theMohsscaleisoflimitedvaluetomaterials

Franais

engineersasitisanarbitrary,ordinal,irregularscale.)Diamond,acommonabrasive,forinstanceoccursbothnaturallyandis

Gaeilge

industriallyproduced,asiscorundumwhichoccursnaturallybutwhichisnowadaysmorecommonlymanufacturedfrombauxite.[1]

Italiano

However,evensoftermineralslikecalciumcarbonateareusedasabrasives,suchas"polishingagents"intoothpaste.

Lietuvi

Thesemineralsareeithercrushedorarealreadyofasufficientlysmallsize(anywherefrom

Nederlands

macroscopicgrainsaslargeasabout2mmtomicroscopicgrainsabout0.001mmin

diameter)topermittheiruseasanabrasive.Thesegrains,commonlycalledgrit,haverough

Norsknynorsk

edges,oftenterminatinginpointswhichwilldecreasethesurfaceareaincontactand

Ozbekcha/

increasethelocalisedcontactpressure.Theabrasiveandthematerialtobeworkedare

Polski

broughtintocontactwhileinrelativemotiontoeachother.Forceappliedthroughthegrains

Portugus
Romn

causesfragmentsoftheworkedmaterialtobreakawaywhilesimultaneouslysmoothingthe

SimpleEnglish

abrasivegrainand/orcausingthegraintoworkloosefromtherestoftheabrasive.

Slovenina

Somefactorswhichwillaffecthowquicklyasubstanceisabradedinclude:

Trke

Differenceinhardnessbetweenthetwosubstances:amuchharderabrasivewillcut

Trkmene

fasteranddeeper

Editlinks

Grainsize(gritsize):largergrainswillcutfasterastheyalsocutdeeper

Gritsizerangingfrom2mm(the
largegrain)(aboutF10usingFEPA
standards)toabout40micrometres
(aboutF240orP360).

Adhesionbetweengrains,betweengrainsandbacking,betweengrainsandmatrix:determineshowquicklygrainsarelostfrom
theabrasiveandhowsoonfreshgrains,ifpresent,areexposed
Contactforce:moreforcewillcausefasterabrasion
Loading:wornabrasiveandcastoffworkmaterialtendstofillspacesbetweenabrasivegrainssoreducingcuttingefficiency

whileincreasingfriction
Sample footer: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrasive.
You can change color, font and other options

Page 1 / 5

Useoflubricant/coolant/metalworkingfluid:Cancarryawayswarf(preventingloading),transportheat(whichmayaffectthe

Contactforce:moreforcewillcausefasterabrasion
Loading:wornabrasiveandcastoffworkmaterialtendstofillspacesbetweenabrasivegrainssoreducingcuttingefficiency
whileincreasingfriction
Useoflubricant/coolant/metalworkingfluid:Cancarryawayswarf(preventingloading),transportheat(whichmayaffectthe
physicalpropertiesoftheworkpieceortheabrasive),decreasefriction(withthesubstrateormatrix),suspendwornworkmaterial
andabrasivesallowingforafinerfinish,conductstresstotheworkpiece.

Abrasiveminerals

[ edit ]

Abrasivesmaybeclassifiedaseithernaturalorsynthetic.Whendiscussingsharpeningstones,naturalstoneshavelongbeen
consideredsuperiorbutadvancesinmaterialtechnologyareseeingthisdistinctionbecomelessdistinct.Manysyntheticabrasives
areeffectivelyidenticaltoanaturalmineral,differingonlyinthatthesyntheticmineralhasbeenmanufacturedratherthanbeen
mined.Impuritiesinthenaturalmineralmaymakeitlesseffective.
Somenaturallyoccurringabrasivesare:
Calcite(calciumcarbonate)
Emery(impurecorundum)
Diamonddust(syntheticdiamondsareusedextensively)
Novaculite
Pumice
Rouge
Sand
Corundum
Garnet
Sandstone
Tripoli
PowderedFeldspar
Staurolite
Someabrasiveminerals(suchaszirconiaalumina)occurnaturallybutaresufficientlyrareorsufficientlymoredifficult/costlytoobtain
suchthatasyntheticstoneisusedindustrially.Theseandotherartificialabrasivesinclude:
Borazon(cubicboronnitrideorCBN)
Ceramic
Ceramicaluminiumoxide
Ceramicironoxide
Demo
Version - ExpertPDF Software Components
Corundum(aluminaoraluminiumoxide)
Dryice
Glasspowder
Steelabrasive
Siliconcarbide(carborundum)
Zirconiaalumina
Boroncarbide
Slags

Manufacturedabrasives

[ edit ]

Abrasivesareshapedforvariouspurposes.Naturalabrasivesareoftensoldasdressedstones,usuallyintheformofarectangular
block.Bothnaturalandsyntheticabrasivesarecommonlyavailableinawidevarietyofshapes,oftencomingasbondedorcoated
abrasives,includingblocks,belts,discs,wheels,sheets,rodsandloosegrains.

Bondedabrasives

[ edit ]

Abondedabrasiveiscomposedofanabrasivematerialcontainedwithinamatrix,although
veryfinealuminiumoxideabrasivemaycomprisesinteredmaterial.Thismatrixiscalleda
binderandisoftenaclay,aresin,aglassorarubber.Thismixtureofbinderandabrasiveis
typicallyshapedintoblocks,sticks,orwheels.Themostusualabrasiveusedisaluminium
oxide.Alsocommonaresiliconcarbide,tungstencarbideandgarnet.Artificialsharpening
stonesareoftenabondedabrasiveandarereadilyavailableasatwosidedblock,eachside
beingadifferentgradeofgrit.
Grindingwheelsarecylindersthatarerotatedathighspeed.Whileonceworkedwithafoot
pedalorhandcrank,theintroductionofelectricmotorshasmadeitnecessarytoconstruct

Assortedgrindingwheelsas
examplesofbondedabrasives.

thewheeltowithstandgreaterradialstresstopreventthewheelflyingapartasitspins.
Similarissuesarisewithcuttingwheelswhichareoftenstructurallyreinforcedwith
impregnatedfibres.Highrelativespeedbetweenabrasiveandworkpieceoftenmakes
necessarytheuseofalubricantofsomekind.Traditionallytheywerecalledcoolantsasthey
wereusedtopreventfrictionalheatbuildupwhichcoulddamagetheworkpiece(suchas
ruiningthetemperofablade).Someresearchsuggeststhattheheattransportpropertyofa
lubricantislessimportantwhendealingwithmetalsasthemetalwillquicklyconductheat
Sample footer: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrasive.
You can change color, font and other options
fromtheworksurface.Moreimportantaretheireffectsuponlesseningtensilestresseswhile
increasingsomecompressivestressesandreducing"thermalandmechanicalstresses

Page 2 / 5

wereusedtopreventfrictionalheatbuildupwhichcoulddamagetheworkpiece(suchas
ruiningthetemperofablade).Someresearchsuggeststhattheheattransportpropertyofa
lubricantislessimportantwhendealingwithmetalsasthemetalwillquicklyconductheat
fromtheworksurface.Moreimportantaretheireffectsuponlesseningtensilestresseswhile
increasingsomecompressivestressesandreducing"thermalandmechanicalstresses
duringchipformation".[2]
Variousshapesarealsousedasheadsonrotarytoolsusedinprecisionwork,suchasscale
modelling.
Bondedabrasivesneedtobetruedanddressedaftertheyareused.Dressingiscleaning
thewastematerial(swarfandlooseabrasive)fromthesurfaceandexposingfreshgrit.
Dependingupontheabrasiveandhowitwasused,dressingmayinvolvetheabrasivebeing

Agrindingwheelwithareservoirto
holdwaterasalubricantandcoolant.

simplyplacedunderrunningwaterandbrushedwithastiffbrushforasoftstoneorthe
abrasivebeinggroundagainstanotherabrasive,suchasaluminiumoxideusedtodressa
grindingwheel.
Truingisrestoringtheabrasivetoitsoriginalsurfaceshape.Wheelsandstonestendtowearunevenly,leavingthecuttingsurface
nolongerflat(saidtobe"dishedout"ifitismeanttobeaflatstone)ornolongerthesamediameteracrossthecuttingface.Thiswill
leadtounevenabrasionandotherdifficulties.

Coatedabrasives

[ edit ]

Mainarticle:Coatedabrasive
Acoatedabrasivecomprisesanabrasivefixedtoabackingmaterialsuchaspaper,cloth,
rubber,resin,polyesterorevenmetal,manyofwhichareflexible.Sandpaperisavery
commoncoatedabrasive.Coatedabrasivesarecommonlythesamemineralsasareused
forbondedabrasives.Abondingagent(oftensomesortofadhesiveorresin)isappliedto
thebackingtoprovideaflatsurfacetowhichthegritisthensubsequentlyadhered.Awoven
backingmayalsouseafilleragent(again,oftenaresin)toprovideadditionalresilience.
Coatedabrasivesmaybeshapedforuseinrotaryandorbitalsanders,forwrappingaround
sandingblocks,ashandpads,asclosedloopsforuseonbeltgrinders,asstrikingsurfaces
onmatchboxes,ondiamondplatesanddiamondsteels.Diamondtools,thoughforcutting,

AGermansandpapershowingits
backingandFEPAgritsize.

areoftenabrasiveinnature.

Otherabrasivesandtheiruses

[ edit ]

Sand,glassbeads,metalpelletscopperslaganddryicemayallbeusedforaprocess

Demo
Version - ExpertPDF Software Components
calledsandblasting(orsimilar,suchastheuseofglassbeadswhichis"beadblasting").Dry
icewillsublimateleavingbehindnoresidualabrasive.
Cuttingcompoundusedonautomotivepaintisanexampleofanabrasivesuspendedina
liquid,pasteorwax,asaresomepolishingliquidsforsilverwareandopticalmedia.The
liquid,pasteorwaxactsasabindingagentthatkeepstheabrasiveattachedtothecloth
whichisusedtoasabackingtomovetheabrasiveacrosstheworkpiece.Oncarsin
particular,waxmayserveasbothaprotectiveagentbypreventingexposureofthepaintof
metaltoairandalsoactasanopticalfillertomakescratcheslessnoticeable.Toothpaste

Heretheabrasivenessof
toothpasteisdetailedbyitsRelative
DentinAbrasivity(RDA)

containscalciumcarbonateorsilicaasa"polishingagent"toremoveplaqueandother
matterfromteethasthehardnessofcalciumcarbonateislessthanthatoftoothenamelbut
morethanthatofthecontaminatingagent.
Veryfinerougepowderwascommonlyusedforgrindingglass,beingsomewhatreplacedbymodernceramics,andisstillusedin
jewellerymakingforahighlyreflectivefinish.
Cleaningproductsmayalsocontainabrasivessuspendedinapasteorcream.Theyarechosentobereasonablysafeonsome
linoleum,tile,metalorstonesurfaces.However,manylaminatesurfacesandceramictoppedstovesareeasilydamagedbythese
abrasivecompounds.Evenceramic/potterytablewareorcookwarecandamagethesesurfaces,particularlythebottomofthe
tablewarewhichisoftenunglazedinpartorinwholeandactsassimplyanotherbondedabrasive.[3]
Metalpotsandstovesareoftenscouredwithabrasivecleaners,typicallyintheformoftheaforementionedcreamorpasteorof
steelwoolandnonwovenscouringpadswhichholdsfinegritsabrasives.
Humanskinisalsosubjectedtoabrasionintheformofexfoliation.Abrasivesforthiscanbemuchsofterandmoreexoticthanfor
otherpurposesandmayincludethingslikealmondandoatmeal.[4] Dermabrasionandmicrodermabrasionarenowrather
commonplacecosmeticprocedureswhichusemineralabrasives.
ScratchedcompactdiscsandDVDsmaysometimesberepairedthroughbuffingwithaveryfinecompound,theprinciplebeingthata
multitudeofsmallscratcheswillbemoreopticallytransparentthanasinglelargescratch.However,thisdoestakesomeskillandwill
eventuallycausetheprotectivecoatingofthedisctobeentirelyeroded(especiallyiftheoriginalscratchisdeep),afterwhichthe
datasurfacewillbedestroyedifabrasioncontinues.

Choiceofabrasive

[ edit ]

Theshape,sizeandnatureoftheworkpieceandthedesiredfinishwillinfluencethechoiceoftheabrasiveused.Abondedabrasive
grindwheelmaybeusedtocommerciallysharpenaknife(producingahollowgrind),butanindividualmaythensharpenthesame
knifewithanaturalsharpeningstoneoranevenflexiblecoatedabrasive(likeasandpaper)stucktoasoft,nonslipsurfacetomake
Page 3 / 5
Sample footer: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrasive.
You can change color, font and other options
achievingaconvexgrindeasier.Similarly,abrassmirrormaybecutwithabondedabrasive,haveitssurfaceflattenedwithacoated
abrasivetoachieveabasicshape,andthenhavefinergradesofabrasivesuccessivelyappiedculminatinginawaxpaste

Theshape,sizeandnatureoftheworkpieceandthedesiredfinishwillinfluencethechoiceoftheabrasiveused.Abondedabrasive
grindwheelmaybeusedtocommerciallysharpenaknife(producingahollowgrind),butanindividualmaythensharpenthesame
knifewithanaturalsharpeningstoneoranevenflexiblecoatedabrasive(likeasandpaper)stucktoasoft,nonslipsurfacetomake
achievingaconvexgrindeasier.Similarly,abrassmirrormaybecutwithabondedabrasive,haveitssurfaceflattenedwithacoated
abrasivetoachieveabasicshape,andthenhavefinergradesofabrasivesuccessivelyappiedculminatinginawaxpaste
impregnatedwithrougetoleaveasortof"grainlessfinish"called,inthiscase,a"mirrorfinish".
Also,differentshapesofadhesivemaymakeithardertoabradecertainareasoftheworkpiece.Healthhazardscanarisefromany
dustproduced(whichmaybeamelioratedthroughtheuseofalubricant)whichcouldleadtosilicosis(whentheabrasiveor
workpieceisasilicate)andthechoiceofanylubricant.Besideswater,oilsarethemostcommonlubricants.Thesemaypresent
inhalationhazards,contacthazardsand,asfrictionnecessarilyproducesheat,flammablematerialhazards.[5]
Anabrasivewhichistoohardortoocoarsecanremovetoomuchmaterialorleaveundesiredscratchmarks.Besidesbeing
unsightly,scratchingcanhaveother,moreseriouseffects.Excessiveabrasionorthepresenceofscratchesmay:
diminishordestroyusefulness(asinthecaseofscratchingopticallensesandcompactdiscsordullingknives)
trapdirt,water,orothermaterial
increasesurfacearea(permittinggreaterchemicalreactivitysuchasincreasedrustingwhichisalsoaffectedbymattercaughtin
scratches)
erodeorpenetrateacoating(suchasapaintorachemicalorwearresistantcoating)
overlyquicklycauseanobjecttowearaway(suchasabladeoragemstone)
increasefriction(asinjeweledbearingsandpistons).
Afinerorsofterabrasivewilltendtoleavemuchfinerscratchmarkswhichmayevenbeinvisibletothenakedeye(a"grainless
finish")asofterabrasivemaynotevensignificantlyabradeacertainobject.Asofterorfinerabrasivewilltakelongertocutastends
tocutlessdeeplythanacoarser,hardermaterial.Also,thesofterabrasivemaybecomelesseffectivemorequicklyastheabrasive
isitselfabraded.Thisallowsfineabrasivestobeusedinthepolishingofmetalandlenseswheretheseriesofincreasinglyfine
scratchestendstotakeonamuchmoreshinyorreflectiveappearanceorgreatertransparency.Veryfineabrasivesmaybeusedto
coatthestropforacutthroatrazors,however,thepurposeofstroppingisnottoabradematerialbuttostraightentheburronan
edge.ThefinalstageofsharpeningJapaneseswordsiscalledpolishingandmaybeaformofsuperfinishing.
Differentchemicalorstructuralmodificationsmaybemadetoalterthecuttingpropertiesoftheabrasive.[6]
Otherveryimportantconsiderationsarepriceandavailability.Diamond,foralongtimeconsideredthehardestsubstancein
existence,isactuallysofterthanfulleriteandevenharderaggregateddiamondnanorods,bothofwhichhavebeensynthesisedin
laboratoriesbutnocommercialprocesshasyetbeendeveloped.Diamonditselfisexpensiveduetoscarcityinnatureandthecost
ofsynthesisingit.Bauxiteisaverycommonorewhich,alongwithcorundum'sreasonablyhighhardness,contributestocorundum's
statusasacommon,inexpensiveabrasive.
Thoughtmustbegiventothedesiredtaskaboutusinganappropriatelyhardabrasive.Atoneend,usinganexcessivelyhard
Demo
Version - ExpertPDF Software Components
abrasivewastesmoneybywearingitdownwhenacheaper,lesshardabrasivewouldsuffice.Attheotherend,iftoosoft,abrasion
doesnottakeplaceinatimelyfashion,effectivelywastingtheabrasiveaswellasanyaccruingcostsassociatedwithlossoftime.

Otherinstancesofabrasion

[ edit ]

Asidefromtheaforementionedusesofshapingandfinishing,abrasivesmayalsobeusedtopreparesurfacesforapplicationof
somesortofpaintofadhesive.Anexcessivelysmoothsurfacemaypreventpaintandadhesivesfromadheringasstronglyasan
irregularsurfacecouldallow.Inflatabletyrerepairkits(which,onbicyclesparticularly,areactuallypatchesfortheinnertuberather
thanthetyre)requireuseofanabrasivesothattheselfvulcanising cementwillstickstrongly.
Inadvertently,peoplewhouseknivesonglassormetalcuttingboardsareabradingtheirknifeblades.Thepressureattheknife
edgecaneasilycreatemicroscopic(orevenmacroscopic)cutsintheboard.Thiscutisareadysourceofabrasivematerialaswell
asachannelfullofthisabrasivethroughwhichtheedgeslides.Forthisreasonwithoutregardforthehealthbenefitswooden
boardsaremuchmoredesirable.Asimilaroccurrenceariseswithglasscutters.Glasscuttersarehavecircularbladesthatare
designedtorollnotslide.Theyshouldneverretraceanalreadyeffectedcut.
Undesiredabrasionmayresultfromthepresenceofcarbonininternalcombustionengines.Whilesmallerparticlesarereadily
transportedbythelubricationsystem,largercarbonparticlesmayabradecomponentswithclosetolerances.Thecarbonarisesfrom
theexcessiveheatingofengineoilorfromincompletecombustion.Thissootmaycontainfullereneswhicharenotedfortheir
extremehardnessandsmallsizeandlimitedquantitywhichwouldtendtolimittheireffect.

Seealso

[ edit ]

Abrasion(mechanical)
Abrasiveblasting
Erosion
Steelabrasive
Tribology
Wear

References

[ edit ]

1. ^ "Abrasivesengineeringglossary"

.Archived

fromthe

originalon2April2007.Retrieved20070406.
2. ^ GrindingStresses,GrindingWheelInstitute,1964

Sample footer: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrasive.

You can change color, font and other options
3. ^ "Careoflaminatesurface" .Archived fromtheoriginalon
24February2007.Retrieved20070407.

4. ^ Nutrimetics,HoneyandAlmondScrub
5. ^ "OSHAnswers:Metalworkingfluids"
6. ^ "FEPAStructure" .Archived
2007.Retrieved20070405.

.Retrieved20070406.

fromtheoriginalon5March

Page 4 / 5

1. ^ "Abrasivesengineeringglossary"

.Archived

fromthe

4. ^ Nutrimetics,HoneyandAlmondScrub

originalon2April2007.Retrieved20070406.

5. ^ "OSHAnswers:Metalworkingfluids"

2. ^ GrindingStresses,GrindingWheelInstitute,1964
3. ^ "Careoflaminatesurface"

.Archived

6. ^ "FEPAStructure" .Archived

fromtheoriginalon

.Retrieved20070406.

fromtheoriginalon5March

2007.Retrieved20070405.

24February2007.Retrieved20070407.

Furtherreading

[ edit ]

Momber,A.W.,Kovacevic,R.:PrinciplesofAbrasiveWaterJetMachining.Springer,London,1998.
Momber,A.W.:BlastCleaningTechnology.SpringerPubl.,Heidelberg,2008
MetalandCompositeFinishingInc.,AbrasiveTechnicalInformation

Externallinks

[ edit ]

Abrasives atDMOZ

Lookupabrasivein
Wiktionary,thefree
dictionary.

"Abrasives".Collier'sNewEncyclopedia.1921.
Woodworking

VTE

Overviews

Forms

BoatbuildingBowandarrowBushcarpentryCabinetryCaningCarpentryChainsawcarvingChipcarvingClogs
bnisteFretworkIntarsiaJapanesecarpentryLogbuildingMarquetryMillworkParquetryPyrographyReliefcarving
RootcarvingSawdustSegmentedturningShingleweavingShipbuildingSpindleturningTimberframingWhittling
WoodcarvingWoodturningWoodflour
Soft

Woods
Hard

Tools

[hide]

HistoryGlossaryWood(lumber)Woodart

Cedar(Calocedrus,Cedrus)CypressDouglasfirFirJuniperLarchPineSpruceYew
AshAlderAspenBalsaBeechBirchCherryChestnutCocoboloEbonyElmHazelLignumvitae
Linden(lime,basswood)MahoganyMapleOakPadaukPlumPoplarTeakTotaraWalnutWillow

AbrasivesAxeAdzeChiselClampDrawknifeDrillFloatMalletMillingmachineMitreboxMouldingplanePlane
RaspRouterSandpaperSpokeshaveTimberframingViseWindingsticksWoodscribeWorkbench
Saws

BacksawBandsawBowBucksawChainsawCircularCompassCopingCrosscutFrameFretsaw
JigsawKeyholeMiterRipScrollVeneerWhipsaw

Joints

BirdsmouthBridleButtButterflyCopingCrownofthornsDadosDovetailFingerGrooveHalved
HammerheadedtenonKneeLapMason'smitreMiterMortiseandtenonRabbet/RebateScarfSplice
Tongueandgroove

Geometry
Profiles

BeadBevelChamferMoldingOgeeOgive

FrenchpolishHeatbendingPaintPaintstripperSteambendingThermalVarnishWooddryingWoodpreservation
Treatments
Demo
Version
- ExpertPDF Software Components
Woodstain
Organizations

AmericanAssociationofWoodturnersArchitecturalWoodworkInstituteBritishWoodworkingFederation
BuildingandWoodWorkers'InternationalCaricatureCarversofAmericaInternationalFederationofBuildingandWoodWorkers
NationalWoodCarversAssociationSocietyofWoodEngraversTimberFramersGuild

Conversion

ChainsawmillHewingSawmillWhipsawWoodsplitting

Techniques

FrameandpanelFramelessconstruction
Category

Authoritycontrol

WikiProject

Commons

NDL:00565532

Categories: Abrasives

Materialswithminorglassphase

Metalworking

Woodworking

Carving

Stone

Thispagewaslastmodifiedon20September2016,at20:46.
TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlikeLicenseadditionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.
WikipediaisaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anonprofitorganization.
Privacypolicy AboutWikipedia Disclaimers

ContactWikipedia Developers

Cookiestatement

Sample footer: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrasive. You can change color, font and other options

Mobileview

Page 5 / 5