Degeneration, Necrosis & Gangrene

1. The morphologic changes in the cell which affect only the cytoplasm &
not the nucleus & is reversible, is:
Necrosis.
Degeneration.
Gangrene.
1. The local death of the cells or tissues during life, which affects the
nucleus as well as the cytoplasm & is irreversible, is:
Necrosis.
Degeneration.
Gangrene.
1.

The necrosis of tissue with super-added putrefaction, is:

Necrosis.
Degeneration.
Gangrene.

1.

As regard cloudy swelling, all the following are correct except:

It is a disturbance in protein metabolism of the cell.
It is commonest type of degeneration.
It is caused by: bacterial toxins, anoxia, endogenous toxic metabolites
(e.g. ketone bodies in D.M), & exogenous poisons (e.g. phosphorous).
Organs affected are heart, kidney, liver & CNS.
The affected organ is enlarged, opaque & appears cloudy, pale &
bloodless,& soft.
The affected organ is enlarged, soft, yellow in color & greasy to touch.
X
1. As regards fatty degeneration (change) of the liver, all the following
are correct except:
It is a disturbance in fat metabolism of the liver cell, in which fat
accumulates in cytoplasm as large droplets of fat.
It is caused by bacterial toxins, anoxia, deficiency of lipotropic factors
(e.g. choline), & exogenous poisons (e.g. phosphorous).
1

 The affected liver is enlarged, soft, greasy to touch, yellow in color, &
in cut section has rounded margins & bulging surface.
The affected liver is enlarged, firm , brown in color, & in cut section
has sharp edges, translucent & waxy.
X

1. As regards secondary amyloidosis, all the following are corrects

except:
It is the extracellular deposition of waxy amyloid substance in the C.T
stroma & walls of blood vessels resulting from prolonged antigenantibody reaction.
It is not associated with known causative diseases. X
It develops secondary to some causative diseases, which include
chronic inflammatory disease, chronic suppurtive disease, rheumatoid
arthritis & tumors.
Organs affected are kidney, liver, spleen & lymph nodes.
The affected organ is enlarged, heavy, firm, brown in color, has sharp
edges, & cut surface is translucent & waxy.
1. Types of necrosis include:
Coagulative necrosis.
Liquifactive necrosis.
Caseation.
Fat Necrosis.
Zenker's necrosis.
All above.
1. Coagulative necrosis occur in all the following except:
Infarction of heart.
Infarction of kidney.
Infarction of spleen
Infarction of brain.
X
1.

Liquifactive necrosis occur in all the following except:

Infarction of C.N.S.
Abscess.
Amoebic liver abscess.
2

 Infarction of heart.
1.

Caseation occur in all the following except:

Tuberculosis.
Gumma (incomplete ).
Tuberculoid type of leprosy (incomplete)
Bilharziasis.
X

1.

1.

Fat necrosis occur in all the following except:

Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis.
Traumatic fat necrosis of female breast.
Amoebic liver abscess. X
All are true about Zenker's necrosis except:
Occurs rarely in the course of acute fevers as typhoid & small pox,
due to marked toxaemia.
It affects striated muscles as respiratory muscles.
The affected muscle fibers become swollen, soft, lose their striations
& will not contract.
It affects heart, liver & spleen. X
2. Dry gangrene is characterised by all the following, except:
It is necrosis of tissues with super-added putrifaction, which occurs
usually in limbs.
Necrosis is caused by arterial occlusion, due to: thrombosis (in old
persons due to atherosclerosis), embolism or spasmodic contraction
of arteries. Putrifaction is caused by saprophytic bacteria.
The affected part loses fluids & becomes dry, shrunken & mummified.
Putrifaction is minimal, Toxemia is mild, & spread of gangrene is slow.
Line of demarcation is Well formed.
The affected part is swollen & edematous.
X
3. Moist (wet) gangrene is characterised by all the following, except:
It may occur in the following sites: limbs (in diabetic patients, old
persons with edema of lower limbs & severe crushing injuries of
limbs), internal organs & skin of back (bed sores).
3

 In wet gangrene, Edema is caused by venous occlusion, Necrosis is

caused by arterial occlusion, & Putrifaction is caused by saprophytic
bacteria.
The affected part is swollen & edematous.
Putrifaction is maximal, Toxemia is severe, & spread of gangrene is
rapid.
Line of demarcation is poorly formed.
The affected part becomes dry, shrunken & mummified. X
4. Gas gangrene is characterised by all the following, except:
Both Necrosis & Putrifaction are caused by pathological bacteria (the
commonest is the spore of clostridium)
It may complicate neglected wound (e.g. war wound) & septic surgical
operations.
Necrosis is caused by arterial occlusion & putrifaction is caused by
pathological bacteria. X