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PRONOUN
Personal Pronoun
Dalam tata bahasa Inggris, kata ganti dibedakan menjadi beberapa kelompok. Adapun kata
ganti yang akan dibahas dalam unit ini yaitu personal pronoun. Personal pronoun (kata ganti
orang) adalah kata ganti yang menunjukkan orang, terbagi menjadi:

First person (orang pertama) ialah orang yang berbicara.

Second person (orang kedua) ialah orang yang diajak bicara (lawan bicara)
Third person (orang ketiga) ialah orang yang dibicarakan.

Berdsarkan posisinya, personal pronoun dapat dibedakan menjadi dua golongan:

a. Subjective case (kasus subyektif) dimana kata ganti berfungsi sebagai subyek dalam kalimat.
Contoh: I am a student (saya adalah seorang siswa). She loves me (dia mencintai saya)etc.
b. Objective case (kasus obyektif) dimana kata ganti berfungsi sebagai obyek dalam kalimat.
Contoh: my father believes him (ayah saya mempercayainya). He is talking to me (dia
sedang berbicara padaku) etc.

Subjective

Objective

Meaning

Ket.

case
I
You
He
She
It
We
You2
They

case
Me
You
Him
Her
It
Us
You2
Them

Saya
Kamu
Dia (lk)
Dia (pr)
Dia (benda)
Kita, kami
Kalian
Mereka

Disebut orang pertama tunggal

Disebut orang kedua tunggal
Disebut orang ketiga tunggal
Disebut orang ketiga tunggal
Disebut orang ketiga tunggal
Disebut orang pertama jamak
Disebut orang kedua jamak
Disebut orang ketiga jamak

Exercise
a. Replace the words in brackets by the correct personal pronouns. Note that Rony is the person
speaking. The (*) means that you are asked a question.
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1. My name is Rony. (Rony) I am English. And this is my family.
2. My mum's name is Angie. (Angie) ... is from Germany.
3. Bob is my dad. (My dad) ... is a writer.
4. On the left, you can see Simon. (Simon) ... is my brother.
5. (Rony and Simon) ... are twins.
6. Our dog is a girl, Judy. (Judy) ... is two years old.
7. (Sue, Simon, Angie and Bob) ... live in Canterbury.
8. (Canterbury) ... is not far from London.
9. My grandparents live in London. (My grandparents) ... often come and see us.
10. What can (*)... tell me about your family?
b. Aron was on a business trip to California. He shows you the souvenirs he got for his family.
Fill in the correct pronouns.
1. My sister Jane loves books. This novel is for (she) ...
2. My children like Disney films. The video is for (they) ...
3. My brother Matt collects picture postcards. These postcards are for (he) ...
4. My parents like Latin music. The CD is for (they) ...
5. I like watches. This nice watch is for (I) ...
6. My wife and I love sweets. These sweets are for (we) ....
7. My nephew likes cars. The toy truck is for (he) ...
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8. My neighbour wants to go to California next year. The guide book is for (she) ....
9. Here is another souvenir. I don't know what to do with (it) ....
10. You know what? - It's for (you) ....

Forms of Possessive Pronouns and Adjectives

Person
I
You
She
He
It
We
They

Possessive Pronoun
Mine
Yours
Hers
His
Its
Ours
Theirs

Possessive Adjective
My
Your
Her
His
Its
Our
Their

Using Possessive Pronouns and Possesive Adjectives

a. A possessive pronoun is used instead of a noun:
Julie's car is red. Mine is blue.
b. A possessive adjective is usually used to describe a noun, and it comes before it, like other
adjectives:
My car is bigger than her car.
Replace the personal pronouns by possessive adjectives:
1. Where is (I) ... book?
2. Here is (we) ... teacher.
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3. She goes to school with (she) ... brother.
4. (They) ... father works in a car factory.
5. (You) ... laptop is very expensive.
6. (He) ... favourite hobby is tennis.
7. (I) ... husband and I want to go to Paris.
8. We want to see (it) ... historical monuments.
9. Leila likes (she) ... dog !
10. (It) ... name is Bobby.
Choose the right possessive adjective:
1. Two students didn't do ... mathematics homework.
2. I have a car. ... car is black.
3. We have a dog. ... name is Pancho.
4. Nancy is from England. ... husband is from Australia.
5. Farid and Nadia go to a high school. ... little brother goes to primary school.
6. Mr O'Brian has a van. ... van is very old.
7. We go to a high school. ... high school is fantastic.
8. I like singing. ... mother sings with me.
9. Franois and Alain are French. ... family are from France.
10. Mary likes ... grandmother. She often visits her.
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Replace the personal pronouns by possessive adjectives.
1. Where are (you) ... friends now?
2. Here is a postcard from (I) ... friend Peggy.
3. She lives in Australia now with (she) ... family.
4. (She) ... husband works in Newcastle.
5. (He) ... company builds ships.
6. (They) ... children go to school in Newcastle.
7. (I) ... husband and I want to go to Australia, too.
8. We want to see Peggy and (she) ... family next winter.
9. (We) ... winter!
10. Because it is (they) ... summer.

Possessive Pronouns
Replace the personal pronouns by possessive pronouns.
1. This book is (you).
2. The ball is (I).
3. The blue car is (we).
4. The ring is (she).
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5. We met Paul and Jane last night. This house is (they).
6. The luggage is (he).
7. The pictures are (she).
8. In our garden is a bird. The nest is (it).
9. This cat is (we).
10. This was not my fault. It was (you).
Choose the right answer (possessive adjective or possessive pronoun):
1. Jane has already eaten her lunch , but I'm saving (I) ... until later
2. She has broken (she) ... leg.
3. My mobile needs to be fixed, but (he) ... is working.
4. (I) ... computer is a Mac, but (you) ... is a PC.
5. We gave them (we) ... telephone number, and they gave us (they) ... .
6. (I) ... pencil is broken. Can I borrow (you) .... ?
7. (You) ... car is cheap, but (I) ... is expensive .
8. You can't have any chocolate! It's all (I) ... !

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REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
It is used to express that you are doing something on your own.

Myself

You

Yourself

He

Himself

She

Herself

It

Itself

We

Ourselves

You

Yourselves

They

Themselves

He killed himself with poison.

I can do it myself.
We can do it ourselves.

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Choose the correct reflexive pronouns

myself - yourself - himself - herself - itself - ourselves - yourselves - themselves
1) Robert made this T-shirt ... .
2) Lisa did the homework ...
3) We helped to some cola at the party ... .
4) Emma, did you take the photo all by ....?
5) I wrote this poem ....
6) He cut with the knife while he was doing the dishes ....
7) The lion can defend ....
8) My mother often talks to ....

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PART OF SPEECH
1. NOUN (Kata Benda)
A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, idea, or quality.
Examples: book, car, table, chair, friendship, John, Mary, freedom, intelligence; hope, anger, joy
2. PRONOUN (Kata ganti)
A pronoun is usually a substitute for a noun.
Examples:
a. Personal pronouns: I, mine, me; you, yours; he, his, him; she, hers, her; it, its; we, ours, us;
they, theirs, them.
b. Interrogative pronouns: who, whose, whom, which, what
c. Relative pronouns (include): who, who, whose, which, that; whoever, whomever, whichever
d. Demonstrative pronouns: this, that, these, those
e. Indefinite pronouns (include): all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each,
either, everybody, everyone, everything, many, neither, nobody, no one, none, one, others, some,
somebody, someone, such
f. Intensive or reflexive pronouns: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves,
themselves
3. VERB (Kata Kerja)
A verb expresses an action or a condition (a state of being).
Examples:
Robert will eat the hamburger. (action)
Sara is happy. (condition or state of being)
Robert wont eat the hamburger.
Sara isnt happy.
Will Robert eat the hamburger?
Is Sara happy?

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4. ADVERB (Kata Keterangan)
An adverb describes a verb, adjective, or other adverb. Adverbs usually tell how (for example:
slowly), when (e.g., lately), where (e.g., there), how much (e.g., very), or why (e.g., therefore).
Example: He always chews his gum loudly.
5. ADJECTIVE (Kata Sifat)
An adjective describes or limits a noun.
Examples: tall, young, pretty, light, blue, new, white (The tall, young, pretty girl is wearing a
light blue dress with her new white shoes.) (NOT: ...a light dress blue with her new shoes
white.)
Adjectives and adverbs have three degrees of comparison: positive, comparative, superlative.
Examples:
Mary has a smart child.
Sara has a smarter child.
Nancy has the smartest child.
Robert is an intelligent student.
William is more intelligent than Robert.
Kim is the most intelligent student.
The red car is expensive.
The white car is less expensive.
The blue car is the least expensive.
Im a good painter.
Shes a better painter.
Hes the best painter.
Im a bad singer.
Shes a worse singer.
Hes the worst singer.

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6. PREPOSITION (Kata Depan)
A preposition usually shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and another part of a
sentence.
There are many prepositions, including: about, above, across, after, against, along, among,
around, as, at, before, behind, below, beneath, between, beyond, beside, besides, by, down,
during, except, from, for, in, inside, into, like, near, next, of, off, on, out, out of, outside, over,
past, round, since, than, through, till, to, toward, towards, under, underneath, unless, until, upon,
up, with, within, without.
Examples: My pencil is under my desk by my foot.
I live in Makassar
7. CONJUNCTION (Kata Sambung)
A conjunction connects words, phrases, and clauses.
Coordinate conjunctions connect words, phrases, and clauses of equal value: and, or, nor, but
(and sometimes for). e.g., The dog and the cat are hungry.
Correlative conjunctions occur in pairs: both-and, either-or, neither-nor, not only-but also.
e.g., Both the fish and the snake are thirsty.
Subordinate conjunctions connect unequal clauses (dependent clauses with independent clauses).
They include: after, although, as, because, before, if, since, than, though, unless, until, when,
where, while. e.g., After they ate, they had dessert.
8. INTERJECTION (Kata Perintah)
An interjection is a word that expresses feeling or emotion; usually it is followed by an
exclamation mark.
Examples: Oh! Ah! Wow! Darn! Gosh! Golly! Gee! Ow! Ouch! Yikes! Holy moly!
Yippee! Hooray! Boo! Whew!

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ARTICLES
Articles adalah kata depan digunakan sebelum noun untuk menyatakan kuantitas ataupun
specifikasi suatu benda.
Article terbagi dua yaitu a/an dan the.
A/AN

a/an

: digunakan hanya pada kata benda yang dapat dihitung (countable noun) dalam

bentuk tunggal yang dapat diarikan sebagai satu. Selain itu digunakan untuk
memperkenalkan pernyataan umum dimana subject nya tidak pernah di sebutkan

sebelumnya.
adigunakan sebelum kata yang diawali huruf konsonant atau pada huruf vokal yang
penyebutannya adalah konsonan.
example : a book, a table, a university
andigunakan sebelum kata yang diawali kuruf konsonan atau huruf vokal yang
penyebutannya adalah vokal.
Example : an apple, an umbrella, an hour

THE
the : digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang spesifik dan telah diketahui sebelumnya.

Atau ketika speaker 1 dan ke2 telah saling memahami mengenai hal yang tengah dibahas.
The : digunakan baik untuk singular (tunggal) maupun plural (jamak)

Gunakan THE pada :

Oceans, rivers, seas, gulfs, plural
takes
Ex : The Red Sea, The Atlantic

Jangan Gunakan THE pada :

Singular lakes
Lake Geneva, Lake Eric

Ocean, The Persian Gulf, the great

lakes
Mountains
The rocky Mountains, The Andes
Earth, moon
The Earth, the moon
Schools, colleges, universities when

Mounts
Mount McKinley
Planets, contellations
Venus, mars,
Schools, colleges, universities, when the
phrase begins with a proper noun
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the phrase begins with school, etc
The university of Florida, the college

Santa Fe Community College, Coopers Art

School, Stetson University

of Arts and Sciences

Ordinal Numbers before nouns
The first world war, the third chapter

Cardinal Numbers after noun

World War One, chapter three

Wars (except world wars)

The crimean War, the korean war
Certain countries or groups of
countries with more than one word
(except great britain)
The united states, the united kingdom,

Countries preceded by new or an adjective

such as a direcion
New Zealand, South Africa, North Korea

the central African Republic

Country with only one word
France, sweden, venezuela, indonesia
Continents
Europe, Africa, South America
Historical documents
The constitution, The magna carta

States
Florida, Ohio, California

Ethnic Groups
The Indian, The Aztecs
Sports
Baseball, basketball
Abstracts noun
Freedom, happiness
General areas of subject matter
Mathematics, sociology
Holidays
Christmas, thanksgiving

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Exercise:
Yesterday I saw (

) dog and (

chasing (

) mouse. Mouse ran into (

get into (

) hole, so it ran up tree.

) cat. (
)hole, but (

) dog was chasing (

)cat. (

) hole was very small. (

)cat was
)cat couldn't

1. Harrys father bought him ............. bycicle that he had wanted for his birthday.
2. ................ statue of Liberty was a gift of friendshio from France to ............ United
States.
3. David attended ............. Pribceton University.
4. My ............ car is four years old, and it still runs well.
5. I bought ........magazine. ....... magazine is Aneka Yes

COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUN

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a. Countable Nouns
Countable nouns mudah diketahui, yaitu benda yang dapat dihitung. Contoh: "pen". Pen
dapat dihitung, baik itu hanya satu, dua, tiga atau lebih banyak pulpen. Berikut ini beberapa
contoh countable nouns: dog, cat, animal, man, person, bottle, box, coin, note, cup, plate,
fork, table, chair, suitcase, bag etc.
Countable nouns dapat berbentuk singular (tunggal)atau plural(jamak):

My dog is playing.

My dogs are hungry.

Indefinite article a/an dapat digunakan untuk countable nouns:

A dog is an animal.

Apabila countable noun dalam bentuk tunggal (singular), biasanya didahului oleh a/the/my/this.
Contoh:

I want an orange. (not I want orange.)

Where is my bottle? (not Where is bottle?)

Apabila countable noun dalam bentuk jamak (plural), maka tidak memerlukan tambahan
a/the/my/this. Contoh:

I like oranges.

Bottles can break.

Some and any dapat digunakan bersama countable nouns:

I've got some dollars.

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Have you got any pens?

A few and many dapat digunakan bersama countable nouns:

I've got a few coins.

I haven't got many pens.

b. Uncountable Nouns
Uncountable nouns adalah zat, konsep dll yang tidak dapat dibagai kedalam eleme terpisah,
tidak dapat dihitung. Contoh: milk (susu). "Bottles of milk" atau "litres of milk" dapat
dihitung, tapi "milk" itu sendiri tidak dapat dihitung. Berikut beberapa contoh uncountable
nouns: music, art, love, happiness, advice, information, news, furniture, rice, sugar, butter,
water, electricity, gas, power, money. Uncountable nouns pada umumnya dianggap sebagai
benda tunggal (singular). Contoh:

This news is very important.

Your information sounds important.

Indefinite article a/an tidak digunakan untuk uncountable nouns. Kita tidak mengatakan "an
information" atau "a music", melainkan a . of:

a piece of news

a bottle of water

a grain of rice

Some dan any dapat digunakan bersama uncountable nouns:

I've got some money.

Have you got any rice?
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A little dan much digunakan bersama uncountable nouns:

I've got a little money.

I haven't got much rice.

Uncountable nouns biasa juga disebut "mass nouns".

Lebih jelasnya untuk pemakaian Countable and Uncountable Nouns

WITH COUNTABLE NOUNS

WITH UNCOUNTABLE NOUN

a/an, the, some, any

The, some, any

this, that, these, those

This, that

none, one, two, three,.....

None

many

Much, (usually in negatives or questions)

a lot of

A lot of

a large number of/ a great number of

A large amount of

(a)few

(A) Little

Fewer ....than....

Less..... than.....

More.... than
Irreguler Countable Noun

More....than.....

Person people

child children

Foot feet

man-men

mouse - mice

Woman women

tooth-teeth

Confusing uncountable Noun

Sand

soap

physics

mathematics

News

mumps

air

politics

Measles

information

meat

homework

Food

economics

advertising

money
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Exercise
Complete the following sentences with many or much!
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.

I have .friends in my dormitory.

There are ..information we can get from TV.
He gave me . apples yesterday.
I drinkin the morning
I have .teachers at the school
I buy.books in the market
I spendwater to take a bath
I eatmangoes
I saw .. people in the cinema.
My mother poured . sugar in the cup of coffee.

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REGULAR & IRREGULAR VERBS
Regular verb (kata kerja beraturan) adalah perubahan kata kerja yang mengikuti aturan
peraturan normal, yaitu dengan melakukan penambahan d atau ed pada kata kerja bentuk
pertama sehingga menjadi kata kerja bentuk kedua (past tense) dan ketiga (past
participle).Jumlah kata kerja beraturan banyak sekali tak terhingga. Contoh:
V1

V2

V3

Arti

Help

helped

helped

menolong

Want

wanted

wanted

ingin

Ask

asked

asked

bertanya

Use

used

used

memakai

Like

liked

liked

menyukai

Irregular verb (kata kerja tidak beraturan) adalah perubahan kata kerja yang tidak
mengikuti aturan penambahan d atau ed untuk membentuk past tense and past participle.
Contoh:
V1

V2

V3

Arti

Beat

beat

beaten

memukul

Become

became

become

menjadi

Begin

began

begun

memulai

Bring

brought

brought

membawa

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Buy

bought

bought

membeli

Choose

chose

chosen

memilih

Come

came

come

datang

Drink

drank

drunk

minum

Do

did

done

mengerjakan

Drive

drove

driven

mengendarai

Eat

ate

eaten

makan

Find

found

found

menemukan

Fly

flew

flown

terbang

Forget

forgot

forgotten

melupakan

Give

gave

given

member

Go

went

gone

pergi

Know

knew

known

mengetahui

Pay

paid

paid

membayar

Say

said

said

mengatakan

See

saw

seen

melihat

Send

sent

sent

mengirim

Sleep

slept

slept

tidur

Speak

spoke

spoken

berbicara
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Take

took

taken

mengambil

Teach

taught

taught

mengajar

Think

thought

thought

berpikir

Exercise
Find at least 20 regular and irregular verbs with their meaning!

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TO BE
To be (present: am, is, are) termasuk dalam kata kerja bantu (auxiliary verb) dan
seringkali diterjemahkan sebagai ada atau adalah, tetapi dalam pola kalimat tertentu, To be tidak
diterjemahkan. Pada dasarnya To be sebenarnya berfungsi sebagai penghubung antara subyek dan
predikat dalam kalimat nominal (kalimat yang predikatnya bukan kata kerja). Berikut ini akan
dibahas mengenai penggunaan To be dengan kata benda (Noun), kata sifat (Adjective) dan kata
kerja ing (Verb+ing).

To be (present: am, is, are) + Noun / Adjective / V-ing

Subject

be (present)

am

She
He
It
Ani
Ali

is
She is a teacher (N)
It is difficult (adj)
Ali issmiling (V-ing)

They
We
You

Exercise

I am a student (N)
I ampatient (adj)
I amsinging (V-ing)

are

They arefarmers (N)

We arehappy (adj)
You aredancing (Ving)

Rewrite the following sentences by correcting the mistake!

1. Darnia are studying in the classroom.

..
2. The doctors is checking the patients condition.
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...
3. Nurse Halfia is change the patients infusion now

4. Arin, Hendra and Yaya is the English tutors.

..
5. I want to sleep because I very sleepy.

..
6. The girls with the white uniform is nurses.

..
7. The students happy in the classroom now. They are wait for the new lecturer.

..
8. Zera and Dila is tired because of the tasks.

9. I am writing a letter for my boyfriend.

10. You is tidy now because you is use shoes.

..
To be (past: was, were) termasuk dalam kata kerja bantu (auxiliary verb) dan
merupakan bentu lampau dari am, is, are. Sama halnya dengan To be (present: am, is,
are), pada dasarnya was dan were berfungsi sebagai penghubung antara subyek dan
predikat dalam kalimat nominal (kalimat yang predikatnya bukan kata kerja) pada masa
lampau. Berikut ini akan dibahas mengenai penggunaan was dan were dengan kata benda
(Noun), kata sifat (Adjective) dan kata kerja ing (Verb+ing).

To be (past: was, were) + Noun / Adjective / V-ing

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Subject
I
She
He
It
Ani
Ali

be (past)

was

I was a child (N)

She was a singer
(N)
He was stupid (adj)
The cat was small
(adj)

were

They werefarmers
(N)
We werelonely (adj)
You weresleeping (V-

They
We
Yo
Exercise
Complete the following sentences!

1. My mother and I . sad yesterday but today we happy.

2. You busy today, but last week you.. free.
3. Nurse Sinta and nurse Dewi friendly now, but they unfriendly few months
ago.
4. The hospital small but now it big.
5. I fine, but last night I dizzy.
6. The weather nice today but yesterday it hot.
7. The tomato . cheap last week but now it . expensive.
8. The building ..yellow three months ago, but now it green.
9. The man . a student but now he a teacher.
10. Agung and Wisnu . jobless but now they . Worker.

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CAN & COULD

Can (dapat/bisa) merupakan kata kerja bantu yang dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan:
1. Kesanggupan atau kemahiran seseorang
Contoh: He can carry the big box
(dia dapat mengangkat kotak besar itu)
2. Menyatakan izin
Contoh: You can go home now
(kamu dapat pulang sekarang)
3. Menyatakan kemungkinan
Contoh: He can be a doctor
(dia bisa menjadi dokter).
Could (dapat/bisa) merupakan bentuk lampau dari Can. Pada umumnya digunakan untuk
menyatakan:
a. Kemampuan di waktu lampau.
Contoh: He could play volley ball when he was young.
(Dia dapat bermain bola voli ketika dia muda)
b. Permintaan izin dengan cara yang lebih formal dan sopan dibandingkan can atau may.
Contoh: Could you help me for a moment?
(Dapatkah kamu membentuku sebentar?)
c. Pilihan dari kemungkinan yang ada tapi belum diputuskan.
Contoh: You could see him in his house or in his office.
(Kamu bisa menemui dia di rumahnya atau kantornya)

MAY & MIGHT

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May (boleh) merupakan kata kerja bantu yang digunakan untuk menyatakan:
a. Permintaan izin. Contoh:
May I go with her to the movie?
(Bolehkah saya pergi denganya ke bioskop?)
You may copy this lesson
(Kamu boleh menyalin pelajaran ini)
b. Suatu kemungkinan. Contoh:
I may stay here for a while.
(Saya mungkin tinggal disini sebentar)
c. Penolakan izin melakukan sesuatu (jika digunakan dalam kalimat negative). Contoh:
The students may not smoke in the class.
(Para siswa tidak diizinkan merokok di dalam kelas)
d. Permohonan doa untuk seseorang. Contoh:
May you be happy!
(Semoga kamu bahagia!)
May God bless you!
(Semoga Tuhan Memberkatimu!)

Might(boleh/mungkin) merupakan bentuk lampau dari May. Pada umumnya digunakan untuk
menyatakan:
a. Kemungkinan yang lebih lemah dibandingkan May. Contoh:
She might come tomorrow
(Dia mungkin datang besok.)
b. Izin yang lebih halus daripada May.Contoh:
Might I know your name?
(Bolehkan saya tahu nama Anda?)

YES/NO QUESTION
Yes/no questions adalah pertanyaan yang menggunakan
be, have, do, or a modal
verb. Yes/no questions selalu diawali dengan beberapa kata tersebut dan hanya membutuhkan
jawaban sederhana yaitu yes or no, atau diikuti dengan pertanyaan yang diulang kembali..
Note: It's impossible to ask a yes/no question without one of these auxiliary verbs.
He want a car?

Does he want a car?

You going to eat with us?

Are you going to eat with us?

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BE
Use the verb be to ask about identity, description, location, and present or past activities and
situations.
Identity / Description
You can use be plus a noun or adjective to ask about the identity or description of a person, place,
or thing.
Am I your best friend?

Yes (you are).

Is this interesting?

No (it is not).

Are these islands part of Greece?

Yes (they are).

Was his idea good?

No (it wasn't).

Were they happy?

Yes (they were).

Location
Be plus a prepositional phrase asks about present or past location.
Am I near your house?

No (you aren't).

Is he in Panam?

Yes (he is).

Are we at the border yet?

No (we're not).

Was his apartment above a bakery?

Yes (it was).

Were the demonstrations downtown?

No (they weren't).

Current activity / situation

To ask about a current activity or situation, use the present progressive: present tense of be +
present participle (verb+ing).
Am I going with you and Tom?

Yes (you are).

Is England adopting the euro?

No (it isn't).

Are we seeing a play tonight?

Yes (we are).

Is she working today?

No (she isn't).
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Past activity / situation
To ask about a past activity or situation, use the past progressive: past tense of be + present
participle.
Was it raining?

Yes (it was).

Was Anna cooking?

No (she wasn't).

Were the prisoners rebelling?

Yes (they were).

Were they singing?

No (they weren't).

Past event
To ask about something that happened to someone or something, use the passive voice: past tense
of be + past participle (verb + ed or en):
Was he given a reward?

Yes (he was).

Was I chosen?

No (you weren't).

Were you driven home in a taxi?

Yes (we were).

Were dinosaurs killed by meteors?

No (they weren't).

HAVE
Use the verb have to ask if some action has taken place or whether somebody has done
something.
Notice that the auxiliary verb have is in the present tense* and the main verb is always a past
participle.

Has your brother left?

No (he hasn't).

Have you flown before?

Yes (I have).

Has the party started?

Yes (it has).

Have the guests eaten?

No (they haven't).

*It is possible to ask a yes/no question with had, but this is done in very specific situations and
will be explained in a future lesson.
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DO
Use the verb do to obtain facts about people, places, or things.
Do is always followed by the subject and then a verb in the infinitive without to.
Do they smoke?

No (they don't).

Does Bogot get cold?

Yes (it does).

Did it work?

No (it didn't).

Do flying fish really fly?

No (they don't).

Does running hurt your knees?

Yes (it does).

Did teaching challenge you?

Yes (it did).

MODALS
Use modal verbs to obtain more information about possibilities or uncertainties.
Modals are always followed by verbs in the infinitive without to.
Can we stay?

Yes (we can stay).

Could this be true?

Yes (it could be true).

Should they stop?

No (they shouldn't).

May I help you?

Yes (you may).

Will it rain?

No (it won't rain).

Would you go with me?

Yes (I would).

Remember: When asking a question with do or a modal verb, the main verb remains in the
infinitive without to.
Incorrect

Correct
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Do you to drink coffee?

Do you drink coffee?

Does she to work here?

Does she work here?

Can I to go with you?

Can I go with you?

Should we to email her?

Should we email her?

However, if there are two verbs in the infinitive after do, the second infinitive must use to.
Incorrect

Correct

Do you want drink coffee?

Do you want to drink coffee?

Does she like work here?

Does she like to work here?

Did you need go home?

Did you need to go home?

Remember: It's impossible to ask a yes/no question without an auxiliary verb.

He know your phone number?

Does he know your phone number?

They returning today?

Are they returning today?

Note that there are several ways to answer yes/no questions, especially with contractions.
Is he busy?

No.
No, he isn't.
No, he's not.
No, he is not.
No, he isn't busy.
No, he's not busy.
No, he is not busy.

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Exercises
MAKE YES-NO QUESTIONS TO THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES. BE CAREFUL WITH TENSES.

1. They arrived yesterday.

2. You have heard about it.
3. You like coffee.
4. I may speak to him.
5. I should visit them.
6. You'd rather she didn't say anything.
7. He didn't have to speak to her.
8. I have to buy some books.
9. He wasn't supposed to speak to me.
10. She won't fall down.
11. You will come.
12. You wouldn't like the meat overdone.
13. He used to walk his dog.
14. I am very late.
15. She has come very late.
16. He has your chocolate.
17. She has lunch at 12 o'clock.
18. I have to go now.
19. We'll have to get a new one made.
20. You never used to work so late.

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WH QUESTIONS
WH Questions secara umum terdiri dari:

What yang berarti apa.

Contoh: what is your name? (siapa namamu?)
When yang berarti kapan.
Contoh: when was you born? (dimana kamu lahir?)
Where yang berarti dimana.
Contoh: where were you born? (kapan kamu lahir?)
Who yang berarti siapa
Contoh: who is the man in the class? (siapa laki-laki yang di dalam kelas itu?)
Why yang berarti mengapa.
Contoh: why are you late? (mengapa kamu terlambat?)
How yang berarti bagaimana
Contoh: - how is your father? (bagaimana keadaan ayah kamu?)
- how old are you? (berapa umurmu?)
- how many people in the office? (berapa banyak orang di kantor?)

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Exercise
Arrange some WH Questions by using information from the text below!
My name is Aira. I am twenty years old. I live in Makassar but I come from Enrekang. I am a
student of nursing faculty of Indonesia Timur University. My father is a teacher, his name is
Abdi. I am proud of my father because he is wise. My mother is a housewife, her name is Arifah.
I like my mothers way to love me because she always tries to understand me. I have no brother
and two sisters. My first sister studies in Senior High School. Her name is Fitri. She is smart
because she is very diligent. My second studies in Junior School. Her name is Fitrah. She is 15
years old. She is beautiful. I usually miss my family because I love them so much.

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PREPOSITIONS "on", "at", "in"

Preposition a (kata depan) merupakan kata yang diletakkan sebelum kata benda (noun)
atau kata ganti (pronoun) untuk menunjukkan hubungan dengan bagian-bagian kalimat yang lain.
Dapat juga dikatakan sebagai kata yang menghubungkan kata benda (noun) dengan kata ganti
(pronoun) dengan kata-kata yang lain dalam sebuah kalimat. Ada beberapa jenis preposition, tiga
diantaranya adalah on, at, dan in.
c. On : we use ON when we talk generally about something on a line. We use ON when we
are talking about a line like a street, road, or river. EX :There is a picture on the wall.
On, mempuanyai arti:

Di atas. (On the table, on plate, on wall, on the floor, etc.)

Contoh: The book is on the table (buku itu ada di atas meja)

Pada. (on Monday, on Saturday morning, etc).

Contoh: I will come here on Thursday (saya akan datang kesini pada
hari Kamis)

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d. At : we use AT when we talk about a special place on a line or point where two lines meet like
a building. We use AT when we talk about the outside of a buliding or place. It also use when
we stay only for a short time in one place. Or when we think of the special name of shop or
place. EX :He is at swimming pool.
At, mempunyai arti:

Di, (jika berhubungan dengan tempat).At home, at the door, at the

bus stop, etc.
Contoh: They are at home now (mereka ada di rumah sekarang).

Pada, (jika berhubungan dengan waktu).at noon, at night, at three

oclock.etc.
Contoh: I get up at five oclock every morning (saya bangun pada jam
5 setiap pagi)

Pada, kearah (sasaran).

Contoh: We throw stone at the dog (kami melemparkan batu pada
anjing itu)

e. In : we use IN when we are not talking about a special place in an area. We use IN to talk
about a general position within a large area or something within a larger shape. It also use
when we talk about doing something for long time. EX :I live in Jakarta.
In, mempunyai arti:

Di, di dalam (tempat).in the kitchen, in the dining room, in the box, in
the bag, etc.
Contoh: They are in the waiting room (mereka ada di ruang tunggu)
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Pada, di (waktu).In 2013, in January, in the morning, in the evening, in

the afternoon,etc.
Contoh: She was born in 1987 (dia lahir pada tahun 1987)

Exercise.
Complete the following sentences with appropriate preposition!
1. We will study English .. 1 oclock
2. I usually wake up 4.45 .. the morning.
3. I cant sleep .. night.
4. Do you often go .. the evening?
5. Do you watch movie ... Saturday evening?
6. The bus driver should stop the bus stop.
7. The are some pictures the wall.
8. I was sleeping .. the car.
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9. My brother was born .. July.
10.

Valentine day is celebrated .. the fourteenth of February.

11.

I start working . 8 oclock.

12.

The shop will close 5.30.

13.

The dancer is dancing . The floor.

14.

I dont teach .. Friday morning.

15.

My parents got married. December

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE (VERB)

Simple Present Tense (sekarang kebiasaa/kenyataan) adalah bentuk waktu yang digunakan
untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan atau kegitan yang berlangsung atau terjadi pada waktu
sekarang dalam bentuk sederhana, atau kegiatan /pekerjaan yang dilakukan berulang-ulang, atau
kebiasaan sehari-hari, atau peristiwa yang tak ada kaitannya dengan waktu.

(+) S + V1
(-) S + do/does not
(dont/doesnt) + V1
(?) Do/does + S + V1 ?

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Subject

verb (present)

I
You

They
We
She
He
It
Ani
Ali

V1

V1 (s/es)

Note:

I eat apple
You take my heart
They oftensing
We learn English
everyday

She loves me
He goes to campus every
morning
The sun rises in the east
Ani smiles to me
Ali writes the task

1. Ada beberapa time signal (tanda waktu) yang sering digunakan: everyday (setiap hari), every
morning (setiap pagi), every week/month/year (setiap minggu/bulan/tahun), in the morning
(di pagi hari), at noon (di siang hari), once a week (sekali seminggu), twice a day (dua kali
sehari), three times a month (tiga kali sebulan), etc.
2. adverb or frequency (keterangan derajat keseringan) suatu perbuatan dilakukan: always
(selalu), usually (biasanya), often (sering), sometimes (kadang-kadang), seldom (jarang),
ever (pernah), never (tidak pernah), etc.

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PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Present Continuous Tense adalah bentuk waktu yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu
perbuatan, keadaan atau peristiwa yang sedang terjadi pada saat dibicarakan.

(+) S + to be + V-ing
(-) S + to be + not +
V-ing
(?) To be + S + V-

Subject

be (present)

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I

am

She
He
It
Ani
Ali

is

They
We
You

are

V-ing

I am singing
She is dancing
He is smiling
The horse is
running
Ani is teaching
Ali is learning
They are meeting
We are gossiping
You are joking

Exercise
Complete the following sentences with the words in bracket by using Simple Present or Present
Continuous Tense!
16. Be quite please! The baby (sleep) . She (sleep)
. For ten hours every night.
17. Right now Im in class. I (sit).. at my desk. I usually (sit)
.. at the same desk in class every day.
18. Ali (speak) Arabic. Arabic is his native language, but right now he
(speak). English.
19. Our lecturer (stand, not). up right now. She (sit).
on the corner of her desk.
20. Its 6:00 p.m. Mary is at home. She (eat).. dinner. She always (eat)
. Dinner with her family around six oclock.
21. It (rain,not).right now. The sun (shine),
and the sky (be). Blue.
22. Look out the window. (Rain, it).? Should I take my
umbrella?
23. Its 7:30 a.m. The Wilsons are in their kitchen. Mrs. Wilson (sit)..
at the breakfast table. She (read).the morning paper. She
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(read) .. the newspaper every morning. Mr. Wilson (pour)
. A cup of coffee. He (drink).. two cup of
coffee every morning before he (go) to work.
24. There is a cartoon on TV now, but the children (watch, not) it.
They (play)... with their toys instead. They usually (watch)
. cartoons in the morning.
25. Denny (take, not). the bus to school every day. She usually (walk)
.. instead.

SIMPLE PAST TENSE (VERB)

Simple Past Tense adalah bentuk waktu yang digunakan untuk menerangkan peristiwa
atau perbuatan yang dilakukan pada saat tertentu di waktu lampau dalam bentuk sederhana.Waktu
terjadinya peristiwa atau perbuatan itu telah diketahui.

(+) S + V2
(-) S + did not
(didnt) + V1

Subject

verb (past)

(?) Did + S + V1 ?
I
You
They
We
She
He
It
Ani
Ali

V2

I came late yesterday

You brought my pen
They studied last night
We bought some books
She opened the door
He loved his friend
The phone rang last
night
Ani used the pen
Ali cleaned his room
last week

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Note:
1. Kata kerja yang digunakan dalam kalimat simple past terbagi kedalam 2 bentuk, yaitu
regular verb (kata kerja beraturan) dan irregularverb (kata kerja tidak beraturan).
2. Ada beberapa time signal (tanda waktu) yang sering digunakan: yesterday (kemarin), last
night (tadi malam), last week (minggu lalu), last month (bulan lalu), last year (tahun lalu),
last Friday (hari Jumat lalu), last January (bulan Januari lalu), two days ago (dua hari yang
lalu), this morning (tadi pagi), this noon (tadi siang), a few days ago (beberapa hari yang
lalu), a week ago (seminggu yang lalu), a month ago (sebulan yang lalu), a year ago (setahun
yang lalu), etc.
Exercise
Complete the following sentences with the given words by using Simple Past Tense!
Begin
Cut
Lose

read
eat
meet

drink
find
shut

shake
go
spend

speak
hold
keep

1. Sam a cup of coffee before class this morning.

2. We .. a delicious dinner at Dinar restaurant last night.
3. When it . to rain yesterday afternoon, I . All of the
windows.
4. Danny hurt his finger when he was fixing his dinner last night. He accidentally
it with a sharp knife.
5. I dont have any money in my pocket. I my last dime yesterday. Im
flat broke.
6. Jessica didnt throw her old shoes away. She .them because they were
comfortable.
7. I an interesting article in the newspaper.
8. Jack .. his pocketknife at he park yesterday. This morning
he. it in the grass. He was glad to have it back.
9. Peter was nervous when he .. his baby in his arms for the first time.
10. I . Jenifers parents when they visited her. She introduced me to them.
11. Yesterday I called Jason on the phone. He wasnt at home, so I . to his
sister.
12. When I introduced Tom to Ryan, they .. hands and smiled at each
other.
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PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
Past Continuous Tense (bentuka waktu lampau yang sedang berlangsung) pada umumnya
digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan, keadaan atau peristiwa yang sedang berlangsung
diwaktu lampau disaat kegiatan atau perbuatan lain terjadi.

(+) S + to be + V-ing
(-) S + to be + not +
V-ing
(?) To be + S + V-

Subject
I
She
He
It
Ani
Ali

be (past)

was

They
We

You

were

I was studying when you came

She was crying when I called her
He was running when his mother
phoned him
The cat was eating when Ali left.
They were dancing when we sang
We werepraying when Nita texted
me
You were debating when we bought

Exercise
Complete the following sentences with the words in bracket by using Simple Past or Past
Continuous Tense!
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13. At 6:00 p.m, Bob sat down at the breakfast table and began to eat. At 6:05, Bob (eat)
. Dinner.
14. While Bob (eat) dinner, Ann (come) ..
through the door.
15. In the other words, when Ann (come). Through the door, Bob (eat)
dinner.
16. Bob went to bed at 10:00 Bob (sleep).....
17. While Bob (sleep) , the phone (ring)
18. In other words, when the phone (ring)., Bob (sleep)
.
19. Bob left his house at 8:00 a.m. and (begin). to walk to class. While
he (walk).. to class, he (see).. Mrs. Smith.
20. When Bo (see)..Mrs. Smith, she (stand)..on her front
porch. She (hold).a broom. Mrs. Smith (wave)
.at Bob when she (see) him.

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

Present Perfect Tense adalah bentuk waktu yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu
perbuatan, tindakan atau kegiatan yang terjadi pada waktu yang tidak tentu (indefinite time) di
masa lampau (past tense), dan pada saat berbicara, perbuatan atau kegiatan tersebut telah selesai

(+) S + have/has +
dilakukan.
V3
(-) S + have/has +
not + V3

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Subject

verb (present)
I
You

They
We
She
He
It
Ani
Ali

have

has

I have called my mother

You have broken my heart
They have collected the
money
We have chosen the right
She has given me a book
He has taken my pen
The cow has drunk the
water
Ani has met her brother
Ali has written a letter

Note:
1. Kata kerja yang digunakan dalam kalimat present perfect terbagi kedalam 2 bentuk, yaitu
regular verb (kata kerja beraturan) dan irregularverb (kata kerja tidak beraturan).
2. Ada beberapa bentuk keterangan waktu yang letaknya sebelum kata kerja bentuk ketiga
(V3), kecuali katiga yet yang terletak setelah kata kerja bentuk ketiga (V3): already
(sudah), just (baru saja), ever (pernah), never (tidak pernah), yet (belum), etc.
Exercise
Complete the following sentences with the words in bracket by using Present Perfect!

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1. (I, meet) ........... Anns husband. I met him at party last week.
2. (I, finish) .my work. I finished it two hours ago.
3. (she, fly) Ms. Parker travels to Washington, D.C., frequently. .. there
many times.
4. (they, know) Bob and Jane are old friends. ..each other for long
time.
5. (it, be)

I dont like this weather. ..cold and cloudy for the last

three days.
6. (you, learn) Your English is getting better. ..a lot of English since you
came here.
7. (we, be) my wife and I came here two months ago. in this
city for two months.
8. (he, finish) Rob can go to bed now. his homework.
9. (he, be) Matt is at home in bed. . Sick for three days.
10. (she, be) Kate is falling behind in her schoolwork. .. absent from
class a lot lately.

FUTURE TENSE
Will

S + Will/Shall + V1 + O/C

26. Will dipakai ketika kita memutuskan untuk melakukan sesuatu saat kita sedang bicara
(Spontan, tanpa rencana)
Contoh:
b. I am hungry. I will buy something to eat
c. It is cold. I will close the window

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2. Untuk membuat request dan command lebih formal atau lebih sopan.
Contoh:
a. Will you take care of my plants while I am gone, please! (Tolong rawat tanaman-tanaman
saya selama saya pergi!).
b. Will you return my book tomorrow, please! I need to study it for the exam. (Tolong
kembalikan buku saya besok. Saya perlu mempelajari untuk (mempersiapkan diri) ujian).
c. Will you give me some sugar, please! (Tolong beri saya sedikit gula).
d. Will you pick up the phone, please! (Tolong angkat telponnya).
e. Will you go out with me tonight, please! (Pergilah kencan dengan saya malam ini).
3. Untuk menjanjikan sesuatu
Contoh: I will call you as soon as I have the information
4. Untuk menyatakan kesudian/kesanggupan melakukan sesuatu.
Contoh:
a. Why dont you ask John? He will happily help you do your homework.
b. She will voluntarily teach us how to write in English well.
c. Lets go to the canteen. I will treat you.
d. You look thirsty. I will get a glass of water for you.
e. I will open the door for you.

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To Be going to

S + To Be (am,is,are) + going to + V1 + O/C

Untuk menyatakan kejadian/aktivitas yang direncanakan akan terjadi/dilakukan.

Contoh:
1. Ronny is going tocome to my house at 7 oclock tonight.
2. He has an appointment. He is going tomeet his business partner at noon.
3. I amgoing to go to the shopping mall. Do you want to go with me?
4. The next world cup championship is going tobe held in South Africa in 2010.
5. He is going to leave for Bali tomorrow morning.
6. Iam going to watch a movie.

Exercise.
Complete the following sentences with will or To Be going to!
1. I . write a letter to my friend in Texas
2. I (not) get you a cup of coffee
3. He .visit Paris next month
4. Anthony be at the party?
5. .turn the air-conditioning on?
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6. We ..spend our money on clothes
7. I (not) wait for you
8. ..make some bread?
9. . (not) wear a dark suit to the wedding reception
10. She sad if you dont buy her a present

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