International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Technology (IJAERT) 195

Volume 4 Issue 5, May 2016, ISSN No.: 2348 8190

IMAGE DENOISING VIA SELF-LEARNING BASED IMAGE

DECOMPOSITION USING DWT
Ms. Shabila Sheraffudheen.K.V

Mr. Ashok.K

PG Scholar: Department of ECE

Al-Ameen Engineering College
Shoranur,kerala

Asst.Professor Department of ECE

Al-Ameen Engineering College
Shoranur,kerala

Abstract
Image decomposition is an ill-posed problem usually
addressed in various applications of image processing such as
image denoising, enhancement etc.. In normal image
denoising processes, it is not clear how to decompose the
image into multiple semantic components and thereby
removing those components which correspond to undesirable
noise patterns. Here in this paper, we introduces an image
decomposition framework using Discrete Wavelet
Transform(DWT) filters. The system first identifies and
learns an over-complete dictionary from the high spatial
frequency parts of the input image for reconstruction
purposes. Then performs unsupervised clustering on the
observed dictionary atoms via method of affinity
propagation. Once the proposed system identifies the image
components which are similar, then the proposed framework
automatically removes the noise contaminated image
components directly from the input image. The performance
of this approach depends on the relative denoising techniques
used and on the number of iterations of the algorithm and in
most of the cases we require more than hundred iterations
which increase the efficiency of the system. In this paper, we
propose a new and improved method for increasing the
overall efficiency of the system. Introduction of DWT filter
into the existing system for images corrupted by Gaussian
noise or rain noise are very useful because of its ability to
capture the signal energy in few energy transformation
values. Our experiments show that the proposed system
yields improvements in PSNR and thereby increases the
sharpness of images mainly at the edges.
Index terms: denoising; sparse representation; image
decomposition; clustering.

I.

INTRODUCTION

Images are often corrupted by noise during its transmission

or acquisition. The process of image denoising is to remove
the noise while retaining and not disturbing the quality of the
processed image. The traditional way of denoising involves
only filtering. Recently, lot of research about non-linear
methods of signal de-noising has been developed. Here we
are using a self learning based image decomposition frame
work. For this the high frequency components of the input
image is first identified. It then learns an over complete
dictionary and then performs unsupervised clustering by
affinity propagation. In the recent years, wavelet
transformation techniques gained much attention from
researchers in many different areas. Use of discrete and
continuous wavelet transforms in image processing have
shown great promise in such diverse fields as image

compression, image de-noising, signal processing, and

pattern recognition to name only a few.
Researchers are still investigating how to properly divide an
image into texture and non texture parts for applications in
image compression [3], image in painting [4], [5], or related
image analysis and synthesis tasks. Let us consider an
fundamental issue of decomposing an image of N pixels into
C different N-dimensional components. For this we need to
solve a linear regression problem with
unknown
variables. While this problem is not well-posed, image
sparsity prior has been exploited to address this task [1]. As a
result, we can morphologically decompose an input image
into different patches based on such priors for a variety of
image processing applications.
The rest of this paper briefly review morphological
component analysis (MCA), which is a sparse-representation
based image decomposition algorithm, and has been applied
successfully in image decomposition problems and extended
to solve the problems of image denoising [6][8], image in
painting [5], [8], and image de-raining (i.e., rain removal) [9],
[10].

A.MCA Algorithm for image decomposition

Morphological Component Analysis (MCA) is a novel
decomposition method based on sparse representation of
signals. MCA iteratively studies the morphological diversity
of different features contained in the data to be decomposed
in an image and to associate each morphological component
to a dictionary of atoms [1], [5], [11].Suppose that the Nsample image I is the linear superposition of K
morphological components. Image I is given by I=
k .
where denotes the k -th component, such as the geometric
or textural component of the image I. For finely decompose I
into Ik ,the MCA minimizes the following energy equation
iteratively:
E({Ik}k=1,2,..K{k}k=1,2,..K) = ||I+

k(Ik,

k)

k||2

(1)

The main goal of MCA framework is to solve the inverse

problem that consists in recovering the components
Ik,k=1,2K from their observed linear mixture. MCA
assumes that each component Ik can be sparsely represented
in an associated basis %k Owing to recent advances in
computational
harmonic
analysis,
many
novel
representations, including the wavelet transform, curve let,
contour let, steerable, or complex wavelet pyramids, were

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shown to be very effective in sparsely representing certain

kinds of signals and images. Thus, for decomposition
purposes, the dictionary will be built by taking the union of

one or several (sufficiently incoherent) transforms, generally

each corresponding to an orthogonal basis or a tight frame.

TABLE I
THE NOTATIONS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SYMBOLS IN THIS PAPER

II.

OVERVIEW AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF

THE PROPOSED METHOD

In this paper, we proposes a self learning based image

decomposition framework which uses Discrete Wavelet
Transform (DWT) for efficient filtering of noise components
from input image. The use of DWT helps to get an efficient
high frequency components. The proposed frame work first
identifies the image components based on its similarities and
thus can be easily applied to the applications of image denoising.
Unlike the traditional ways of image denoising, our system
doesnt need the collection of trained images. our proposed
method advocates the self-learning of the input (noisy) image
directly. the dictionary atoms are then observed with high
spatial frequency (i.e., potential noisy patterns), and advances
unsupervised clustering algorithm of affinity propagation
without any prior knowledge of the number of clusters. it allows
us to automatically identify the dictionary atoms which
correspond to undesirable noise patterns. As a result, removing
such noise from the input image can be achieved by performing
image reconstruction without using the associated dictionary
atoms. This shows that our proposed method does not require
any external training image data and no user interaction or prior
knowledge is needed either. Therefore, our method can be
considered as an unsupervised approach. This method can be
directly applied to a single input image and solve single-image
problems of rain streaks, which are considered as structured
noise patterns and removal of Gaussian noise, which are
unstructured ones. The main attractions of this paper include
:1)the proposed method doesnt need any pre-collection of
trained images and doesnt assume any prior relationships
between input and output images.2) the method of applying
affinity propagation for finding image components with
similar context information, so that the noise components can
be identified automatically from the input image.3)The
proposed system is not limited to a single low pass filtering

technique when filtering the high frequency components..ie.,

here we can use any of the filtering approaches (BM3D,
KSVD, BILATERAL filtering etc.).
A. Sparse Representation Of Signals
The theory of sparse representation indicates that sparse
signals can be purely reconstructed from a set of basic
signals or atoms from a dictionary. In most of the cases the
choice of dictionaries is crucial that scarify the signals. For
an image I, with image patch yp ,the corresponding sparse
coefficient vector p with respect to the dictionary D is
obtained by solving the following equation:
arg
||yp Dp||2+||p||1)
(2)
Where denotes the regularization parameter. The above
equation can be efficiently solved with the help of
Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP) algorithm. Even though
the OMP algorithm requires more computation, OMP leads
to better results than standard MP algorithms by updating the
coefficients in every step.
B. Dictionary Learning
Dictionary learning is to represent an image with few atoms
by approximating the elements of the image. In order to
construct the dictionary D and to sparsely represent each of
the patches that are extracted from an image I,we can make
use of set of training image patches yp where p=12P. in our
proposed method, we derives the dictionary D ,that obeys the
above mentioned sparse coding scheme by solving the
following optimization problem:
||yp Dp||2+||p||1)

(3)

Where denotes the regularization parameter and P denotes

sparse coefficient vector of yp with respect to D.
The method of online dictionary learning or KSVD algorithm
etc. helps to efficiently solve the above equation.

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International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Technology (IJAERT) 197

Volume 4 Issue 5, May 2016, ISSN No.: 2348 8190

Figure 2: Illustration of the proposed framework using DWT

C. Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT)

Over the past decade, the wavelet transform have received
wide spread acceptance in applications. In wavelet
transforming, a signal is decomposed to a set
of basic functions, called wavelets. A single prototype
wavelet called mother wavelet undergoes dilations and
shifting to obtain wavelets various image processing. DWT
technique is highly efficient and robust for sub band
decomposition of signals. In image processing, the DWT
produces non redundant representation of images, which
provides better localisation of image formation. In wavelet
decomposition, the wavelet converts the image into a series
of wavelets that can be efficiently stored than image pixel
blocks. Wavelets have rough edges and are able to render
pictures better by eliminating the blockings of the image. The
digital filtering techniques obtain the time-scale
representation of the digital signal in DWT.

Figure 2: 2D DWT with single level Decomposition

III.

PROPOSED IMAGE DECOMPOSITION

FRAMEWORK USING DWT

The above illustrated figure shows the proposed framework

for image decomposition using DWT and thereby performs
image denoising. we have to first perform the task of
dictionary learning for image sparse representation. The
figure 1 clearly indicates it. The system is then followed by
learning context aware image components. The notations that

are used in this paper are given in TABLE1.the detailed

explanation of the proposed methodology is as follows:
A. Image Sparse Representation Via Dictionary Learning
In this section we aims at reconstructing the input image via
sparse representation techniques. In this paper we mainly
focuses on addressing the image denoising problems. For this
the proposed framework first separates the high spatial
frequency components (IH) from the low spatial frequency
components (IL) for an. input image I. Because in most cases
undesirable image patterns corresponding to noises such as
rain streaks and Gaussian noise are of this type. As shown in
the figure, in order to separate this high frequency
components from input image, we makes use of three low
pass filtering(LPF) Techniques: bilateral [12], K-SVD[7],
and BM3D [13] as pre-processing techniques. Then by
subtracting the low frequency components I L from the input
image I we obtain the high frequency components IH. Further
the input image I undergoes Discrete Wavelet Transform
(DWT) technique and the high frequency components are
represented as its vertical, horizontal and diagonal
components. Since diagonal components covers most of the
critical high frequency components, we add this components
only for dictionary learning purpose. Since we are not sure
about the type of noise present in the image, it is not clear
how to identify the image components IH which represents
the noise patterns that are to be removed.
Unlike the traditional MCA approaches, that are using fixed
dictionaries for sparse representations, here we introduces the
learning of dictionary directly from the input image. The
dictionary is learned using the high spatial frequency
components of the input. After observing such a dictionary,
the next task is to identify the image components
corresponding to noise. The next task is to perform image
denoising by removing such undesired image components
from the image. In our proposed method, dictionary learning
is done by extracting patches of desired size from the image
components by solving the equation (3).

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Volume 4 Issue 5, May 2016, ISSN No.: 2348 8190

B. Learning of context aware image components

While observing the dictionary DH for image sparse
representation, the atoms di are not at all distinct from each
other. Therefore it is difficult to estimate the unwanted image
patterns IH by observing the dictionary atoms. Inspired by
traditional MCA based approaches, we separate the
dictionary atoms di into disjoint groups. So that each group
consists of atoms with similar context information. Thus it is
easy to identify the atom group with undesirable noise
patterns and so can perform image reconstruction by
removing the groups with noise of interest.

(a)

calculates the similarity between atoms with each cluster, the

second term penalizes the case when atoms are assigned to an
empty cluster and the third term penalizes the case when the
atoms are assigned to more than one cluster or assigned to no
clusters. The HOG feature extraction has an important role in
our work in describing the shape and texture information.
Since our project focuses mainly on identifying and
removing the dominant undesirable noise patterns from the
input image.
After successful grouping of the M dictionary atoms into K
clusters, the image components associated with each cluster
can be derived easily. and each of these image components
depict particular context information as shown in figure 1.this
completes the task of input image decomposition.

(b)

(c)

We address this task by performing unsupervised clustering

of the atoms. We group the M dictionary
atoms(di,i=1,2,....M) into K different clusters with atoms in
the same group exhibits similar edge and texture information.
Since we are performing unsupervised clustering(the value of
K is not known) we apply affinity propagation for solving
this task which reduces the net-similarity(NS) between
atoms. The function s(di,dj) in the following equation
measures the similarity between the atoms di and dj :

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(d)

Figure 3: DWT transformation (a) illustration of normalised

level1 transformation.(b)horizontal details (c)vertical details
(d)diagonal details

Input

ij)

ijs(di,dj)-

- 1|

(4)

ii)(

ij)

Where, Similarity function,

s(di,dj)= exp [-|| HOG(di) HOG(dj)||2]. and HOG() extracts
the features Histogram of Oriented Gradients of atoms. if the
coefficient Cij =1,it indicates that the
atom di is a cluster representative of the atom dj and so dj can
be categorised to cluster i. Similarly Cii=1 since di itself is the
exemplar cluster i. In the NS equation the first term

(f)
Figure 4: extracting IH from the input image I by using
different LPF methods.(a),(b),(c) represents the filtered
output corresponding to bilateral, KSVD and BM3D methods
respectively. (d),(e),(f) represents the corresponding I H=I-IL
for bilateral, KSVD and BM3D methods respectively.

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International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Technology (IJAERT) 199

Volume 4 Issue 5, May 2016, ISSN No.: 2348 8190

Ground Truth

(a)

Input

(a)

(c)

(d)

Figure 5: Example rain removal results. Input represents the noisy version of the ground truth image with rain streaks. The rain
removed output by methods of (a) MCA based(b) bilateral (c)KSVD and (d)BM3D

IV.

APPLICATIONS TO SINGLE IMAGE

RAIN REMOVAL AND DENOISING

A. Our Proposed Method for Single Image Rain Removal

The presence of rain streaks in images or videos may cause
complex visual effects which may eventually reduces user
satisfaction and degrades the overall performance. Therefore
removal of such rain streaks from images/videos has gained
much importance in recent years. Rain removal task has been
successfully adapted in [21], in which the dynamics of rain
and physics based motion blur model are captured by the
correlation model and thus developing the photometry of
rain. On the other hand, performing rain removal task on a
single
image
is
really
a
challenging
task.
In order to apply rain removal task in our task, we performs
image decomposition problem as [9] did. As illustrated in
figure 1,the input image is first separated into I L and IH by
using any of the low pass filtering techniques. The high
spatial frequency components extracted are then passed for
dictionary learning. In addition to this we also adds the
diagonal elements extracted from DWT filtering to the I H for
dictionary learning. Then performs dictionary learning and
corresponding dictionary atoms di are obtained. These atoms
di are then grouped into different clusters based on its HOG
features via affinity propagation(identifies the dictionary
atoms which exhibits similar context information).next we
obtain different subsets of dictionary atoms D HK where each
subset has atoms with similar HOG features. As shown in
figure the image components

IHK can be reconstructed easily from the subsets. To perform

rain removal task, one of the images in IHK ,k=1....K
represents the high spatial frequency patterns. In order to
identify those patterns the variance of HOG for each of the
dictionary atoms in each subset or group has to be find out.
Suppose that rain streaks are the noises of interest, then the
edge directions of the rain streaks seems to be consistent
throughout the patches in IH and thus one of the resulting
clusters is dominated. Then based on the variance of atoms
across different clusters we can easily identify the cluster
containing major portion of the undesirable noise patterns.
Then the corresponding noise contaminated cluster will be
removed and the high frequency part of the image can be
reconstructed easily. Finally we have to add these recovered
output to the low spatial frequency components of the input
image to produce the denoised version of input image I.
Figure shows the examples.
B. Our Proposed Method for Removing Gaussian Noise
Image denoising is to remove structured or unstructured
noise from an noise contaminated version of image.
Traditional methods uses bilateral filtering, KSVD(sparse
representation based) and BM3D(based on image sparse
representation in transformed domain),where the last two
methods requires prior knowledge about standard deviations
of the Gaussian noise.

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Volume 4 Issue 5, May 2016, ISSN No.: 2348 8190

Ground Truth

Input

(a)

(b)
(c)
(d)
Figure 6: Example showing image denoising results. Input represents the noised version of ground truth image (with Gaussian
noise). (a),(b),(c),(d),represents the denoised output produced by methods of bilateral, KSVD, SURELET and BM3D respectively.
Besides rain removal, our proposed method can be applied
for removing Gaussian noise from images. for this task, as in
the case of rain removal we first decomposes the image into
IH and IL using any of the filtering techniques. The example
for producing high frequency component is illustrated in
figure. After obtaining IH, the dictionary DH is learned and
then the HOG features corresponding to each atoms d i are
extracted. HOG has no role in describing Gaussian noise,
while the presence of Gaussian noise would result in
undistinguishable bin/attributes in HOG features. The noise
free dictionary atoms exhibits dominant bin/attribute in their
HOG features. Even though The standard deviations of the
noise is not given here, the undesirable image patterns
corresponding to Gaussian noise are still able to identify
using our decomposition and clustering Framework. After
removing such noise patterns, the remaining HF components
are added to the spatial low frequency components I L and
thus the input image can be reconstructed. The examples are
shown in figure.

V.

RESULT AND ANALYSIS

To evaluate the over all performance of the proposed, we

conduct experiments for focussing on two single image
denoising problems i.e., rain removal and Gaussian noise
removal from images.
A. Performance Evaluation On Single Image Rain
Removal
Consider the figure to qualitatively evaluate the
performance of rain removal task. While performing the rain
removing task in colour images, the image must be
represented in YUV space and then denoising is performed in
Y domain. Better visualised versions can be viewed in gray

scale versions as shown in figure. In traditional ways of

image denoising via bilateral, KSVD and BM3D methods,
the rain removal is done well. But they inevitably disregard
the high spatial frequency components from the image. While
applying these filtering techniques in our LPF pre-processing
stage, it is easy to identify most of the non rain image details
and thereby increases the quality of image. the prior MCA
based approaches removes rain streaks from images
successfully without degrading the visual quality of the
image. The method of heuristic dictionary partition allows to
remove the non rain image components by using K means
clustering system.
TABLE I
PSNR COMPARISONS OF RAIN REMOVAL RESULTS
USING DIFFERENT DENOISING TECHNIQUES FOR
FIGURE5
EXISTING
RESULTS

FILTER TYPE

OUR RESULTS

Bilateral

19.574

19.21

KSVD

19.720

19.43

BM3D

19.673

19.50

In addition, our proposed method allows single image

denoising experiments on real world scenarios. the Table II
shows the PSNR values obtained using our methods. From
the experiments, we observed that the achieved PSNR values
are highest/comparable among the traditional rain removing
methods. To ensure that the proposed method is not limited
to bilateral filtering only, we further apply KSVD and BM3D
filtering methods in the pre-processing stage and compare the
rain removal results obtained by using the two denoising
algorithms directly. It is clear from all the experiments that

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International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Technology (IJAERT) 201

Volume 4 Issue 5, May 2016, ISSN No.: 2348 8190

our proposed method clearly improved the PSNR values than

other methods existing today.
B. Performance Evaluation on Image Denoising
To evaluate the results obtained from image denoising(with
Gaussian noise) task, we have done experiments on different
images. The examples are illustrated in figure. For this we
add Gaussian noise to the input which is free of noise. Since
the Gaussian noise parameter is not known, we have to set
a large standard deviation value to perform denoising using
KSVD and BM3D algorithms. Then as in the case of rain
removal, the high spatial frequency components including the
Gaussian noise can be removes easily from to low spatial
frequency parts of the input image. On the other hand,
SURE-LET algorithm can be used here for denoising which
does not require any prior knowledge about the Gaussian
parameter in advance.
TABLE III
PERFORMANCE COMPARISONS (IN TERMS OF PSNR)
OF DIFFERENT IMAGE DENOISING APPROACHES
FIGURE 6
NOTE THAT WE PRESENT OUR RESULTS USING
THREE DIFFERENT LPF OR DENOISING TECHNIQUES
EXISTING
RESULTS

OUR RESULTS
29.8674

25.93

Bilateral
KSVD

26.9139

26.82

BM3D

26.7229

26.25

SURE LET

27.2070

26.69

FILTER TYPE

THE Table III shows the PSNR values obtained using our
different denoising approaches. From the results it is obvious
that the obtained improved denoising results than the
standard denoising approaches existing today.

VI.

CONCLUSION

In this paper, we proposes a self learning based image

decomposition framework using DWT for image denoising.
The use of DWT in the proposed framework increases the
visual quality of the image to a certain extend. The proposed
first learns the dictionary atoms from the input image
components for image sparse representation. After that the
similar image components are grouped via affinity
propagation, which doesnt require collection of trained
images. In order to perform the task of image denoising, our
proposed framework is able to identify the undesirable noise
patterns. We perform experiments to address two types of
single image denoising tasks.ie., structured and unstructured
noise.
And out experimental results strictly confirms that the use of
our proposed framework which qualitatively and
quantitatively outperforms the denoising approaches existing
today.

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