6.

VIBRATION OF A CIRCULAR MEMBRANE

A circular membrane (for example, a drumhead) is attached to a rigid support
along its circumference. Find characteristic viration frequencies and the
corresponding normal modes of vibration.
Take the (x,y) plane of the circular support and take the origin at its center.
Let z(x,y,t) be the displacement of the membrane from the (x,y) plane. Then z
sarifies the wave equation.
(6.1)
Putting
(6.2)
We separate (6.1) into aspace equation (Helmhotz) and a time equation
(see problem 3.10 and section 3). We get the two equation
(6.3)
Because the membrane is circular we write

inpolar coordinates (see

chapter 10, section 9) ; then the F equation is

(6.4)
When we put
(6.5)
(6.4) becomes (5.5), and the separated equation and their solutions are just
(5.6), (5.7), and (5.8). The rime equtions in (6.3) is the same as in (4.3) and the
solustions for T are the same as (4.4). The basic solutions for z are then
(6.6)
Just as in section 5, n must be an integer. To find possible values of k, we use the
fact that the membrane is attached to a rigid frame at r=1, so we must have z=0
at r=1 for all values of teta and t. Thus Jn(k)=0, and we see that the possible
values (eigenvalues) of k for each Jn are kmn, the zeros of jn. For a given initial
displacement or velocity of the membrane, we could find z as a double series as
we found (5.17) in the cylinder temperature problem. However, here we shall do
something different, namely investigate the separate normal modes of vibration
and their frequencies.
Recall that for the vibrating string (section 4), each n gives a different frequency
and a corresponding normal mode of vibration (figure 4.2). the frequency are
Vn=nv/(2l); all frequencies are integral multiples of the frequency v1=v/(2l) of
the fundamental. For the circular membrane, the frequencies are [from (6.6) or
(4.4)]

The possible values of k are the zeros kmn of the Bessel functions. Each value of
kmn gives a fequensy vmn=kmn v/(2pi), so we have a doubly invinite set of
characreristic frequencies and the corresponding normal modes of vibration. All
these frequencies are different, and they are not entegral multiples of the
fundamental as is true for the string. This is why a drum is less musical than a
violin. Using tables you can look up several kmn values (problem 2) and find the
frequencies as (nonintegral) multiples of the fundamental (which corresponds to
k10, the first zero of J 0 ). Let us sketch a few graphs (figure 6.1)of the normal
vibration modes corresponding to those in figure 4.2 for the string, and write the
corresponding formulas (eigenfunctions) for the displacement z given in (6.6).
(for simplicity, we have used just the cos n teta cos kvt solutions in figure 6.1) in
the fundamental mode of vibration corresponding to k10, the membrane vibrates
as a whole. In the k 20 mode, it vibrates in two parts as shown, the + part
vibrating up while the- part vibrates down, and vice versa, with the cricle
between them at rest. We can show that there is such a cricle (called a nodal
line) and find its radius. Since k20>k10, the cricle r=k10/k20 is a cricle of radius
les than I; hence it is a cricle on the membrane.for this value of r, J0 (k20r)=j0
(k20k10/k20)= j0(k10)=0, so points on this cricle are not displaced. For the k 11
mode, cos teta, cos teta=0 for 0=kurang lebih pi/2and is possitive or negative as
shown. Continuing in this way you can sketch any normal mode (problem 1).
It is difficult experimentally to obtain pure normal modes of a fibrating object. I
lowever, a complicated vibration will have nodal lines of some kind and it is aesy
to