Laws:
Like poles repel
Unlike poles attract
F k
P1 P2
R2
k 1 10
N m2
A m 2
Magnetic induction:
k
Pp
2
F
P
R k 2
P
p
R
N dyne
unit:
,
A m p
Angular velocity:
q
m
Period:
2 m
T
q
:max Force
q v sin mv 2 / R
circular defence:
c 3 10 8 m / s
In term of flux
4 10 7 web / Am
o 8.85 10 12 c 2 / N m 2
web
, 2
m
A
2R
I R
horizontal
3/ 2
2 a2 R2
N I
2R
2k I
d
I
2 d
Two conductor:
F 2k I1 I 2
N dyne
,
L
d
m cm
Torque:
T I A cos (one loop)
T N I A cos (coil)
N - number of turns
Light:
straight conductor
N I
c speed
Reflection:
Law of reflection:
incident reflection
Refraction:
Snells Law
n1 sin incident n 2 sin refracted
n
c
vm
n air 1
n water 4 / 3
n I solenoid
L
N no of turns
n no. of turns per unit length
permeabili ty
permittivi ty
N I
Lm
R Ri
L m 2 o
n glass 1.5
sin c
n2
n1
Effect of Refraction:
Shallowing Effect:
n
h1 h 2
n1
h1 apparent depth observe
h actual depth of object
Mirror:
Lens:
Relativity:
Type:
Plane
Spherical
o Concave (converging)
o Convex (diverging)
Type
Converging Lens
Diverging Lens
f n1
R
R
2
1
v
L Lo 1
c
to
t
2
v
1
c
1
1 1
f
p q
q
m
p
m
hi
ho
Sign conversion:
f (+) concave mirror
f (-) convex mirror
q (+) real image
q (-) virtual image
p always +
hi & ho(+) above PA
hi & ho(-) below PA
m (+) image is erect
m (-) image is inverted
m =1 image is same size
m > 1 magnified
m < 1 diminished
Combined magnification:
m m1 m 2 m 3 ....... m n
mn
qn
pn
1
; diopter
f
1
1 1
f
p q
m
m
q
p
Diffraction / Interference:
mo
v
1
c
Eo mo c 2
E mc
KE E E o
eV
mc 2
E mc 2
1
v c 1
Double Slit:
nth order interference(bright)
y
n
sin n
L
d
nth order interference (dark line)
n 1 / 2 L
yn
d
hi
ho
Sign conversion:
f (+) convex lens(converging)
f (-) concave lens(diverging)
q (+) real image
q (-) virtual image
p always +
hi & ho(+) above PA
hi & ho(-) below PA
m (+) image is erect
m (-) image is inverted
m =1 image is same size
m > 1 magnified
m < 1 diminished
Diffraction Grating:
Yn
sin
nm Lnm
m= no. of lines per cm
n= order of interference
Atomic Spectra:
Bohr Model:
nh
L
2
h = 6.6252 x 10-34 joule-sec
rn = 5.31 x 10-11 n2 (meter)
Eo = -13.6 ev / n2
R = 1.097 x 10 7 / m
r
n 2 h 2 4 o
4 2 mZe 2
f 1 / n 2 e 2 / h 4 o
1
1
R 2 2
n
n i
f
1