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2013 SECTION V

MANDATORY APPENDIX IX
APPLICATION OF DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY
IX-210

SCOPE

image quality requirements of the written procedure on


production radiographic images shall be considered satisfactory evidence of compliance with the procedure.

This Appendix provides requirements for using digital


radiography (DR) techniques as an alternative to film
radiography. This Appendix addresses techniques where
the image is transmitted directly from the detector as a digital image rather than using an intermediate process for
conversion of an analog image to a digital format. This Appendix addresses applications in which the radiation detector and the source of the radiation may or may not be
in motion during exposure.
Digital radiography may be performed on materials, including castings and weldments when the modified provisions to Article 2 as indicated herein and all other
applicable requirements of Article 2 are satisfied.

IX-225

The requirements of T-225 are not applicable to digital


radiography.

IX-230
IX-231

IX-221

EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS


FILM

The requirements of T-231 are not applicable to digital


radiography.

IX-232

IX-220

MONITORING DENSITY LIMITATIONS OF


RADIOGRAPHS

INTENSIFYING SCREENS

The requirements of T-232 are not applicable to digital


radiography.

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
PROCEDURE REQUIREMENTS

IX-234

IX-221.1 Written Procedure. A written procedure is


required. In lieu of the requirements of T-221.1, each procedure shall contain the following requirements as
applicable:
(a) material type and thickness range
(b) source type or maximum X-ray voltage used
(c) detector type
(d) minimum source-to-object distance (D in T-274.1)
(e) distance between the test object and the detector (d
in T-274.1)
(f) source size (F in T-274.1)
(g) test object scan plan (if applicable)
(h) image display parameters
(i) equipment manufacturer and model
(j) storage media

FACILITIES FOR VIEWING OF


RADIOGRAPHS

Viewing facilities shall provide subdued background


lighting of an intensity that will not cause reflections, shadows, or glare on the monitor that interfere with the interpretation process.

IX-260
IX-262

CALIBRATION
DENSITOMETER AND STEP WEDGE
COMPARISON FILM

The requirements of T-262 are not applicable to digital


radiography.

IX-270
IX-277

IX-221.2 System Qualification and Procedure Demonstration. Qualification of the digital radiographic system requires a demonstration of the image quality
indicator (IQI). When a wire-type IQI is used, the system
shall be evaluated for asymmetrical sensitivity by using
two placements with the wire diameter axes 90 deg apart.
If the system exhibits asymmetrical sensitivity, the wire
diameter axis shall be oriented along the systems axis of
least sensitivity for production radiography. Once the image equivalent performance evaluation is complete and
determined to be sufficient, the demonstration of the IQI

EXAMINATION
USE OF IQIS TO MONITOR RADIOGRAPHIC
EXAMINATION

IX-277.1 Placement of IQIs.


(a) Source-Side IQI(s). When using separate blocks for
IQI placement as described in T-277.1(a), the thickness
of the blocks shall be such that the image brightness at
the body of the IQI is judged to be equal to or greater than
the image brightness at the area of interest for a negative
image format. This image brightness requirement is reversed for a positive image format.
(b) All other requirements of T-277.1 shall apply.
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No further reproduction or distribution is permitted.

ARTICLE 2

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IX-283

IX-277.2 Number of IQIs.


(a) Multiple IQIs. An IQI shall be used for each applicable
thickness range in Table T-276 spanned by the minimumto-maximum thickness of the area of interest to be
radiographed.
(b) As an alternative to (a) above, a minimum of two
IQIs representing the minimum and maximum thicknesses
of the area of interest may be used, provided the requirements of IX-288 are met.
(c) All other requirements of T-277.2 shall apply.
(d) Comparators such as digitized film strips, gray scale
cards, etc., may be used to aid in judging displayed image
brightness. When comparators are used to judge areas
within the image, they need not be calibrated. Pixel intensity values may also be used to quantify image brightness
comparisons.

IX-281

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IX-283.3

DELETED

IX-284

EXCESSIVE BACKSCATTER

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For a negative image format, the requirements of T-284


shall apply. For a positive image format, if a dark image of
the B, as described in T-223, appears on a lighter background of the image, protection from backscatter is insufficient and the radiographic image shall be considered
unacceptable. A light image of the B on a darker background is not cause for rejection.

IX-287

MEASURING SCALE

The measuring scale used for interpretation shall be


capable of providing dimensions of the projected image.
The measurement scale tool shall be based upon a known
dimensional comparator that is placed on or adjacent to
the detector side of the part near the area of interest during exposure.

EVALUATION

IX-288

QUALITY OF RADIOGRAPHS

INTERPRETATION

Final radiographic interpretation of the area of interest


shall be performed within the identified IQI image contrast and brightness values or, if multiple IQIs are used,
the overlapping portions of the identified contrast and
brightness values for the intervening thickness ranges.
The IQI and the area of interest shall be of the same image
format (positive or negative).
Additionally, where applicable
(a) the contrast and brightness range that demonstrates
the required IQI sensitivity shall be used for interpretation. When more than one IQI is used to qualify multiple
thicknesses, the overlapping portions of each IQIs determined contrast and brightness range shall be considered
valid for interpretation of intervening thicknesses. Pixel
intensity values may also be used to quantify image brightness comparisons.
(b) the digital image may be viewed and evaluated in a
negative or positive image format.
(c) independent areas of interest of the same image may
be displayed and evaluated in differing image formats,
provided the IQI and the area of interest are viewed and
evaluated in the same image format.

IX-281.1 Nonfunctional Pixel Display. A nonfunctional pixel display shall be generated in accordance with
the manufacturers instructions and recommended frequency as a system check.
IX-281.2 System-Induced Artifacts. The relevance of
nonfunctional pixels shall be evaluated. The digital image
shall be free of system-induced artifacts, such as nonfunctional pixels in the detector in the area of interest that
could mask or be confused with the image of any
discontinuity.

IX-282

IQI SENSITIVITY

IX-283.1 Required Sensitivity. Radiography shall be


performed with a technique of sufficient sensitivity to display the designated hole-type IQI image and the essential
hole, or the essential wire of a wire-type IQI. The radiographs shall also display the IQI identifying numbers
and letters. Multiple film technique is not applicable to digital radiography.

IX-277.3 Shims Under Hole IQIs. For welds with reinforcement or backing material, a shim of material radiographically similar to the weld metal and/or backing
material shall be placed between the part and the IQIs
such that the image brightness at the body of the IQI is
judged to be equal to or greater than the image brightness
at the area of interest for a negative image format. This image brightness requirement is reversed for a positive image format.
The shim dimensions shall exceed the IQI dimensions
such that the outline of at least three sides of the IQI is visible in the radiograph.

IX-280

ARTICLE 2

IMAGE BRIGHTNESS

The image brightness through the body of the hole-type


IQI or adjacent to the designated wire of the wire-type IQI,
shall be judged to be equal to or greater than the image
brightness in the area of interest for a negative image format. This image brightness requirement is reversed for a
positive image format. Additionally, the requirements of
T-282 are not applicable to digital radiography.
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No further reproduction or distribution is permitted.

2013 SECTION V

IX-290
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IX-291

No further reproduction or distribution is permitted.

ARTICLE 2

2013 SECTION V

DOCUMENTATION

(k) image acquisition (digitizing) equipment and manufacturer, model, and serial number
(l) single- or double-wall exposure
(m) single- or double-wall viewing
(n) procedure identification and revision level
(o) imaging software version and revision
(p) numerical values of the final image processing parameters, i.e., filters, window (contrast), and level
(brightness) for each view
(q) nonfunctional pixel evaluation for each image
(r) computer monitor resolution
The technique details may be embedded in the data file.
When this is performed, ASTM E1475, Standard Guide for
Data Fields for Computerized Transfer of Digital Radiological Test Data, may be used as a guide for establishing
data fields and information content.

DIGITAL IMAGING TECHNIQUE


DOCUMENTATION DETAILS

The Manufacturer shall prepare and document the


radiographic technique details. As a minimum, the following information shall be provided:
(a) the requirements of Article 1, T-190(a)
(b) identification as required by T-224
(c) the dimensional map (if used) of marker placement
in accordance with T-275.3
(d) the specific scan plan used for the test object
(e) X-ray voltage or isotope used
(f) source size (F in T-274.1)
(g) base material type and thickness, weld reinforcement thickness, as applicable
(h) source-to-object distance (D in T-274.1)
(i) distance from source side of object to the detector (d
in T-274.1)
(j) detector manufacturer, designation, and serial
number

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IX-293

DELETED

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