0406 08 Figure 5.20 Induced drag factor 8 asa function of taper ro, (Source: McCormick, B. W., Aerodynamics, Aeronautics, and Flight Mechanics, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1979) were measured. The data are given in Figure 5.21. Recall from that the total drag of a finite wing is given by ch eAR ‘The parabolic variation of Cp with C, as expressed in Equation 5.63) in the data of Figure 5.21. If we consider two wings with different ‘AR, and ARz, Equation (5.63) gives the drag coefficients Cp, and two wings as Coset ‘Assume that the wings are atthe same Cy. Als, since the stil same for both wings, cy is essentially the same. Moreover, the ¥ between the wings is only a few percent and can be ignored. Hence Equation (5.64) from (5.64a), we obtain Opt 1 corm coat E( \AR; AR:/ Equation (5.65) can be used to scale the data of a wing with aspect correspond to the case of another aspect ratio AR. For example, Piame pamsta uy odors yaw oF savadde souarayp sofa pap paonput saesaua8 Buta aay © STO “eotou3 tp 200} Ber ra Suton pute fopme voanton sooo TD “soul exer se fur se paynon ArTenUesas SOA -nadap a8s9umt ot) “20U8H 77'S HTL HE NO “qm a Sy povdeyjoo 79 snsian “22 soy wrep SURES TR rep pn on foey enor 1's aun wo FAY Pu £7 J0 SANA ath tay $$) #1 Coaw sai ors) ag= 99 sau0209 (69 sq stg 30 one vas ux Su #1 Puodsauen Crzer 911 oN yon ymonioy 0 ssunuPOPSH Pa jNaupanddy Tove 22105) SNS vo snes nie S28 OO 2 ry aterpxo a wg so SE OY suyaooo Beup = %2 pe ano UE sr yerouauu sy Ut Te SION ses npg se sonposda 1s SHON aerpagnoo Besp ss 121209 10 SEES ron two ones ede ua 025 raters Tse EK 17S AN ssuyy owls 010 nays arsserduoaul § HaAAYHO"ART 2 Inviscid, Incompressible Flow a ai Figure 5.22 Data of Figure 5.21 scaled by Prana to an aspect ratio of 5. slope for an airfoil was defined as ap = de,/de Let us denote the it finite wing as a = dC, /da. When the lift slope ofa finite wing is compl that of its airfoil section, we find that a < da, To see this more clea Figure 5.6, which illustrates the influence of downwash on the low ove airfoil section ofa finite wing. Note that although the geometric angleaf the finite wing is a, the airfoil section effectively senses a smaller angle namely, dq, Where agy = a — a. For the time being, consider an elif With no twist; hence, a and aoa are both constant along the span, is also constant along the span, and therefore C,, = c;. Assume that for the finite wing versus ag, as shown at the top of Figure 5.23, B are using as the Lift slope corresponds to that for an infinite wing a in real life, our naked eyes cannot see a instead, what we actully a finite wing with a certain angle between the chord line and the rela that is, in practice, we always observe the geometric angle of attack a for a finite wing is generally given as a function of «, as sketched atthe of Figure 5.23. Since @ > carr the bottom abscissa is stretched, and bottom lift curve is less inclined; it has a slope equal toa, and Figure’ shows that a < ap. The effect of a finite wing is to reduce the lift sop recall that at zero lift, there are no induced effects; that is, a = Cp, = When C, = 0, = oy. Asa result, cr, isthe same for the finite and wings, as shown in Figure 5.23.+ Deave/) +1 TDD is os) soa -pouypour Kris st (69's) uonwnby“wwioyueydresoUss yo Buus a army ondiqia We 20j Y pue OD UdoMiog woRe|As panIsap oun Sout (699) avu/+1 _ PP. ors) 5 -B am ‘np/pp 205 Buayos pu “» 01 vadsou yun (g9') vonenba San ay (9) ysu00 + ( Te a)— 79 umeygo am *(L9°S) OW (ZS) uonenbg Su ws elena puy aan — PP TOP seggenngyodnoncing saqgesr peweses 70 = Sup odo ayuy e sus98 Soy aygay we soy sano UFT €7's NBL Buy ay 28A0 MOA ORBLONENCON B WAREYHSPART 2 Invccid, Incompressible Flow Figure 5.24 Prandt'sclasic rectangular wing data, Variation of lift coefficient with angle of attack fo seven different aspect ratios from I to 7. Nomenclature and scale are the same as given in Figure 5.21 In Equation (5.70), x is function of the Fourier coefficients A,. Values of first calculated by Glauer in the early 1920s and were published in Ree Which should be consulted for more details. Values of r typically range 0.05 and 0.25 Of most importance in Equations (5.69) and (5.70) is the aspect tion. Note that for low-AR wings, a substantial difference can exist bel and a. However, as AR > 00, a — dp. The effect of aspect ratio on curve is dramatically shown in Figure 5.24, which gives classic data ob rectangular wings by Prandtl in 1915. Note the reduction in dC; das reduced, Moreover, using the equations obtained above, Prandtl scaled th Figure 5.24 to correspond to an aspect ratio ofS; his results collapsed tess the same curve, as shown in Figure 5.25. In this manner, the aspec-ratio vail given in Equations (5.69) and (5.70) was confirmed as early asthe year IM 5.3.4 Physical Significance Consider again the basic model underlying Prandi!’s lifting-line theory. to Figure 5.15 and study it carefully. 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