Fracture Mechanics

Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac
Department for Applied Mechanics and Automatic

Control - Laboratory for Engineering Software
Miroslav ivkovi, PhD.
Sneana Vulovi, PhD.
Jelena ivkovi, MSc.
FRACTURE MECHANICS
PRE- AND POST- PROCESSING EXAMPLES IN PROGRAM FEMAP

FOR PROGRAM PACKAGE PAK
Kragujevac, 2013
SERBIA
Faculty of Engineering
ENGINEERING SOFTWARE LAB
Sestre Janjic 6, 34000 Kragujevac, SERBIA
Tel: +381 34 300790
Fax: +381 34 300791
Mob: +381 69 8288777
e-mail: zile@kg.ac.rs
CONTENTS
FRACTURE MECHANICS
EXAMPLE 1 - Defining intensity stress factor Ki sheet with two cracks
on the edge across the whole thicness by using
J-integral
EXAMPLE 2 - The factor of stress intensity KI for beam with side

crack through all thickness
EXAMPLE 3 - Stress intensity factor KI of plate with central crack on

whole thickness
EXAMPLE 4 - The factor of stress intensity K I for plate with circular

hole that confirms a crack
EXAMPLE 5 - The factor of stress intensity K I for plate with circular

hole that confirms two cracks
EXAMPLE 6 - Determining stress intensity factor KI applying Jintegral
EXAMPLE 7 - The factor of stress intensity KI for riveted compound

of plate
EXAMPLE 8 - The factor of stress intensity K I for 2D CT-test-tube
XFEM
EXAMPLE 1- An oblique edge crack
EXAMPLE 2 - An edge crack subjected to the concentrated load
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
EXAMPLE1 - Defining the stress intensity factor KI for the plate with
two through-thickness edge cracks by using J-integral
Description - Objective: Defining the stress intensity factor KI (crack opening mode I) for the plate
with through-thickness edge cracks under the impact of infinite tensile stress is considered in this
example, as shown in Fig. 1. Elastic properties of material and dimensions are also given in the
Figure 1. Symmetry of the problem allows the use of a quarter of the model in the analysis.
The cracks tip
Fig. 1
The expression for the analytical solution of the stress intensity factor by Keer i Freedman, 1973:
1.12 -0.61(a/W) 0.13( a 3 / W 3 )
K I = a
for all ratios (a/W)
1 ( a / W )
Obtained analytical solution for the data values in this example is: K I 884.763 MPa mm .
Suggested Exercise Steps:
I Defining Material and Properties
II Creating the Geometry
III Generation of Nodes and Elements
IV Constraining the Model
V Loading the Model
VI Prepare and Submit the Model for an Analysis
VII Postprocessing and Review the Results
Example 1
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
If you have not already done so, start FEMAP by double-click the icon on your Desktop or in the
Windows Start menu, pick Start>Programs>Femap1>Femap. All new models are named
Untitled. The command File>Save As... allows you to change the model filename. The Windows
Common File Save As dialog box will be display. Using this box, you can navigate around your
local computer. Move to or create a directory where you wish to store your FEMAP model, type in
the field File name Example1, and press Save.
Throughout this example, all commands that you will select from the FEMAP menu will be shown
in the following style File>Save As... Which means, first select File from the menu, and then move
to the Save As command.
File>Save As...
Femap 11 is used
Example 1
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics

Model> Material
2
3
4
After FEMAP displays again a dialog box Define Material - Isotropic press Cancel to end the
command.
Note: FEMAP automatically repeats any creation commands assuming that each command will be
required more than once during the creation of the most of finite element models. This behavior is
designed to minimize the number of times you need to go into the menus or use the tool box to
access the commands. This feature can be turned off using the File> Preferences command.
Model> Property..
Example 1
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
2
3
Example 1
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
After FEMAP displays again a dialog box Define Property - MEMBRANE Element Type press
Cancel.

Now we will create surfaces by their corner cordinates:
Geometry>Surface>Corners
2
3
4
5
6
7
After FEMAP displays again a dialog box Enter First Corner of Surface press Cancel.
Example 1
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
To autoscale the view after press short-cut key Ctrl+A or choose the command:
View>Autoscale>Visible
Display labelling of curves and surfaces by ID
View>Options...
(F6)
1
3
You have completed the geometry section for this example as shown in Fig.2
Fig.2
Example 1
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics

Mesh>Mesh Control>Mapped Divisions on Surface...
Note: You may graphically pick the location of the surface on the screen.
1
2
3
4
After FEMAP displays again a dialog box Entety Selection - Select Surface(s) to Set Mesh Size
press Cancel.
Mesh>Geometry>Surface
1
2
3
4
5
To reduce the amount of information displayed (turn off geometry), use the FEMAP Entity Display
Toolbar:
2
1
Or use the Quick Options (short-cut key Ctrl+Q):
Example 1
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
4
Finite element model is shown in the Fig 3.
Fig 3.
Example 1
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics

Note: Since constraints are set based, you must create an empty Constrain Set before defining any
actual constrains.
Model>Constraint>Create/Manage Set... (short-cut key Shift+F2)
Example 1
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
Model>Constraint>Nodal
To select all the nodes of the bottom edge, which are not the part of the crack, also including the
node in the top of the crack, you must choose Pick>Box and mark with rectangle all of those nodes
as shown in Fig.3.
1
2
Select all of the nodes at the right edge of the model choosing Method>On Curve and then
selecting curve that represent the right edge of the model (curve 6, see Fig. 2).
Example 1
10
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
3
4
7
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection Enter Node(s) to Select press Cancel.
Modify>Update Other>Perm Constraint...
Note: Because of 2D plane stress elements only two translational displacements are allowed: in xand y- direction.
1
2
3
4
Example 1
11
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
V Loading the Model

Note: Like constrains, loads are grouped in sets. Before creating any loads we must create a set to
hold them.
Model>Load>Create/Manage Set... (short-cut key Ctrl+F2)
2
3
Example 1
12
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
Model>Load>Elemental
Note: You can graphically pick the location of the top elements (mark with red rectangle in Fig.3).
.
1
2
4
Now we must choose the face. You can do that picking some element on upper face.
After FEMAP displays again a dialog box Entity Selection Enter Element(s) to Select press
Cancel.
Generated finite element model with constraints and loads is shown in Fig. 4.
Example 1
13
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
Fig. 4
We suggested you to save your work that you have done till now, using File>Save (short-cut F4).
Example 1
14
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics

You should select the PAK option from the menu to open the PAK Translator window. PAK
Translator will translate your model into an input file for FEA program PAK-S that will analyze
this model. Press the command Export to PAK and the *.dat file will be generated.
1
3
4
You should save your *. dat file in the same directory as you put a file Paks.exe.
Example 1
15
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
Now you must change your .dat file, because you must enter the crack which doesn't exist in the
model created in FEMAP. To do that, open your *.dat file in some program editor (Ultra Edit, for
example).
In card /3/ in the 40. column you need to define a number of cracks (NCRACK):
C /3/ BASIC DATA FOR THE PROBLEM (4I5,5X.I5)
C NP,NGELEM,NMATM,NPER,NKRT,NCRACK,NCXFEM,IGBM
1825 1 1 1
1
In card /10-02/ we define crack. Crack is defined by:
(CRTYP) type: 2 for 2D, 3 for 3D
(NODE1) node in crack tip (in our case it is the node 5)
(NODE2) node for defining the end of the crack (in our case it is 1). For 2D problems you
don't have the third node, so in the place of the third node (NODE3) enter 0.
(ELEM2): 1 for whole model, 2 for half-model
(NDP1,NDP2,NDP3,NDP4) define radius of integration with values 0 0 0 0.
(ELEM2) put 2 if you have modeled one half of the crack or 1 if you have modeled the
whole crack.
(NSEG) for 3D models you need to define the number of segments (it is number of element
of crack), in case of 2D this value is 1.
(IRING) define number of rings for J integral (recommended value is 4).
J-integral value is an average value for each ring. For detailed information consult PAK manual.
Node 2
Example 1
crack tip
16
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
For our problem:

C /10-00/ DATA FOR CRACK
C CRTYP,NPDA,NODE1,NODE2,NODE3,NDP1,NDP2,NDP3,NDP4,ELEM2,NSEG,IRING
2 0 5 1 0 10 15 20 30 2 1 4
Note: distance between numbers is 5 places (from last number to the last position of the next
number).
You need to run file Paks.exe and when it starts, type Example1.dat in a DOS prompt (see the
window below). Three files should be created during this process Example1. LST, Example1.
UNV, Example1. NEU. (You have to press the ENTER button for three times and one more time
for calculating the equation).
You can find results for the stress intensity factor in file Example1.lst:
CRACK
1 LENGTH
20.0000000000000
RING
1 RADIUS
2.00000000000000
RING
2 RADIUS
3.00000000000000
RING
3 RADIUS
4.00000000000000
RING
4 RADIUS
6.00000000000000
CRACK
1
LAYER
1
RING
1 NUMBER OF ELEMENTS
2
STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR K1
842.991026541426
20.9642539882153
RING
2
924.659176516609
46.3761113024541
RING
2
924.659176516609
46.3761113024541
RING
6
858.830510727548
50.5431995157658
AVERAGE STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR K1
887.784972575548
41.0649190272223
Analytical solyution is K I 884.763 MPa mm .
Example 1
17
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics

After the calculation, FEMAP can read the output results for post-processing.
File>Import>FEMAP Neutral
2
3
Example 1
18
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
View>Select... (short-cut key F5)
After FEMAP displays again a dialog box View Select press OK.
To reduce the amount of information displayed (turn off nodes and permanent constraints), use the
FEMAP Entity Display Toolbar:
2
1
Final results are shown on Fig. 5 and Fig.6.
Example 1
19
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
Fig. 5 Effective stress field

Example 1
20
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
2
3
Fig. 6 Displacements field
Example 1
21
PAK-S Examples
Example 1
Fracture Mechanics
22
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
EXAMPLE 2 The stress intensity factor KI for beam with throughthickness edge crack
Description - Objective: This example considers the stress intensity factor KI (crack opening
mode I) for the beam with through-thickness edge crack. Geometrical and material data are shown
in Fig. 1. Due to symmetry in geometry, boundary conditions and loading, only one-half is modeled
using PAK 8-node 2D plane stress elements. Boundary conditions take into account symmetry
conditions and stress fields in that region.
The objective is to find the stress distribution around a crack using 2D plane stress elements and to
show deformed and undeformed model.
N
Crack tip
mm
Crack
a=20m
mm
E=30e6MPa
Fig. 1
=0.28
The expression for the analytical solution of the stress intensity factor by: Fundamental of
Fracture Mechanics, PhD Dragoslav Sumarac, PhD Dusan Krajcinovic
6M
Ps
=
; (M=
); K I = a F(a/W)
2
2
BW
za 2s/W=4:
F(a/W)=1.090-1.735(a/W)+8.20(a/W)2 -14.18(a/W)3 +14.57(a/W)4
za 2s/W=8:
F(a/W)=1.107-2.120(a/W)+7.71(a/W)2 -13.55(a/W)3 +14.25(a/W)4
Obtained analytical solution for the data values in this example is: K I 3.353 MPa mm .
V Loading the Model
___________________________________________________________________________________
1
Example 2
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
If you have not already done so, start FEMAP by double-click the icon on your Desktop or in the
Windows Start menu, pick Start>Programs>Femap1>Femap. All new models are named
Untitled. The command File>Save As... allows you to change the model filename. The Windows
Common File Save As dialog box will be display. Using this box, you can navigate around your
local computer. Move to or create a directory where you wish to store your FEMAP model, type in
the field File name Example2, and press Save.
Throughout this example, all commands that you will select from the FEMAP menu will be shown
in the following style File>Save As... Which means, first select File from the menu, and then move
to the Save As command.
File>Save As...
Femap 11 is used
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2
Example 2
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis

Model> Material...
2
3
4
command.
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3
Example 2
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
Model> Property
2
3
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4
Example 2
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
Cancel.

Now we will create surfaces by their corner coordinates:
2
3
4
5
6
7
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5
Example 2
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
View>Options...
(F6)
1
3
5
You have completed the geometry section for this example as shown in Fig.2
Fig.2
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6
Example 2
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis

We need to define size and number of elements along the surface.
1
2
3
4
After FEMAP displays again a dialog box Entity Selection Select Surface(s) to Set Mesh Size
press Cancel.
1
2
3
4
5
Toolbar:
2
1
Finite element model is shown in Fig 3.
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7
Example 2
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
Fig. 3

Note: Since constraints are set based, you must create an empty Constrain Set before defining any actual
constrains.
___________________________________________________________________________________
8
Example 2
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
2
3
Because the crack is discontinuity there is no constraint along the crack. Our crack is in y direction,
so we dont have movement in x direction in other nodes, including the node in top of the crack.
Note: You can graphically pick the location of nodes (those are the nodes of the right top half side
of plate - marked by rectangle in Fig.3).
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9
Example 2
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
Also, we have constraint in node 1 (it is marked by red circle in Fig.3).
1
2
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10
Example 2
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
After FEMAP displays again a dialog box Entity Selection Enter Node(s) to Select press
Cancel.
Modify>Update Other>Perm Constraint
1
2
3
4
V Loading the Model

hold them.
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11
Example 2
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
2
3
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12
Example 2
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
Model>Load>Nodal
Note: You can graphically pick the location of node (node in the right upper corner of plate).
1
2
4
After FEMAP displays again a dialog box Create Loads on Nodes press Cancel.
The model shown in Fig.4 is now complete and ready for the analysis.
Fig.4
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13
Example 2
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis

1
3
4
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14
Example 2
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
5
example).
In card /3/ in the 40. column you need to define a number of cracks (NCRACK):
C /3/ BASIC DATA FOR THE PROBLEM (8I5)
C NP,NGELEM,NMATM,NPER,NKRT, NCRAK
277
1
1
1
0
1
whole crack.
crack tip
Node 2
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15
Example 2
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
For our problem:

2 0 14 9 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 4
number).
Results for the stress intensity factor you can find in the file Example2.lst:
CRACK
1 LENGTH 20.0000000000000
RING
1 RADIUS 4.00000000000000
RING
2 RADIUS 6.00000000000000
RING
3 RADIUS 8.00000000000000
RING
4 RADIUS 10.0000000000000
CRACK
1
LAYER
1
RING
2
STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR K1 3.22370917722101
STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR K2 -0.242825130862316
RING
4
STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR K2 -6.332072507147736E-002
RING
4
RING
6
AVERAGE STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR K1 3.21473336274618
AVERAGE STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR K2 -0.166563408864921
Analytical solyution is K I 3.353 MPa mm .
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16
Example 2
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis

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17
Example 2
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
2
1
After FEMAP displays again dialog box View Select press OK.
Final results are shown in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6
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18
Example 2
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis

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19
Example 2
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
2
3
Fig. 6 Displacements field
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20
Example 2
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
EXAMPLE 3 Stress intensity factor KI for plate with a throughthickness central crack
Description - Objective: For the plate with a through-thickness central crack, shown on Fig. 1, we
should find stress intensity factor KI by using analytical expression for determining stress intensity
factor and by using FEM. Symmetry of a problem is used to analyze one fourth of the model. Elastic
characteristics of material and dimensions of the plate are: E=30106MPa, =0.3, W=20mm, a=2mm,
t=1mm, =1Mpa.
Fig.1
Analytical expression for determinig stress intensity factor by G.C.Sih:
Function f(a/W) is shown in Table 1.
Table 1.
a/W
f(a/W)
1.00
0.074
0.207
1.03
0.275
1.05
0.337
1.09
0.41
1.13
0.466
1.18
0.535
1.25
0.592
1.33
K I = a f(a/W)
Analytical solution for this example is KI=2.5703 MPa mm .

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Example 3
1
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis

V Loading the Model
If you havent already done so, start FEMAP by double-click the icon on your Desktop or in the
Windows Start menu, pick Start>Programs>Femap1>Femap. The name of all the new models is Untitled. The command File>Save As... allows you to change the file name of the model. The
Window's common File Save As dialog box will be displayed. Using this box, you can navigate around
your local computer. Move to, or create a directory where you wish to store your model, type in the
field File name: Example3, and press Save. Throughout this example, all commands that you need to
select from the FEMAP menu will be shown in the following form - File>Save As... Which means,
first select File from the menu, and then move to the Save As command.
File>Save As
Femap 11 is used
___________________________________________________________________________________
Example 3
2
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
I Defining Materials and Properties

Model>Material...
2
3
After FEMAP displays again a dialog box Define Material - Isotropic press Cancel.
Model>Property
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Example 3
3
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
After FEMAP displays again a dialog box Define Property-Plate Element Type press Cancel.
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Example 3
4
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis

1
2
1
2
1
2
After FEMAP displays again a dialog box Locate Enter First Corner of Surface press Cancel.
To autoscale the view press Ctrl+A or choose the command:
You have designed the geometry of the surface as shown in Fig. 2.
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Example 3
5
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
Fig. 2

Mesh> Mesh Control>Mapped Divisions on Surface...
You should select the created surface.
After FEMAP displays again a dialog box Entety Selection- Select Surface(s) to Set Mesh Size press
Cancel.
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Example 3
6
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
1
2
3
4
5
Toolbar:
1
2
We will set ID of each curve, because we need it for the setting of constraints:
View>Options
(F6)
2
3
4
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Example 3
7
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
Fig 3.

actual constrains.
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Example 3
8
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
2
3
Note: You may graphically pick the location of curve 8 on the screen, and set boundary conditions:
___________________________________________________________________________________
Example 3
9
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
3
4
You should select bottom horizontal line, without nodes on crack, with node in crack tip (nodes marked
with rectangle on curve 5, see Fig.3).
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Example 3
10
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
After FEMAP displays again a dialog box Entity Selection - Enter Node(s) to Select press Cancel.
Note: Because of 2D plane stress elements, only two translational displacements are allowed: in x- and
y- direction.
Modify>Update Other>Perm Constraints
1
2
3
4
V Loading the Model

Note: Like constrains, loads are grouped in sets. Before creating any loads we must create a set to hold
them.
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Example 3
11
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
2
3
___________________________________________________________________________________
Example 3
12
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
Note: You should select the top elements of the model.
1
2
Cancel.
The model shown in the Fig.4 is now complete and ready for analysis.
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Example 3
13
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
Fig.4

Translator will translate your model into an input file for FEA program PAK-S that will analyze this
model. Press the command Export to PAK and the *.dat file will be generated.
1
___________________________________________________________________________________
Example 3
14
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
3
4
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Example 3
15
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
We should define crack in input file example3.dat, file in some program editor (Ultra Edit, for
example).
In card /3/ on 40 position we define number of cracks (NCRACK).
341
1
1
1
0
1
(NODE2) node for defining the end of the crack (in our case it is 1). For 2D problems you don't
have the third node, so in the place of the third node (NODE3) enter 0.
(NDP1,NDP2,NDP3,NDP4) define radius of integration.
(ELEM2) put 2 if you have modeled one half of the crack or 1 if you have modeled the whole
crack.
(NSEG) for 3D models you need to define the number of segments (it is number of element of
crack), in case of 2D this value is 1.
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Example 3
16
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
Node 2
crack tip
For our problem:
2 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 4
You need to run file Paks.exe and when it starts, type Example3.dat in a DOS prompt (see the window
below). Three files should be created during this process Example3. LST, Example3. UNV, Example3.
NEU. (You have to press the ENTER button for three times and one more time for calculating the
equation).
Results for the factor of stress intensity you can find in file Example3.lst:
CRACK
RING
RING
RING
RING
CRACK
LAYER
RING
1 LENGTH 2.00000000000000
1 RADIUS 0.400000000000000
2 RADIUS 0.600000000000000
3 RADIUS 0.800000000000000
4 RADIUS 1.00000000000000
1
1
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Example 3
17
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis

RING
2
RING
2
RING
2
Analytical solution for this example is KI=2.5703 MPa mm .

File>Import>FEMAP Neutral...
2
3
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Example 3
18
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
4
Stress and displacement values FEMAP can display as following:
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Example 3
19
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Select Contur Options press OK.
2
1
FEMAP shows the deformed model with color representation of the total tranlation, Fig. 5.
Fig. 5.
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Example 3
20
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
EXAMPLE 4 - The stress intensity factor KI for plate with circular

hole with a crack
Description - Objective: Plate with a hole shown in Fig. 1 is subjected to a tension at two sides.
Geometrical and material data are shown in Fig. 1. Due to symmetry in geometry, boundary
conditions and loading, only one-quarter is modelled using PAK 8-node 2D plane stress elements.
Boundary conditions take into account symmetry conditions and stress fields in that region. This
approach in meshing provides good results with a small number of finite elements.
The objective is to find the stress distribution around a hole using 2D plane stress elements and to
2h 14 mm
2R 3.2 mm
a 0.05 2R 0.16 mm
w 14 mm
t 1 mm
E 74900 MPa
0.3
71.8 Mpa
Fig. 1

V Loading the Model
Example 4
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
Windows Start menu, pick Start>Programs>Femap1>Femap.The name of all the new models is Untitled. The command File>Save As... allows you to change the file name of the model. The
Window's common File Save As dialog box will be displayed. Using this box, you can navigate
around your local computer. Move to, or create a directory where you wish to store your model,
type in the field File name: Example4, and press Save. Throughout this example, all commands
that you need to select from the FEMAP menu will be shown in the following form - File>Save
As... Which means, first select File from the menu, and then move to the Save As command.
File>Save As...

Model> Material
Femap 11 is used
Example 4
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
2
3
4
After FEMAP displays again a dialog box Define Isotropic Material press Cancel to end the
command.
Model> Property
2
3
Example 4
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
Cancel.
Example 4
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics

First, we will create arcs.
Geometry>Curve-Arc>Angle-Center-Start...
Note: First we must define the center of arc, and then start point and angle. We have two arcs of 45
degrees.
1
2
3
4
You choose option Methods and in it menu choose option on Point.
Example 4
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
When you choose option on Point you must pick point (it is the point on the end of previous arc)
with ID 4 or just write its ID in blank field.
4
5
After FEMAP displays again a dialog box Enter Location at Center of Arc press Cancel.
Geometry>Curve-Line>Project Points
Note: Before you start with entering the coordinates of points, you must select Methods>Locate...
1
Example 4
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
3
4
5
6
Next line:
2
3
Example 4
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
2
3
2
3
2
3
After FEMAP displays again a dialog box Locate Enter First Location for Projected Line
press Cancel.
Display labeling of curves and surfaces by ID
View>Options... (short-cut key F6 )
Example 4
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
1
3
5
You have designed the geometry as shown in Fig. 2.
Fig.2
Geometry>Reflect>Curve...
1
2
Example 4
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
The geometry is shown in the Fig. 3.
Fig.3
Now we will create surfaces by their two lines:
Example 4
10
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
Geometry>Surface>Ruled
After FEMAP displays again a dialog box Edge Surfaces press Cancel.
Geometry>Surface>Extrude
Note: You may graphically pick the location of these curves on the screen.
2
1
Example 4
11
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
You have completed the geometry section of this example as shown in Fig.4
Fig.4

The first thing we need to do is to set the mesh size for all of the surfaces:
Note: You may graphically pick the surface on the screen, Fig. 4.
3
4
Example 4
12
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
Example 4
13
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
3
4
1
2
3
4
After FEMAP displays again a dialog box Entity Selection - Select Surface(s) to Set Mesh Size
press Cancel.
Mesh>Mesh Control>Size Along Curve... (short-cut Shift+F10)

Note: You may graphically pick the curve on the screen, Fig. 4.
1
2
4
5
6
Example 4
14
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
1
2
5
6
After FEMAP displays again a dialog box Entity Selection - Select Curve(s) to Set Mesh Size
press Cancel.
1
2
3
4
5
To reduce the amount of information displayed (turn off geometry and nodes), use the FEMAP
Entity Display Toolbar:
2
1
Example 4
15
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
Fig. 5
Display element directions and surface ID
View>Options... (short-cut key F6)
6
Now, you should check elements direction (orientation of nodes must be in the positive
mathematical direction). Now, you will see orientation of elements, as shown on Fig. 6. The arrow
points from the fourth to the first node in the element.
Example 4
16
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
Fig. 6
Figure 6 shows that it is necessary to change the orientation of elements on surface 2,3,5,7,9. You
have to update element direction as following:
Modify>Update Elements>Reverse Normal/Orient First Edge
Example 4
17
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
5
Fig. 7
Turn off element directions and surface ID

Example 4
18
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics

actual constrains.
Example 4
19
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
Note: Now we must pick the curves 17, 41 and 50, see Fig. 4.
Example 4
20
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
Now we must pick the node in the crack top (its first node on beginning of curve 17, Fig. 4):
Example 4
21
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
Cancel.
Note: Because of the 2D plane stress elements, only two translational displacements are allowed: in
x- and y- direction.
1
2
3
4
V Loading the Model

hold them.
Example 4
22
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
2
3
Example 4
23
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
Note: You can graphically pick the location of elements (elements of upper side of the plate marked
with rectangle in Fig. 5).
The model shown in the Fig. 8 is now complete and ready for the analysis.
Example 4
24
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
Fig. 8

1
Example 4
25
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
3
4
example).
In card /3/ on position 40 you need to define number of cracks (NCRACK).
1562
1
1
1
0
1
whole crack.
Example 4
26
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
Node 2
crack tip
For our problem:
2 0 73 60 0 15 20 25 30 2 1 4
Note: distance between numbers is 5 places(from last number to the last position of the next
number).
Results for the factor of stress intensity you can find in file example4.lst:
CRACK
Example 4
1 LENGTH 0.160000000000000
27
PAK-S Examples
RING
RING
RING
RING
1
2
3
4
Fracture Mechanics
RADIUS
RADIUS
RADIUS
RADIUS
2.399999999999999E-002
3.199999999999999E-002
3.999999999999998E-002
4.799999999999997E-002
CRACK
1
LAYER
1
RING
2
RING
2
RING
2
RING
2
Comparison of results obtainted by PAK and NASTRAN and analytical solution is given in Table
1.
Table 1. Comparative results (analyitical solution, KI 142.3 MPa mm )
MSC NASTRAN
PAK
Example 4
KI MPa mm
143.3
139.2
Error
0.7
2.2
28
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics

After calculation, FEMAP can read the output results for post-processing.
2
3
Stress values FEMAP can display as following:

Example 4
29
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
To reduce the amount of information displayed (turn off nodes), use the FEMAP Entity Display
Toolbar:
2
1
Througout a few steps from Post Toolbar shown bellow, you can setup appropriate view of your
results on the screen.
Example 4
30
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
FEMAP shows the deformed model with color representation of the effective stress field, Fig. 8.
Example 4
31
PAK-S Examples
Example 4
Fracture Mechanics
32
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
EXAMPLE 5 The stress intensity factor KI for plate with circular

hole with two craks
Description - Objective: Plate with two hole shown in Fig. 1 is subjected to a tension at two sides.
Geometrical and material data are shown in Fig. 1. Due to symmetry in geometry, boundary
conditions and loading, only one-quarter is modelled using PAK 8-node 2D plane stress elements.
Boundary conditions take into account symmetry conditions and stress fields in that region. This
approach in meshing provides good results with a small number of finite elements.
2h=14 mm
2R=3.2 mm
a=0.05*2R=0.16 mm
w=14 mm
t=1 mm
E=74900 MPa
=0.3
=71.8 MPa
Fig.1

V Loading the Model
___________________________________________________________________________________
1
Example 5
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
File>Save As...
Femap 11 is used
___________________________________________________________________________________
2
Example 5
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis

Model> Material..
2
3
4
command.
Model> Property..
2
3
___________________________________________________________________________________
3
Example 5
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
Cancel.
___________________________________________________________________________________
4
Example 5
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis

First, we will create arcs
Note: First we must define the center of arc, and then start point and angle. We have two arcs of 45
degrees.
1
2
3
4
You choose option Methods and in it menu choose option on Point.
___________________________________________________________________________________
5
Example 5
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
When you choose option on Point you must pick point (it is the point on the end of previous arc)
with ID 4 or just write its ID in blank field.
4
5
After FEMAP displays again a dialog box Enter Location at Center of Arc press Cancel.
To autoscale the view after press short-cut key Ctrl+A or choose command:
Geometry>Curve-Line>Project Points
Note: Before you start with entering the coordinates of points, you must select Methods>Locate...
1
___________________________________________________________________________________
6
Example 5
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
3
4
5
6
Next line:
2
3
___________________________________________________________________________________
7
Example 5
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
2
3
2
3
2
3
After FEMAP displays again a dialog box Locate Enter First Location for Projected Line
press Cancel.

___________________________________________________________________________________
8
Example 5
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
1
3
5
You have designed the geometry as shown in Fig. 2.
Fig.2
Now we will create surfaces by their two lines:
___________________________________________________________________________________
9
Example 5
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
Geometry>Surface>Extrude
Note: You may graphically pick the location of these curves on the screen.
You have completed the geometry section of this example as shown in Fig.3
Fig.3
___________________________________________________________________________________
10
Example 5
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis

Note: You may graphically pick the surface on the screen, Fig. 3.
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
___________________________________________________________________________________
11
Example 5
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
1
2
3
4
After FEMAP displays again a dialog box Entity Selection - Select Surface(s) to Set Mesh Size
press Cancel.
Mesh>Mesh Control>Size Along Curve... (short-cut Shift+F10)

Note: You may graphically pick the curve on the screen, Fig. 4.
1
2
4
5
6
1
2
___________________________________________________________________________________
12
Example 5
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
5
6
After FEMAP displays again a dialog box Entity Selection - Select Curve(s) to Set Mesh Size
press Cancel.
1
2
3
4
5
2
1
___________________________________________________________________________________
13
Example 5
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
Fig. 4
6
___________________________________________________________________________________
14
Example 5
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
Fig. 5
Figure 6 shows that it is necessary to change the orientation of elements on surface 2,3 and 4. You
have to update element direction as following:
___________________________________________________________________________________
15
Example 5
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
5
___________________________________________________________________________________
16
Example 5
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
Fig. 6
5
___________________________________________________________________________________
17
Example 5
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis

actual constrains.
3
___________________________________________________________________________________
18
Example 5
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
Note: Now we must pick the curve 10, see Fig. 3.
3
4
1
___________________________________________________________________________________
19
Example 5
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
3
4
Cancel.
1
2
___________________________________________________________________________________
20
Example 5
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
3
4
V Loading the Model

hold them.
2
3
___________________________________________________________________________________
21
Example 5
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
Note: You can graphically pick the location of elements (elements of upper side of the plate marked
with rectangle in Fig. 4).
4
___________________________________________________________________________________
22
Example 5
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
Cancel.
Fig.7

___________________________________________________________________________________
23
Example 5
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
3
4
example).
894
1
1
1
0
1
___________________________________________________________________________________
24
Example 5
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis

whole crack.
Node 2
crack tip
For our problem:
2 0 329 314 0 10 15 20 30 2 1 4
number).
___________________________________________________________________________________
25
Example 5
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
Results for the factor of stress intensity you can find in file example5.lst:
CRACK
1 LENGTH 0.16000000000000000
RING
1 RADIUS 1.599999999999999E-002
RING
2 RADIUS 2.399999999999999E-002
RING
3 RADIUS 3.199999999999998E-002
RING
4 RADIUS 4.799999999999997E-002
CRACK
1
LAYER
1
RING
2
126.125205355630
35.2753625225182
RING
2
126.125205355630
35.2753625225182
RING
2
168.443227091126
7.95381431909171
RING
2
168.443227091126
7.95381431909171
147.284216223378
21.6145884208050
1.
MSC NASTRAN
PAK
KI MPa mm
151.1
147.3
Error
2.5
0.0
___________________________________________________________________________________
26
Example 5
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis

After calculation, FEMAP can read the output results for post-processing.
___________________________________________________________________________________
27
Example 5
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
Toolbar:
2
1
Througout a few steps from Post Toolbar shown bellow, you can setup appropriate view of your
results on the screen.
___________________________________________________________________________________
28
Example 5
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
1
2
FEMAP shows the deformed model with color representation of the effective stress field, Fig. 8.
___________________________________________________________________________________
29
Example 5
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
___________________________________________________________________________________
30
Example 5
PAK-S Examples
Structural analysis
EXAMPLE 6 Determining the stress intensity factor KI by using the

J-integral
Description Objective: Determine the stress intensity factor KI of rectangular plate with an initial
edge crack. Plate is loaded by unit pressure on both sides of model. Model geometry, load and
characteristics of material are shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1
Whole material model is generated, because there is no simetry of the model. There is no special
rules about generating mesh of finite elements. Material model is generated using the program
package FEMAP. Model is analyzed in the program package PAK.

V Loading the Model
________________________________________________________________________________
Example 6
1
PAK-S Examples
Structural analysis
that you need to select from the FEMAP menu will be shown in the following form File>Save As...
Which means, first select File from the menu, and then move to the Save As command.
File>Save As...
Femap 11 is used
________________________________________________________________________________
Example 6
2
PAK-S Examples
Structural analysis

Model>Material...
2
3
4
command.
Model>Property...
2
3
________________________________________________________________________________
Example 6
3
PAK-S Examples
Structural analysis
Cancel.
________________________________________________________________________________
Example 6
4
PAK-S Examples
Structural analysis

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
5
6
7
8
________________________________________________________________________________
Example 6
5
PAK-S Examples
Structural analysis
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
After FEMAP displays again a dialog box Locate - Enter First Corner of Surface press Cancel.
________________________________________________________________________________
Example 6
6
PAK-S Examples
Structural analysis
To autoscale the view press Ctrl+A or choose the command:

Display labeling of surfaces by ID
3
You have designed the geometry of surface as shown in Fig. 2.
________________________________________________________________________________
Example 6
7
PAK-S Examples
Structural analysis
Fig. 2

Note: The first thing we need to do is to set the mesh size for the surface.
Note: You may graphically pick the location of these surfaces on the screen, Fig. 2.
3
4
________________________________________________________________________________
Example 6
8
PAK-S Examples
Structural analysis
3
4
3
4
3
4
press Cancel.
Note: The merging performs automatically during the creation of the mesh for all surfaces. Double
nodes on the line between the surfaces 1 and 2 should exist, ones creating elements for surface 1
and the other creating elements for surface 2. Because it is necessary to create a crack, first, create
elements for surfaces 1, 3 and 4, and then for surface 2. After that, you should merge the nodes on
the line between surfaces 2 and 4.
1
2
________________________________________________________________________________
Example 6
9
PAK-S Examples
Structural analysis
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
Tools>Check>Coincident Nodes
________________________________________________________________________________
Example 6
10
PAK-S Examples
Structural analysis
Note: You should select curves beetwen surface 2 and 4.
4
5
________________________________________________________________________________
Example 6
11
PAK-S Examples
Structural analysis

actual constrains.
________________________________________________________________________________
Example 6
12
PAK-S Examples
Structural analysis
Note: You should select two bottom horizontal lines.
3
4
________________________________________________________________________________
Example 6
13
PAK-S Examples
Structural analysis
You should select node in coordinate origin.
1
2
After FEMAP displays again a dialog box Entety Selection - Enter Node(s) to Select press
Cancel to end the command.
Modify>Update Other>Perm Constraints
1
2
3
4
________________________________________________________________________________
Example 6
14
PAK-S Examples
Structural analysis
V Loading the Model

hold them.
2
3
________________________________________________________________________________
Example 6
15
PAK-S Examples
Structural analysis
Model>Load>Elemental...
Note: You can graphically pick the location of elements on the upper side of plate, see Fig.3.
Fig. 3
1
2
4
________________________________________________________________________________
Example 6
16
PAK-S Examples
Structural analysis
After FEMAP displays again a dialog box Create Loads on Curves press Cancel to end the
command.
2
1
Fig. 4
________________________________________________________________________________
Example 6
17
PAK-S Examples
Structural analysis

1
3
4
example).
________________________________________________________________________________
Example 6
18
PAK-S Examples
Structural analysis
In card /3/ on 40 position we define number of cracks (NCRACK).

2766
1
1
1
0
1
(NODE2) node for defining the end of the crack (in our case it is 2297). For 2D problems
you don't have the third node, so in the place of the third node (NODE3) enter 0.
whole crack.
crack tip
Node 2
For our problem:
C /10-02/ DATA ABOUT CRACK (14I5)
C CRTYP,NODE1,NODE2,NODE3,ELEM2,NSEG,IRING
2 0 20 2297 0 10 15 20 25 0 1 4
Save input file with all changes by following comand:
File>Save (Ctrl+S)
________________________________________________________________________________
Example 6
19
PAK-S Examples
Structural analysis
CRACK
RING
RING
RING
RING
CRACK
LAYER
RING
STRESS
STRESS
RING
STRESS
STRESS
RING
STRESS
STRESS
RING
STRESS
STRESS
1 LENGTH
1
2
3
4
RADIUS
RADIUS
RADIUS
RADIUS
1
1
1 NUMBER
INTENSITY FACTOR
INTENSITY FACTOR
2 NUMBER
INTENSITY FACTOR
INTENSITY FACTOR
3 NUMBER
INTENSITY FACTOR
INTENSITY FACTOR
4 NUMBER
INTENSITY FACTOR
INTENSITY FACTOR
0.999848988597778
9.998489885977781E-002
0.149977348289667
0.199969797719556
0.249962247149445
OF
K1
K2
OF
K1
K2
OF
K1
K2
OF
K1
K2
ELEMENTS
8
1.93104273193026
1.12064679605233
ELEMENTS
13
1.98308654423541
1.10632679018848
ELEMENTS
20
1.96069123474850
1.15379044156283
ELEMENTS
28
1.97525713824362
1.19976719016683

1.96251941228945
1.14513280449262
Comparison of results obtainted by PAK and COSMOS and analytical solution is given in Table 1.
COSMOS
PAK
KI MPa mm
1.80
1.96
Error
2.7
5.9
________________________________________________________________________________
Example 6
20
PAK-S Examples
Structural analysis

After solution, FEMAP can read the output results for post-processing.
Stress and displacement values FEMAP can display as following:
________________________________________________________________________________
Example 6
21
PAK-S Examples
Structural analysis
After FEMAP displays again a dialog box Select Contur Options press OK.
Toolbar:
2
1
FEMAP displays on the screen the deformed model with color representation of the effective stress
field, Fig. 5.
________________________________________________________________________________
Example 6
22
PAK-S Examples
Structural analysis
________________________________________________________________________________
Example 6
23
PAK-S Examples
Structural analysis
________________________________________________________________________________
Example 6
24
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
EXAMPLE 7 The stress intensity factor KI for plate with two rivets
Description -Objective: This example considers the factor of stress intensity KI (crack opening
mode I) for the plate with two rivets. Plate is subjected to extension, and the zone of plate between
two rivets is shown in Fig. 1. Geometrical and material data are also shown in Fig. 1. Due to the
symmetry in geometry, boundary conditions and loading, only one-quarter is modeled using PAK
8-node 2D plane stress elements. Boundary conditions take into account symmetry conditions and
stress fields in that region.
The objective is to find stress distribution around a hole using 2D plane stress elements and to show
deformed and undeformed model.
2R=4 mm
a1/R=1;
a2/R=1
w=30R;
L=120R
L=8R;
t=1 mm
E=74900 MPa
=0.3
=100 MPa
Fig. 1

V Loading the Model
___________________________________________________________________________________
1
Example 7
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
type in the field File name: Example7, and press Save. Throughout this example, all commands that
you need to select from the FEMAP menu will be shown in the following form - File>Save As...
Which means, first select File from the menu, and then move to the Save As command.
File>Save As...
Femap 11 is used
___________________________________________________________________________________
2
Example 7
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis

Model>Material
2
3
4
command.
Model> Property
2
3
___________________________________________________________________________________
3
Example 7
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
Cancel.
___________________________________________________________________________________
4
Example 7
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis

First, we will create arcs:
Note: First we must define the center of an arc, and then start point and angle. We have two arcs of
45 degrees.
1
2
3
4
After FEMAP displays again a dialog box Locate Enter Location at Center of Arc press
Cancel.
1
2
___________________________________________________________________________________
5
Example 7
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
When you choose option on Point you must pick the point on the end of previous arc
5
6
1
2
3
4
___________________________________________________________________________________
6
Example 7
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
1
2
3
4
After FEMAP displays again a dialog box Locate Enter Location at Center of Arc press
Cancel.
Now we will create surfaces by their corner coordinates:

Methods>Locate
___________________________________________________________________________________
7
Example 7
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
___________________________________________________________________________________
8
Example 7
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
___________________________________________________________________________________
9
Example 7
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
___________________________________________________________________________________
10
Example 7
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
3
4
5
6
7
8
After FEMAP displays again a dialog box Locate - Enter First Corner of Surface press Cancel.
Create surface between the points.
After FEMAP displays again a dialog box Create Ruled Surface press Cancel.
Display labeling of surfaces by ID
___________________________________________________________________________________
11
Example 7
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
3
You have completed the geometry section of this example as shown in Fig 2.
Fig. 2
___________________________________________________________________________________
12
Example 7
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis

3
4
3
4
3
4
___________________________________________________________________________________
13
Example 7
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
3
4
3
4
3
4
After FEMAP displays again a dialog box Entity Selection Select Surface(s) to Set Mesh Size press
Cancel.
___________________________________________________________________________________
14
Example 7
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
1
2
3
4
5
2
1
Fig.3
___________________________________________________________________________________
15
Example 7
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis

6
Fig. 4
___________________________________________________________________________________
16
Example 7
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
Figure 4 shows that it is necessary to change the orientation of elements on surface 7-10. You have
to update element direction as following:
3
4
5
___________________________________________________________________________________
17
Example 7
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
Fig. 5
5
___________________________________________________________________________________
18
Example 7
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis

actual constrains.
3
___________________________________________________________________________________
19
Example 7
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
You must pick curves on the bottom side of the model (marked with red arrow in Fig.3).
3
4
1
___________________________________________________________________________________
20
Example 7
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
Now pick curves on the left edge of the model (marked with green arrow in Fig.3).
3
4
After FEMAP displays again a dialog box Entity Selection Enter Node(s) to Select press Cancel.
___________________________________________________________________________________
21
Example 7
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
1
2
3
4
V Loading the Model

hold them.
2
3
___________________________________________________________________________________
22
Example 7
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
Note: You can graphically pick the location of elements on the upper side of plate, see Fig. 3.
___________________________________________________________________________________
23
Example 7
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
Fig. 6
___________________________________________________________________________________
24
Example 7
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis

1
3
4
example).
___________________________________________________________________________________
25
Example 7
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis

2579
1
1
1
0
1
(NODE2) node for defining the end of the crack (in our case it is 2834). For 2D problems
you don't have the third node, so in the place of the third node (NODE3) enter 0.
whole crack.
crack tip
Node 2
For our problem:

2 0 6 2834 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 4
number).
___________________________________________________________________________________
26
Example 7
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
CRACK
1 LENGTH 2.00000000000000
RING
1 RADIUS 0.400000000000000
RING
2 RADIUS 0.600000000000000
RING
3 RADIUS 0.800000000000000
RING
4 RADIUS 1.00000000000000
CRACK
1
LAYER
1
RING
2
RING
2
RING
4
RING
4
AVERAGE STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR K2 -14.9594560730620
Comparison of results obtainted by PAK and by NASTRAN is given in Table 1.
Table 1. Comparative results
KI MPa mm
MSC Nastran 337.643
PAK
341.232
___________________________________________________________________________________
27
Example 7
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis

After solution, FEMAP can read the output results for post-processing.
3
Toolbar:
2
1
___________________________________________________________________________________
28
Example 7
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis

FEMAP displays on the screen the deformed model with color representation of the effective stress
field, Fig. 7.
___________________________________________________________________________________
29
Example 7
PAK-S Examples
Structural Analysis
___________________________________________________________________________________
30
Example 7
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
EXAMPLE 8 The stress intensity factor KI for 2D CT - specimens

Description - Objective: The plate shown in Fig. 1 is subjected to a tension force at centres of
holes. Geometrical and material data are shown in Fig. 1. Due to symmetry in geometry, boundary
conditions and loading, only one half is modelled using PAK 8-node 2D plane stress elements. This
approach in meshing provides the good results with a small number of finite elements.
E=2.1E4 daN/mm2
=0.3
P=200 daN
w=30.5 mm
a/w=0.5
B=15 mm
Fig. 1

V Loading the Model
VII Postprocessing and Review of the Results
Example 8
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
File>Save As...
Femap 11 is used
Example 8
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics

Model> Material
2
3
4
command.
Model> Property..
2
3
Example 8
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
Cancel.
Example 8
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics

2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Example 8
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Example 8
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Example 8
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Example 8
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Example 8
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
Display labeling of curves and surfaces by ID
1
3
5
You have completed the geometry section of this example as shown in Fig.2.
Fig.2
Example 8
10
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics

1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
Example 8
11
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
1
2
3
4
3
4
press Cancel.
Mesh >Geometry >Surface
1
2
3
4
5
Example 8
12
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
2
1
Model is shown in Fig. 3:
Fig.3

Note: Since constraints are set based, you must create an empty Constraint Set before defining any
actual constrains.
Example 8
13
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
Example 8
14
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
Note: You may graphically pick the location of the curve 5 on the screen, Fig. 3, and set symmetry
conditions.
3
4
Note: You may graphically pick the location of the node 1 on the screen, Fig. 3, and set symmetry
conditions.
1
2
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection Enter Node(s) to Select press Cancel.
Note: Because of the 2D plane stress elements, only two translational displacements are allowed: in
x- and y-direction.
Example 8
15
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
1
2
3
4
V Loading the Model

Note: Like constrains, loads are also grouped in sets. Before creating any loads we must create a set to
hold them.
2
3
Example 8
16
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
Model>Load>Nodal...
Note: You can graphically pick the location of node 459 (red circle), Fig. 3.
1
2
4
After FEMAP displays again a dialog box Entity Selection Enter node(s) to Select press
Cancel.
Example 8
17
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
Fig. 4
VI Prepare and Submit the Model for a Linear Static Analysis

1
Example 8
18
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
3
4
Now you must change your .dat file, because you must enter the crack which doesn't exists in model
created in FEMAP. To do that, open your .dat file in some program editor (for example Ultra Edit).
In card /3/ in the position 40. you need to define a number of cracks (NCRACK):
662

whole crack.
Example 8
19
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
Node 2
crack tip
For our problem:

2
0 11 775
0 10 15 20 30
number).
You need to run file Paks.exe and after that, type Example8.dat in a DOS prompt (see the window
below). Three files should be created during this process Example8. LST, Example8. UNV,
Example8. NEU. (You have to press the ENTER button for three times).
Results for the factor of the stress intensity factor can be found in file Example8.lst in Ultra Edit or
some other programme.
CRACK
1 LENGTH 7.62500000000000
RING
Example 8
1 RADIUS 0.762500000000000
20
PAK-S Examples
RING
RING
RING
Fracture Mechanics
2 RADIUS 1.14375000000000
3 RADIUS 1.52500000000000
4 RADIUS 2.28750000000000
CRACK
1
LAYER
1
RING
2
RING
4
RING
5
RING
8
1.
Table 1. Comparative results (analyitical solution: KI1 24.899 hbar mm ,
KI2=24.152 hbar mm )
MSC NASTRAN
PAK
Example 8
KI hbar mm
Error1
Error2
20.2804
21.9456
18.5
11.7
16
9.1
21
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
VII Postprocessing and Review of the Results

2
3
4
Toolbar:
2
1
Example 8
22
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
View/Select... (Short-cut key F5)
After FEMAP displays View Select press OK.

The stress field is shown in Fig. 5:
Fig.5 Effective stress field

Example 8
23
PAK-S Examples
Fracture Mechanics
View/Select... (Short-cut key F5)
2
3
After FEMAP displays View Select press OK.
Fig.6 Total translation field

Example 8
24
PAK-S Examples
XFEM
EXAMPLE 1 An oblique edge crack

Description/Objective: The model of a plate with an oblique edge crack is shown in Fig. 1 with
coordinates of beginning of the crack x 0 0.000, 2.501 and the crack tip x p 0.707,3.208 . The
crack will be post written in a *.dat input file. Mesh consisting of 1250 (25x50) four-node plane
stress elements is used for discretization of the plate. The objective is to calculate the stress
intensity factors, K I , K II .
Fig. 1
Table 1. Coordinates of the point of plate
Point
1
2
3
4
x
0
2.5
2.5
0
y
0
0
5
5
Suggested exercise steps:

V Loading the Model
VI Prepare and Submit the Model for a PAK-FM Analysis
VII Defining the Crack
VIII Post processing and Review the Results
Example 1
z
0
0
0
0
PAK-S Examples
XFEM
type in the field File name: Example_1, and press Save. Throughout this example, all commands
File>Save As...
Femap 11 is used
Example 1
PAK-S Examples
XFEM

Model>Material...
2
3
After FEMAP displays again the dialog box Define Material - Isotropic press Cancel to end the
command.
Model>Property...
Example 1
PAK-S Examples
XFEM
After FEMAP displays again the dialog box Define Property - MEMBRANE Element Type
press Cancel.
Example 1
PAK-S Examples
XFEM

To create the required geometry you should manually enter coordinates of the points, which are
given in the Table 1, in the proper field of the following dialog boxes.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
After FEMAP displays again the dialog box Locate - Enter First Corner of Surface press Cancel.
To autoscale the view after, press shortcut key Ctrl+A or choose the command:
You have completed the geometry section of this example as shown on Fig. 2.
Example 1
PAK-S Examples
XFEM
Fig. 2

The first thing we need to do is to set the mesh size for the surface.
Mesh>Mesh Control>Mapped Divisions on Surface
1
2
3
4
After FEMAP displays again the dialog box Entity Selection - Select Surface(s) to Set Mesh Size
press Cancel.
Example 1
PAK-S Examples
XFEM
1
2
2
1
Finite element model is shown in the Fig. 3.
Fig. 3
Example 1
PAK-S Examples
XFEM

Since constraints are set based, you must create an empty Constraint Set before defining any actual
constraints.
Example 1
PAK-S Examples
XFEM
You have to constrain all nodes which are lying on the curve (1). So, you should turn on curves ID,
using shortcut key F6, in order to set constraints.
2
3
Example 1
PAK-S Examples
XFEM
Click on the option Method, then choose the option on Curve and graphically pick the curve 5, it is
a bottom edge of the model.
3
4
Graphically pick the underlying node (1).
Example 1
10
PAK-S Examples
XFEM
When question OK to overwrite or NO to combine appears - answer NO.
After FEMAP displays again the dialog box Entity Selection - Enter Node(s) to Select press
Cancel.

Since you defined membrane as an element type, where the plane stress elements exists, only two
translational displacements are allowed: in X and Y directions.
1
2
Example 1
11
PAK-S Examples
XFEM
V Loading the Model

You will apply negative load in order to simulate unit extension (by defolt pressure is positive).
Like constraints, loads are grouped in sets. Before creating any loads we must create a set to hold
them.
2
3
Example 1
12
PAK-S Examples
XFEM
You must first select elements where load will be applied.

Then, click on the option Pick, choose the option Box and graphically pick overlying elements (Fig.
4).
1
Example 1
13
PAK-S Examples
XFEM
Fig. 4
Example 1
14
PAK-S Examples
XFEM
After FEMAP displays again the dialog box Entity Selection - Enter Element(s) to Select press
Cancel.
Fig. 6
Example 1
15
PAK-S Examples
XFEM

1
3
4
Example 1
16
PAK-S Examples
XFEM

Using Ultra Editor, define the crack in Example_1.dat input file.
Its necessary to make some changes in the card /3/. You should enter data about the crack, which
are given in bold, in Example_1.dat.
number).

1326
1
1
1
0
1
-1
You have defined: number of rigid bodies (NKRT, 0, in the 35. column), number of cracks
(NCRACK, 1, in the 40. column), indicator for the kind of LS function (NCXFEM, -1, in the 44.45. column). The last means that only Heavyside is used for calculation.
Since you have defined the number of cracks, the crack itself has to be defined in cards /10-02/ and
/13/.
C /10/ INPUT NODAL DATA (I5,A1,6I2,2X,3F10.0,2I5) (K=1,NP)

C N,CH,(ID(N,I),I=1,6), (CORD(N,J),J=1,3),
KORC,INDS
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0.0000e+0 0.0000e+0 0.0000e+0 0 0
2 0 1 0 0 0 0 1.0000e-1 0.0000e+0 0.0000e+0 0 0
3 0 1 0 0 0 0 2.0000e-1 0.0000e+0 0.0000e+0 0 0
1326 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.5000e+0 5.0000e+0 0.0000e+0 0 0

2 0 0 0 0 10 20 30 40 1 1 4

CRTYP type: 2 for 2D, 3 for 3D
NPDA presents percentage of crack growth
NODE1 node in crack tip
NODE2 node for defining the end of the crack. For 2D problems you don't have the third
node, so in the place of the third node (NODE3) enter 0.
ELEM2: 1 for whole model, 2 for half-model
NDP1,NDP2,NDP3,NDP4 define percentages of cracks length for rings of integration. It
means that you have to define radius of integration (integrations trajectories NDP1, NDP2,
NDP3, NDP4 of start length of the crack). In this examples are: 10 for NDP1 (in the 29.-30.
column), 20 for NDP2 (in the 34.-35. column), 30 for NDP3 (in the 39.-40. column) and 40
for NDP4 (in the 44.-45. column).
ELEM2 put 1 if you have modeled the whole crack or 2 if you have modeled one half of the
crack.
NSEG for 3D models you need to define the number of segments (it is number of element of
crack), in case of 2D this value is 1.
IRING define number of rings for J integral (recommended value is 4).
After the card /13/ enter the coordinates for crack start x 0 0.000, 2.501 and crack tip
x p 0.707,3.208 as shown below.
...
1299 1300 1326 1325
Example 1
17
PAK-S Examples
XFEM
C SEGMENT OF CRACK
C NSEG
1
C COORDINATES
C
X
Y
0.000 2.501
0.707 3.208
C /14/ DATA ABOUT TIME FUNCTIONS (2I5)
...
You should save your Example_1. dat file in the same directory as you put a file Paks.exe. You
need to run file Paks.exe and when it starts, type Example_1.dat in a DOS prompt (see the window
below). Three files should be created during this process Example_1. LST, Example_1. UNV,
Example_1. NEU.
After the calculation, you can read values of the stress intensity factors K I , K II in an output file
Example_1.LST.
CRACK
RING
RING
RING
RING
CRACK
LAYER
RING
STRESS
STRESS
RING
STRESS
STRESS
RING
STRESS
STRESS
RING
STRESS
Example 1
1
1
2
3
4
LENGTH
RADIUS
RADIUS
RADIUS
RADIUS
0.999848988597778
9.998489885977783E-002
0.199969797719556
0.299954696579334
0.399939595439111
1
1
1
INTENSITY
INTENSITY
2
INTENSITY
INTENSITY
3
INTENSITY
INTENSITY
4
INTENSITY
NUMBER OF
FACTOR K1
FACTOR K2
NUMBER OF
FACTOR K1
FACTOR K2
NUMBER OF
FACTOR K1
FACTOR K2
NUMBER OF
FACTOR K1
ELEMENTS
8
1.79835447258407
0.590993427771943
ELEMENTS
20
1.97599952778743
0.872151552560851
ELEMENTS
40
2.01330270475192
0.964723211299930
ELEMENTS
64
2.07759907539651
18
PAK-S Examples
XFEM
0.933025975560632

1.96631394512998
0.840223541798339
COORDINATES OF NEW CRACK TIP: Xn,Yn

1.69664007673531
3.35051497647379
Loading of the crack is in the MODE I and MODE II. The theoretical values of stress intensity
factors, K I , K II are: K Iteor 1.85 MPa mm ; K IIteor 0.88 MPa mm (refer to Fundamental of
Fracture Mechanics, PhD Dragoslav Sumarac, PhD Dusan Krajcinovic).
If you track crack propagation, then coordinates of next crack point are shown above.
You can see the numerical values of the stress intensity factors in Table 2.
integrations
trajectory
Table 2. Stress intensity factor

KI
K I teor
10
1.798
20
1.976
30
2.013
40
2.077
( K I ) ave =1.966, inequallity is 6.3%
K II
K II teor
inequallity(%)
0.591
0.872
0.965
0.933
32.8
2.59
13.53
9.76
inequallity(%)
2.81
7
8.81
12.27
( K II ) ave =0.84, inequallity is 4%

In order to decrease the diference between these values, you have to pound mesh close to the crack
tip.
Example 1
19
PAK-S Examples
XFEM

3
Toolbar:
2
1
Example 1
20
PAK-S Examples
XFEM
Undeformed configuration is shown in the Fig. 7.
Fig. 7
You should draw stress distribution.

View>Select... (shortcut key F5)
Example 1
21
PAK-S Examples
XFEM
Stress field of the plate with the crack is shown in the Figures 8a and 8b.
Fig. 8a
Example 1
22
PAK-S Examples
XFEM
Fig. 8b
In the Fig. 9 is shown one chosen domain for solving J-integral.
Example 1
23
PAK-S Examples
XFEM
Fig. 9
You should change the radials several times in order to illustrate how changed domain, which is
defined through the radial of integrations trajectory, affects to the results.
You have to enter values (in bold) for the radials in existing file Example_1.dat, and after solution,
you should read the numerical values for the stress intensity factors in the file Example_1.LST.
Example 1
24
PAK-S Examples
XFEM
Example_1.dat
1326 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.5000e+0 5.0000e+0 0.0000e+0 0 0
CRTYP,NPDA,NODE1,NODE2,NODE3,NDP1,NDP2,NDP3,NDP4,ELEM2,NSEG,IRING
2
0
0
0
0
10
15
20
25
1
1
4
Example_1.LST
CRACK
RING
RING
RING
RING
1
2
3
4
1 LENGTH 0.999848988597778
RADIUS 9.998489885977783E-002
RADIUS 0.149977348289667
RADIUS 0.199969797719556
RADIUS 0.249962247149445
CRACK
1
LAYER
1
RING
8
RING
15
RING
20
RING
32
Example_1.dat
1326 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.5000e+0 5.0000e+0 0.0000e+0 0 0
CRTYP,NPDA,NODE1,NODE2,NODE3,NDP1,NDP2,NDP3,NDP4,ELEM2,NSEG,IRING
2
0
0
0
0
30
35
40
45
1
1
4
Example_1.LST
CRACK
1
LAYER
1
RING
40
RING
52
RING
64
RING
84
Example 1
25
PAK-S Examples
XFEM
Change of integrations trajectories for J-integral solution is shown in Figs. 10-11. Stress
distribution close to the crack tip remains same for all radials.
As an exercise, you could make another mesh, for the model, consisting from 50x100 elements.
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Example 1
26
PAK-S Examples
XFEM
EXAMPLE 2 An edge crack subjected to the concentrated load

Description/Objective: Model of the plate with an edge crack is shown in the Fig. 1, which is
affected by concentrated load in the crack direction. Full model is shaped. Mesh consisting of 1600
(20x80) four-node plane stress elements is used for the plate discretization. The objective of this
example is to calculate the numerical value of stress intensity factor K I and compare it with the
theoretical value of stress intensity factor K Iteor . Demonstrate displacements in Y direction, stress
distribution and one domain for solving of J-integral. The crack coordinates (crack start
x 0 0.00,80.00 , crack tip x p 20.00,80.00 ) will be entered later in a *.dat file. Data about
material and geometry of the plate and the crack are shown below the Fig. 1.
Fig. 1
E 30e6MPa; =0.3; a=20mm; P=1N; W=40mm; s=80mm; B=0.5mm.
Point
1
2
3
4
Table1. Coordinates of the points

x
y
0
0
160
0
160
40
0
40
Suggested exercise steps:

V Loading the Model
Example 2
z
0
0
0
0
PAK-S Examples
XFEM
type in the field File name: Example_2, and press Save. Throughout this example, all commands
File>Save As...
Femap 11 is used
Example 2
PAK-S Examples
XFEM

Model>Material...
2
3
After FEMAP displays again the dialog box Define Material - Isotropic press Cancel to end the
command.
Model>Property...
Example 2
PAK-S Examples
XFEM
After FEMAP displays again the dialog box Define Property - MEMBRANE Element Type
press Cancel.
Example 2
PAK-S Examples
XFEM

To create the required geometry you should manually enter coordinates of the points, which are
given in Table1, in the proper field of the following dialog boxes.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
After FEMAP displays again the dialog box Locate - Enter First Corner of Surface press Cancel.
To autoscale the view after, press shortcut key Ctrl+A or choose the command:
You have completed the geometry section of this example as shown in Fig. 2.
Fig. 2
Example 2
PAK-S Examples
XFEM

The first thing we need to do is to set the mesh size for surface.
Mesh>Mesh Control>Mapped Divisions on Surface
1
2
3
4
After FEMAP displays again the dialog box Entity Selection -Select Surface(s) to Set Mesh Size
press Cancel.
1
2
4
2
1
Finite element model is shown in the Fig. 3.

Example 2
PAK-S Examples
XFEM
Fig. 3

Since constraints are set based, you must create an empty Constraint Set before defining any actual
constraints.
Example 2
PAK-S Examples
XFEM
In order to set constraints properly, you have to graphically pick underlying left node (node 1) and
constrain it in X translation and in Y translation. Then, constrain underlying right node (node 81) in
Y translation.
Graphically pick the node 1 (in the left bottom angle of the model).
Graphically pick the node (81).
Example 2
PAK-S Examples
XFEM
Cancel.

Since you defined membrane as an element type, where plane stress elements exists, only two
translational displacements are allowed, in X and Y directions.
1
2
3
4
Example 2
PAK-S Examples
XFEM
V Loading the Model

Apply the load in the negative Y direction in order to simulate concentrated force. Like constraints,
loads are grouped in sets. Before creating any loads we must create a set to hold them.
2
3
Example 2
10
PAK-S Examples
XFEM
Model>Load>Nodal
Select the node 141 (midpoint of upper curves, see Fig. 1) and then apply the concentrated force at
that node.
Cancel.
The model shown in Fig. 4 is now complete and ready for the analysis.
Fig. 4
Example 2
11
PAK-S Examples
XFEM

1
3
4
Example 2
12
PAK-S Examples
XFEM

Using Ultra Editor, define the crack in Example_2.dat input file.
Its necessary to make some changes in the card /3/. You should enter data about the crack, which
are given in bold in Example_2.dat.
number).

1701 1
1
1
0
1
-1
You have defined: number of rigid bodies (NKRT, 0, in the 35. column), number of cracks
(NCRACK, 1, in the 40.column), an indicator for kind of LS function (NCXFEM, -1, in the 44.45. column). The last indicator means that only Heavyside function is used for calculation.
Since you have defined the number of cracks, the crack itself has to be defined in the cards /10-02/
and /13/.
2 0 0 0 0 30 35 40 45 1 1 4

(NPDA) presents percentage of crack growth
(NODE1) node in crack tip
(NODE2) node for defining the end of the crack. For 2D problems you don't have the third
node, so in the place of the third node (NODE3) enter 0.
(NDP1,NDP2,NDP3,NDP4) define percentages of cracks length for rings of integration. It
means that you have to define radius of integration (integrations trajectories NDP1, NDP2,
NDP3, NDP4 of start length of the crack). In this examples are: 30 for NDP1 (in the 29.-30.
column), 35 for NDP2 (in the 34.-35. column), 40 for NDP3 (in the 39.-40. column) and 45
for NDP4 (in the 44.-45. column).
(ELEM2) put 1 if you have modeled the whole crack or 2 if you have modeled one half of
the crack.
After the card /13/ enter the coordinates for the crack start x 0 0.00,80.00 and the crack tip
x p 20.00,80.00 as shown below.
C SEGMENT OF CRACK
C NSEG
1
C COORDINATES
C
X
80.000
0.000
Example 2
13
PAK-S Examples
XFEM
80.000
20.000
C /14/ DATA ABOUT TIME FUNCTIONS (2I5)
You should save your Example_2. dat file in the same directory as you put a file Paks.exe. You
need to run file Paks.exe and when it starts, type Example_2.dat in a DOS prompt (see the window
below). Three files should be created during this process Example_2. LST, Example_2. UNV,
Example_2. NEU.
The theoretical value of stress intensity factor: K Iteor 3.35MPa mm . K Iteor is obtained from
2s a
6M
6 Ps
expresion K I F ( , ) a , where stress is 2
0.3MPa (expressions refer
W
W W
2 BW 2
Fundamental of Fracture Mechanics, PhD Dragoslav Sumarac, PhD Dusan Krajcinovic).
After calculation, you can read the values of the stress intensity factor K I in an output file
Example_2.LST.
CRACK
1 LENGTH
20.0000000000000
RING
1 RADIUS
6.00000000000000
RING
2 RADIUS
7.00000000000000
RING
3 RADIUS
8.00000000000000
RING
4 RADIUS
9.00000000000000
CRACK
LAYER
RING
STRESS
STRESS
RING
STRESS
STRESS
RING
STRESS
STRESS
RING
Example 2
1
1
1 NUMBER OF
INTENSITY FACTOR K1
INTENSITY FACTOR K2
2 NUMBER OF
INTENSITY FACTOR K1
INTENSITY FACTOR K2
3 NUMBER OF
INTENSITY FACTOR K1
INTENSITY FACTOR K2
4 NUMBER OF
ELEMENTS
36
3.22811412816188
8.650180794720148E-002
ELEMENTS
52
3.21801065371149
5.285180853381001E-002
ELEMENTS
60
3.24464435981678
5.241774436356479E-002
ELEMENTS
88
14
PAK-S Examples
XFEM

3.26111272492931
3.658058148725022E-002

3.23797046665487
5.708798558295663E-002
COORDINATES OF NEW CRACK TIP: Xn,Yn

80.7045750694103
39.9875854962916
Values for the stress intensity factor are given in Table 2.

Table 2. Stress intensity factor
rd (% from a)
KIXFEM(H)
30
3.228
35
3.218
40
3.244
45
3.261
The mean value of the stress intensity factor of all four integration's trajectories is 3.23 MPa mm .
Compare it with the theoretical value of the stress intensity factor: K Iteor 3.35MPa mm .
Difference between the numerical and the theoretical values is less than 4%. In order to decrease
difference between values, you have to have more dense mesh close to the crack tip.
Example 2
15
PAK-S Examples
XFEM

Example 2
16
PAK-S Examples
XFEM
Toolbar:
2
1
Undeformed configuration is shown in the Fig. 5.
Fig. 5
Now draw the stress distribution:

Example 2
17
PAK-S Examples
XFEM
The stress field of plate with the crack is shown in the Figures 6a and 6b.
Fig. 6a
Example 2
18
PAK-S Examples
XFEM
Fig. 6b
Now, draw total displacements:

Example 2
19
PAK-S Examples
XFEM
4
5
Total displacements are shown (deformed configuration) in the Fig. 7.
Fig. 7
Now, you should draw one chosen domain for solving of J-integral.
Example 2
20
PAK-S Examples
XFEM
4
5
One chosen domain for solving J-integral (deformed configuration) is shown in the Fig. 8.
Fig. 8
Example 2
21
PAK-S Examples
Example 2
XFEM
22

Fracture Mechanics

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Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac

Department for Applied Mechanics and Automatic

Miroslav ivkovi, PhD.

Sneana Vulovi, PhD.

Jelena ivkovi, MSc.

PRE- AND POST- PROCESSING EXAMPLES IN PROGRAM FEMAP

EXAMPLE 2 - The factor of stress intensity KI for beam with side

EXAMPLE 3 - Stress intensity factor KI of plate with central crack on

EXAMPLE 4 - The factor of stress intensity K I for plate with circular

EXAMPLE 5 - The factor of stress intensity K I for plate with circular

EXAMPLE 6 - Determining stress intensity factor KI applying Jintegral

EXAMPLE 7 - The factor of stress intensity KI for riveted compound

EXAMPLE 8 - The factor of stress intensity K I for 2D CT-test-tube

EXAMPLE 1- An oblique edge crack

EXAMPLE 2 - An edge crack subjected to the concentrated load

The cracks tip

I Defining Material and Properties

II Creating the Geometry

III Generation of Nodes and Elements

IV Constraining the Model

V Loading the Model

VI Prepare and Submit the Model for an Analysis

For our problem:

VII Postprocessing and Review the Results

View>Select... (short-cut key F5)

Final results are shown on Fig. 5 and Fig.6.

Fig. 5 Effective stress field

Fig. 6 Displacements field

I Defining Material and Properties

II Creating the Geometry

III Generation of Nodes and Elements

IV Constraining the Model

Model>Constraint>Create/Manage Set... (short-cut key Shift+F2)

Also, we have constraint in node 1 (it is marked by red circle in Fig.3).

V Loading the Model

VI Prepare and Submit the Model for an Analysis

For our problem:

VII Postprocessing and Review the Results

Fig. 5 Effective stress field

Fig. 6 Displacements field

Analytical solution for this example is KI=2.5703 MPa mm .

IV Constraining the Model

I Defining Materials and Properties

II Creating the Geometry

III Generation of Nodes and Elements

Finite element model is shown in the Fig 3.

IV Constraining the Model

V Loading the Model

VI Prepare and Submit the Model for an Analysis

STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR K1 2.33459603086759

VII Postprocessing and Review the Results

View>Select... (short-cut key F5)

EXAMPLE 4 - The stress intensity factor KI for plate with circular

Suggested Exercise Steps:

I Defining Material and Properties

II Creating the Geometry

You choose option Methods and in it menu choose option on Point.

The geometry is shown in the Fig. 3.

III Generation of Nodes and Elements

Mesh>Mesh Control>Size Along Curve... (short-cut Shift+F10)

Finite element model is shown in the Fig 5.

Turn off element directions and surface ID

IV Constraining the Model

V Loading the Model