Description: 4
-14" x 4-1/4" lightstream glass tile installed with LATICRETE® 254 Platinum over
LATICRETE 9235 Waterproofing Membrane and grouted with LATICRETE
SpectraLOCK® PRO* Grout.
©2009 LATICRETE International, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication (except for
previously published articles and industry references) may be reproduced or transmitted in
any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, without the written permission of
LATICRETE International, Inc.
The information and recommendations contained herein are based on the experience of
the author and LATICRETE International, Inc. While we believe the information presented in
these documents to be correct, LATICRETE International and its employees assume no
responsibility for it s accuracy or for the opinions expressed herein. The information contained
in this publication should not be used or relied upon for any specific application or project
without competent examination by qualified professionals and verification of its accuracy and
applicability. Users of information from this publication assume all liability arising from such
use.
Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas Technical Design Manual
©2009 LATICRETE International, Inc.
Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains and Spas
* United States Patent No.: 6881768 (and other Patents).
Tiled Swimming Pools, Fountains
and Spas
Technical Design Manual
LATICRETE Technical Service Staff
1
2
Table of Contents
Section 1 Introduction
1.1 Preface............................................................................................................................. 12
1.2 History of Tile and Stone in Swimming Pools.................................................................. 12
1.3 Why Use Tile and Stone in Swimming Pools and Fountains?........................................... 13
1.4 Summary of Manual Content........................................................................................... 13
3
Table of Contents
4
Table of Contents
Section 1: Introduction
5.4 Non-Tiled Pool Finish Types............................................................................................46
Plaster.............................................................................................................................46
Pebble Tec.......................................................................................................................46
Paint................................................................................................................................46
Epoxy Paint...............................................................................................................46
Chlorinated Rubber Base Paint.................................................................................46
Water-Based Acrylic Paint.........................................................................................46
Vinyl Liner.......................................................................................................................46
5
Table of Contents
7
Table of Contents
8
Table of Contents
Section 2: Specification Sections 1 and 2 for
Section 11 Pool Water and TileAnimal Installation Health and Wellness Facilities Technical
Maintenance
Design Manual – All Installations
11.1 Fill and Drain Rates....................................................................................................... 162
11.2 Opening and Closing Pool............................................................................................ 162
11.3 Water Treatment and Tile Installation.......................................................................... 163
Water Chemistry........................................................................................................... 163
Sanitizers...................................................................................................................... 164
Mineral Balance............................................................................................................ 167
pH................................................................................................................................. 168
Alkalinity....................................................................................................................... 168
Hardness....................................................................................................................... 168
Total Dissolved Solids................................................................................................... 169
11.4 Pool Water Chemistry and How It Affects Tile or Stone Installations........................... 169
11.5 Repairing Tile or Stone Installations for Submerged Installations............................... 170
Section 13 Appendix
13.1 Swimming Pools/Fountains/Water Features/Frequently Asked Questions................ 188
13.2 Glossary...................................................................................................................... 192
13.3 Resource Guide........................................................................................................... 213
9
10
Section 1 – Introduction
Section 1: Introduction
11
Section 1 – Introduction
12
Section 1 – Introduction
The first recreational pools began to appear often be exposed to different types of chemical
during the mid 1800’s in England and the treatments, varying pH levels, exposure to
popularity of these “status symbols” increased direct sunlight, regular usage, and other
significantly in the United States after WWII environmental factors. Porcelain tile, glass tile
ended. With the evolution of materials and and certain other tiles which are specifically
installation methods, swimming pools have manufactured for submerged installations are
become less of a status symbol and more of a the perfect choices. These tiles typically have
way to stay cool in the summer. According to a very low absorption rate, are impervious to
the Association of Pool and Spa Professionals pool chemicals and are available in a myriad of
(APSP) there are 4,134,610 swimming pools sizes, shapes, colors, and textures. The design
in the United States2 and many more all over potential with tile is virtually unlimited!
the world. The materials used to create these Stone is often utilized to provide a more
pools include concrete, fiberglass, steel, and natural look to a swimming pool or fountain
vinyl and many of these have a tile or stone installation. Granite, marble, slate, river rock,
finish within the pool, fountain, spa or water limestone and other stone have been used
feature. in fountains for many centuries, and more
Pools and fountains now range in size from recently, in swimming pools around the world.
a few square feet (m2) to the world’s largest It is equally important to make sure that the
swimming pool located in Algarrabo, Chile – tile and stone are installed with high quality
an amazing 3,323' long (1,010 m), which setting and grouting materials manufactured
holds an astonishing 66,000,000 gallons by LATICRETE International, Inc. LATICRETE
(250,140,000 liters) of water which weighs manufactures a variety of underlayments,
550,770,000 pounds (250,350,000 kilos)! membranes, thin-sets, grouts, and sealant that
1.3 Why Use Tile and Stone In are ideal for use in permanently submerged
Swimming Pools and Fountains? applications. In fact, LATICRETE has been
Swimming pools, fountains, spas, potable successfully used in these types of installations
water tanks, and any other vessel which are for over 50 years!
designed to hold water for extended periods, Where the tile is placed, along with the color
or permanently, are ideal for the use of tile or and pattern, are the choices of the pool owner
stone. Historically, man has desired to create or design professional. Tile can be installed
pools and fountains that are both beautiful over the entire area of the pool and/or pool
and durable. Tile and stone installations deck, just on the walls of the pool, just on the
can easily provide both of these qualities. pool bottom, or along the water line or coping.
Swimming pools are subjected to one of the Anywhere that tile or stone is placed it will
most aggressive environments a tiling system provide a long lasting and beautiful finish.
has to endure, and a properly installed and
1.4 Summary of Manual Content
maintained tile or stone installation should
last the life of the pool structure. Tiled Section 2 – Types of Pools and Fountains
swimming pools are regarded as not only This section provides a brief overview of
aesthetically pleasing but also as being one of the types of swimming pools, fountains and
the most chemically inert finishes.3 spas that are used around the world today.
These include in-ground, above ground and
It is important to make sure that the tile
suspended pools and a brief description of the
or stone chosen for each swimming pool
construct of each.
or fountain project is suitable for use in
submerged installations. Swimming pools will
13
Section 1 – Introduction
14
Section 2 – Types of
Section 1: Introduction
Pools and Fountains
15
Section 2 – Types of Pools and Fountains
16
Section 2 – Types of Pools and Fountains
to powder ratio to get the maximum strength pool requires more elaborate ground
from the concrete. Once sprayed in place the preparation and is considerably more difficult
interior of the pool is troweled and formed to assemble.
to straighten the interior walls. Once cured, Soft sided above ground pools are normally
a Gunite pool can be tiled or finished using available in both round and the more popular
another method.3 rectangle shape. Although they have been
Shot-Crete – In Shot-crete pool construction, around for some time, soft sided above ground
the preparation of the form and steel swimming pools have become increasingly
reinforcement is similar to Gunite. The main popular over the last 10 years. Like their metal
difference is the way that the concrete is wall predecessor, they are also available in a
delivered and applied. Shot-crete arrives variety of sizes and depths. In fact, due to their
at the site as a ready-mix concrete from the strength and durability, they are quite often
batching plant and is delivered in a cement custom built in extremely large sizes for use in
truck. Quality of the concrete is determined at commercial applications. Soft sided pools can
the batching plant during mixing and the spray be placed on any surface, grass, dirt, concrete,
operator has no control over the final quality of even sand or gravel, and will normally tolerate
the concrete. Once cured a shot-crete pool can up to 3" (75 mm) out of level. The pool liner
be tiled or finished using another method.4 material is similar to that used for bullet proof
Finished cost of a concrete pool will vary vests and therefore is extremely durable
depending on region, landscaping, construction and puncture resistant. The average family
type, and design. A concrete pool requires an can normally assemble a soft side pool in a
interior surface finish which, with the various relatively short amount of time and can move
colors and textures to choose from, is limited it as often as needed.
only by your imagination. Concrete finishes Both types of above ground pools require a
typically need resurfacing about every 10–15 filter and an electric pump to circulate the
years. However, tile installations in a properly water and a ladder to get in and out of the pool.
maintained swimming pool or fountain can Other desirable accessories may include an
last a lifetime. automatic pool cleaner, an automatic
chlorinator, a pool heater, lighting or a
2.2 Above Ground
swimming pool slide. Due to the types of
Above ground pools function much the same
construction materials and the flexibility of
way as an in ground pool but at a fraction of
the walls, tile is never used in above ground
the cost.
pools.
There are two types of above ground swimming
pools – pools with hard sides and pools with 2.3 Suspended Pools
soft sides. Pools and fountains do not necessarily have to
be located in or on solid earth. In fact, many
Hard sided above ground pools are normally
pools and fountains are located above ground
round or oval and are available in a variety
level, either within a structure or on top of a
of sizes and depths. They have a sheet metal
structure, and are supported by the structure
frame which has a one piece flexible metal wall
itself. This type of pool or fountain must be
fixed to it with a sheet metal rail attached to
designed with critical factors in mind; the pool
the top for stabilization. A vinyl liner is then
cannot leak and the structure must be able to
inserted and attached to the top rail to contain
support the total weight of the pool, the water
the water. Although cheaper than a soft side
and occupants within the pool. If the pool is
above ground pool, a metal sided swimming
located indoors then the structure must also
17
Section 2 – Types of Pools and Fountains
be designed and constructed to handle the hot water) but the increased temperature can
excessive humidity created by the pool, and have an impact on the effectiveness of these
the chemicals used to sanitize and maintain treatments and how they react with fittings,
the pool. In most cases, the pool mechanical tile or stone, plumbing, etc...
room is located in a room below the pool level We will cover the methods of swimming pool
to better utilize gravity in the circulation of and fountain construction in greater detail
water. in Section 3 “Types of Pool and Fountain
Tile is a common feature inside of a suspended Construction”.
pool or fountain, and can be installed within
the entire pool and deck area or just in a band 1, 2, 3, 4 http://www.homehelp4u.net/services/
around the waterline. concrete_pool_construction.php
18
Section 3 – Types of Pool
Section 1: Introduction
Construction
19
Section 3 – Types of Pool Construction
20
Section 3 – Types of Pool Construction
21
Section 3 – Types of Pool Construction
amount of water being used. Once the concrete the form work may be removed and the exterior
has been placed in the pool, the interior of side of the pool wall is filled with a suitable
the pool is “straightened” by a team who use drainage material.2
steel trowels and forms to float the wall to the The design considerations for waterproofing
proper finish. and ceramic tile or stone installation over a
Gunite or Shot-crete pool are:
1. Allows for the easier construction of
continuous monolithic wall and floor
elements characterized by a generally
mandatory cove. This may make it difficult to
install larger format tile or stone.
2. Reduces or eliminates movement joints in
the pool shell. Typically, Gunite pools do
not require movement joints in the shell
because the tendency for cracking from
thermal movement is reduced. However,
movement joints in the tile surface are
required to accommodate thermal and
moisture movement of pool tile when the
pool is emptied for maintenance.
Figure 3.1 – Gunite being sprayed and finished in a residential 3. Gunite and Shot-crete pools generally
pool. require less preparation for subsequent
Shot-crete, while also pneumatically applied, finishes due to the spray on surface texture
is slightly different than Gunite. Shot-crete providing mechanical keys (for the thin-set),
is mixed at the concrete production facility and also have no laitance.
and delivered to the job site in a cement truck 4. Lower water to cement ratio also means less
already mixed. The quality of the concrete susceptibility to drying shrinkage cracks.
is determined at the ready mix plant so the 5. Greater freedom of pool structure shapes is
nozzle operator has no influence over the final achievable over traditional formed structures
strength of the concrete. Shot-crete pools tend and, as such, can be more difficult to produce
to use less concrete than Gunite pools but can precision tile or stone finishes.
provide superior strength per volume.
6. Generally requires a screed or render for
Both methods of applying the concrete need subsequent applications of membrane, tile
special attention to the application, as the or stone.3
reinforcing steel may provide a barrier that
Tile can be installed over a concrete shell by
can lead to cavities forming behind the re-bar.
following methods; ES-P601 and ES-P601D
Rebound, or gravel in the mix rebounding off
(found in Section 9 – Specifications and Section
the wood forms or steel reinforcing, may also
10 – Details, as well as at www.laticrete.com/ag).
occur and can lead to a differential strength of
the concrete. Whether Gunite or Shot-crete, 3.3 Concrete Masonry Units
both nozzle operators must be experienced While concrete block swimming pool
and aware of the potential strength issues if construction is used infrequently, it is more
the concrete is not placed as required by the often used as a fish pond or water feature
pool’s designer or engineer. Once the concrete building technique and is a viable alternative
has set for a minimum of 14 days at 70°F (21°C) to more costly and expensive construction
22
Section 3 – Types of Pool Construction
23
Section 3 – Types of Pool Construction
24
Section 4 – Pool Project
Section 1: Introduction
Design Considerations
25
Section 4 – Pool Project Design Considerations
26
Section 4 – Pool Project Design Considerations
the proper detailing of the pool is not only surrounding areas. The proper placement of a
critical to the pool structure but also to any suitable waterproofing product is essential to
spaces located underneath the pool. First, keeping water where it belongs. Swimming
the structure must be designed to handle the pools located in elevated floors or on the roof
weight; and second, provide waterproofing of a building may require the placement of a
protection to any spaces below or adjacent to “sandwich” type waterproofing membrane.
the pool. Typically, this sandwich type membrane is an
Buildings with elevated swimming pools must alkali-resistant, bladder type product and is
be designed to accommodate the excess live placed between pours of concrete to provide
load provided by the weight of the water within a permanent barrier against water penetration
the structure of the pool. For example, a pool to the structure below.
that is 15' x 30' x 5' (4.5 x 9 x 1.5 m) and contains Deflection – Systems over which tile or stone
water that weighs 140,400 lbs (63,700 kg) will be installed, shall be in conformance
equates to a live load of 312 psf (1,532 kg/m2) with the International Building Code (IBC)
for just the water. Most commercial buildings or applicable building codes for the desired
are designed for a live load of 70 – 130 psf application. Historically, for ceramic tile and
(344 – 640 kg/m2) so the design professional paver applications, the maximum allowable
must take into consideration the weight of the deflection should not exceed L/360 under total
water, on top any additional anticipated live anticipated load; and, for stone the maximum
load minus the water. If the pool is in a room allowable deflection should not exceed L/480
that is 30' x 60' (9 x 18 m) and the designed of the total anticipated load.
live load is 70 psf (344 kg/m2) then the room The ceramic tile industry abides by the
has a total live load capacity of 126,000 lbs following note on deflection: the owner
(57,270 kg). The weight of the water itself should communicate in writing to the project
exceeds the designed live load of the structure design professional and general contractor the
and does not include any other anticipated live intended use of the tile installation, in order
loads. to enable the project design professional
Consideration for excess dead load should also and general contractor to make necessary
be taken into consideration. In most cases allowances for the expected live load,
the mass of the structure and its supporting concentrated loads, impact loads, and dead
members, and therefore the dead load, are loads including the weight of the tile and
increased to handle the excessive loads setting bed. The tile installer shall not be
created by the water. responsible for any floor framing or sub-floor
Requirements of Design – Swimming pools, installation not compliant with applicable
fountains and water features are complex in building codes, unless the tile installer or
nature. Although they appear to be simple tile contractor designs and installs the floor
(essentially a vessel filled with water) they are framing or sub-floor.1
far more than that. These pools have to take 4.3 Types of Structural Movement
into consideration the proper design and, Swimming pools, fountains and water features
placement and installation of the plumbing, are structures, and, like all other structures
electrical/lighting, and, if the pool is indoors, are subjected to different types of structural
proper air circulation and dehumidification. movement. Thermal movement, moisture
Swimming pools, fountains and water features expansion and contraction, and, differential
should also be waterproofed to keep the water movement are typically experienced in this
within the vessel and from causing damage to type of construction.
27
Section 4 – Pool Project Design Considerations
Thermal Movement – All building materials Method for Thermal Shock Resistance of
expand and contract when exposed to changes Glazed Ceramic Tile.” The coefficient of thermal
in temperature and moisture. There are two expansion for all elements of the installation
(2) factors to consider in analyzing movement system, including substrate, must factor
caused by thermal variation: 1) the rates of into the calculation for the total anticipated
expansion of different materials (also known movement.
as the linear coefficient of thermal expansion), Moisture Movement – As noted earlier, building
and, 2) the anticipated temperature range materials (including concrete) will experience
exposure. The primary goal in analyzing thermal changes when exposed to varying amounts
movement is to determine both the cumulative of moisture. Typically, building materials will
and individual differential movement that expand as they gain moisture and contract
occurs within the components of the pool as the moisture leaves the system. Tile is one
assembly, especially above the water line. such building material. It would be important
While a pool is filled with water, the area to check with the tile manufacturer to see if
below the water line will see little in the way of their product is suitable for use in submerged
thermal movement. Any changes in installations. Tile with a low absorption rate
temperature are minimal and slow. The (<3%) would be better suited for use in
structure of the pool, and any tile installed submerged installations, especially in climates
in the pool, will be able to adjust with this where freeze/thaw occurs (see Section 5.1 for
temperature change. However, the tile or more information).
stone installed between the water line and the Differential Movement – Differential movement
coping can see significant changes in is another factor to take into consideration
temperature in a very, very short amount of when installing tile or stone in swimming
time. For instance, if a dark colored tile or pools, fountains and water features. Most of
stone (which can reach temperatures in excess the forces that act upon a building will act upon
of 120°F [49°C] in direct sunlight) is suddenly a swimming pool installation; live loads, dead
exposed to water at 72°F (22°C) then an loads, thermal expansion and contraction,
extreme amount of thermal contraction can seismic loads, creep, and settling must still
occur. As the tile is allowed to dry then thermal be accounted for and factored into the design
expansion occurs again. Movement caused by and construction of these structures and the
thermal expansion and contraction can create differential stresses exerted by these forces
problems with a tile or stone installation, must be alleviated in movement joints.
including cracking and/or loss of bond. Extreme
thermal contraction can also occur when a 4.4 Movement Joints
pool is drained and allowed to remain empty Controlling Stresses with Movement Joints –
and dry for extended periods of time. In open- Movement joints serve to allow changes in the
air pools and fountains, higher alternating shape of the overall construction (e.g. thermal
thermal loads may occur due to weather movement, settling, shrinkage and swelling
conditions. of the concrete structure, etc…) as well as
displacements against each other to occur
The thermal expansion of tile is determined
without causing damage to the pool shell, or
using ASTM C372 “Standard Test Method for
to the tile or stone installation. Arrangement,
Linear Thermal Expansion of Porcelain Enamel
dimensions and formation of the movement
and Glaze Frits and Fired Ceramic Whiteware
joints depend on many factors, including
Products by the Dilatometer Method.” For
expected changes in shape of the structural
certain types of tile the following test method
components and their tile or stone cladding.2
may be used; ASTM C484 “Standard Test
28
Section 4 – Pool Project Design Considerations
Guidelines for Movement Joints – As a guide, Movement Joint Treatment – Movement joints
when no project specific movement joint design should be treated with a suitable sealant and
exists, for submerged installations of tile or installation should be done in conjunction with
stone, movement joints can be installed every TCA Handbook for Ceramic Tile Installation EJ-
8' to 12' (2.4 to 3.6 m) in each direction in the 171 “Movement Joint Design Essentials.” The
finish layer and installation system. Movement performance requirements of certain special
joints should also be placed where tile work locations, such as swimming pools, dairies,
abuts restraining surfaces (e.g. perimeter food plants, etc…, may exceed the minimum
walls, steps, etc…), where dissimilar surfaces requirements of the sealant specifications given
meet, at any change in plane, and around above. Therefore, follow recommendations
pipes or penetrations. Movement joints should of experienced manufacturers as to specific
be placed over all designed joints in the shell sealants suitable in the job environment. In
of the pool, fountain or water feature, and some of these environments, a program for
these joints should be carried to the surface regular maintenance of sealant in joints may
of the tile or stone installation directly in line be required3. In most cases, the use of a 100%
with their original placement in the shell. silicone (e.g. LATICRETE® Latasil™ used with
Depending upon the size and construction LATICRETE 9118 Primer) or urethane sealant will
method of a pool shell, some of the joints in the be recommended for submerged installations.
structure may require a special type of water
4.5 Swimming Pool/Fountain
stop filler material. This material will allow for a
Construction Considerations
significant amount of movement to occur in the
We will take a look at both in-ground and
structure of the pool but will not allow water to
elevated swimming pool construction
escape through the joint.
considerations
It is important to make sure that the project
Structurally, in-ground swimming pools can be
architect or engineer shows locations
exposed to all sorts of conditions and forces
and details of movement joints on project
that can have a profound effect on not only the
drawings.
long term success of the pool, but also on any
tile or stone installation in the pool or on the
pool deck.
The ideal site for placement of an in-ground
pool, fountain or water feature is level with
good quality soil. In many cases the site is not
level and there are subsoil problems. These
problems can include too much rock (ledge),
poor soil type, compaction, high water table, or
the need for the removal of soil and replacement
with compacted fill. The need to have the soil
inspected can be very important to make sure
that the pool will have no structural problems
in the future. A proper soil inspection can also
provide information on where the best area to
place the pool would be.
Figure 4.1 – Indoor water park wading pool with clearly
defined movement joints
29
Section 4 – Pool Project Design Considerations
The steps to in-ground pool construction are as and more…). In many cases, a hydrostatic
follows; pressure relief valve is installed even if no
Layout and Positioning – Layout and ground water appears in the excavated area
positioning should be conducted with the during construction. This will help to deal with
assistance of a qualified, licensed surveyor. any unforeseen or unanticipated problems that
The surveyor can make sure that the placement may occur in the future. Changes in the natural
of the pool is within guidelines for distance movement of water (caused by the excavated
from the boundaries and also if the boundary area in the ground), landscaping changes
adjacent to the pool is in the correct position. and the disposal of water when the pool has
In other words, survey the entire property to be emptied for maintenance should all be
to make sure you are not excavating outside anticipated during the design and construction
of the property lines. Pool boundaries are of a pool or water feature.
marked with paint prior to the commencement Proper use of a hydrostatic pressure relief
of excavation and are typically larger than the valve can also prevent a less common but
actual finished dimensions of the pool. potentially significant problem; the floating
Excavation – ALWAYS CHECK FOR swimming pool. If there is a high water table
UNDERGROUND UTILITIES PRIOR TO DIGGING. or the potential for the hole in which the pool
Once the boundaries are marked it is time to is placed to fill with water then there is the
bring in the heavy equipment to dig the hole. possibility that the pool can float right out of
Following the pool specifications and drawings, the ground when the pool is emptied. This is
the excavation contractor will dig the hole to possible because anything can float (ships
precise requirements (usually slightly larger were actually made out of concrete during
than the finished pool size). Unless a large World War I and World War II). The mechanics
volume of dirt is needed on site for leveling or of how something is able to float is very simple;
other purpose, then most of, or all, of the dirt as stated by the Archimedes Principle, if the
removed from the hole will be transported off weight of the water displaced by an object is
site. A hole dug out for a 15' x 30' (9.5 x 4.5 m) greater than the weight of the object, then the
pool can yield as much as 130 cubic yards object will float. For example, if a ship weighs
(100 m3) of earth. 100 tons (90,700 kg) but displaces 120 tons
(109,000 kg) of water then the ship will float;
Hydrostatic Pressure Relief Valve – During the
conversely, if the same ship displaces only 80
excavation process it would be important to see
tons (72,600 kg) of water then the ship will
if any ground water appears in the excavated
sink. So, an empty pool can float if it weighs
area. Negative hydrostatic pressure and
less than the water filling the hole beneath
hydrostatic pressure under a swimming pool,
it! This is why it is rare to see a totally empty
fountain or water feature can have a significant
swimming pool in areas where the water table
effect on the pool structure and any finish within
tends to be high.
the structure. If there is a high water table, and
no means have been created for relieving this Vapor Retarder – Another functional design
pressure, then special considerations must be element that must be utilized is a high quality
made and appropriate designs engineered4. If vapor retarder. This material, typically a
ground water is a possibility then the proper heavy gauge polyethylene sheet product or a
installation of a hydrostatic relief valve can reinforced polyolefin, is placed underneath a
help to eliminate potential problems down the pool to prevent moisture vapor from entering
road (e.g. finish delamination, floating pool, into the system. Indoor swimming pools,
fountains, spas and water features (especially
on or below grade) should not only have a vapor
30
Section 4 – Pool Project Design Considerations
31
Section 4 – Pool Project Design Considerations
32
Section 4 – Pool Project Design Considerations
only while submerged to prevent overheating Pool Deck Substrates – a majority of pool
and should never be turned on when the pool decks utilize concrete as the basic construction
is empty. material. Concrete is relatively inexpensive,
Observation Portals and Windows – Like easily poured and makes an ideal substrate
plumbing and lighting, the placement of for the direct adhesion of tile or stone. In
observation portals and windows is done prior some instances, wood planking decks are
to the pouring or spraying of the concrete. A constructed for aesthetic value, or for areas
structural engineer should be utilized to design where concrete would be difficult to pour. Still
how the window should be placed in the pool other decks have concrete immediately around
shell without compromising the strength and the pool and sand set concrete or stone pavers
integrity of the pool shell, and to specify how are used as the main decking material.
the window frame should be mounted to the The installation of tile and stone over a concrete
steel reinforcement. pool deck, whether interior or exterior, can be
The manufacturer of the window can dictate done by using the LATICRETE materials as
exactly what type of frame and sealant should stated in Section 8 “Pool Deck and Natatorium
be used based on several factors (e.g. size of Tile Installations” and by following industry
the window, depth in the pool, size of the pool, guidelines for tile installation.
and purpose of the window, etc…). The frame Slope To Drain – a properly constructed pool
must be made of a non-porous, non-corrosive deck will provide a slope which will evacuate
material and is, in most cases, stainless steel. water to a drain or to gutters placed on the
A high quality silicone sealant is the most ground to take water away from the pool deck.
frequently used material to provide waterproof This helps to shed water from the deck and to
integrity between the window frame and pool prevent freeze/thaw conditions from damaging
shell. Proper inspection and maintenance of the concrete or pool beam during cold weather
the sealant, window frame and pool shell are months.
vital to ensuring that leaking does not occur in Movement Joints – according to the TCA
this critical area.8 Handbook for Ceramic Tile Installation EJ-171
4.6 Pool Deck the guidelines for placement of control joints
Almost every pool, especially pools which are in an exterior tile or stone installation are every
located in ground, have a pool deck. These 8' – 12' (2.4 – 3.7 m) in each direction. Interior
decks can be of any size, from just a few pool decks should have control joints placed
feet (1 – 2 m) extended from the edge of the every 20' – 25' (6.1 – 7.6 m) in each direction
pool to huge areas used for entertaining and unless the pool deck, and any subsequent
aesthetic appeal. Since just as much time, if tile or stone installation, is exposed to direct
not more, is spent on the pool deck than in sunlight. If so, then treat the tile or stone
the pool itself, the proper design and size of application as if it was on an exterior deck and
the deck becomes important. Some things to place the control joints every 8' – 12' (2.4 –
take into consideration when designing a pool 3.7 m) in each direction.
deck are construction materials (e.g. concrete For exterior decks, the minimum joint width
or wood), finish materials (e.g. tile, stone, for joints placed in the tile or stone installation
pavers), pool equipment (mechanized covers, is 3/8" (9 mm) for joints spaced 8' (2.4 m)
plumbing covers, etc…), diving boards, slides, on center and 1/2" (12 mm) for joints spaced
incorporating sun and shade, hot tub or spa, 12' (3.7 m) on center. Minimum widths must
grilling area, and fencing. be increased by 1/16" (1.5 mm) for each
15°F (8.3°C) tile surface temperature change
33
Section 4 – Pool Project Design Considerations
greater than 100°F (38°C) between summer The best way to reduce child drowning in
high and winter low. Decks exposed to the residential pools was for pool owners to
sky in northern climates usually require 3/4" construct and maintain barriers that would
(19 mm) wide joints spaced 12' on center.9 prevent young children from gaining access
Cure Time – it is necessary to allow for the to pools. However, there are no substitutes
proper curing of the tile or stone installation for diligent supervision in both residential
materials (e.g. membrane, thin-set, grout, and commercial pools. Swimming pool barrier
sealant, etc…) before exposing to traffic or guidelines are designed to prevent a child
submersion. Please check the data sheets from getting over, under or through the barrier
for minimum cure time of each LATICRETE® and gain access to the pool. As outlined in
product used in the installation by visiting the United States Consumer Product Safety
www.laticrete.com or by calling LATICRETE Commission Publication No. 362 “Safety
Technical Service at 1.800.243.4788, x235. Barrier Guidelines for Home Pools”, some basic
guidelines for preventing a child from climbing
4.7 Safety and Code Considerations over a barrier include;
Building Codes – The health and safety of
Solid Barrier – no indentations or protrusions
swimming pool users should be the primary
should be present, other than normal
concern during the design, construction
construction tolerances and masonry joints.
and enjoyment of the pool. As such, the
International Building Code (IBC) and Fence Made Up Of Horizontal and Vertical
International Residential Code (IRC) address Members – if the space between the tops
the design and implementation of swimming of the horizontal members is less than 45"
pool enclosures, safety devices and barrier (1,140 mm), the horizontal members should be
requirements. The United States Government on the swimming pool side of the fence. The
has also addressed the concerns of properly spacing of the vertical members should not
placed and constructed safety barriers along exceed 1-3/4" (44 mm). This size is based on
with entrapment dangers from suction fittings the foot width of a young child and is intended
with the passing of H.R. 1721: The Virginia to reduce the potential for a child to gain a
Graeme Baker Pool and Safety Act in December foothold. Any decorative cutouts in the fence,
2007. the space within the cutouts should not exceed
1-3/4" (44 mm). If the difference between the
Safety Codes – The Virginia Graeme Baker Pool
tops of the horizontal members is more than
and Safety Act encourages States to improve
45" (1,140 mm), the horizontal members can
their pool and spa safety laws to educate
be on the side of the fence facing away from the
the public about pool and spa safety by
pool. The spacing between vertical members
establishing a grant program administered by
should not exceed 4" (100 mm). This size is
the Consumer Product Safety Commission.
based on the head breadth and chest depth
While local building codes will mandate any of a young child and is intended to prevent a
requirements of pool or fountain construction child from passing through an opening. Again,
guidelines, the necessity for safety after the if there are any decorative cutouts in the fence,
pool is finished is tantamount to local, state the space within the cutouts should not exceed
and government legislators as well as home 1-3/4" (44 mm).
and property owners. Taking into account
Chain Link Fence – the mesh size should not
the fact that drowning is the second leading
exceed 1-1/4" (32 mm) square unless slats,
cause of death in children aged 1 to 14 in the
fastened at the top or bottom of the fence, are
United States, proper implementation of safety
used to reduce mesh openings to no more than
devices and barriers is important.
1-3/4" (44 mm).
34
Section 4 – Pool Project Design Considerations
Fence Made Up Of Diagonal Members 1/2" (12 mm) within 18" (455 mm) of the latch
(Lattice) – the maximum opening in the lattice release mechanism. This prevents a young
should not exceed 1-3/4" (44 mm). child from reaching through the gate and
Above Ground Pools – above ground pools releasing the latch.10
should have barriers. The pool structure itself Standards – To aid in the proper design,
serves as a barrier or a barrier is mounted construction, operation, sanitation, and safety
on top of the pool structure. There are two of new construction pools and renovation
possible ways to prevent young children from of existing swimming pools and spas, the
climbing up into an above ground pool. The Association of Pool and Spa Professionals
steps or ladder can be designed to be secured, (APSA) has created, or is in the process of
locked or removed to prevent access, or, the creating, a number of American National
steps or ladder can be surrounded by a barrier Standards Institute (ANSI) standards.
as previously described. Another potential problem in swimming
Some basic guidelines for preventing a child pools and spas is entrapment of pool users
from getting under a barrier include; (especially young children) at suction fittings.
Pool Barrier – the maximum clearance at the The IBC and IRC include prescriptive safety
bottom of the barrier should not exceed 4" measures intended to provide the safest
(100 mm) above grade, when the measurement possible recirculation system based on current
is done on the side of the barrier facing away science. These codes require that all pools
from the pool. and spas have dual drains that incorporate
American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Above Ground Pool with Barrier on Top of
(ASME) A112.19.8 listed suction fittings (drain
Pool – if an above ground pool has a barrier
covers), single 18" x 23" (460 mm x 585 mm)
on the top of the pool, the maximum vertical
grates or larger, or, single approved channel
clearance between the top of the pool and the
drains. These systems should also incorporate
bottom of the barrier should not exceed 4"
ASME A112.19.17 listed safety vacuum release
(100 mm).
systems.
Gates – swimming pool barriers should be
ASME A112.19.8 “Suction Fittings for Use in
equipped with a gate or gates which restrict
Swimming Pools, Wading Pools, Spas and Hot
access to the pool. A locking device should be
Tubs” establishes performance and material
included in the gate design. Gates should open
requirements for suction fittings, which provide
out from the pool and should be self-closing
the first line of defense against all entrapment
and self-latching. If a gate is properly designed,
hazards. ASME A112.19.17 “Manufactured
even if the gate is not completely latched, a
Safety Vacuum Release Systems for Residential
young child pushing on the gate in order to
and Commercial Swimming Pool. Spa, Hot Tub
enter the pool area will at least close the gate
and Wading Pool Suction Systems” establishes
and may actually engage the latch. When the
performance criteria for devices and systems
release mechanism of the self-latching device
intended to function as emergency vacuum
is less than 54" (1,370 mm) from the bottom of
breakers in case of entrapment.11
the gate, the release mechanism for the gate
should be at least 3" (75 mm) below the top Some of these standards along with their
of the gate on the side facing the pool. Placing scope include12;
the release mechanism at this height prevents n NSI/NSPI-1 2003
A “American National
a young child from reaching over the top of Standard for Public Swimming Pools” – covers
a gate and releasing the latch. The gate and public swimming pools to be used for bathing
barrier should have no opening greater than and operated by an owner, licensee, or
35
Section 4 – Pool Project Design Considerations
36
Section 4 – Pool Project Design Considerations
12 Standards. http://www.apsp.org/52/index.aspx.
37
38
Section 5 – Selection of
Section 1: Introduction
Pool Tile or Finish
39
Section 5 – Selection of Pool Tile or Finish
5.1 Considerations for Tile Selection National Standard Specifications for Ceramic
Tile and stone in swimming pools, fountains, Tile.
spas, and water features is a very appealing Tile with a high coefficient of friction is an
way to provide beauty and functionality. There important characteristic for tile in continually
are many types of tile and stone in the world, wet areas, and on pool decks, to help maintain
but not all of them are suitable or functional in a the safety and well being of all who use these
submerged installation. Choosing a tile or stone areas. Coefficient of friction is commonly
that is suitable for submerged applications is determined using ASTM C1028 “Standard Test
critical to the long-term performance of the Method for Determining the Static Coefficient
installation. of Friction of Ceramic Tile and Other Like
Generally speaking, tile or stone used in Surfaces by the Horizontal Dynamometer Pull-
submerged installations must have a low Meter Method.” Keep in mind that Americans
absorption rate, a high coefficient of friction, with Disabilities Act (ADA) requires that floor
be freeze/thaw resistant (in cool climates), surfaces be stable, firm, and slip-resistant so
resistant to moisture expansion, and chemical choosing the correct tile is required to comply
resistant. with this important Act. Check with local
Tile used in swimming pools, fountains, building codes for minimum coefficient of
spas, and water features should be vitreous friction values.
(absorption rate between 0.5% and 3%) or Tile in exterior or continually submerged
impervious (absorption rate less than 0.5%). installations must be freeze/thaw resistant,
Absorption rate of tile is determined by especially in climates prone to this type of
ASTM C373 “Standard Test Method for Water exposure. Water can expand up to 25% of
Absorption, Bulk Density, Apparent Porosity, its original volume while freezing, and if this
and Apparent Specific Gravity of Fired water is located within a solid material (e.g.
Whiteware Products” and is important tile, stone, etc…) then a significant amount
for selecting tile or stone for submerged of damage can occur to the solid material,
installations, wet areas or any installation that especially if there are numerous freeze/thaw
will be subjected to freeze/thaw conditions. Tile cycles. Freeze/thaw resistance is measured
for use in submerged installations should also using ASTM C1026 “Standard Test Method for
be tested to ASTM C370 “Standard Test Method Measuring the Resistance of Ceramic Tile to
for Moisture Expansion of Fired Whiteware Freeze-Thaw Cycling” and establishes the tiles
Products” to determine the extent to which ability to resist freeze/thaw damage.
tile will expand when exposed to moisture. Tile Due to the amount of chemicals in a swimming
or stone with a low absorption rate will be far pool, fountain or water feature it is necessary
less susceptible to damage caused by water to install tile or stone that is resistant to pool
infiltration and provide a far more durable chemicals with tile installation materials
installation in a demanding environment. The that are equally chemical resistant. There
most commonly used tile types for submerged are several methods for sanitizing pools
installations are porcelain and glass since (including chlorine, bromine, ozone, and salt
they provide the lowest absorption rates. It is water) and the tile should be able to withstand
also important to check with the distributor whichever sanitizing type will be used in that
or quarry to see if a particular type of stone particular pool. The chemical resistance of tile
would be suitable for continual submersion. is established using ASTM C650 “Standard
Ceramic and porcelain tile characteristics are Test Method for Resistance of Ceramic Tile to
also addressed in the ANSI A137.1 American Chemical Substances”.1
40
Section 5 – Selection of Pool Tile or Finish
Tile should be UV stable, maintain its color 5.2 Placement of Tile in Swimming Pool
when exposed to various chemicals, easily and Pool Deck Installations
cleanable, and stated for use in submerged Tile can be installed in almost any area within
installations by the manufacturer. Choosing a pool and the color and design may only
the wrong tile can lead to significant down time be limited by the designer’s imagination.
for the pool, tremendous expense removing Choosing where tile or stone will be placed is
the old tile, reinstallation of a suitable tile, and subject to whatever the finished appearance
other potential issues that can occur when a is to be. Tile can be installed within the entire
pool is empty (see Section 4.5 and Section 11 shell of the pool, just on the bottom, just on
for more information). the walls, at the waterline, on the coping, and,
Abrasion resistance, more important on a pool in competition pools, can be used to designate
deck tile installation, should also be taken into lanes and depths. Tile is often placed at the
consideration. Testing for abrasion resistance waterline because floating oils, dirt and waste
is performed using a test developed by The can combine to form a scum line around the
Porcelain Enamel Institute (PEI). Tile is tested pool; this is why tile, an easily cleanable
and given a PEI Rating based on a 0 – 5 scale, surface is placed at the water line around the
as shown in Figure 1. perimeter of pools.2
41
Section 5 – Selection of Pool Tile or Finish
There are several methods for determining Another factor which should be taken into
slip-resistance of tile, and the test method consideration for pool deck tile installations
used depends upon which governing body is is is what temperature the finish will be when
in place in the country where the installation is exposed to direct sunlight. A light colored tile
done. For years the tile industry in the United or stone is an ideal choice to absorb less of
States has endorsed ASTM C1028 “Standard the heat and maintain a safe and comfortable
Test Method for Determining the Static temperature. Dark colored tile or stone can get
Coefficient of Friction of Ceramic Tile and Other extremely hot and create an uncomfortable
Like Surfaces by the Horizontal Dynamometer environment for pool and pool deck users.
Pull-Meter Method”. While this test method is
5.3 Types of Tile for Submerged
fine for laboratory conditions there has been a
Applications
push to use different methods for conducting
While the types of tile (e.g. impervious, vitreous,
tests in the field, such as;
some stone, and glass) recommended for use
1. The variable-angle ramp human traction test in submerged installations is rather limited, the
method as the primary standard for validation myriad of colors, sizes, shapes, and designs
of portable slip-resistance methods; is very impressive in scope. Tile can range
2. The Tortus dynamic slip resistance in size from mosaics as small as 3/4" x 3/4"
measuring instrument, with digital data (19 mm x 19 mm) to as large as 4' x 4'
acquisition, for wet testing, and the use of a (1.2 m x 1.2 m), and stone can come in any size,
trace of Triton X-100 wetting agent in distilled shape or thickness. Many companies even
or deionized water as the wetting liquid. The manufacture pre-fabricated designs in tile
minimum value using this test method for which are placed within the finish at the bottom
use in bathtubs, showers and pool decks is of a pool or fountain and provide a unique and
0.70; and, aesthetically pleasing characteristic.
3. The pendulum dynamic slip resistance As stated earlier in this section, tile used in
measuring instrument for wet testing, and submerged installations should have a very low
the use of the pendulum test guidelines absorption rate (≤3%) which helps to minimize,
recommended by the United Kingdom Slip or even eliminate problems caused by moisture
Resistance Group. The minimum British expansion and contraction. Impervious tile and
Pendulum Number (BPN) on wet, clean vitreous tile are the most popular choices for
flooring is 35 for showers and pool decks. swimming pools around the world because
The Tortus method and the Pendulum method they are relatively inexpensive and easy to find.
are recommended for testing performed in the Glass tile, suitable for submerged installations,
field and have achieved wide acceptance. These is very pleasing in appearance but is typically
has also been significant information obtained more expensive and requires a higher degree
using these test methods so as to correlate of installation experience and expertise. Stone
human traction test data with well-simulated is also an excellent option but choosing the
mechanical analogs of human traction.3 right stone is important. While many stone
types will not experience significant moisture
Germany, Australia, New Zealand, Italy and
or thermal expansion, some can be affected by
many other countries have their own standards
pool chemicals and improper mineral balance
and test methods for determining both the
in the pool water (see Section 11.3 for more
slip-resistance of tile and acceptable minimum
information).
levels to which tile must perform. Whichever
test method is employed, the main focus is on The installation of mosaic tiles in swimming
providing the best protection for all those who pools and fountains has history going back
will be using the pool and pool deck. thousands of years. In fact, the first tiled pools
42
Section 5 – Selection of Pool Tile or Finish
and baths incorporated small tesserae to create sufficient time to cure (i.e. when the mortar
a variety of designs and mosaic murals. These holds the tile in place but allows for slight
tiles were installed individually, by hand, could adjustments to be made in the tile) the paper
take long periods of time and required installers is dampened and the paper is peeled off to
with artistic ability to create. Fortunately, reveal the tile finish.
modern technology incorporates methods
and materials to create beautiful installations
quickly and easily. Stone, porcelain and glass
mosaics are now pre-mounted, using several
different methods onto sheets. These mosaics
can even be customized to create a likeness of
any picture or photograph using specialized
computer software or exceptional artistic
ability.
43
Section 5 – Selection of Pool Tile or Finish
44
Section 5 – Selection of Pool Tile or Finish
the substrate. If PVC dot mounted sheets are n lues that do not change in appearance or
G
to be used then choose a type that has an feel but gradually lose adhesion to the tile
average of less than 5% coverage of the PVC after prolonged immersion in water. Moisture
on the back of each sheet. evidently breaks down the adhesion without
Another potential problem with PVC dot- penetrating far into the film of glue.7
mounted mosaic tile is how high the PVC dots
are between each tile. If the dots are too high
then grout does not have enough surface area
to properly bond to the tile, or, there is simply
not enough space for the grout to be properly
installed. The PVC dots can also inhibit the
bond of grout to the PVC.
In an effort to reduce costs, some mosaic tile
manufacturers haphazardly use inappropriate
glues, such as dilute polyvinyl acetate, to
mount tile on backing mesh. As stated earlier
these glues interfere with contact and bonding
between mosaic tiles and the tile adhesive.
When immersed in water these glues can soften
and then swell as they absorb water, leading to
Figure 5.9 – A classic example of an improper adhesive used
loss of adhesion. This may occur within several to mount the mesh for submerged installation. The adhesive
weeks to several years but the result is almost has changed color from clear to white and has swelled
always the same.5 Simply put, the use of back- significantly, forcing delamination.
mounted or dot-mounted sheet mosaic tiles For mesh backed mosaic tile the fabric mesh
may be precluded from use in submerged or and the adhesive used to mount the fabric
exterior conditions if the sheet backing and/ mesh must be water-resistant and chemical-
or adhesive adversely affects the development resistant, should not weaken when exposed
of adequate and permanent adhesion between to moisture, should be resistant to varying pH
the mosaic tile body and the bedding mortar. levels, resistant to high alkalinity, and should
Tile manufacturers must specify, in writing, be compatible with the mortar or adhesive used
whether their assemblies are suitable for to bond the mosaics. It is the responsibility of
installation in swimming pools, fountains, water the ceramic tile manufacturer to mount the
features, exterior, and other wet areas. Paper tiles so that the bond requirements of ANSI
back-mounted mosaics are not recommended A137.1, according to ASTM C482 “Standard Test
in submerged or wet areas.6 Method for Bond Strength of Ceramic Tile to
Portland Cement Paste” are met or exceeded.8
There are 3 categories of glue to avoid;
Beyond that, the architect/designer, tile
n lues that soften without noticeable swelling
G installer and owner should also make sure
as they absorb water. These appear to be that the products being used on the job are
clear when dry and white when immersed acceptable and adequate for the designed
(similar to PVA wood glues). purpose. The installation of tile, which is meant
n lues that soften and swell to a gel that
G for the purpose, using the appropriate setting
eventually forces tile apart and away from the materials will save time, labor and money
substrate and may fall apart in small pieces and keep the swimming pool or fountain in
rather than stay attached to the mesh. continual operation for a very, very long time.
45
Section 5 – Selection of Pool Tile or Finish
5.4 Non-Tiled Pool Finish Types hose, troweled on by trained personnel and
While tile and stone are beautiful and functional allowed to dry. The pool finish is then acid
design elements for swimming pools and washed to remove the thin plaster coating
fountains, there are other finish options. which exposes the pebble aggregate and
Plaster – pool plaster is an age old process for finished surface.
finishing swimming pools, fountains and water Paint – one of the most common, and least
features. Plastering provides a more watertight expensive, pool finish materials is paint. Pool
seal than the gunite, shot-crete or poured paint is available in a wide variety of colors and
concrete on which the plaster is installed. Pool can be used to create intricate designs. There
plasters are often comprised of white portland are three types of paint which are suitable for
cement and fine marble dust, known as Marcite use in swimming pools, fountains and water
or Marbleite, but there are now quartz based features;
plasters that incorporate a fine, pigmented n poxy paint – epoxy paint is often used in
E
quartz aggregate and provide many color new pool construction or in pools previously
options. Plaster is pumped through a high painted with epoxy, and is long lasting and
pressure hose to the pool and is then troweled durable. Epoxy coatings are effective against
on by trained technicians. While plaster is a pool chemical attack, UV rays and automatic
very popular finish for swimming pools, often pool cleaners, and, a good epoxy paint will
used in conjunction with tile or stone at the last approximately 7 – 10 years.
water line, plaster must be replaced every so n hlorinated rubber base paint – rubber base
C
often. See Section 11.3 for more information on paint is not as durable or expensive as epoxy
the causes of plaster problems. paint, but is a dependable and easy-to-use
coating material. Chlorinated rubber base
paint is available in many colors and will last
approximately 3 – 5 years.
n ater-based acrylic paint – water-based
W
acrylic paint is inexpensive, applies to almost
any surface and cleans with water while still
fresh. Available in a wide range of colors
acrylic paints will last approximately 2 – 3
years before repainting is necessary.
Vinyl Liner – vinyl liners are custom made
sheets of vinyl which are installed between
the water and the pool structure. These liners
lock into a track located on the bottom of the
pool coping immediately under the deck. Vinyl
liners provide good resistance to pool chemical
Figure 5.10 – Typical Marcite plaster installation (notice the maintained at proper levels but may fade or
spiked shoes). become brittle when harsh chemicals or high
n ebble Tec – pebble tec pool finishes are
P concentrations of chemicals are used.9
similar to plaster or Marcite, except small river While all of the above mentioned finishes are
pebbles are mixed with the fine aggregate, effective and reliable, none of them have the
white portland cement and pigments. This mix durability and lasting beauty of tile and stone.
is pumped to the jobsite in a high pressure
46
Section 5 – Selection of Pool Tile or Finish
47
48
Section 6 – Tile Installation
Section 1: Introduction
Preparation and Equipment
49
Section 6 – Tile Installation Preparation and Equipment
50
Section 6 – Tile Installation Preparation and Equipment
51
Section 6 – Tile Installation Preparation and Equipment
cooling for cement latex mortars and moisture are below freezing due to thermal lag, and
insensitive epoxy adhesives. Shading surfaces hydration or other chemical reaction may not
that may be in direct sunlight by erecting occur at the adhesive interface.
temporary tents is also effective in lowering As a simple rule of thumb; for every 18°F (10°C)
surface temperature, but if ambient air and above 70°F (21°C) cement based and epoxy
surface temperatures exceed 100°F (35°C), it based materials cure twice as fast. For every
is advisable to defer work to another time. If 18°F (10°C) below 70°F (21°C) cement based
work cannot be deferred, it is also possible to and epoxy based materials take twice as long
cool additives (water, latex, epoxy liquids) in to cure.
conjunction with the above techniques. n ry and Windy Conditions – These conditions
D
n old Temperatures – Protection or corrective
C can cause premature evaporation of water
action is required if either ambient air or necessary for hydration in cementitious
surface temperatures of substrates go materials, and result in loss of strength. Latex
below certain thresholds during installation. additives are formulated to significantly
Temperature thresholds are different for reduce this drying effect by coating cement
various types of adhesives. Protection and with a latex film. However, in extreme
corrective actions to elevate air and surface dry, windy conditions coupled with high
temperatures to optimum range typically temperatures >90°F (30°C), even latex
involve enclosing or tenting of work areas, additives do not provide adequate protection.
augmented by temporary heating. If temporary It is recommended to provide temporary
heating is employed, it is very important to protection against rapid evaporation of
vent units to the exterior of enclosures to moisture during hot, dry, windy conditions
prevent exposure to toxic fumes, and also to in the initial 36 hours after installation of
prevent build-up of carbon dioxide, which can cement mortars, screeds, plasters/renders
cause carbonation of cementitious materials. and cement grouts, and to augment by damp
This condition typically occurs when ambient curing with periodic daily water misting.
temperatures during installation are around Cement based adhesives are only susceptible
40°F (5°C) and only affects exposed surfaces. to premature drying between the spreading
The length of exposure is a function of time of adhesive and the installation of the finish,
and temperature. Cement hydration stops and requires only temporary protection from
at 32°F (0°C) surface temperature, when dry, high wind speeds during the open or
water necessary for hydration freezes, and exposed time of the adhesive.
the cement hydration process is severely n et Conditions – Certain materials used in
W
retarded starting at 40°F (5°C).
ceramic tile and stone assemblies can be
Concentration of carbon dioxide can be moisture sensitive. For example, the strength
elevated when temporary heating units are of cementitious adhesives can be reduced from
not properly vented outside of any protective constant exposure to wet or damp substrates.
enclosure during cold temperatures. As a Some materials, such as waterproofing
general rule, air abd surface temperatures membranes, may not cure properly or may
should be maintained above 50°F (10°C) during delaminate from a continually wet or damp
installation of cement, epoxy, and silicone- substrate. A damp substrate may also
based products. Some cement adhesive contribute to the formation of efflorescence.
product formulations may allow installation This is a particular concern not only from
in temperatures close to 32°F (0°C) and rising, normal rain exposure during construction, but
however, at this critical ambient air temperature also in areas of an installation, which may be
threshold, it is likely that surface temperatures
52
Section 6 – Tile Installation Preparation and Equipment
exposed to rising dampness at ground level, absorbed and results are stated in pounds
or in areas where leaks from poor design or per 1,000 ft2 (92.9 m2) in a 24-hour period.
construction cause continual dampness in Please note that the ASTM F1869 test should
the substrate. When specifying liquid latex or only be conducted in interior conditions when
a dry redispersible polymer adhesive mortar, the building is completely enclosed and the
verify with the manufacturer that the polymer air conditioning or heating system is turned
formulation is not water soluble. However, on, unless otherwise instructed by the test kit
even formulations that are not soluble when manufacturer.
dry are vulnerable to rain during the initial 2. Relative Humidity (ASTM F2170 – Standard
set period (typically 12–24 hours). Therefore, Test Method for Determining Relative
it is essential to provide protection from any Humidity in Concrete Floor Slabs Using in
significant rain or washing within this period situ Probes).
to avoid loss of strength and prevent possible
The Relative Humidity test involves placing
fluid or latex migration staining.
probes in the concrete and taking readings
6.3 Moisture Content of Concrete with a hygrometer. A relative humidity reading
Materials used in tile and stone installation of 75% or below is acceptable for most tile
applications can be affected by moisture during applications. Please note that the ASTM F2170
the installation and curing phase. For example, test should only be conducted in interior
the strength of cementitious adhesives can conditions when the building is completely
be reduced from constant exposure to wet enclosed and air conditioning or heating system
or damp substrates. Some materials, such is turned on, unless otherwise instructed by
as waterproofing membranes, may not cure the probe manufacturer.
properly or may delaminate from a continually 3. Plastic Sheet Method (ASTM D4263 –
wet substrate. A damp substrate may also Standard Test Method for Indicating
contribute to the formation of efflorescence. Moisture in Concrete by the Plastic Sheet
Concrete with a high moisture vapor emission Method).
rate (MVER) may also have an impact on a tile
The Plastic Sheet Method involves taping an
or stone installation.
18" x 18" (450 mm x 450 mm) piece of plastic
There are generally three tests that are used to on the concrete and allowing the plastic to
determine moisture content in concrete. The remain in place for 18 - 24 hours to determine
three tests are: if any moisture has accumulated under the
1. Calcium Chloride (ASTM F1869 – Standard plastic when it is removed. Please note that the
Test Method for Measuring Moisture Vapor ASTM D-4263 test should only be conducted
Emission Rate of Concrete Subfloors Using in conditions as stated in the ASTM D4263
Anhydrous Calcium Chloride). document.
The Calcium Chloride test involves placing Both ASTM F1869 and ASTM F2170 are
a Petri dish of calcium chloride (covered by quantitative tests (stating approximately how
a plastic dome adhered to the concrete) on much moisture is present) while ASTM D4263
the concrete and allowing the Petri dish to is a qualitative test (stating that moisture
remain in place between 60–72 hours. The is present but not how much), and all are a
calcium chloride absorbs any moisture vapor “snapshot” of moisture vapor emission during
that transmits through the concrete within the testing period.
the plastic dome. The results of a calcium
chloride test measures the amount of moisture
53
Section 6 – Tile Installation Preparation and Equipment
54
Section 6 – Tile Installation Preparation and Equipment
55
Section 6 – Tile Installation Preparation and Equipment
curing time and improve the performance of Any surface to receive tile will always be
the concrete. Curing compounds and concrete exposed to varying degrees of contamination,
sealers are frequently used in all types of especially normal construction dust and debris.
construction, especially in fast track jobs. Tile is often the last phase of the construction
Unfortunately, all types of curing compounds, of a building. Imagine all other trades have
concrete sealers and surface hardeners must been in and finished their certain part of
be completely removed from substrates prior the construction, (i.e. sheet rock, plumbing,
to the installation of tile or any installation painting, and many other trades). There is
accessories, including waterproofing often paint, drywall compound, oil and other
membranes. The preferred methods to materials on the concrete from prior trades that
remove these curing compounds from the need to be removed. One of the most difficult
surface would be to bead-blast or shot-blast tasks for any installer is the preparation of
the horizontal concrete surface, and to high the surface before the installation of the tile
pressure wash vertical concrete surfaces. commences. However, it is one of the most
There is a very simple and effective test to important steps, if not the most important step,
identify the presence of curing compounds, to providing for a successful, long lasting tile
sealers or other bond breaking conditions. installation. Cleaning the surface is mandatory
Simply sprinkle a few drops of water onto the before tile is placed, and sometimes multiple
substrate and see what happens. If water washings will have to take place before tiling.
absorbs into the slab then it is usually suitable Just sweeping the floor is not good enough!
for the direct adhesion of tile. On the other 6.5 Substrate Preparation Equipment
hand, if the water beads up on the concrete and Procedures
surface (like water on a freshly waxed car) then Contamination Removal – If contamination
there is something present on the concrete removal is required, or if surface damage or
surface that can inhibit proper adhesion of the defects exist, bulk surface removal may be
tile adhesive. While the water test is commonly necessary to prepare the substrate. There are
used to determine the presence of bond several methods of removal, but it is important
inhibiting msubstances, it may not always be to select a method that is appropriate to the
accurate. substrate material and will not cause damage
In addition, to determine if bond inhibiting to the sound material below the surface.
contamination such as oil or curing compounds Methods of Removal – There are several
are present on concrete, conduct the following methods for removing contamination from a
test: taking proper safety precautions, mix a substrate to better prepare for the application
1:1 solution of aqueous hydrochloric (muriatic) of tile and stone installation materials. These
acid and water, and place a few drops in various include;
locations. If the solution causes foaming
n echanical Chipping, Scarifying and
M
action, then the acid is allowed to react freely
Grinding – Mechanical chipping, scarifying
with the alkaline concrete, indicating that
or grinding methods are recommended only
there is no likely contamination. If there is
when substrate defects and/or contamination
little or no reaction, chances are the surface is
exist in isolated areas and require bulk
contaminated with oil or curing compounds.
surface removal greater than 1/4" (6 mm) in
Acids do not affect or remove oily or waxy
depth. Chipping with a pneumatic square tip
residue, therefore, mechanical removal may be
chisel or grinding with an angle grinder is a
necessary.
common mechanical removal technique.
56
Section 6 – Tile Installation Preparation and Equipment
57
Section 6 – Tile Installation Preparation and Equipment
58
Section 6 – Tile Installation Preparation and Equipment
type of adhesive being used. With most n lass Tile – The preparation of a glass tile
G
adhesives, the substrate can be damp, with prior to installation will vary by glass tile
no standing water. A surface film of water will manufacturer. Therefore, it is important to
inhibit grab and bond of even water insensitive follow the glass tile manufacturer’s written
cement and epoxy based adhesives. The use installation instructions. In many cases, the
of a damp sponge just prior to installation of glass tiles should be wiped and cleaned of
tile is an industry accepted method to ensure any dust or residue with clean water and then
that the substrate is cleaned of any dirt and should be wiped dry with a clean cloth prior
construction dust on the properly prepared to installation.
substrate.
6.9 Adhesive Mixing Equipment and
6.8 Finish Material Preparation Procedures
Cleaning of the tile back and substrate Equipment and tools required for mixing of
surface prevent contamination from inhibiting adhesives are primarily dependent on the type
adhesive bond. While careful consideration is of adhesive and construction site conditions
often given to the preparation of the substrate, such as the size of project.
preparation and cleaning of the finish material
TYPES OF ADHESIVES
bonding surface is an often overlooked
specification item or quality control checkpoint. LATEX CEMENT BASED ADHESIVE MORTARS
Considerations are dependent on the type of Manual Mixing
finish material. n Bucket, trowel and mixing paddle
59
Section 6 – Tile Installation Preparation and Equipment
EPOXY ADHESIVE
Manual Mixing
n
Bucket and trowel
Mechanical Mixing
n
Low speed drill (<300 rpm) and non-air
entraining mixer blade
The mixing instructions for epoxy adhesives
vary according to the manufacturer’s
Figure 6.5 – Variety of Mixing Paddles used for Drill Type
formulations. The most common epoxy Mixers.
adhesives are three component products,
which involve mixing two liquid components MORTAR BEDS
n
(resin and hardener), and a powder component Aluminum Straight Edges and Screeds
(silica filler). The liquids are mixed together first n Concrete/Mortar Bed finishing trowel
and fully blended before adding filler powder. n Wheelbarrows
There are several important considerations in n Square Edges Shovels
mixing epoxies. First, the chemical reaction
begins immediately upon mixing the epoxy
n Steel Rakes
resin and hardener. Because the “pot” or n Walking Boards
useful life of the adhesive is relatively short n Mortar Bed / Tile Shoes
(1 hour) and can be further reduced by n Mortar Mixer
ambient temperatures above 70°F (21°C), all
preparation for mixing and installation of the
epoxy adhesive should be made in advance.
Mixing should also be made in quantities
that can be installed within the prescribed
useful life under installation conditions. Most
epoxy adhesives cure by an exothermic or
heat generating chemical reaction beginning
with the mixing of the liquid components. The
useful life of the epoxy not only begins before Figure 6.6 – Rotating Blade Type Mixer.
adding the filler powder, but the heat generated 6.10 Installation Equipment and
may accelerate the curing process in many Procedures
formulations. Removal of the mixed epoxy The following are the basic tools and equipment
from the mixing container is one technique used for the installation of ceramic tile,
used to dissipate heat generation and porcelain tile, glass tile and stone finishes:
minimize set acceleration. Liquid components
may also be cooled if anticipated ambient EQUIPMENT FOR APPLICATION AND
or surface temperatures will significantly BEDDING OF ADHESIVES AND GROUT JOINTS
n
exceed recommended use temperature range. Notched Steel Trowel
Conversely, epoxy adhesive cure is retarded n Flat Steel Trowel
by cold temperatures, and the curing process n Margin Trowel
will slow significantly at temperatures below n Hawk
40°F (5°C); the curing process will continue
unaffected if temperatures are raised.
n Metal Applicator Gun (Silicone Sealant)
n Rubber Mallet
60
Section 6 – Tile Installation Preparation and Equipment
n 1/4" 1/4"
6 mm 6 mm
9 mm
3/8"
3 mm
1/8"
SAFETY EQUIPMENT
1/2" 3/8"
n
Safety Glasses 1/4"
6 mm
1/4"
6 mm
12 mm
1/2"
3/4"
18 mm
9 mm
12 mm
12 mm
14 mm
9/16"
1/2"
n Rubber Gloves
6 mm
1/4"
n Dust Mask/Respirator
Figure 6.8 Notched trowel sizes for installation of adhesive
n Safety Belts and Harness mortars.
61
Section 6 – Tile Installation Preparation and Equipment
and quality control inspection program. A 3. The ribs of thin-set or epoxy adhesive should
flat steel trowel is a tool used in applying an be troweled in one direction only, and not
initial thin layer of adhesive in positive contact in a swirl pattern. If additional thickness of
with both the bonding surface of the tile, also adhesive is needed, add to the back of the
known as back-buttering, and the surface of tile or stone using the same procedure as on
the substrate. The opposite side of a notched the substrate, making sure that the direction
trowel typically has a flat edge for this purpose. of the combed mortar is identical to the one
A rubber mallet (or wood beating block, or on the substrate, otherwise, you will end up
hard rubber grout float for smaller tiles) can be with notches in two directions that disturb
used to beat-in the tiles after they are placed each other and consequently will not allow
to assure full contact with the adhesive, and full contact between the mortar and the
eliminate any voids in the adhesive layer back of the tile.
(Figure 6.10). 4. As a rule, tile sizes larger than 12" x 12"
THIN BED INSTALLATION PROCEDURE (300 x 300 mm) should be back buttered.
The following is an abbreviated step-by- Back buttering not only improves the contact
step process for the application of thin between the mortar and the back of the tile,
bed adhesive mortars. Follow the explicit but also helps to ensure complete coverage.
manufacturer’s installation instructions for Another important consideration for back
detailed information. For full installation buttering is that if the tile is not fully bedded
specifications for thin bed, thick bed and by proper beat-in, the ribs of thin-set or
membrane instructions – see section 7. epoxy adhesive, which are not flattened, are
being sealed by the coat applied to the back
1. Apply a thin skim coat (1/16"/1.5 mm thick)
of the tile.
of thin-set or epoxy adhesive to the properly
prepared dampened substrate with the flat 5. The tile should be pressed into place, and
side of the trowel; ensure good contact by either twisted and pressed into position, or
scratching the edge of the trowel against the for tile sizes 12" x 12" (300 x 300 mm) and
surface. greater, slide into position with a back and
forth motion perpendicular to the direction
2. Additional thin-set or epoxy adhesive is
of the thin-set or epoxy adhesive ribs.
then applied with the notched side of the
trowel. Comb the mortar on the surface with 6. The final step is to beat-in with a rubber
the notched trowel holding it as close as mallet to ensure thin-set or epoxy adhesive
possible to a 90° angle to the substrate. This contact and make surface level with adjacent
will ensure the proper size of notches. tiles.
62
Section 6 – Tile Installation Preparation and Equipment
various delaminating forces. Depending on the Grout Installation Procedure – The following
joint material, a joint may also act to dissipate is an abbreviated step by step process for
shear stress caused by movement. the installation of grout. Follow the explicit
Compensate for Tile Thickness Tolerances – manufacturer installation instructions for
The joints between tiles compensate for detailed information. For full grout installation
allowable manufacturing or fabrication specifications – see section 10.
tolerances, so that consistent dimensions 1. Prior to grouting, it is essential to conduct
(from center to center of joints or full panel a test panel (preferably as part of the pre-
dimensions) can be maintained. As a construction quality assurance procedures)
result, joints must be wide enough to allow to test the grouting installation and clean-up
variations in the joint width to accommodate procedures under actual climatic conditions.
manufacturing or fabrication tolerances in the During this test, you may determine the need
tile without being evident. to apply a grout release or sealer to the tile
Prevent Water Infiltration – Filled joints prior to grouting in order to aid in clean-up
between tiles allow most surface water to be and prevent pigment stain and absorption
shed. This helps prevent infiltration of water, of cement paste (especially latex cement
which can lead to saturation of the setting or epoxy liquids) into the pores of the tile.
bed and substrate, freezing, strength loss This test may also determine if additional
and efflorescence. Depending on the grout adjustments are necessary, such as
or sealant material used, and the quality saturation of the finish with water to reduce
of installation, no grout or tile will be 100% temperature, lower absorption, and aid in
effective against water penetration, so there installation and cleaning. Conducting a test
may always be a small amount of water panel will also allow for final determination of
infiltration by capillary absorption. Therefore, the grout color in relation to the tile, lighting
the use of a waterproofing membrane is strongly and other environmental factors to which the
recommended in wet area applications. finished installation will be exposed.
Dissipate Movement Stress -– Probably the 2. Wait a minimum of 24 hours after installation
most important function of grout or sealant of tile before grouting.
joints is to provide stress resistance and stress 3. Before commencing with grouting, remove
relief. The composite locking action with the all temporary spacers or wedges; rake any
adhesive layer allows the tile finish to better loose excess adhesive mortar from joints.
resist shear and tensile stress. Joints serve to Remove any hardened thin-set or epoxy
provide stress relief of thermal and moisture adhesive which is above half the depth of
movement that could cause delamination the tile. Insert temporary filler (rope, foam
or bond failure if the edges of the tiles were rod) in movement joints to protect from
butted tightly. Further isolation of movement filling with hard grout material. Wipe the tile
is handled by separating sections of tile with surface with a sponge or towel dampened
movement joints (see Section 7.6 – Sealant and with water to remove dirt and to aid in
section 10 – Movement Joint Specifications and cleanup.
Details). This ensures that the grout or sealant 4. Apply the grout joint material with a rubber
joint will always fail first by relieving unusual grout float, making sure to pack joints full.
compressive stress from expansion before
it can overstress the tile finish or adhesive
interface. The dissipation of stress provides
an additional safety factor against dangerous
delamination or bond failure.
63
Section 6 – Tile Installation Preparation and Equipment
64
Section 6 – Tile Installation Preparation and Equipment
67
Section 6 – Tile Installation Preparation and Equipment
68
Section 7 – Pool/Fountain/Spa
TileSection 1: Introduction
Installation
69
Section 7 – Pools/Fountain/Spa Tile Installation
7.1 Adhesive and Mortar Performance fully cured. The adhesive should also develop
and Selection Criteria water insensitivity within 24 – 48 hours so
The performance and use of ceramic tile as not to require an unreasonable degree of
adhesives are regulated by the country or protection against deterioration when exposed
region according to prominent standards that to water.
govern the installation of ceramic tile. Some Flexible (Differential Movement) – Adhesives
of these standards are discussed in Section must have a low modulus of elasticity, or
4. Compliance may either be mandatory or flexibility, to withstand differential movement
voluntary in the respective countries, depending between the finish material and the underlying
on whether the standard is incorporated into a substrate/ structure. Differential movement can
building code (see Section 4). be caused by uneven or sudden temperature
Criteria for Selection of Adhesives and changes, moisture expansion or shrinkage of
Mortars the finish material, substrate or structure, or,
n High Adhesive Strength (Tensile and Shear live loads such as filling and draining the tiled
Bond Strength) vessel with water.
n Water Resistant Permanence – This criteria may seem obvious,
n Flexible (Differential Movement) but even if all other performance criteria are
met, beware that some adhesive mortars can
n Permanent
become soluble in submerged applications
n Fire and Temperature Resistant and may deteriorate over time. In addition,
n Non-Toxic and User Friendly some epoxies can become brittle with age, and
n ood Working Properties (Open Time, Pot
G some urethanes can undergo a phenomena
Life, Sag Resistance) known as “reversion,” where the adhesive
may soften and revert back to its original
High Adhesive Strength (Tensile and Shear
viscous state. Certain polymeric modification
Bond Strength) – Shear stress occurs when
of cement mortars work only to enhance the
a force is applied parallel to the face of the
workability and curing process to improve the
material. The greater the resistance to shear
physical characteristics of cement, but do not
stress, the higher the shear strength result.
contribute any significant lasting improvement
Tensile stress occurs when a force is applied to the physical characteristics of the cement
to pull a material to the point where it loses adhesive mortar.
bond with the surface to which it is applied.
Fire and Temperature Resistance – When
The greater the resistance to tensile stress, the
cured, adhesives must meet building code
higher the tensile strength result.
requirements and standard engineering
Tile and stone installations can experience both practices by not contributing any fuel or smoke
shear and tensile forces. It is important to note in the event of a fire. In addition, the adhesive
that shear bond testing is limited to laboratory must maintain its strength and physical
testing. On the other hand tensile bond properties during and after exposure to high
testing can be performed in both laboratory temperatures of a fire, or from absorption of
conditions and in the field. Therefore, both heat under normal service.
tests are applicable and suitable to measure a
Non-Toxic and User Friendly – The adhesive
material’s bond strength.
should be non-hazardous during storage,
Water Resistance – For proper exterior installation, and disposal. This includes
and interior wet area performance, and in other materials which may be necessary for
demanding submerged applications, an preparation or final cleaning. The adhesive
adhesive must not be soluble in water after it is
70
Section 7 – Pools/Fountain/Spa Tile Installation
71
Section 7 – Pools/Fountain/Spa Tile Installation
Medium Bed Method – Generally, thicknesses Bonded Type (Floors) – In the bonded type
over 3/8" (9 mm) are not recommended for for floors, a slurry bond coat consisting of
standard thin-bed or adhesive types of cement LATICRETE 254 Platinum, or, LATICRETE 211
mortar mixes. Thickness over 3/8" (9 mm) Powder gauged with LATICRETE 4237 Latex
typically require either a special formulation Additive is trowel or brush applied to the
of powder containing a higher proportion concrete substrate. While the slurry bond coat
of coarse sand, or modification of a site mix remains wet and workable, the mortar bed
with the addition of extra coarse sand. These (e.g. LATICRETE 3701 Fortified Mortar Bed or
products are also known as medium bed LATICRETE 226 Thick Bed Mortar mixed with
mortars. Medium bed mortars are typically LATICRETE 3701 Mortar Admix) is placed,
used when the adhesive thickness ranges from compacted and then screeded, leveled, and
1/8" (3 mm) up to 3/4" (19 mm). An example pitched as required. The above mentioned
of this type of mortar is LATICRETE® 220 mortar bed and slurry bond coat products
Marble & Granite Mortar mixed with LATICRETE are ideal for use in submerged applications.
3701 Mortar Admix (ideal for use in submerged Unbonded mortar bed types require wire
applications). reinforcing which can be subject to corrosion
in submerged applications and are therefore,
unsuitable for use in this type of application.
Bonded Type (Wall Renders) – Wall renders do
not require the use of slurry bond coat beneath
them as the mortar is mixed to a more plastic
mix containing a liquid to mortar powder ratio.
This consistency allows the cement paste to
wet out the concrete/masonry substrate in
a sufficient manner to achieve proper bond.
Figure 7.1 – Trowel applied medium bed mortar with a 3/4" Wall renders are generally applied in several
(19 mm) loop notch trowel. lifts with each lift never exceeding 1/2" (12
Thick Bed Method – Also known as the “wet- mm) in thickness. The first lift is the scratch
set" or “float and back-butter” method of coat. This layer is applied to the wall and is
installation, this method encompasses several scratched up with a small metal comb like tool
different techniques. The most common thick or trowel that roughens up the layer in order
bed technique is the “float and back butter” that the subsequent layer will achieve better
method. This method starts with the floating mechanical bond. The scratch coat is allowed
or screeding of the substrate with cement to harden and then the subsequent “brown”
leveling mortar. The mortar bed can either coats are applied in the same 1/2" (12 mm)
be of the unbonded type (for pool decks) or maximum lifts. If additional lifts are required,
the bonded type (pool decks or submerged). the previous brown coat should be scratched
Mortar beds and wall renders are very commonly up before it hardens.
used in pool and water feature applications. LATICRETE 3701 Fortified Mortar Bed; and,
Mortar beds allow for the creation of proper LATICRETE 226 Thick Bed Mortar gauged
pitch/falls to drains, slopes in pools and decks with LATICRETE 3701 Mortar Admix are pre-
and the creation of coves and transitions as packaged thick bed and rendering mortars
pool floors slope and the depth changes. which comply with industry standards and
will hold up to the rigors of submerged
applications. The use of pre-packaged mortars
72
Section 7 – Pools/Fountain/Spa Tile Installation
73
Section 7 – Pools/Fountain/Spa Tile Installation
74
Section 7 – Pools/Fountain/Spa Tile Installation
Peel and Stick Membranes – Peel and stick Trowel Applied Membranes – Trowel applied
membranes are very similar to sheet type membranes come in various forms, including
membranes in performance. The major latex fortified cement based types, epoxy resin
difference between the two styles is that the types and urethane types. Some of the trowel
peel and stick type does not rely on a separately applied membranes include a reinforcing
applied thin-set or adhesive to bond it to the fabric used in corners, coves, and to tie into
substrate. These membranes are generally plumbing fixtures (including drains). After the
asphalt based with a reinforcing fabric on typical pre-treatments are made to cracks and
the tile bonding side of the membrane and a transition areas, the main application normally
removable Kraft paper type backing which consists of keying the membrane into the
exposes a tacky surface once it is peeled away. substrate with the flat side of the trowel. This is
The installation of peel and stick membranes immediately followed by combing the material
begins with priming the substrate with the in a singular direction, and then finally another
appropriate primer for the application. Some pass with the flat side of trowel to smooth the
primers are latex based types and others can surface. A few key elements are the notches
be epoxy based materials. in the trowel which act as a gauging device
Once the primer is in place, the removable film for the membrane. Most membranes require
is peeled from the back side of the membrane a certain thickness of product to ensure
and rolled onto the primed substrate. complete waterproofing coverage. As with
all waterproofing membranes, the products
Check with the peel and stick membrane
should be applied at the continuous required
manufacturer for suitability in exterior or wet
mil thickness to ensure waterproofing integrity.
area installations.
The use of a wet film gauge is recommended to
Precautions and concerns with peel and stick assure acceptable uniform thickness.
type membranes are as follows:
Check with the trowel applied membrane
1. Careful consideration must be taken where
manufacturer for suitability in submerged
the seams overlap. Spreading the tile
installations.
mortar over the seam can be tricky and care
should be taken to avoid humps where the Latex Cement Based Membranes – This
tile lays over seams. membrane type is generally comprised of
a liquid latex polymer that is mixed into a
2. These types of membranes have a tendency
portland cement based powder. These products
to soften when exposed to sunlight.
are generally very economical in cost and in
Windows that face the sun and let more
ease of application. However, the physical
sunlight in could pose problems for peel
characteristics of these types of products
and stick membranes.
generally restrict their use in demanding
3. Cleaning regimens also play a factor in submerged applications.
whether peel and stick membranes should
Check with the latex cement based membrane
be used or not. Solvents typically have an
manufacturer for suitablity in submerged
adverse effect on this type of membrane.
installations.
Consult the manufacturer for specific
applications. Epoxy Based Membranes – Epoxy membranes
are normally 3-component systems consisting
4. U
se of these membrane types should be
of an epoxy hardener, epoxy resins, and a filler
limited to pool decks and other intermittent
powder. These products are generally very
wet areas. These membranes should not
chemical resistant and suitable for submerged
be used in submerged applications.
applications. Some other advantages to this
category type of waterproofing are as follows:
76
Section 7 – Pools/Fountain/Spa Tile Installation
n F lood Testing Can Be Performed in 24 Hours which are recommended for submerged
at 70° F (21°C) installations
n dheres to Metal, Such as Stainless Steel,
A n Fully formable to fit into tight areas
as Well as Metal Plumbing Fixtures n an be shaped to follow any substrate
C
n F lexible and Able to Adhere to Most contour
Substrates n F lood Testing can vary according to the
n an Be Used as a Flashing Membrane to Tie
C membrane type and generally ranges from
Into Other Types of Membranes or Surfaces 2 hours to 7 days at 70° F (21° C)
When Required (e.g. Pipe Penetrations, etc…) n ome liquid applied waterproofing
S
An example of this category type of membranes (e.g. LATICRETE® Hydro Ban™)
waterproofing membrane is LATAPOXY® 24hr may be spray applied with a commercial,
HydroProofing™. airless sprayer
Figure 7.7 – Epoxy waterproofing membrane is applied at the Figure 7.8 – Liquid applied membrane applied to concrete
pipe penetrations over the cured liquid applied waterproofing substrate.
membrane to ensure a complete seal at the penetrations.
flexible sealant designed for these applications submerged applications. Generally, flood
is a key component to treating penetrations. tests are conducted for a period of 24 – 72
Railings, ladders, drains, gutters, filter inlets and hours and must be continuously monitored
outlets, lights, and receiver hooks are among during the flood test period. Please note that
the list of items that could potentially penetrate accumulation of rain water, or water from any
the waterproofing membrane in a submerged other outside source, may render the results of
application. Silicones (e.g. LATICRETE® the flood test inaccurate.
Latasil™) and urethane type sealants offer Most latex fortified portland cement based
solid performance in these applications. In installation systems (mortar bed, thin set
many cases, manufacturers of these products mortar and grout, flexible sealant) require a
will also offer primers that aid the sealant’s minimum 14 day cure at 70°F (21°C) after the
ability to remain adhered in these applications final grouting period prior to the initiation of
(e.g. LATICRETE 9118 Primer). Each penetration the flood test. If an epoxy grout is used, the
through the waterproofing membrane and minimum cure can be reduced to a 10 day cure
finish is unique. Therefore, consult with the tile at 70° F (21°C) after the final grouting period.
and stone installation materials manufacturer
As a rule of thumb, water is placed into the
for their suggestions on compatible penetration
water feature at a rate of 2' (600 mm) per 24
treatments. See Section 10 for details
hours. Flood tests are generally conducted for
ES-WP-300 for information on the treatment
24 – 72 hours. All piping and drains will need
of pipe penetrations and ES-WP301 and
to be plugged and isolated to eliminate the
WP-302 for information on the treatment of
potential for the plumbing as a cause of water
drain assemblies.
loss. If any measurable water loss is observed,
the following process will be required:
n
The water feature will need to be drained
at the same rate used to fill the tank (2'
[600 mm] per 24 hours)
n Allow the water feature to dry
n Inspect for leaks
Figure 7.10 – Detail treatment of the pipe penetrations in this n Repair the leaks
pool application. Liquid applied waterproofing membrane
is double applied at the penetrations to ensure adequate n
Allow the installed products to reach full
reinforcement and protection. This pool is now ready for the cure
full waterproofing treatment.
n Repeat flood test procedure until successful
Flood Testing – Flood testing criterion can
also vary according to the type of water
feature application. Generally, a flood test is
conducted after the waterproofing membrane
and penetrations through the membrane are
treated and all installed components reach full
cure.
Although there are no known flood testing
Figure 7.11 – Waterproofed pool tank is curing and awaiting a
standards for pools and water features, ASTM flood test. Curing term of waterproofing membranes can vary
D5957 “Standard Guide for Flood Testing by manufacturer. Consult with waterproofing manufacturer
for detailed information on cure rates and flood testing
Horizontal Waterproofing Installations” can
processes.
serve as a basic guide for flood testing
78
Section 7 – Pools/Fountain/Spa Tile Installation
79
Section 7 – Pools/Fountain/Spa Tile Installation
Liquid Latex Fortified Cement Mortar – There will determine if a liquid additive is suitable
are a wide variety of proprietary liquid additives for these applications. A common and highly
that can be used with both generic cement generalized misconception is that either
(and sand), or with proprietary cement mortar acrylic polymers or styrene butadiene rubber
powders, including the previous category are superior to one another. This is not true.
of redispersible polymer fortified mortars, Both polymers can be formulated to have high
to prepare an adhesive for submerged tile adhesive strength, and be equally flexible.
installations. As with redispersible polymer Superior performance is achieved through
products, the liquid additives differ mainly by the formulation of these two materials. It is
the type and quantity of polymeric content. recommended to verify the suitability of a latex
Therefore suitability and performance additive for pool applications, and conduct
characteristics for water feature applications or request independent testing to verify the
must be verified. LATICRETE® 317 fortified with manufacturer’s specified performance.
LATICRETE 3701 Mortar Admix or LATICRETE
211 Powder fortified with LATICRETE 4237
Latex Additive are examples of these types
of products. Also, LATICRETE 3701 Fortified
Mortar Bed or LATICRETE 226 Thick Bed
Mortar gauged with the 3701 Mortar Admix fall
into this category.
In addition, LATICRETE 1500 Sanded Grout
gauged with LATICRETE 4237 Latex Additive Figure 7.13 – Installation of mosaic tile with liquid latex
can be used for the one-step method of setting fortified portland cement thin-set mortar.
80
Section 7 – Pools/Fountain/Spa Tile Installation
81
Section 7 – Pools/Fountain/Spa Tile Installation
82
Section 7 – Pools/Fountain/Spa Tile Installation
of waterproofing liquid is applied to this These sealants usually fall into the following
treatment to ensure a complete seal. Next, the category:
full waterproofing membrane treatment with ASTM C90 which designates sealants according
fabric is placed over the pre-treated expansion to Type, Grade, Class and Use
joint areas following the same looping profile. – Type S – Single component
Therefore, the expansion joints have a “double – Grade NS – Non Sag
treatment of looped fabric”. These joints must
– Class 25 – Sealant can withstand an increase
be honored and must come up through to tile
and decrease of +/- 25% of joint width
or stone finish and treated with backer rod and
a suitable flexible sealant. (See Sections 4 and – Uses M and G – Sealant will remain adhered
10 for more information on the use of flexible to mortar (M) and glass (G)
sealants in expansion joints). Silicone sealants can also be supplied with a
Always check with the manufacturer of primer that will improve the adhesion of the
the sealant and primer for acceptability in sealant to the joint flanks. An example of this
submerged applications. type of primer is LATICRETE® 9118 Primer. The
two most common ways to specify sealants
Backup Strip (Backer Rod) – The use of the
are:
rounded backup strip in movement joints is
necessary to regulate the depth of the sealant 1. List the manufacturer and brand name(s) of
for proper width/depth ratio and to prevent the acceptable products.
three sided adhesion. Typical sealant joint 2. Specify the characteristics by description
depth is 1/2 the width of the joint. The backer and / or by reference to standards.
rod should be set into the joint to achieve Urethane or Polyurethane – Urethane based
this ratio. Sealants perform optimally when sealants that do not employ the use of solvent
adhesion occurs only at the joint flanks (two- based primers are also suitable for use in
sided bond). The backer rod also helps to submerged applications provided that they fall
transmit the tooling force of the sealant to into the same ASTM C90 categories as listed
achieve bond to the tile edges. Polyethylene under silicone sealants.
bond breaker tape can be used for thin bed
Acrylic – Typically, acrylic sealants are used for
applications where backer rod cannot be
interior non-wet areas. Therefore, the physical
utilized. The polyethylene bond breaker tape
properties of acrylic sealants/caulks preclude
also helps to prevent three-sided bond.
their use in water features and submerged
Typical back up strip materials are flexible and applications.
compressible and fall into one of the following
categories:
n losed cell foam polyethylene (best for
C
submerged and wet area applications)
n Butyl rubber
n Open cell polyurethane
n Closed cell polyurethane
Figure 7.16 – Waterproofing liquid is applied onto the sides
Silicone – Single component, mildew resistant and into the expansion joints.
100% silicone sealants are suitable for use
in submerged water feature applications. An
example of this type of sealant is LATICRETE
Latasil™.
83
Section 7 – Pools/Fountain/Spa Tile Installation
84
Section 7 – Pools/Fountain/Spa Tile Installation
10 day cure at 70°F (21°C) after the final load bearing, liquid applied waterproofing
grouting period. If the completed installation is membrane that does not require the use of
exposed to the elements, it should be tented fabric in most situations. Both LATICRETE 9235
and shaded during this time frame to ensure Waterproofing Membrane and LATICRETE
a proper cure. Hydro Ban help minimize efflorescence
and deterioration of underlying assembly
7.8 Typical Renders and Details for
components by eliminating damaging water
Swimming Pool and Water Features
infiltration. Both membranes are applied with
Surface Preparation – LATICRETE® 3701 a paint roller or brush, are non-flammable
Fortfied Mortar Bed; or, LATICRETE 3701
Mortar Admix mixed with LATICRETE 226 and have no significant odor. Both LATICRETE
Thick Bed Mortar 9235 Waterproofing Membrane and LATICRETE
Hydro Ban are IAPMO and ICC approved as
LATICRETE® 3701 Fortified Mortar Bed is a
shower pan liners and carry an “Extra Heavy”
polymer fortified blend of carefully selected
service rating per ASTM C627(TCNA).
polymers, portland cement and graded
aggregates. LATICRETE 3701 Fortified Mortar Consult LATICRETE Product data sheets for full
installation instructions. Consult the LATICRETE website at
Bed does not require the use of latex admix. www.laticrete.com for latest information.
LATICRETE 3701 Forttified Maortar Bed is
designed to mix with water only and provides
exceptional working properties and exceptional
performance characteristics.
LATICRETE 3701 Mortar Admix is a specially
designed latex additive for use in cement
leveling mortars and mortar beds. LATICRETE
3701 Mortar Admix is used in place of water to
improve the uniformity, workability and physical
properties of any mortar bed installation.
Economical and versatile, LATICRETE 3701
Mortar Admix can be used for patching, leveling
and fortifying mortar beds. A mortar bed mixed
with LATICRETE 3701 Mortar Admix is thermal
shock, chemical and frost resistant.
LATICRETE 226 Thick Bed Mortar is a factory
prepared blend of high strength portland
cement and graded aggregates for leveling or
thick bed applications from 1/8" to 2" (3 mm
to 50 mm) thick. Use with LATICRETE 3701
Mortar Admix for high strength leveling and
concrete patches.
Waterproofing Membrane – LATICRETE 9235
Waterproofing Membrane or LATICRETE
Hydro Ban™ Figure 7.21 – Thick Bed Floor / Waterproofing System with
drain detailing.
LATICRETE 9235 Waterproofing Membrane is
a thin, flexible, load bearing, liquid applied,
fabric reinforced waterproofing membranes.
LATICRETE Hydro Ban™ is a thin, flexible,
85
Section 7 – Pools/Fountain/Spa Tile Installation
86
Section 7 – Pools/Fountain/Spa Tile Installation
7.9 Warranty
Laticrete International, Inc. offers the most
comprehensive systems warranty in the tile
and stone installation industry. Please refer
to the LATICRETE 10 Year System Warranty (DS
230.12) and the LATICRETE 25 Year System
Warranty (DS 025.0) in Section 12.1 for more
information. Please visit www.laticrete.com
for the most recent copies of these
documents.
87
Section 7 – Pools/Fountain/Spa Tile Installation
88
Section 8 – Pool Deck and
Section 1: Introduction
Natatorium Tile Installations
89
Section 8 – Pools Deck and Natatorium Tile Installations
8.1 Tile Installation Materials In the unbonded mortar bed type, a cleavage
Performance and Selection Criteria membrane is placed over the substrate. The
The information contained in Section 7 is cleavage membrane can take the form of
applicable to the leveling mortars, floating 15 lb builders felt, 6 mil thick polyethylene
mortars, adhesive mortars, waterproofing/ sheeting or a waterproofing membrane.
anti-fracture membranes, grouting materials Half of the mortar bed thickness, consisting
and sealant performance and selection criteria of LATICRETE® 3701 Fortified Mortar Bed
required for pool decks. Please refer to Section or LATICRETE 226 Thick Bed Mortar mixed
7 for this information. Some natatoriums may with LATICRETE 3701 Mortar Admix, is
include spas or steam rooms. For detailed placed over the cleavage membrane. Next,
information on how to design and install tile a galvanized, welded wire mesh complying
in these applications, refer to the Tiled Steam with ANSI A108.02 3.7 is placed as close to
Room and Steam Shower Technical Design the middle of the mortar bed as possible. This
Manual published by LATICRETE International, will allow the mortar bed to achieve maximum
Inc. and is available at www.laticrete.com tensile strength resistance. The rest of the
mortar bed is then placed over the wire. At this
8.2 Methods of Installation point, the mortar bed is compacted, screeded,
The same methods of installation outlined in leveled, and pitched as required.
Section 7 apply to pool deck tile installations
as well. Tile and stone can be installed by
utilizing the thin bed, medium bed and thick
bed methods on pool decks. It is important
to note that unbonded wire-reinforced thick
bed mortars can be used on pool decks. The
installation of unbonded thick bed mortars in
areas not subjected to freeze/thaw conditions
may be suitable for exterior use when Figure 8.1 – Example of a non-bonded, wire reinforced mortar
bed. Wire mesh is placed in the middle of the mortar bed and
appropriate precautions are taken, including lapped together to ensure continuity.
proper expansion joint placement, proper
Once the mortar bed is properly installed, it
slope to drain of 1/4" per ft (6 mm per 300 mm)
can either be allowed to cure, or the tiles/
and a waterproofing membrane.1 Unbonded
pavers can be installed (wet set) into the fresh
thick bed mortar bed assemblies cannot be
mortar bed.
used within the water feature tank itself. Refer
to Section 7 for in depth information on the If a waterproofing or anti-fracture membrane
following application method types: is required, the mortar bed should be allowed
to harden for at least 48 hours at 70°F (21°C)
n Thin Bed Method
or until sufficiently dry. Refer to the specific
n Medium Bed Method membrane data sheet for more information on
n Thick Bed (Bonded methods) acceptable moisture levels. If the unbonded
Unbonded Type (Pool Decks and other mortar bed is being installed in an exterior
Non-Submerged Applications) – Unbonded application, the mortar bed must be protected
floor mortar beds can be used on pool decks from rain and moisture, allowing the mortar bed
and other areas around water features that to dry sufficiently prior to the application of a
are not subject to continuous underwater waterproofing and/or anti-fracture membrane.
submersion. Cooler temperatures require longer cure time
prior to installation of the waterproofing or
anti-fracture membrane. Protection from wind
90
Section 8 – Pools Deck and Natatorium Tile Installations
and direct sunlight is also good practice that [50mm] thick) reinforced with an ANSI A108.02
will lead to help promote curing of the mortar 3.7 compliant wire mesh, is placed onto the
bed. Consult product data sheet for specific LATICRETE Drain Mat and allowed to dry. The
guidelines. installation must be protected from exposure
If the option to bond the tiles to the fresh to water at this point to allow the installation
mortar bed is desired, a slurry bond coat is of the waterproofing membrane onto the
required. A trowel applied slurry bond coat mortar bed. The mortar bed must be allowed
consisting of LATICRETE 254 Platinum or to dry sufficiently prior to installation of the
LATICRETE 211 Powder gauged with LATICRETE waterproofing membrane (e.g. LATICRETE
4237 Latex Additive slurry is preferred over the Hydro Ban or LATICRETE 9235 Waterproofing
conventional dusting with dry portland cement Membrane). Check the installation instructions
and wetting with water method. The preferred or product data sheets of LATICRETE Hydro Ban
method provides complete contact with the or LATICRETE 9235 Waterproofing Membrane
bonding slurry and reduces the chances of for allowable moisture vapor emission
hollow and drummy sounding areas. rate levels. Once the mortar bed is dry the
installation of the waterproofing membrane
can commence. Once the membrane is cured,
tile or stone can be installed using LATICRETE
254 Platinum and grouted using LATICRETE
PermaColor Grout.
8.3 Waterproofing/Anti-Fracture
Membranes
Figure 8.2 – Tile mechanic screeding an unbonded mortar Many anti-fracture and waterproofing
bed. membranes can be applied over concrete,
The tile is then placed into the wet slurry bond mortar beds, and cement backer board. Some
coat and tapped into place and leveled with waterproofing membranes serve as both
adjacent tile. waterproofing and anti-fracture membranes
(e.g. LATICRETE 9235 Waterproofing Membrane
Once the tiles are installed, they should be
or LATICRETE Hydro Ban™) and are ideal for
allowed to cure for a minimum of 24 hours at
use on decks, locker rooms, showers, steam
70°F (21°C) prior to grouting. The use of a high
rooms and other areas commonly found in
performance epoxy based grout (e.g. LATICRETE
natatoriums or recreational water facilities.
SpectraLOCK® PRO Grout* or LATAPOXY® SP-
100) is recommended for interior pool and The installation of waterproofing is covered
natatorium decks. under ANSI A108.13, Installation of Load
Bearing, Bonded, Waterproof Membranes for
LATICRETE Plaza and Deck System is
Thin-set Ceramic Tile and Dimension Stone, and
recommended for installations of tile or stone
crack isolation is covered under ANSI A108.17,
on exterior pool decks located over occupied
Installation of Crack Isolation Membranes.
space. LATICRETE Plaza and Deck System
The product standards for waterproofing can
incorporates LATICRETE Drain Mat placed over
be found under ANSI A118.10 and the product
a primary roofing type membrane on a properly
standards for crack isolation membranes can
pre-pitched surface. A mortar bed consisting
be found under ANSI A118.12.
of LATICRETE 3701 Fortfied Mortar Bed; or,
LATICRETE 226 Thick Bed Mortar gauged with Membranes that are used on areas outside
LATICRETE 3701 Mortar Admix (minimum 2" of the pool tank should also meet the same
performance criteria outlined in Section 7 for
91
Section 8 – Pools Deck and Natatorium Tile Installations
submerged applications. Pool decks and other Epoxy Resin Adhesives – LATAPOXY® 300
natatorium areas will be subjected to many Adhesive is also an ideal product for deck
if not all of the same conditions that the areas. LATAPOXY 300 Adhesive can not only
submerged areas are exposed to. In many withstand chemical attack, but can also provide
cases, the waterproofing/anti-fracture the desired level of adhesion and strength
membrane can be carried from within the water to tiles and stones that cannot be installed
feature tank out onto the deck areas and then with polymer fortified or liquid latex fortified
carried up the walls that surround the decks mortars. Examples of these finish types can
to create a totally waterproof application. include moisture sensitive stone, resin backed
Since the membranes must accommodate tile and stone, and resin agglomerate stone
various transitions, thin load bearing liquid types to mention a few. The tile or stone finish
applied types are excellent choices for type should be suitable for the area of use.
these applications (e.g. LATICRETE® 9235
8.5 Grout
Waterproofing Membrane or LATICRETE Hydro
Importance – As is the case in any tile or stones
Ban).
installation, the grout is the most visible
8.4 Tile Setting Mortars and most scrutinized part of the installation
Pool decks are exposed to unique factors not system. The grout in pool deck and natatorium
typically found in the submerged areas. The areas is subject to many of the same elements
adhesive mortars must also be able to deal and factors that are found in submerged
with potentially greater expansive forces than applications. In addition, the grout must also
are typically found within the submerged be able to remain colorfast and maintain its
areas. Therefore, the adhesive mortars and performance integrity when subjected to ultra
grouting materials must be able to withstand violet rays and the thermal forces found in
these demands in addition to providing all of external applications (e.g. freeze/thaw and
the performance properties of the materials thermal shock resistance).
used in the submerged areas. Epoxy Grout – Both LATICRETE SpectraLOCK®
Redispersible Polymer Fortified Cement PRO Grout* and LATAPOXY SP-100 are ideal
Mortar and Liquid Latex Fortified Cement choices for interior pool decks, natatorium
Mortar – The use of high performance areas, showers, steam rooms, and bathrooms.
redispersible polymer fortified cement mortar These grouts offer both lower water absorption
and liquid latex fortified cement mortar rates and improved chemical resistance when
designed for use in submerged applications and compared to traditional cement based grouts.
freeze thaw applications are the tile adhesive Epoxy grouts are immune to the typical attack
mortars of choice for these applications. that traditional cement based grouts can face.
LATICRETE 254 Platinum mixed with potable Therefore, the life cycle cost for these materials
water or LATICRETE 211 Powder gauged with is much lower than traditional latex cement
LATICRETE 4237 Latex Additive are ideal based grouts which may require periodic re-
choices for these applications. These products grouting due to erosion caused by pH and
are formulated to have high adhesive strength mineral imbalances, and different forms of
while providing the flexibility, freeze/thaw chemical attack.
resistance and other characteristics required Polymer Fortified and Latex Cement Grout –
of adhesive mortars used for ceramic tile and LATICRETE PermaColor™ Grout is an excellent
stone installations in natatoriums, and exterior product that is found in this family type. It is
and interior pool deck applications. important to note that cement based grout
92
Section 8 – Pools Deck and Natatorium Tile Installations
products have limited chemical resistance and suitable substrates. In addition, LATICRETE
are generally only used where no exposure 254 Platinum provides easy workability and
to chemical attack occurs. If a cement based exceptional bond strength when installing
grout is selected for a pool deck or other difficult to bond porcelain or glass tile.
areas found in natatoriums, careful detail to When mixed with LATICRETE 221 Powder,
the maintenance regimen is a must. At times LATICRETE 4237 Latex Additive this latex,
the extra cost associated with additional thin-bed mortar provides uniform, flexible
maintenance of a cement based grout used in and high strength performance. Ideal for
a water feature can be offset with the selection bonding ceramic tile, porcelain tile, thin brick,
and use of an epoxy grout that will greatly and stone and is chemical, thermal shock and
reduce the maintenance required. freeze/thaw resistant. LATICRETE 211 Powder
8.6 Sealants gauged with LATICRETE 4237 Latex Additive
Sealants used on pool decks and in natatorium can be used over concrete, concrete masonry
areas are subjected to a host of movement units, brick, cement backer board, and gypsum
related issues. Refer to Section 7 for more wallboard.
information. In addition, to the exposure LATICRETE 211 Powder gauged with LATICRETE
outlined in section 7, sealants on pool decks 4237 Latex Additive makes an excellent slurry
must also be able to withstand movement bond coat for use with thick bed mortars, and,
associated with thermal stresses (e.g. is non-corrosive, non-hazardous and non-
freeze/thaw and thermal shock). Sealants flammable.
must also hold up to ultra violet exposure
while maintaining flexibility and retaining its
performance properties.
LATICRETE Latasil™ along with LATICRETE
9118 Primer (if required) is an ideal choice for
these applications. A suitable backer rod or
bond breaker tape should be used along with
the sealant. Section 7 contains much more
information on how to install the sealant in
conjunction with the waterproofing/anti-
fracture membrane and the finish materials.
93
Section 8 – Pools Deck and Natatorium Tile Installations
Figure 8.4 – Tiled pool deck trench drain and pool tank
transition.
Figure 8.3 – Thick Bed Floor / Waterproofing System with
drain detailing.
94
Section 9 – Specifications for
Section 1: Introduction
Swimming Pool/Fountain/
Spa Installations
95
Section 9 – Specifications for Swimming Pool/Fountain/Spa Installations
The following section includes typical long NOTE TO SPECIFIER: Edit for applicable procedures and
materials.
form specifications for use in specifying and
installing ceramic tile and stone installations 1.3 PRODUCTS FURNISHED BUT NOT
in swimming pools, fountains, spas, and water INSTALLED UNDER THIS SECTION
features. Specifications are subject to change NOTE TO SPECIFIER: Edit for applicable product.
without notice. For the most current revisions 1.4 P
RODUCTS INSTALLED BUT NOT
of these specifications and the corresponding FURNISHED UNDER THIS SECTION
details please visit www.laticrete.com/ag. NOTE TO SPECIFIER: Edit for applicable products.
96
Section 9 – Specifications for Swimming Pool/Fountain/Spa Installations
1.7 A
LLOWANCES J. American Society For Testing And Materials
NOTE TO SPECIFIER: Edit for detail of applicable (ASTM)
ALLOWANCES; coordinate with Section 01020 Allowances. C36 Standard Specification for Gypsum
Allowances in the form of unit pricing are sometimes
Wallboard
used when the scope of the tile work at time of bid is
undetermined. K. American Society For Testing And
Materials (ASTM)
1.8 A
LTERNATES
C109 Standard Test Method for Compressive
NOTE TO SPECIFIER: Edit for applicable ALTERNATES.
Alternates may be used to evaluate varying levels of Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using
performance of setting systems or to assist in the selection 2" or 50 mm Cube Specimens)
of the tile by economy.
L. American Society For Testing And
1.9 R EFERENCE STANDARDS Materials (ASTM)
A. American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) C144 Standard Specification for Aggregate for
Specification for the Design of Cold–Formed Masonry Mortar
Steel Structural Members M. American Society For Testing And
B. A
merican National Standards Institute Materials (ASTM)
(ANSI) A137.1 C150 Standard Specification for Portland
American National Standard Specifications For Cement
Ceramic Tile N. American Society For Testing And
C. American National Standards Institute Materials (ASTM)
(ANSI) A108.01 – A108.17 C171 Standard Specification for Sheet Materials
American National Standard Specifications For for Curing Concrete
The Installation Of Ceramic Tile O. American Society For Testing And
D. American National Standards Institute Materials (ASTM)
(ANSI) A118.1 – A118.12 C241 Standard Test Method for Abrasion
American National Standard Specifications For Resistance of Stone Subjected to Foot Traffic
The Installation Of Ceramic Tile P. American Society For Testing And Materials
E. A
merican National Standards Institute (ASTM)
(ANSI) A136.1 C267 Standard Test Method for Chemical
American National Standard Specifications For Resistance of Mortars, Grouts, and Monolithic
The Installation Of Ceramic Tile Surfacings
F. A
merican Plywood Association (APA) Q. American Society For Testing And
Y510T Plywood Design Specifications Materials (ASTM)
C482 Standard Test Method for Bond Strength
G. American Society For Testing And
Materials (ASTM) of Ceramic Tile to Portland Cement
A82 Standard Specification for Steel Wire, R. American Society For Testing And
Plain, for Concrete Reinforcement Materials (ASTM)
C503 Standard Specification for Marble
H. American Society For Testing And
Materials (ASTM) Dimension Stone (Exterior)
A185 Standard Specification for Steel Welded S. American Society For Testing And
Wire Fabric, Plain, for Concrete Reinforcement Materials (ASTM)
C531 Standard Test Method for Linear
I. American Society For Testing And Materials
(ASTM) Shrinkage and Coefficient of Thermal
C33 Standard Specification for Concrete Expansion of Chemical-Resistant Mortars,
Aggregate Grouts, Monolithic Surfacings and Polymer
Concretes
97
Section 9 – Specifications for Swimming Pool/Fountain/Spa Installations
98
Section 9 – Specifications for Swimming Pool/Fountain/Spa Installations
MM. A merican Society For Testing And WW. Steel Stud Manufacturers Association
Materials (ASTM) (SSMA)
E492 Standard Test Method for Laboratory Product Technical Information and ICBO
Measurement of Impact Sound Transmission Evaluation Service, Inc. Report ER-4943P
Through Floor-Ceiling Assemblies Using the XX. Terrazzo, Tile And Marble Association Of
Tapping Machine Canada (TTMAC)
NN. American Society For Testing And Specification Guide 09300 Tile Installation
Materials (ASTM) Manual
E989 Standard Classification for Determination YY. Tile Council Of North America (TCNA)
of Impact Insulation Class (IIC) Handbook For Ceramic Tile Installation
OO. American Society For Testing and NOTE TO SPECIFIER: edit for applicable reference
Materials (ASTM) standards.
E2179 Standard Test Method for Laboratory
Measurement of the Effectiveness of Floor 1.10 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
Coverings in Reducing Impact Sound A. Ceramic mosaic floor tile installed over
Transmission Through Concrete Floors concrete floor slabs using latex-modified
Portland cement mortar and latex portland
PP. A
merican Society For Testing and cement grout joints.
Materials (ASTM)
F2170 Standard Test Method for Determining B. Quarry tile and base installed using latex
Relative Humidity in Concrete Floor Slabs modified portland cement mortar over a
Using in situ Probes plastic Portland cement mortar bed or over a
cured (pre-floated) portland cement mortar
QQ. American Society of Mechanical
bed with epoxy grouted joints.
Engineers (ASME) – ASME A112.6.3
Floor and Trench Drains NOTE TO SPECIFIER: The above systems are example
descriptions; edit for additional applicable systems.
RR. Canadian Sheet Steel Building Institute
(CSSBI) 1.11 SUBMITTALS
Lightweight Steel Framing Binder {Publication NOTE TO SPECIFIER: Edit for applicable requirements.
52M} A. Submittal Requirements: Submit the
SS. Federal Housing Administration (FHA) following “Required LEED Criteria”
Bulletin No. 750 Impact Noise Control in certification items as listed below. Refer to
Multifamily Dwellings Division 1 for additional requirements:
TT. Housing and Urban Development (HUD) 1. A completed LEED Environmental Building
TS 28 A Guide to Airborne, Impact and Materials Certification Form. Information
Structure-borne Noise-Control in Multifamily to be supplied generally includes:
Dwellings a. Manufacturing plant locations for tile
UU. Materials And Methods Standards installation products.
Association (MMSA) b. LEED Credits as listed in Part 1.4B “LEED
Bulletins 1-16 Credit Submittals”
VV. M
etal Lath/Steel Framing Association 2. GREENGUARD Environmental Institute
(ML/SFA) certificates provided by the tile installation
540 Lightweight Steel Framing Systems material manufacturer on GREENGUARD
Manual letterhead stating “This product has
been GREENGUARD Indoor Air Quality
Certified by the GREENGUARD
99
Section 9 – Specifications for Swimming Pool/Fountain/Spa Installations
100
Section 9 – Specifications for Swimming Pool/Fountain/Spa Installations
101
Section 9 – Specifications for Swimming Pool/Fountain/Spa Installations
102
Section 9 – Specifications for Swimming Pool/Fountain/Spa Installations
2.4 C ERAMIC TILE INSTALLATION storage, mixing, application and when cured.
MATERIALS MANUFACTURER Crack Suppression Membrane shall also
A. L ATICRETE International, Inc., meet the following physical requirements:
1 LATICRETE Park North,
1. Elongation at break (ASTM D751): 20–30%
Bethany, CT 06524-3423 USA
Phone 1.800.243.4788, +1.203.393.0010 2. System Crack Resistance (ANSI A118.12):
support@laticrete.com Pass (High)
www.laticrete.com 3. 7 Day Tensile Strength (ANSI A118.10):
www.laticrete.com/green >265 psi (1.8 MPa)
NOTE TO SPECIFIER: Use either the following performance 4. 7 Day Shear Bond Strength (ANSI A118.10):
specification or the proprietary specification. >200 psi (1.4 MPa)
2.5 P ERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION – TILE 5. 28 Day Shear Bond Strength (ANSI A118.4):
INSTALLATION ACCESSORIES >214 PSI (1.48 MPa)
A. Waterproofing Membrane to be thin, cold 6. Service Rating (TCA/ASTM C627): Extra
applied, single component liquid and Heavy
load bearing. Reinforcing fabric to be non-
7. Total VOC Content: < 0.05 mg/m3
woven rot-proof specifically intended for
waterproofing membrane. Waterproofing C. Wire Reinforcing: 2" x 2" (50 x 50 mm)
Membrane to be non-toxic, non-flammable, x 16 ASW gauge or 0.0625" (1.6 mm)
and non-hazardous during storage, mixing, diameter galvanized steel welded wire mesh
application and when cured. It shall be complying with ANSI A 108.02 3.7, ASTM
certified by IAPMO and ICC approved as a A185 and ASTM A82.
shower pan liner and shall also meet the D. Cleavage membrane: 15 pound asphalt
following physical requirements: saturated, non-perforated roofing felt
1. Hydrostatic Test (ASTM D4068): Pass complying with ASTM D226, 15 pound
coal tar saturated, non-perforated roofing
2. Elongation at break (ASTM D751): 20–30%
felt complying with ASTM D227 or 4.0 mil
3. System Crack Resistance (ANSI A118.12): (0.1 mm) thick polyethylene plastic film
Pass (High) complying with ASTM D4397.
4. 7 Day Tensile Strength (ANSI A118.10): E. Cementitious backer board units: size
>265 psi (1.8 MPa) and thickness as specified, complying with
5. 7 Day Shear Bond Strength (ANSI A118.10): ANSI A118.9.
>200 psi (1.4 MPa) F. Thresholds: Provide marble saddles
6. 2
8 Day Shear Bond Strength (ANSI A118.4): complying with ASTM C241 for abrasion
>214 PSI (1.48 MPa) resistance and ASTM C503 for exterior use, in
7. S
ervice Rating (TCA/ASTM C627): Extra color, size, shape and thickness as indicated
Heavy on drawings.
8. Total VOC Content: < 0.05 mg/m3 NOTE TO SPECIFIER: Edit applicable tile installation
accessories.
B. Crack Suppression Membrane to be thin,
cold applied, single component liquid and
load bearing. Reinforcing fabric (if required
or used) to be non-woven, rot-proof
specifically intended for crack suppression
membrane. Materials to be non-toxic,
non-flammable, and non-hazardous during
103
Section 9 – Specifications for Swimming Pool/Fountain/Spa Installations
4. Smoke and Flame Contribution (ASTM E84 1. Compressive Strength (ANSI A118.3): 3500
Modified): 0 psi (24 MPa)
5. Total VOC Content: < 0.05 mg/m3 2. Shear Bond Strength (ANSI A118.3): 1000
psi (6.9 MPa)
B. L atex portland cement thin bed mortar for
thin set and slurry bond coats to be weather, 3. Tensile Strength (ANSI A118.3): 1100 psi
frost, shock resistant, non-flammable and (7.6 MPa)
meet the following physical requirements: 4. Thermal Shock (ANSI A118.3): >500 psi
1. Compressive strength (ANSI A118.4): >2500 (3.5 MPa)
psi (17.2 MPa) 5. Water Absorption (ANSI A118.3): <0.5%
ond strength (ANSI A118.4): >450 psi (3.1
2. B 6. Vertical Joint Sag (ANSI A118.3): Pass
MPa) 7. Total VOC Content: <0.05 mg/m3
3. Smoke and Flame Contribution (ASTM E84 8. Cured Epoxy Grout to be chemically and
Modified): 0 stain resistant to ketchup, mustard, tea,
4. Total VOC Content: <0.05 mg/m3 coffee, milk, soda, beer, wine, bleach (5%
C. Epoxy Adhesive to be chemical resistant solution), ammonia, juices, vegetable oil,
100% solids epoxy with high temperature brine, sugar, cosmetics, and blood, as well
resistance and meet the following minimum as chemically resistant to dilute acids and
physical requirements: dilute alkalis.
1. Compressive strength (ANSI A118.3): >5000 E. Latex Portland Cement Grout to be weather,
psi (34.4 MPa) frost and shock resistant, as well as meet the
following physical requirements:
hear Bond Strength (ANSI A118.3): >1250
2. S
psi (8.6 MPa) 1. Compressive Strength (ANSI A118.7): 4500
psi (31 MPa)
3. Thermal Shock Resistance (ANSI A118.3):
>600 psi (4.1 MPa) 2. Tensile Strength (ANSI A118.7): >500 psi
(3.45 MPa)
4. Tensile Strength (ANSI A118.3): >1400 (9.6
MPa) 3. Flexural Strength (ANSI A118.7): 1250 psi
(8.6 MPa)
5. S
hrinkage (ANSI A118.3): 0 - 0.1%
4. Linear Shrinkage (ANSI A118.7): 0.045%
6. Total VOC Content: <0.05 mg/m3
5. Smoke and Flame Contribution (ASTM E84
7. C
ured epoxy adhesive to be chemically
Modified): 0
6. Total VOC Content: <0.05 mg/m3
104
Section 9 – Specifications for Swimming Pool/Fountain/Spa Installations
F. Expansion and Control Joint Sealant to be a NOTE TO SPECIFIER: Edit applicable tile installation
accessories.
one component, neutral cure, exterior grade
silicone sealant and meet the following PROPRIETARY SPECIFICATION – TILE
requirements: INSTALLATION MATERIALS
1. Tensile Strength (ASTM C794): 280 psi (1.9 Installation materials as manufactured by
MPa) LATICRETE International, Inc.,
1 LATICRETE Park North,
2. Hardness (ASTM D751; Shore A): 25
Bethany, CT 06524-3423 USA.
(colored sealant)/15 (clear sealant)
Phone 1.800.243.4788,
3. Weather Resistance (QUV Weather- www.laticrete.com;
ometer): 10,000 hours (no change) www.laticrete.com/green
G. Roof decks (and other exterior paving A. Epoxy Adhesive: LATAPOXY® 300 Adhesive**
applications over occupied/storage as manufactured by LATICRETE International
spaces) shall consist of a Primary Roofing/ Inc.
Waterproofing Membrane, as specified in
B. Latex-Portland Cement Mortar for thick
Section 0700 (q.v.), and a lightweight, frost/
beds, screeds, leveling beds and scratch/
weather resistant installation system for
plaster coats: LATICRETE 3701 Fortified
tile, pavers, brick and stone that provides
Mortar Bed; or, LATICRETE 226 Thick Bed
integral subsurface drainage and meets the
Mortar** mixed with LATICRETE 3701 Mortar
following physical requirements:
Admix** or as manufactured by LATICRETE
1. Compressive Strength (ASTM C109 International, Inc.
Modified): 3,000 psi (20.7 MPa)
C. Latex Portland Cement Thin Bed Mortar:
2. H
ydraulic Transmissivity (ASTM D4716): LATICRETE 254 Platinum** as manufactured
1.6 gal/minute (6.1 l/minute) by LATICRETE International, Inc.
3. Service Rating (ASTM C627): Extra Heavy D. Epoxy Grout (Commercial/Residential):
NOTE TO SPECIFIER: Edit applicable tile installation LATICRETE SpectraLOCK® PRO Grout** as
materials. manufactured by LATICRETE International,
2.6 PROPRIETARY SPECIFICATION – TILE Inc.
INSTALLATION ACCESSORIES E. Latex Portland Cement Sanded Grout:
Installation accessories as manufactured by LATICRETE PermaColor™ Grout* ** as
LATICRETE International, Inc., manufactured by LATICRETE International,
1 LATICRETE Park North, Inc.
Bethany, CT 06524-3423 USA.
F. Expansion and Control Joint Sealant:
Phone 1.800.243.4788,
LATICRETE Latasil™ as manufactured by
www.laticrete.com
LATICRETE International, Inc.
A. Waterproofing/Anti-Fracture Membrane:
G. Roof Deck: LATICRETE Plaza and Deck
LATICRETE® Hydro Ban™** as manufactured
System: as manufactured by LATICRETE
by LATICRETE International, Inc.
International, Inc.
B. Waterproofing Membrane: LATICRETE 9235
Please visit www.laticrete.com for the most recent copies
Waterproofing Membrane** as manufactured of Product Data Sheets, Material Safety Data Sheets,
by LATICRETE International, Inc. Detail Drawings, GreenGuard Certificates, and Technical
Data Sheets.
C. C
rack Isolation Membrane: Blue 92 Anti-
REENGUARD Indoor Air Quality Certified® Product
** G
Fracture Membrane** as manufactured by
LATICRETE International, Inc.
105
Section 9 – Specifications for Swimming Pool/Fountain/Spa Installations
2. S
ystems, including the framing system B. Concrete surfaces shall also be:
and panels, over which tile or stone will 1. Cured a minimum of 28 days at 70°F (21°C),
be installed shall be in conformance with including an initial seven (7) day period of
the International Residential Code (IRC) for wet curing;
residential applications, the International 2. Wood float finished, or better, if the
Building Code (IBC) for commercial installation is to be done by the thin bed
applications, or applicable building codes. method;
The project design should include the
C. Advise General Contractor and Architect of
intended use and necessary allowances
any surface or substrate conditions requiring
for the expected live load, concentrated
correction before tile work commences.
load, impact load, and dead load including
Beginning of work constitutes acceptance of
the weight of the finish and installation
substrate or surface conditions.
materials;
3. Clean and free of dust, dirt, oil, grease, 3.2 SURFACE PREPARATION
sealers, curing compounds, laitance, A. CONCRETE SUBSTRATES
efflorescence, form oil, loose plaster, paint, (Insert any Special Means of Preparation
and scale; in addition to the surface preparation
requirements listed in § 3.1)
4. Thin-set tile installations have a specified
subsurface tolerance, for instance 1/4" in B. (List other Substrates as required and
10' (6 mm in 3 m) and 1/16" in 1' (1.5 mm means of preparation as required)
in 300 mm), to conform with the ANSI (Insert any Special Means of Preparation
specifications. Because thin-set is not in addition to the surface preparation
intended to be used in truing or leveling requirements listed in § 3.1)
the work of others, the subsurface typically NOTE TO SPECIFIER: Edit substrate and preparation section
should not vary by more than 1/16" over based on project specific surfaces and conditions.
1' (1.5 mm over 300 mm), nor more than 3.3 INSTALLATION – ACCESSORIES
1/32" (0.8 mm) between adjoining edges
A. Waterproofing:
where applicable (e.g. between sheets
NOTE TO SPECIFIER: Adhesives/mastics, mortars and
of exterior glue plywood or between
grouts for ceramic tile, mosaics, pavers, brick and stone
adjacent concrete masonry units). are not replacements for waterproofing membranes and
Should the architect/designer require a will not prevent water penetration into occupied or storage
spaces below.
more stringent tolerance (e.g. 1/8" in 10'
[3 mm in 3 m] ), the subsurface specification Install the waterproofing membrane in
must reflect that tolerance, or the tile compliance with current revisions of ANSI
specification must include a specific and A108.01 (2.7 Waterproofing) and ANSI A108.13.
separate requirement to bring the 1/4" Review the installation and plan the application
106
Section 9 – Specifications for Swimming Pool/Fountain/Spa Installations
sequence. Pre-cut LATICRETE® Waterproofing penetration opening. Cover the first coat with
Membrane/Anti-Fracture Fabric, allowing 2" a second liberal coat* of LATICRETE Hydro Ban.
(50 mm) for overlap at ends and sides to fit Bring LATICRETE Hydro Ban up to level of tile or
the area as required. Roll up the pieces for stone. When LATICRETE Hydro Ban has dried to
easy handling and placement. Shake or stir the touch, seal with LATICRETE Latasil.
LATICRETE Hydro Ban™ before using. Main Application: Allow any pre-treated areas
Pre-Treat Cracks and Joints: Fill all substrate to dry to the touch. Apply a liberal coat* of
cracks, cold joints and control joints to a smooth LATICRETE Hydro Ban with a paint brush or
finish using a LATICRETE latex-fortified thin- heavy napped roller over substrate including
set. Alternatively, a liberal coat* of LATICRETE pre-treated areas and allow to dry to the touch.
Hydro Ban applied with a paint brush or trowel Install another liberal coat* of LATICRETE
may be used to fill in non-stuctural joints and Hydro Ban over the first coat. Let the top coat
cracks. Apply a liberal coat* of LATICRETE of LATICRETE Hydro Ban dry to the touch
Hydro Ban approximately 8" (200 mm) wide (approximately 1 – 3 hours at 70°F [21°C]) and
over substrate cracks, cold joints and control 50% RH. When the top coat has dried to the
joints using a paint brush or heavy napped touch inspect the surface for pinholes, voids,
roller. thin spots or other defects. LATICRETE Hydro
Pre-Treat Coves and Floor/Wall Intersections: Ban will dry to an olive green color when fully
Fill all substrate coves and floor/wall cured. Use additional LATICRETE Hydro Ban to
transitions and changes in plane, to a smooth seal any defects.
finish, using a LATICRETE latex-fortified thin- Movement Joints: Apply a liberal coat*
set. Alternatively, a liberal coat* of LATICRETE of LATICRETE Hydro Ban, approximately 8"
Hydro Ban applied with a paint brush or trowel (200 mm) wide over the areas. Then embed
may be used to fill in cove joints and floor wall and loop the 6" (150 mm) wide LATICRETE
transitions <1/8" (3 mm) in width. Apply a liberal Waterproofing/Anti-Fracture Fabric and allow
coat* of LATICRETE Hydro Ban approximately the LATICRETE Hydro Ban liquid to bleed
8" (200 mm) wide over substrate cracks, cold through. Immediately apply a second coat of
joints and control joints using a paint brush or LATICRETE Hydro Ban.
heavy napped roller. * Dry coat thickness is 20 – 30 mil (0.02 –
Pre-Treat Drains: Drains must be of the 0.03" [0.5 – 0.8mm]); consumption per coat
clamping ring type, with weepers, as per ASME is approximately 0.01 gal/ft2 (approximately
A112.6.3. Apply a liberal coat* of LATICRETE 0.4 L/m2). LATICRETE® Waterproofing/Anti-
Hydro Ban around and over the bottom half Fracture Fabric can be used to pre-treat
of drain clamping ring. Cover with a second cracks, joints, curves, corners, drains, and
liberal coat* of LATICRETE Hydro Ban. When penetrations with LATICRETE Hydro Ban™.
the LATICRETE Hydro Ban dries, apply a bead Protection: Provide protection for newly
of LATICRETE Latasil™ where the LATICRETE installed membrane, even if covered with a thin
Hydro Ban meets the drain throat. Install the bed ceramic tile, stone or brick installation,
top half of the drain clamping ring. against exposure to rain or other water for a
Pre-Treat Penetrations: Allow for a minimum minimum of 2 hours at 70°F (21°C) and 50%
1/8" (3 mm) space between drains, pipes, RH. For temperatures between 50°F and 69°F
lights, or other penetrations and surrounding (10° – 21°C) protect for a minimum 24 hour cure
ceramic tile, stone or brick. Pack any gaps period.
around pipes, lights or other penetrations Flood Testing: Allow membrane to cure fully
with a LATICRETE fortified thin-set. Apply a before flood testing, typically 2 hours at 70°F
liberal coat* of LATICRETE Hydro Ban around (21°C) and 50% RH. Cold conditions will require
107
Section 9 – Specifications for Swimming Pool/Fountain/Spa Installations
a longer curing time. For temperatures between Cut and fit ceramic tile, brick or stone neatly
50°F and 69°F (10° – 21°C) allow a minimum 24 around corners, fittings, and obstructions.
hour cure period prior to flood testing. Perimeter pieces to be minimum half tile,
Tile/Stone Installation Notes: Once membrane brick or stone. Chipped, cracked, split
has dried to the touch, ceramic tile, stone or pieces and edges are not acceptable. Make
brick maybe installed by the thin bed method joints even, straight, plumb and of uniform
with a LATICRETE® latex thin-set mortar. Allow width to tolerance +/- 1/16" over 8' (1.5 mm
membrane to cure 7 days at 70°F (21°C) and in 2.4 m). Install divider strips at junction of
50% RH before covering with concrete, thick flooring and dissimilar materials.
bed mortar, screeds, toppings, coatings, epoxy B. Pre-float Method (Walls): Over clean,
adhesives, terrazzo or moisture sensitive dimensionally stable and sound concrete
resilient or wood flooring. Do not use solvent- or masonry substrates, apply latex portland
based adhesives directly on membrane. cement mortar as scratch/leveling coat in
Tile / Stone Finish at Drains and Penetrations: compliance with current revision of ANSI
Allow for a minimum 1/4" (6 mm) space between A108.01 (3.2.5, 3.2.6 and 3.3.5) and A108.02
drains, pipes, lights or other penetrations and (4.2.2), A108.1A (1.0, 1.4, and 5.1) Float
surrounding ceramic tile, stone or brick. Use surface of scratch/leveling coat plumb,
appropriate waterproof sealant and foam true and allow mortar to set until firm. For
backer rod to seal space – do not use grout, installation of ceramic tile, mosaic, paver,
joint filler or thin-set mortar. brick or stone, follow Thin Bed Method (§
3.4 E).
LIMITATIONS
LATICRETE Hydro Ban™ is UPC/IAPMO Use the following LATICRETE System
approved for use as a shower pan liner. Materials:
Review local building codes and obtain LATICRETE 3701 Fortified Mortar Bed; or,
any required approvals before using LATICRETE LATICRETE 3701 Mortar Admix mixed with
9235 Waterproofing Membrane as the shower LATICRETE 226 Thick Bed Mortar
pan.
Please visit www.laticrete.com for the most recent copies
Use the following LATICRETE System of Product Data Sheets, Material Safety Data Sheets,
Materials: Detail Drawings, GreenGuard Certificates, and Technical
Data Sheets.
LATICRETE Hydro Ban
C. Bonded Thick Bed Method (Horizontal
For specification of LATICRETE® Hydro Ban™ please contact
LATICRETE Technical services at 1.800.342.4788 x235 for Surfaces): Verify 1" (25 mm) nominal
the specification document. bed thickness has been allowed. Apply
Please visit www.laticrete.com for the most recent copies
LATICRETE 254 Platinum with flat trowel
of Product Data Sheets, Material Safety Data Sheets, as a slurry bond coat approximately 1/16"
Detail Drawings, GreenGuard Certificates, and Technical (1.5 mm) thick over clean concrete slab in
Data Sheets.
compliance with current revision of ANSI
3.4 INSTALLATION – TILE, BRICK and A108.1A (2.2 and 5.2). Place LATICRETE 3701
STONE Fortified Mortar Bed; or, LATICRETE 226
Thick Bed Mortar gauged with LATICRETE
A. General: Install in accordance with current
3701 Mortar Admix over slurry bond coat
versions of American National Standards
while LATICRETE 254 Platinum slurry bond
Institute, Inc. (ANSI) “A108 American
coat is wet and tacky. Omit reinforcing wire
National Standard Specifications for
fabric and fully compact bed by tamping.
Installation of Ceramic Tile” and TCNA
Spread LATICRETE 254 Platinum with flat
“Handbook for Ceramic Tile Installation.”
108
Section 9 – Specifications for Swimming Pool/Fountain/Spa Installations
trowel over surface of "green"/fresh mortar placement. Shake or stir LATICRETE Hydro
bed as a slurry bond coat approximately Ban before using.
1/16" (1.5 mm) thick. Apply LATICRETE 254 Pre-Treat Cracks and Joints: Fill all substrate
Platinum slurry bond coat to back of ceramic cracks, cold joints and control joints to a smooth
tile, mosaic, paver, brick, stone, trim unit or finish using a LATICRETE latex-fortified thin-
threshold and place each piece/sheet while set. Alternatively, a liberal coat* of LATICRETE
slurry bond coats are wet and tacky. Beat Hydro Ban applied with a paint brush or trowel
with a hardwood block or rubber mallet to may be used to fill in non-stuctural joints and
level/imbed pieces before mortar bed takes cracks. Apply a liberal coat* of LATICRETE
initial set. Clean excess mortar/adhesive Hydro Ban approximately 8" (200 mm) wide
from finished surfaces. For installation of over substrate cracks, cold joints and control
tile, brick or stone over cured (pre-floated) joints using a paint brush or heavy napped
latex portland cement thick bed mortar, roller.
follow Thin Bed Method (§ 3.4E).
Pre-Treat Coves and Floor/Wall Intersections:
Use the following LATICRETE System Fill all substrate coves and floor/wall
Materials: transitions and changes in plane, to a smooth
LATICRETE 3701 Fortified Mortar Bed; or, finish, using a LATICRETE latex-fortified thin-
LATICRETE 3701 Mortar Admix mixed with set. Alternatively, a liberal coat* of LATICRETE
Hydro Ban applied with a paint brush or trowel
LATICRETE 226 Thick Bed Mortar
may be used to fill in cove joints and floor wall
Please visit www.laticrete.com for the most recent copies transitions <1/8" (3 mm) in width. Apply a liberal
of Product Data Sheets, Material Safety Data Sheets,
Detail Drawings, GreenGuard Certificates, and Technical coat* of LATICRETE Hydro Ban approximately
Data Sheets. 8" (200 mm) wide over substrate cracks, cold
D. W
aterproofing Membrane installed over joints and control joints using a paint brush or
pre-sloped floor substrate and turned up heavy napped roller.
onto the walls. In addition to installing Pre-Treat Drains: Drains must be of the
waterproofing membrane where required, clamping ring type, with weepers, as per ASME
provide proper architectural detailing, A112.6.3. Apply a liberal coat* of LATICRETE
especially at critical areas such as any Hydro Ban around and over the bottom half
penetrations and copings. of drain clamping ring. Cover with a second
NOTE TO SPECIFIER: Adhesives/mastics, mortars and
liberal coat* of LATICRETE Hydro Ban. When
grouts for ceramic tile, mosaics, pavers, brick and stone the LATICRETE Hydro Ban dries, apply a bead
are not replacements for waterproofing membranes and of LATICRETE Latasil™ where the LATICRETE
will not prevent water penetration into occupied or storage
spaces below. Drains must be a two-part clamping ring
Hydro Ban meets the drain throat. Install the
style drains with weepers and as per ASME A112.6.3. Place top half of the drain clamping ring.
tile spacers or gravel around weep holes to prevent mortar
from clogging the weep holes.
Pre-Treat Penetrations: Allow for a minimum
1/8" (3 mm) space between drains, pipes,
Install the waterproofing membrane in lights, or other penetrations and surrounding
compliance with current revisions of ANSI ceramic tile, stone or brick. Pack any gaps
A108.01 (2.7 Waterproofing) and ANSI around pipes, lights or other penetrations with
A108.13. Review the installation and plan a LATICRETE fortified thin-set mortar. Apply a
the application sequence. Pre-cut LATICRETE liberal coat* of LATICRETE Hydro Ban around
Waterproofing Membrane/Anti-Fracture penetration opening. Cover the first coat with
Fabric, allowing 2" (50 mm) for overlap at a second liberal coat* of LATICRETE Hydro Ban.
ends and sides to fit the area as required. Bring LATICRETE Hydro Ban up to level of tile
Roll up the pieces for easy handling and
109
Section 9 – Specifications for Swimming Pool/Fountain/Spa Installations
or stone. When LATICRETE® Hydro Ban™ a longer curing time. For temperatures between
has dried to the touch, seal with LATICRETE 50°F and 69°F (10° – 21°C) allow a minimum 24
Latasil™. hour cure period prior to flood testing.
Main Application: Allow any pre-treated areas Tile/Stone Installation Notes: Once membrane
to dry to the touch. Apply a liberal coat* of has dried to the touch, ceramic tile, stone or
LATICRETE Hydro Ban with a paint brush or brick maybe installed by the thin bed method
heavy napped roller over substrate including with a LATICRETE latex thin-set mortar. Allow
pre-treated areas and allow to dry to the touch. membrane to cure 7 days at 70°F (21°C) and
Install another liberal coat* of LATICRETE 50% RH before covering with concrete, thick
Hydro Ban over the first coat. Let the top coat bed mortar, screeds, toppings, coatings, epoxy
of LATICRETE Hydro Ban dry to the touch adhesives, terrazzo or moisture sensitive
(approximately 1 – 3 hours at 70°F [21°C]) and resilient or wood flooring. Do not use solvent-
50% RH. When the top coat has dried to the based adhesives directly on membrane.
touch inspect the surface for pinholes, voids, Tile / Stone Finish at Drains and Penetrations:
thin spots or other defects. LATICRETE Hydro Allow for a minimum 1/4" (6 mm) space between
Ban will dry to an olive green color when fully drains, pipes, lights or other penetrations and
cured. Use additional LATICRETE Hydro Ban to surrounding ceramic tile, stone or brick. Use
seal any defects. appropriate waterproof sealant and foam
Movement Joints: Apply a liberal coat* of backer rod to seal space – do not use grout,
LATICRETE Hydro Ban, approximately 8" joint filler or thin-set mortar.
(200mm) wide over the areas. Then embed LIMITATIONS
and loop the 6" (150 mm) wide LATICRETE LATICRETE Hydro Ban is UPC/IAPMO
Waterproofing/Anti-Fracture Fabric and allow approved for use as a shower pan liner.
the LATICRETE Hydro Ban liquid to bleed Review local building codes and obtain
through. Immediately apply a second coat of any required approvals before using LATICRETE
LATICRETE Hydro Ban. 9235 Waterproofing Membrane as the shower
* Dry coat thickness is 20 – 30 mil (0.02 –0.03" pan.
[0.5 – 0.8mm]); consumption per coat is Use the following LATICRETE System
approximately 0.01 gal/ft2 (approximately Materials:
0.4 L/m2). LATICRETE® Waterproofing/Anti-
LATICRETE Hydro Ban
Fracture Fabric can be used to pre-treat
cracks, joints, curves, corners, drains, and For specification of LATICRETE® Hydro Ban™ please contact
LATICRETE Technical services at 1.800.342.4788 x235 for
penetrations with LATICRETE Hydro Ban™. the specification document.
Protection: Provide protection for newly Please visit www.laticrete.com for the most recent copies
installed membrane, even if covered with a thin of Product Data Sheets, Material Safety Data Sheets,
bed ceramic tile, stone or brick installation, Detail Drawings, GreenGuard Certificates, and Technical
Data Sheets.
against exposure to rain or other water for a
minimum of 2 hours at 70°F (21°C) and 50% E. Thin Bed Method: Install latex portland
RH. For temperatures between 50°F and 69°F cement mortar in compliance with current
(10° – 21°C) protect for a minimum 24 hour cure revisions of ANSI A108.02 (3.11), A108.1B
period. and ANSI A108.5. Use the appropriate
Flood Testing: Allow membrane to cure fully trowel notch size to ensure proper bedding
before flood testing, typically 2 hours at 70°F of the tile, brick or stone selected. Work
(21°C) and 50% RH. Cold conditions will require the latex portland cement mortar into good
contact with the substrate and comb with
110
Section 9 – Specifications for Swimming Pool/Fountain/Spa Installations
notched side of trowel. Spread only as PRO Grout* Part A Liquid into a clean
much latex portland cement mortar as can mixing pail. Then open pouch and pour
be covered while the mortar surface is still LATICRETE SpectraLOCK PRO Grout Part B
wet and tacky. When installing large format Liquid into the mixing pail. Mix by hand or
(>8" x 8"/200 mm x 200 mm) tile/stone, with a slow speed (<300 rpm) mixer until
rib/button/lug back tiles, pavers or sheet the two liquids are well blended. Then,
mounted ceramics/mosaics, spread latex while mixing, add LATICRETE SpectraLOCK
portland cement mortar onto the back of (i.e. PRO Grout Part C Powder and blend until
‘back-butter’) each piece/sheet in addition uniform. Install LATICRETE SpectraLOCK
to trowelling latex portland cement mortar PRO Grout in compliance with current
over the substrate. Beat each piece/sheet revisions of ANSI A108.02 (3.13) and ANSI
into the latex portland cement mortar with A108.6 (3.0 – 4.0). Spread using a sharp
a beating block or rubber mallet to insure edged, hard rubber float and work grout
full bedding and flatness. Allow installation into joints. Using strokes diagonal (at 45°
to set until firm. Clean excess latex portland angle) to the grout lines, pack joints full
cement mortar from tile or stone face and and free of voids/pits. Then hold float
joints between pieces. face at a 90° angle to grouted surface and
Use the following LATICRETE System use float edge to "squeegee" off excess
Materials: grout, stroking diagonally to avoid pulling
grout out of filled joints. Once excess
LATICRETE 254 Platinum
grout is removed, a thin film/haze will
Please visit www.laticrete.com for the most recent copies be left. Initial cleaning of the remaining
of Product Data Sheets, Material Safety Data Sheets,
Detail Drawings, GreenGuard Certificates, and Technical
film/haze can begin approximately 20–30
Data Sheets. minutes after grouting (wait longer at
colder temperatures). Begin by mixing
F. G
routing or Pointing:
cleaning additive packet with 2 gallons
NOTE TO SPECIFIER: Select one of following and specify
(7.6 l) of clean water in a clean bucket to
color for each type/color of ceramic tile, mosaic, paver,
trim unit. make cleaning solution. Dip a clean sponge
into the bucket and then wring out cleaning
1. C
hemical Resistant, Water Cleanable Tile-
solution until sponge is damp. Using
Grouting Epoxy (ANSI A118.3): Follow
a circular motion, lightly scrub grouted
manufacturer‘s recommendations for
surfaces with the damp sponge to dissolve
minimum cure time prior to grouting.
grout film/haze. Then drag sponge
Store liquid components of LATICRETE
diagonally over the scrubbed surfaces to
SpectraLOCK® PRO Grout* for 24 hours
remove froth. Rinse sponge frequently and
at 70–80°F (21–27°C) prior to use to
change cleaning solution at least every 50 ft2
facilitate mixing and application. Substrate
(4.7 m2). Discard sponges as they become
temperature must be 40–95°F (4–35°C).
"gummy" with residue. Within one (1) hour
Verify joints are free of dirt, debris or
of finishing first cleaning, clean the same
grout spacers. Sponge or wipe dust/dirt
area again following the same procedure
off tile faces and remove water standing
but utilizing a clean white scrub pad and
in joints. Apply grout release to face of
fresh cleaning solution. Rinse scrub pad
absorptive, abrasive, non-slip or rough
frequently. Drag a clean sponge diagonally
textured ceramic tile, pavers, bricks, stone
over the scrubbed surfaces to remove froth.
or trim units that are not hot paraffin
Use each side of sponge only once before
coated to facilitate cleaning. Cut open
rinsing and change cleaning solution at
pouch and pour LATICRETE SpectraLOCK®
least every 50 ft2 (4.7 m2). Allow cleaned
111
Section 9 – Specifications for Swimming Pool/Fountain/Spa Installations
areas to dry and inspect tile/stone surface. with clean water. Spread using a sharp
For persistent grout film/haze (within 24 edged, hard rubber float and work grout
hours), repeat scrubbing procedure with into joints. Using diagonal (at 45° angle to
undiluted white vinegar and clean pad. direction of grout line) strokes, pack joints
Rinse with clean water and allow surface full and free of voids/pits. Hold float face
to dry. Inspect grout joint for pinholes/ at a 90° angle to grouted surface and use
voids and repair them with freshly mixed float edge to "squeegee" off excess grout,
LATICRETE® SpectraLOCK® PRO Grout*. stroking diagonally to reduce pulling grout
Cautions: Do not use undiluted white out of filled joints. Initial cleaning can
vinegar on polished marble or limestone begin as soon as grout has become firm,
unless a test spot in an inconspicuous area typically 15–20 minutes after grouting at
indicates no change in finish appearance; 70°F (21°C). Higher temperatures may
Do not use acid cleaners on epoxy grout require faster time to initial cleaning; wider
less than 7 days old. joints or lower temperatures may require
Use the following LATICRETE System a longer time to initial cleaning. Begin
Materials: initial cleaning by lightly dampening the
entire grouted area with a damp sponge.
LATICRETE SpectraLOCK PRO Grout
Then wash clean the entire area with a
Please visit www.laticrete.com for the most recent copies damp (not wet) sponge. Drag a clean
of Product Data Sheets, Material Safety Data Sheets,
Detail Drawings, GreenGuard Certificates, and Technical towel, dampened with water, or wipe a
Data Sheets. clean, dampened sponge, diagonally over
2. Polymer Fortified Cement Grout (ANSI the veneer face to remove any grout haze
A118.7): Allow ceramic tile, mosaics, left after “squeegeeing.” Rinse towel/
pavers, brick or stone installation to cure sponge frequently and change rinse water
a minimum of 24 hours at 70°F (21°C). at least every 200 ft2 (19 m2). Repeat this
Verify grout joints are free of dirt, debris cleaning sequence again if grout haze is
or tile spacers. Sponge or wipe dust/dirt still present. Allow grout joints to become
off veneer face and remove any water firm. Buff surface of grout with clean
standing in joints. Apply grout release to coarse cloth. Inspect joint for pinholes/
face of absorptive, abrasive, non-slip or voids and repair them with freshly mixed
rough textured ceramic tile, pavers, bricks, grout. Within 24 hours, check for remaining
or trim units that are not hot paraffin haze and remove it with warm soapy
coated to facilitate cleaning. Surface water and a nylon scrubbing pad, using a
temperature must be between 40–90°F circular motion, to lightly scrub surfaces
(4–32°C). Pour approximately 64 oz and dissolve haze/film. Do not use acid
(1.9 l ) of clean, potable water into a clean cleaners on latex portland cement grout
mixing container. Add a 25 lb (11.3 kg) less than 10 days old.
bag of LATICRETE PermaColor™ Grout to NOTE TO SPECIFIER: Select one of following and specify
color for each type/color of ceramic tile, mosaic, paver,
the container while mixing. Mix by hand
trim unit.
or with a slow speed mixer to a smooth,
stiff consistency. Install latex fortified 1. Latex portland cement sanded floor grout
cement grout in compliance with current for joint widths ≥1/16" (1.5 mm ) and ≤1/2"
revisions of ANSI A108.1A (7.0 Grouting (12 mm);
of tile), ANSI A108.02 (4.5 Cleaning tile) 2. Latex portland cement unsanded grout for
and ANSI A108.10. Dampen dry surfaces soft glazed tiles and soft/polished stone
with joints widths ≤1/8" (3 mm).
112
Section 9 – Specifications for Swimming Pool/Fountain/Spa Installations
Use the following LATICRETE System all contaminants and foreign material
Materials: from joint spaces/surfaces, such as dirt,
LATICRETE PermaColor Grout dust, oil, water, frost, setting/grouting
materials, sealers and old sealant/backer.
Please visit www.laticrete.com for the most recent copies
of Product Data Sheets, Material Safety Data Sheets, Use LATICRETE Latasil™ 9118 Primer for
Detail Drawings, GreenGuard Certificates, and Technical underwater and permanent wet area
Data Sheets. applications, or for porous stone (e.g.
G. Expansion and Control Joints: Architect limestone, sandstone etc…) installations.
must specify type of joint and show location Install appropriate backing material (e.g.
and details on drawings. closed cell backer rod) based on expansion
NOTE TO SPECIFIER: The chemical resistance of joint
joint design and as specified in § 07920.
sealants for ceramic tile, mosaics, pavers, brick and stone Apply masking tape to face of tile, brick or
will typically depend on: stone veneer. Use caulking gun, or other
1. Reagent composition and/or concentration; applicator, to completely fill joints with
sealant. Within 5–10 minutes of filling
2. Temperature;
joint, ‘tool’ sealant surface to a smooth
3. Duration of exposure. finish. Remove masking tape immediately
Review manufacturer’s performance data and after tooling joint. Wipe smears or excess
recommendations, in the context of expected sealant off the face of non-glazed tile,
chemical exposures. brick, stone or other absorptive surfaces
Provide control or expansion joints as immediately.
located in contract drawings and in full Use the following LATICRETE System
conformity, especially in width and depth, with Materials:
architectural details. LATICRETE Latasil
1. Substrate joints must carry through, full LATICRETE Latasil 9118 Primer
width, to surface of tile, brick or stone.
Please visit www.laticrete.com for the most recent copies
2. Install expansion joints in tile, brick or of Product Data Sheets, Material Safety Data Sheets,
stone work over construction/cold joints Detail Drawings, GreenGuard Certificates, and Technical
Data Sheets.
or control joints in substrates.
3. Install expansion joints where tile, brick or H. Protection
stone abut restraining surfaces (such as Protect finished installation under provisions
perimeter walls, curbs, columns), changes of §01500 and §01535. Close areas to other
in plane and corners. trades and traffic until tile being installed
4. Joint width and spacing depends on has set firmly. Keep floors installed with
application – follow TCNA “Handbook epoxy adhesive closed to traffic for 24 hrs at
for Ceramic Tile Installation” Detail 70°F (21°C), and to heavy traffic for 48 hours
"EJ-171 Expansion Joints" or consult at 70°F (21°C) unless instructed differently
sealant manufacturer for recommendation by manufacturer. Use kneeling boards, or
based on project parameters. equivalent, to walk/work on newly tiled floors.
Cure tile work in swimming pools, fountains
5. Joint width: ≥1/8" (3 mm) and ≤1" (25 mm).
and other continuous immersion applications
6. Joint width: depth ~2:1 but joint depth for 10 days for epoxy based grout at 70°F (21°C)
must be ≥1/8" (3 mm) and ≤1/2" (12 mm). and 14 days for latex portland cement based
7. Layout (field defined by joints): 1:1 length: grout at 70°F (21°C) before filling installation
width is optimum but must be ≤2:1. Remove with water. Extend period of protection at lower
113
Section 9 – Specifications for Swimming Pool/Fountain/Spa Installations
temperatures, below 60°F (16°C) and at high residential applications, the International
relative humidity (>70% RH) due to retarded Building Code (IBC) for commercial
set times of mortar/adhesives. Replace or applications, or applicable building codes.
restore work of other trades damaged or soiled The project design should include the
by work under this section. intended use and necessary allowances
Filling Pool – fill pool with water at rate of for the expected live load, concentrated
2' (600 mm) per 24 hours to allow gradual load, impact load, and dead load including
exposure to water pressure, thermal and the weight of the finish and installation
moisture differentials. Initial alkalinity of pool materials;
water is very high from exposure to portland 3. Clean and free of dust, dirt, oil, grease,
cement based finishes, grouts, and mortars; sealers, curing compounds, laitance,
careful and frequent balance is required. Do efflorescence, form oil, loose plaster, paint,
not fill if potential thermal gradients exist (very and scale;
cold source water, exterior pool exposed to 4. Thin-set tile installations have a specified
several days of solar radiation. subsurface tolerance, for instance 1/4" in
Emptying Pool – empty pool water at rate 10' (6 mm in 3 m) and 1/16" in 1' (1.5 mm
of 2' (600 mm) per 24 hours to prevent in 300 mm), to conform with the ANSI
hydrostatic pressure from de-laminating tiles specifications. Because thin-set is not
of leveling mortar (in pools without waterproof intended to be used in truing or leveling
membrane). the work of others, the subsurface typically
Please visit www.laticrete.com for the most recent copies should not vary by more than 1/16" over
of Product Data Sheets, Material Safety Data Sheets, 1' (1.5 mm over 300 mm), nor more than
Detail Drawings, GreenGuard Certificates, and Technical 1/32" (0.8 mm) between adjoining edges
Data Sheets.
where applicable (e.g. between sheets
PART 4 – HEALTH AND SAFETY of exterior glue plywood or between
The use of personal protection such as rubber adjacent concrete masonry units).
gloves, suitable dust masks, safety glasses Should the architect/designer require a
and industrial clothing is highly recommended. more stringent tolerance (e.g. 1/8" in 10'
Discarded packaging, product wash and waste [3 mm in 3 m] ), the subsurface specification
water should be disposed of as per local, state must reflect that tolerance, or the tile
or federal regulations. specification must include a specific and
separate requirement to bring the 1/4"
Section 9: 9.3 P601D Concrete – Direct (6 mm) subsurface tolerance into
Bond Thin Bed compliance with the 1/8" (6 mm) tolerance
PART 3 – EXECUTION desired;
3.1 SUBSTRATE EXAMINATION 5. Not leveled with gypsum or asphalt based
A. Verify that surfaces to be covered with compounds;
ceramic tile, mosaics, pavers, brick, stone, 6. Dry as per American Society for Testing
trim or waterproofing are: and Materials (ASTM) D4263 “Standard
1. Sound, rigid and conform to good design/ Test for Determining Moisture in Concrete
engineering practices; by the Plastic Sheet Method.”
2. S
ystems, including the framing system B. Concrete surfaces shall also be:
and panels, over which tile or stone will 1. Cured a minimum of 28 days at 70°F (21°C),
be installed shall be in conformance with including an initial seven (7) day period of
the International Residential Code (IRC) for wet curing;
114
Section 9 – Specifications for Swimming Pool/Fountain/Spa Installations
2. Wood float finished, or better, if the over substrate cracks, cold joints and control
installation is to be done by the thin bed joints using a paint brush or heavy napped
method; roller.
C. Advise General Contractor and Architect of Pre-Treat Coves and Floor/Wall Intersections:
any surface or substrate conditions requiring Fill all substrate coves and floor/wall
correction before tile work commences. transitions and changes in plane, to a smooth
Beginning of work constitutes acceptance of finish, using a LATICRETE latex-fortified thin-
substrate or surface conditions. set. Alternatively, a liberal coat* of LATICRETE
Hydro Ban applied with a paint brush or trowel
3.2 SURFACE PREPARATION
may be used to fill in cove joints and floor wall
A. C
ONCRETE SUBSTRATES transitions <1/8" (3 mm) in width. Apply a liberal
(Insert any Special Means of Preparation coat* of LATICRETE Hydro Ban approximately
in addition to the surface preparation 8" (200 mm) wide over substrate cracks, cold
requirements listed in § 3.1) joints and control joints using a paint brush or
B. (List other Substrates as required and heavy napped roller.
means of preparation as required)
Pre-Treat Drains: Drains must be of the
(Insert any Special Means of Preparation
clamping ring type, with weepers, as per ASME
in addition to the surface preparation
A112.6.3. Apply a liberal coat* of LATICRETE
requirements listed in § 3.1)
Hydro Ban around and over the bottom half
NOTE TO SPECIFIER: Edit substrate and preparation section of drain clamping ring. Cover with a second
based on project specific surfaces and conditions.
liberal coat* of LATICRETE Hydro Ban. When
3.3 INSTALLATION – ACCESSORIES the LATICRETE Hydro Ban dries, apply a bead
A. Waterproofing: of LATICRETE Latasil™ where the LATICRETE
Hydro Ban meets the drain throat. Install the
NOTE TO SPECIFIER: Adhesives/mastics, mortars and
grouts for ceramic tile, mosaics, pavers, brick and stone top half of the drain clamping ring.
are not replacements for waterproofing membranes and Pre-Treat Penetrations: Allow for a minimum
will not prevent water penetration into occupied or storage
spaces below. 1/8" (3 mm) space between drains, pipes,
lights, or other penetrations and surrounding
Install the waterproofing membrane in
ceramic tile, stone or brick. Pack any gaps
compliance with current revisions of ANSI
around pipes, lights or other penetrations
A108.01 (2.7 Waterproofing) and ANSI
with a LATICRETE fortified thin-set. Apply a
A108.13. Review the installation and plan the
liberal coat* of LATICRETE Hydro Ban around
application sequence. Pre-cut LATICRETE®
penetration opening. Cover the first coat with
Waterproofing Membrane/Anti-Fracture Fabric,
a second liberal coat* of LATICRETE Hydro Ban.
allowing 2" (50 mm) for overlap at ends and
Bring LATICRETE Hydro Ban up to level of tile or
sides to fit the area as required. Roll up the
stone. When LATICRETE Hydro Ban has dried to
pieces for easy handling and placement. Shake
the touch, seal with LATICRETE Latasil.
or stir LATICRETE Hydro Ban™ before using.
Main Application: Allow any pre-treated areas
Pre-Treat Cracks and Joints: Fill all substrate
to dry to the touch. Apply a liberal coat* of
cracks, cold joints and control joints to a smooth
LATICRETE Hydro Ban with a paint brush or
finish using a LATICRETE latex-fortified thin-
heavy napped roller over substrate including
set. Alternatively, a liberal coat* of LATICRETE
pre-treated areas and allow to dry to the touch.
Hydro Ban applied with a paint brush or trowel
Install another liberal coat* of LATICRETE
may be used to fill in non-stuctural joints and
Hydro Ban over the first coat. Let the top coat
cracks. Apply a liberal coat* of LATICRETE
of LATICRETE Hydro Ban dry to the touch
Hydro Ban approximately 8" (200 mm) wide
115
Section 9 – Specifications for Swimming Pool/Fountain/Spa Installations
116
Section 9 – Specifications for Swimming Pool/Fountain/Spa Installations
* Dry coat thickness is 20 – 30 mil (0.02 – Use the following LATICRETE System
0.03" [0.5 – 0.8mm]); consumption per coat Materials:
is approximately 0.01 gal/ft2 (approximately LATICRETE Hydro Ban
0.4 L/m2). LATICRETE® Waterproofing/Anti-
For specification of LATICRETE® Hydro Ban™ please contact
Fracture Fabric can be used to pre-treat LATICRETE Technical services at 1.800.342.4788 x235 for
cracks, joints, curves, corners, drains, and the specification document.
penetrations with LATICRETE Hydro Ban™. Please visit www.laticrete.com for the most recent copies
Protection: Provide protection for newly of Product Data Sheets, Material Safety Data Sheets,
Detail Drawings, GreenGuard Certificates, and Technical
installed membrane, even if covered with a thin Data Sheets.
bed ceramic tile, stone or brick installation,
against exposure to rain or other water for a E. Thin Bed Method: Install latex portland
minimum of 2 hours at 70°F (21°C) and 50% cement mortar in compliance with current
RH. For temperatures between 50°F and 69°F revisions of ANSI A108.02 (3.11), A108.1B
(10° – 21°C) protect for a minimum 24 hour cure and ANSI A108.5. Use the appropriate
period. trowel notch size to ensure proper bedding
Flood Testing: Allow membrane to cure fully of the tile, brick or stone selected. Work
before flood testing, typically 2 hours at 70°F the latex portland cement mortar into good
(21°C) and 50% RH. Cold conditions will require contact with the substrate and comb with
a longer curing time. For temperatures between notched side of trowel. Spread only as
50°F and 69°F (10° – 21°C) allow a minimum 24 much latex portland cement mortar as can
hour cure period prior to flood testing. be covered while the mortar surface is still
wet and tacky. When installing large format
Tile/Stone Installation Notes: Once membrane
(>8" x 8"/200 mm x 200 mm) tile/stone,
has dried to the touch, ceramic tile, stone or
rib/button/lug back tiles, pavers or sheet
brick maybe installed by the thin bed method
mounted ceramics/mosaics, spread latex
with a LATICRETE® latex thin-set mortar. Allow
portland cement mortar onto the back of (i.e.
membrane to cure 7 days at 70°F (21°C) and
‘back-butter’) each piece/sheet in addition
50% RH before covering with concrete, thick
to trowelling latex portland cement mortar
bed mortar, screeds, toppings, coatings, epoxy
over the substrate. Beat each piece/sheet
adhesives, terrazzo or moisture sensitive
into the latex portland cement mortar with
resilient or wood flooring. Do not use solvent-
a beating block or rubber mallet to insure
based adhesives directly on membrane.
full bedding and flatness. Allow installation
Tile / Stone Finish at Drains and Penetrations: to set until firm. Clean excess latex portland
Allow for a minimum 1/4" (6 mm) space cement mortar from tile or stone face and
between drains, pipes, lights or other joints between pieces.
penetrations and surrounding ceramic tile,
Use the following LATICRETE System
stone or brick. Use appropriate waterproof
Materials:
sealant and foam backer rod to seal space – do
not use grout, joint filler or thin-set mortar. LATICRETE 254 Platinum
118
Section 9 – Specifications for Swimming Pool/Fountain/Spa Installations
F. G
routing or Pointing: colder temperatures). Begin by mixing
NOTE TO SPECIFIER: Select one of following and specify cleaning additive packet with 2 gallons
color for each type/color of ceramic tile, mosaic, paver, (7.6 l) of clean water in a clean bucket to
trim unit. make cleaning solution. Dip a clean sponge
1. C
hemical Resistant, Water Cleanable Tile- into the bucket and then wring out cleaning
Grouting Epoxy (ANSI A118.3): Follow solution until sponge is damp. Using
manufacturer‘s recommendations for a circular motion, lightly scrub grouted
minimum cure time prior to grouting. surfaces with the damp sponge to dissolve
Store liquid components of LATICRETE grout film/haze. Then drag sponge
SpectraLOCK® PRO Grout* for 24 hours diagonally over the scrubbed surfaces to
at 70–80°F (21–27°C) prior to use to remove froth. Rinse sponge frequently
facilitate mixing and application. Substrate and change cleaning solution at least every
temperature must be 40–95°F (4–35°C). 50 ft2 (4.7 m2). Discard sponges as they
Verify joints are free of dirt, debris or become "gummy" with residue. Within
grout spacers. Sponge or wipe dust/dirt one (1) hour of finishing first cleaning, clean
off tile faces and remove water standing the same area again following the same
in joints. Apply grout release to face of procedure but utilizing a clean white scrub
absorptive, abrasive, non-slip or rough pad and fresh cleaning solution. Rinse
textured ceramic tile, pavers, bricks, stone scrub pad frequently. Drag a clean sponge
or trim units that are not hot paraffin diagonally over the scrubbed surfaces to
coated to facilitate cleaning. Cut open remove froth. Use each side of sponge only
pouch and pour LATICRETE SpectraLOCK once before rinsing and change cleaning
PRO Grout Part A Liquid into a clean solution at least every 50 ft2 (4.7 m2). Allow
mixing pail. Then open pouch and pour cleaned areas to dry and inspect tile/
LATICRETE SpectraLOCK PRO Grout Part B stone surface. For persistent grout film/
Liquid into the mixing pail. Mix by hand or haze (within 24 hours), repeat scrubbing
with a slow speed (<300 rpm) mixer until procedure with undiluted white vinegar
the two liquids are well blended. Then, and clean pad. Rinse with clean water and
while mixing, add LATICRETE SpectraLOCK allow surface to dry. Inspect grout joint for
PRO Grout Part C Powder and blend until pinholes/voids and repair them with freshly
uniform. Install LATICRETE SpectraLOCK mixed LATICRETE SpectraLOCK PRO Grout.
PRO Grout in compliance with current Cautions: Do not use undiluted white
revisions of ANSI A108.02 (3.13) and ANSI vinegar on polished marble or limestone
A108.6 (3.0 – 4.0). Spread using a sharp unless a test spot in an inconspicuous area
edged, hard rubber float and work grout indicates no change in finish appearance;
into joints. Using strokes diagonal (at 45° Do not use acid cleaners on epoxy grout
angle) to the grout lines, pack joints full less than 7 days old.
and free of voids/pits. Then hold float Use the following LATICRETE System
face at a 90° angle to grouted surface and Materials:
use float edge to "squeegee" off excess
LATICRETE SpectraLOCK PRO Grout
grout, stroking diagonally to avoid pulling
Please visit www.laticrete.com for the most recent copies
grout out of filled joints. Once excess
of Product Data Sheets, Material Safety Data Sheets,
grout is removed, a thin film/haze will Detail Drawings, GreenGuard Certificates, and Technical
be left. Initial cleaning of the remaining Data Sheets.
film/haze can begin approximately 20–30
minutes after grouting (wait longer at
119
Section 9 – Specifications for Swimming Pool/Fountain/Spa Installations
2. Polymer Fortified Cement Grout (ANSI sponge frequently and change rinse water
A118.7): Allow ceramic tile, mosaics, at least every 200 ft2 (19 m2). Repeat this
pavers, brick or stone installation to cure cleaning sequence again if grout haze is
a minimum of 24 hours at 70°F (21°C). still present. Allow grout joints to become
Verify grout joints are free of dirt, debris firm. Buff surface of grout with clean
or tile spacers. Sponge or wipe dust/dirt coarse cloth. Inspect joint for pinholes/
off veneer face and remove any water voids and repair them with freshly mixed
standing in joints. Apply grout release to grout. Within 24 hours, check for remaining
face of absorptive, abrasive, non-slip or haze and remove it with warm soapy
rough textured ceramic tile, pavers, bricks, water and a nylon scrubbing pad, using a
or trim units that are not hot paraffin circular motion, to lightly scrub surfaces
coated to facilitate cleaning. Surface and dissolve haze/film. Do not use acid
temperature must be between 40–90°F cleaners on latex portland cement grout
(4–32°C). Pour approximately 64 oz less than 10 days old.
(1.9 l ) of clean, potable water into a clean NOTE TO SPECIFIER: Select one of following and specify
mixing container. Add a 25 lb (11.3 kg) color for each type/color of ceramic tile, mosaic, paver,
trim unit.
bag of LATICRETE® PermaColor™ Grout to
the container while mixing. Mix by hand 1. Latex portland cement sanded floor grout
or with a slow speed mixer to a smooth, for joint widths ≥1/16" (1.5 mm ) and ≤1/2"
stiff consistency. Install latex fortified (12 mm);
cement grout in compliance with current 2. Latex portland cement unsanded grout for
revisions of ANSI A108.1A (7.0 Grouting soft glazed tiles and soft/polished stone
of tile), ANSI A108.02 (4.5 Cleaning tile) with joints widths ≤1/8" (3 mm).
and ANSI A108.10. Dampen dry surfaces
Use the following LATICRETE System
with clean water. Spread using a sharp
Materials:
edged, hard rubber float and work grout
into joints. Using diagonal (at 45° angle to LATICRETE PermaColor Grout
direction of grout line) strokes, pack joints Please visit www.laticrete.com for the most recent copies
full and free of voids/pits. Hold float face of Product Data Sheets, Material Safety Data Sheets,
Detail Drawings, GreenGuard Certificates, and Technical
at a 90° angle to grouted surface and use Data Sheets.
float edge to "squeegee" off excess grout,
G. Expansion and Control Joints: Architect
stroking diagonally to reduce pulling grout
must specify type of joint and show location
out of filled joints. Initial cleaning can
and details on drawings.
begin as soon as grout has become firm,
typically 15–20 minutes after grouting at NOTE TO SPECIFIER: The chemical resistance of joint
sealants for ceramic tile, mosaics, pavers, brick and stone
70°F (21°C). Higher temperatures may will typically depend on:
require faster time to initial cleaning; wider
joints or lower temperatures may require 1. Reagent composition and/or concentration;
a longer time to initial cleaning. Begin 2. Temperature;
initial cleaning by lightly dampening the 3. Duration of exposure.
entire grouted area with a damp sponge.
Review manufacturer’s performance data and
Then wash clean the entire area with a
recommendations, in the context of expected
damp (not wet) sponge. Drag a clean
chemical exposures.
towel, dampened with water, or wipe a
clean, dampened sponge, diagonally over
the veneer face to remove any grout haze
left after “squeegeeing.” Rinse towel/
120
Section 9 – Specifications for Swimming Pool/Fountain/Spa Installations
121
Section 9 – Specifications for Swimming Pool/Fountain/Spa Installations
Please visit www.laticrete.com for the most recent copies 1' (1.5 mm over 300 mm), nor more than
of Product Data Sheets, Material Safety Data Sheets,
1/32” (0.8 mm) between adjoining edges
Detail Drawings, GreenGuard Certificates, and Technical
Data Sheets. where applicable (e.g. between sheets
of exterior glue plywood or between
PART 4 – HEALTH AND SAFETY adjacent concrete masonry units).
The use of personal protection such as rubber Should the architect/designer require a
gloves, suitable dust masks, safety glasses more stringent tolerance (e.g. 1/8" in 10'
and industrial clothing is highly recommended. [3 mm in 3 m] ), the subsurface
Discarded packaging, product wash and waste specification must reflect that tolerance, or
water should be disposed of as per local, state the tile specification must include a specific
or federal regulations. and separate requirement to bring the
Section 9: 9.4 P602 Steel Shell – Pool/ 1/4" (6 mm) subsurface tolerance into
Spa Thin Bed compliance with the 1/8" (6 mm) tolerance
desired;
PART 3 – EXECUTION
5. Not leveled with gypsum or asphalt based
3.1 SUBSTRATE EXAMINATION compounds;
A. Verify that surfaces to be covered with
6. Dry as per American Society for Testing
ceramic tile, mosaics, pavers, brick, stone,
and Materials (ASTM) D4263 “Standard
trim or waterproofing are:
Test for Determining Moisture in Concrete
1. Sound, rigid and conform to good design/ by the Plastic Sheet Method.”
engineering practices;
D. Concrete surfaces shall also be:
2. S
ystems, including the framing system
1. Cured a minimum of 28 days at 70°F (21°C),
and panels, over which tile or stone will
including an initial seven (7) day period of
be installed shall be in conformance with
wet curing;
the International Residential Code (IRC) for
NOTE TO SPECIFIER: LATICRETE® latex portland cement
residential applications, the International
mortars do not require a minimum cure time for concrete
Building Code (IBC) for commercial substrates or mortar beds.
applications, or applicable building codes.
2. Wood float finished, or better, if the
The project design should include the
installation is to be done by the thin bed
intended use and necessary allowances
method;
for the expected live load, concentrated
load, impact load, and dead load including E. Advise General Contractor and Architect of
the weight of the finish and installation any surface or substrate conditions requiring
materials; correction before tile work commences.
Beginning of work constitutes acceptance of
3. Clean and free of dust, dirt, oil, grease,
substrate or surface conditions.
sealers, curing compounds, laitance,
efflorescence, form oil, loose plaster, paint, 3.2 SURFACE PREPARATION
and scale; C. STEEL SURFACES
4. Thin-set tile installations have a specified Steel or metal must be stainless or galvanized
subsurface tolerance, for instance 1/4" in for this method. Wash steel surfaces with
10' (6 mm in 3 m) and 1/16" in 1' (1.5 mm strong detergent to ensure that all
in 300 mm), to conform with the ANSI manufacturing oils are removed; rinse
specifications. Because thin-set is not completely and allow to dry. If possible, scuff
intended to be used in truing or leveling steel surface with sandpaper or emery cloth
the work of others, the subsurface typically and then re-wash steel, rinse completely and
should not vary by more than 1/16" over allow to dry.
122
Section 9 – Specifications for Swimming Pool/Fountain/Spa Installations
in addition to trowelling epoxy adhesive A108.02 (3.13) and ANSI A108.6 (3.0 – 4.0).
over the substrate. Beat each piece/sheet Spread using a sharp edged, hard rubber
into the epoxy adhesive with a beating block float and work grout into joints. Using
or rubber mallet to insure full bedding and strokes diagonal (at 45° angle) to the grout
flatness. Allow installation to set until firm. lines, pack joints full and free of voids/
Clean excess epoxy adhesive from tile or pits. Then hold float face at a 90° angle
stone face and joints between pieces. to grouted surface and use float edge to
Use the following LATICRETE® System "squeegee" off excess grout, stroking
Materials: diagonally to avoid pulling grout out of
filled joints. Once excess grout is removed,
LATAPOXY 300 Adhesive
a thin film/haze will be left. Initial cleaning
Please visit www.laticrete.com for the most recent copies of the remaining film/haze can begin
of Product Data Sheets, Material Safety Data Sheets,
Detail Drawings, GreenGuard Certificates, and Technical approximately 20-30 minutes after grouting
Data Sheets. (wait longer at colder temperatures). Begin
C. Grouting or Pointing: by mixing cleaning additive packet with
2 gallons (7.6 l ) of clean water in a clean
NOTE TO SPECIFIER: Select one of following and specify
color for each type/color of ceramic tile, mosaic, paver,
bucket to make cleaning solution. Dip a
trim unit. clean sponge into the bucket and then
wring out cleaning solution until sponge is
1. C
hemical Resistant, Water Cleanable Tile-
damp. Using a circular motion, lightly scrub
Grouting Epoxy (ANSI A118.3): Follow
grouted surfaces with the damp sponge to
manufacturer‘s recommendations for
dissolve grout film/haze. Then drag sponge
minimum cure time prior to grouting.
diagonally over the scrubbed surfaces to
Store liquid components of LATICRETE
remove froth. Rinse sponge frequently
SpectraLOCK® PRO Grout* for 24 hours
and change cleaning solution at least every
at 70–80°F (21–27°C) prior to use to
50 ft2 (4.7 m2). Discard sponges as they
facilitate mixing and application. Substrate
become "gummy" with residue. Within
temperature must be 40–95°F (4–35°C).
one (1) hour of finishing first cleaning, clean
Verify joints are free of dirt, debris or grout
the same area again following the same
spacers. Sponge or wipe dust/dirt off tile
procedure but utilizing a clean white scrub
faces and remove water standing in joints.
pad and fresh cleaning solution. Rinse
Apply grout release to face of absorptive,
scrub pad frequently. Drag a clean sponge
abrasive, non-slip or rough textured ceramic
diagonally over the scrubbed surfaces to
tile, pavers, bricks, stone or trim units that
remove froth. Use each side of sponge only
are not hot paraffin coated to facilitate
once before rinsing and change cleaning
cleaning. Cut open pouch and pour
solution at least every 50 ft2 (4.7 m2). Allow
LATICRETE SpectraLOCK PRO Grout Part A
cleaned areas to dry and inspect tile/
Liquid into a clean mixing pail. Then open
stone surface. For persistent grout film/
pouch and pour LATICRETE SpectraLOCK
haze (within 24 hours), repeat scrubbing
PRO Grout Part B Liquid into the mixing
procedure with undiluted white vinegar
pail. Mix by hand or with a slow speed
and clean pad. Rinse with clean water and
(<300 rpm) mixer until the two liquids are
allow surface to dry. Inspect grout joint for
well blended. Then, while mixing, add
pinholes/voids and repair them with freshly
LATICRETE SpectraLOCK PRO Grout Part
mixed LATICRETE SpectraLOCK PRO Grout.
C Powder and blend until uniform. Install
Cautions: Do not use undiluted white
LATICRETE SpectraLOCK PRO Grout in
vinegar on polished marble or limestone
compliance with current revisions of ANSI
124
Section 9 – Specifications for Swimming Pool/Fountain/Spa Installations
unless a test spot in an inconspicuous area 6. Joint width: depth ~2:1 but joint depth
indicates no change in finish appearance; must be ≥1/8" (3 mm) and ≤1/2" (12 mm).
Do not use acid cleaners on epoxy grout 7. Layout (field defined by joints): 1:1 length:
less than 7 days old. width is optimum but must be ≤2:1. Remove
Use the following LATICRETE System all contaminants and foreign material
Materials: from joint spaces/surfaces, such as dirt,
LATICRETE SpectraLOCK PRO Grout dust, oil, water, frost, setting/grouting
materials, sealers and old sealant/backer.
Please visit www.laticrete.com for the most recent copies
of Product Data Sheets, Material Safety Data Sheets, Use LATICRETE Latasil™ 9118 Primer for
Detail Drawings, GreenGuard Certificates, and Technical underwater and permanent wet area
Data Sheets. applications, or for porous stone (e.g.
D. Expansion and Control Joints: Architect must limestone, sandstone etc…) installations.
specify type of joint and show location and Install appropriate backing material (e.g.
details on drawings. closed cell backer rod) based on expansion
NOTE TO SPECIFIER: The chemical resistance of joint
joint design and as specified in § 07920.
sealants for ceramic tile, mosaics, pavers, brick and stone Apply masking tape to face of tile, brick or
will typically depend on. stone veneer. Use caulking gun, or other
1. Reagent composition and/or concentration; applicator, to completely fill joints with
sealant. Within 5–10 minutes of filling
2. Temperature;
joint, ‘tool’ sealant surface to a smooth
3. Duration of exposure. finish. Remove masking tape immediately
Review manufacturer’s performance data and after tooling joint. Wipe smears or excess
recommendations, in the context of expected sealant off the face of non-glazed tile,
chemical exposures. brick, stone or other absorptive surfaces
Provide control or expansion joints as immediately.
located in contract drawings and in full Use the following LATICRETE System
conformity, especially in width and depth, with Materials:
architectural details. LATICRETE Latasil™
1. Substrate joints must carry through, full LATICRETE Latasil 9118 Primer
width, to surface of tile, brick or stone.
Please visit www.laticrete.com for the most recent copies
2. Install expansion joints in tile, brick or of Product Data Sheets, Material Safety Data Sheets,
stone work over construction/cold joints Detail Drawings, GreenGuard Certificates, and Technical
Data Sheets.
or control joints in substrates.
3. Install expansion joints where tile, brick or E. Adjusting: Correction of defective work for
stone abut restraining surfaces (such as a period of one year following substantial
perimeter walls, curbs, columns), changes completion, return to job and correct all
in plane and corners. defective work. Defective work includes,
without limitation, tiles broken in normal
4. Joint width and spacing depends on
abuse due to deficiencies in setting bed,
application – follow TCNA “Handbook
loose tiles or grout, and all other defects
for Ceramic Tile Installation” Detail "EJ-
which may develop as a result of poor
171 Expansion Joints" or consult sealant
workmanship.
manufacturer for recommendation based
on project parameters.
5. Joint width: ≥1/8" (3 mm) and ≤1" (25 mm).
125
Section 9 – Specifications for Swimming Pool/Fountain/Spa Installations
126
Section 9 – Specifications for Swimming Pool/Fountain/Spa Installations
127
Section 9 – Specifications for Swimming Pool/Fountain/Spa Installations
liberal coat* of LATICRETE® Hydro Ban™. When cracks, joints, curves, corners, drains, and
the LATICRETE Hydro Ban dries, apply a bead penetrations with LATICRETE Hydro Ban™.
of LATICRETE Latasil™ where the LATICRETE Protection: Provide protection for newly
Hydro Ban meets the drain throat. Install the installed membrane, even if covered with a thin
top half of the drain clamping ring. bed ceramic tile, stone or brick installation,
Pre-Treat Penetrations: Allow for a minimum against exposure to rain or other water for a
1/8" (3 mm) space between drains, pipes, minimum of 2 hours at 70°F (21°C) and 50%
lights, or other penetrations and surrounding RH. For temperatures between 50°F and 69°F
ceramic tile, stone or brick. Pack any gaps (10° – 21°C) protect for a minimum 24 hour cure
around pipes, lights or other penetrations period.
with a LATICRETE fortified thin-set. Apply a Flood Testing: Allow membrane to cure fully
liberal coat* of LATICRETE Hydro Ban around before flood testing, typically 2 hours at 70°F
penetration opening. Cover the first coat with (21°C) and 50% RH. Cold conditions will require
a second liberal coat* of LATICRETE Hydro Ban. a longer curing time. For temperatures between
Bring LATICRETE Hydro Ban up to level of tile or 50°F and 69°F (10° – 21°C) allow a minimum 24
stone. When LATICRETE Hydro Ban has dried to hour cure period prior to flood testing.
the touch, seal with LATICRETE Latasil.
Tile/Stone Installation Notes: Once membrane
Main Application: Allow any pre-treated areas has dried to the touch, ceramic tile, stone or
to dry to the touch. Apply a liberal coat* of brick maybe installed by the thin bed method
LATICRETE Hydro Ban with a paint brush or with a LATICRETE latex thin-set mortar. Allow
heavy napped roller over substrate including membrane to cure 7 days at 70°F (21°C) and
pre-treated areas and allow to dry to the touch. 50% RH before covering with concrete, thick
Install another liberal coat* of LATICRETE bed mortar, screeds, toppings, coatings, epoxy
Hydro Ban over the first coat. Let the top coat adhesives, terrazzo or moisture sensitive
of LATICRETE Hydro Ban dry to the touch resilient or wood flooring. Do not use solvent-
(approximately 1 – 3 hours at 70°F [21°C]) and based adhesives directly on membrane.
50% RH. When the top coat has dried to the
Tile / Stone Finish at Drains and Penetrations:
touch inspect the surface for pinholes, voids,
Allow for a minimum 1/4" (6 mm) space
thin spots or other defects. LATICRETE Hydro
between drains, pipes, lights or other
Ban will dry to an olive green color when fully
penetrations and surrounding ceramic tile,
cured. Use additional LATICRETE Hydro Ban to
stone or brick. Use appropriate waterproof
seal any defects.
sealant and foam backer rod to seal space – do
Movement Joints: Apply a liberal coat* of not use grout, joint filler or thin-set mortar.
LATICRETE Hydro Ban, approximately 8"
LIMITATIONS
(200mm) wide over the areas. Then embed
LATICRETE Hydro Ban is UPC/IAPMO
and loop the 6" (150 mm) wide LATICRETE
approved for use as a shower pan liner.
Waterproofing/Anti-Fracture Fabric and allow
Review local building codes and obtain
the LATICRETE Hydro Ban liquid to bleed
any required approvals before using LATICRETE
through. Immediately apply a second coat of
9235 Waterproofing Membrane as the shower
LATICRETE Hydro Ban.
pan.
* Dry coat thickness is 20 – 30 mil (0.02 –
Use the following LATICRETE System
0.03" [0.5 – 0.8 mm]); consumption per coat
Materials:
is approximately 0.01 gal/ft2 (approximately
0.4 L/m2). LATICRETE® Waterproofing/Anti- LATICRETE Hydro Ban
Fracture Fabric can be used to pre-treat
128
Section 9 – Specifications for Swimming Pool/Fountain/Spa Installations
129
Section 9 – Specifications for Swimming Pool/Fountain/Spa Installations
Pre-Treat Drains: Drains must be of the * Dry coat thickness is 20 – 30 mil (0.02 -–
clamping ring type, with weepers, as per ASME 0.03" [0.5 – 0.8 mm]); consumption per
A112.6.3. Apply a liberal coat* of LATICRETE® coat is approximately 0.01 gal/ft2
Hydro Ban™ around and over the bottom half (approximately 0.4 L/m2). LATICRETE®
of drain clamping ring. Cover with a second Waterproofing/Anti-Fracture Fabric can
liberal coat* of LATICRETE Hydro Ban. When be used to pre-treat cracks, joints, curves,
the LATICRETE Hydro Ban dries, apply a bead corners, drains, and penetrations with
of LATICRETE Latasil™ where the LATICRETE LATICRETE Hydro Ban™.
Hydro Ban meets the drain throat. Install the Protection: Provide protection for newly
top half of the drain clamping ring. installed membrane, even if covered with a thin
Pre-Treat Penetrations: Allow for a minimum bed ceramic tile, stone or brick installation,
1/8" (3mm) space between drains, pipes, against exposure to rain or other water for a
lights, or other penetrations and surrounding minimum of 2 hours at 70°F (21°C) and 50%
ceramic tile, stone or brick. Pack any gaps RH. For temperatures between 50°F and 69°F
around pipes, lights or other penetrations (10° – 21°C) protect for a minimum 24 hour cure
with a LATICRETE fortified thin-set. Apply a period.
liberal coat* of LATICRETE Hydro Ban around Flood Testing: Allow membrane to cure fully
penetration opening. Cover the first coat with before flood testing, typically 2 hours at 70°F
a second liberal coat* of LATICRETE Hydro Ban. (21°C) and 50% RH. Cold conditions will require
Bring LATICRETE Hydro Ban up to level of tile or a longer curing time. For temperatures between
stone. When LATICRETE Hydro Ban has dried to 50°F and 69°F (10° – 21°C) allow a minimum 24
the touch, seal with LATICRETE Latasil. hour cure period prior to flood testing.
Main Application: Allow any pre-treated areas Tile/Stone Installation Notes: Once membrane
to dry to the touch. Apply a liberal coat* of has dried to the touch, ceramic tile, stone or
LATICRETE Hydro Ban with a paint brush or brick maybe installed by the thin bed method
heavy napped roller over substrate including with a LATICRETE latex thin-set mortar. Allow
pre-treated areas and allow to dry to the touch. membrane to cure 7 days at 70°F (21°C) and
Install another liberal coat* of LATICRETE 50% RH before covering with concrete, thick
Hydro Ban over the first coat. Let the top coat bed mortar, screeds, toppings, coatings, epoxy
of LATICRETE Hydro Ban dry to the touch adhesives, terrazzo or moisture sensitive
(approximately 1 – 3 hours at 70°F [21°C]) and resilient or wood flooring. Do not use solvent-
50% RH. When the top coat has dried to the based adhesives directly on membrane.
touch inspect the surface for pinholes, voids,
Tile / Stone Finish at Drains and Penetrations:
thin spots or other defects. LATICRETE Hydro
Allow for a minimum 1/4" (6 mm) space between
Ban will dry to an olive green color when fully
drains, pipes, lights or other penetrations and
cured. Use additional LATICRETE Hydro Ban to
surrounding ceramic tile, stone or brick. Use
seal any defects.
appropriate waterproof sealant and foam
Movement Joints: Apply a liberal coat* of backer rod to seal space – do not use grout,
LATICRETE Hydro Ban, approximately 8" joint filler or thin-set mortar.
(200mm) wide over the areas. Then embed
LIMITATIONS
and loop the 6" (150 mm) wide LATICRETE
LATICRETE Hydro Ban is UPC/IAPMO
Waterproofing/Anti-Fracture Fabric and allow
approved for use as a shower pan liner.
the LATICRETE Hydro Ban liquid to bleed
Review local building codes and obtain
through. Immediately apply a second coat of
any required approvals before using LATICRETE
LATICRETE Hydro Ban.
9235 Waterproofing Membrane as the shower
pan.
130
Section 9 – Specifications for Swimming Pool/Fountain/Spa Installations
Use the following LATICRETE System 1. Chemical Resistant, Water Cleanable Tile-
Materials: Grouting Epoxy (ANSI A118.3): Follow
LATICRETE Hydro Ban manufacturer‘s recommendations for
minimum cure time prior to grouting.
For specification of LATICRETE® Hydro Ban™ please contact
LATICRETE Technical services at 1.800.342.4788 x235 for Store liquid components of LATICRETE
the specification document. SpectraLOCK® PRO Grout* for 24 hours
Please visit www.laticrete.com for the most recent copies
at 70–80°F (21–27°C) prior to use to
of Product Data Sheets, Material Safety Data Sheets, facilitate mixing and application. Substrate
Detail Drawings, GreenGuard Certificates, and Technical temperature must be 40–95°F (4–35°C).
Data Sheets.
Verify joints are free of dirt, debris or grout
D. Thin Bed Method: Install latex portland spacers. Sponge or wipe dust/dirt off tile
cement mortar in compliance with current faces and remove water standing in joints.
revisions of ANSI A108.02 (3.11), A108.1B Apply grout release to face of absorptive,
and ANSI A108.5. Use the appropriate abrasive, non-slip or rough textured
trowel notch size to ensure proper bedding ceramic tile, pavers, bricks, stone or trim
of the tile, brick or stone selected. Work units that are not hot paraffin coated to
the latex portland cement mortar into good facilitate cleaning. Cut open pouch and
contact with the substrate and comb with pour LATICRETE SpectraLOCK PRO Grout
notched side of trowel. Spread only as Part A Liquid into a clean mixing pail.
much latex portland cement mortar as can Then open pouch and pour LATICRETE
be covered while the mortar surface is still SpectraLOCK PRO Grout Part B Liquid
wet and tacky. When installing large format into the mixing pail. Mix by hand or with
(>8" x 8"/200 mm x 200 mm) tile/stone, a slow speed (<300 rpm) mixer until the
rib/button/lug back tiles, pavers or sheet two liquids are well blended. Then, while
mounted ceramics/mosaics, spread latex mixing, add LATICRETE SpectraLOCK
portland cement mortar onto the back of (i.e. PRO Grout Part C Powder and blend until
‘back-butter’) each piece/sheet in addition uniform. Install LATICRETE SpectraLOCK
to trowelling latex portland cement mortar PRO Grout in compliance with current
over the substrate. Beat each piece/sheet revisions of ANSI A108.02 (3.13) and ANSI
into the latex portland cement mortar with A108.6 (3.0 – 4.0). Spread using a sharp
a beating block or rubber mallet to insure edged, hard rubber float and work grout
full bedding and flatness. Allow installation into joints. Using strokes diagonal (at 45°
to set until firm. Clean excess latex portland angle) to the grout lines, pack joints full
cement mortar from tile or stone face and and free of voids/pits. Then hold float
joints between pieces. face at a 90° angle to grouted surface and
Use the following LATICRETE System use float edge to "squeegee" off excess
Materials: grout, stroking diagonally to avoid pulling
grout out of filled joints. Once excess
LATICRETE 254 Platinum
grout is removed, a thin film/haze will
Please visit www.laticrete.com for the most recent copies
be left. Initial cleaning of the remaining
of Product Data Sheets, Material Safety Data Sheets,
Detail Drawings, GreenGuard Certificates, and Technical film/haze can begin approximately 20–30
Data Sheets. minutes after grouting (wait longer at
E. G
routing or Pointing: colder temperatures). Begin by mixing
cleaning additive packet with 2 gallons
NOTE TO SPECIFIER: Select one of following and specify
color for each type/color of ceramic tile, mosaic, paver, (7.6 l ) of clean water in a clean bucket to
trim unit. make cleaning solution. Dip a clean sponge
131
Section 9 – Specifications for Swimming Pool/Fountain/Spa Installations
into the bucket and then wring out cleaning 1. Reagent composition and/or concentration;
solution until sponge is damp. Using a 2. Temperature;
circular motion, lightly scrub grouted
3. Duration of exposure.
surfaces with the damp sponge to dissolve
grout film/haze. Then drag sponge Review manufacturer’s performance data and
diagonally over the scrubbed surfaces to recommendations, in the context of expected
remove froth. Rinse sponge frequently and chemical exposures.
change cleaning solution at least every 50 ft2 Provide control or expansion joints as located
(4.7 m2). Discard sponges as they become in contract drawings and in full conformity,
"gummy" with residue. Within one (1) hour especially in width and depth, with architectural
of finishing first cleaning, clean the same details.
area again following the same procedure 1.Substrate joints must carry through, full
but utilizing a clean white scrub pad and width, to surface of tile, brick or stone.
fresh cleaning solution. Rinse scrub pad
2. Install expansion joints in tile, brick or
frequently. Drag a clean sponge diagonally
stone work over construction/cold joints
over the scrubbed surfaces to remove froth.
or control joints in substrates.
Use each side of sponge only once before
rinsing and change cleaning solution at 3. Install expansion joints where tile, brick or
least every 50 ft2 (4.7 m2). Allow cleaned stone abut restraining surfaces (such as
areas to dry and inspect tile/stone surface. perimeter walls, curbs, columns), changes
For persistent grout film/haze (within 24 in plane and corners.
hours), repeat scrubbing procedure with 4. Joint width and spacing depends on
undiluted white vinegar and clean pad. application – follow TCNA “Handbook
Rinse with clean water and allow surface for Ceramic Tile Installation” Detail "EJ-
to dry. Inspect grout joint for pinholes/ 171 Expansion Joints" or consult sealant
voids and repair them with freshly mixed manufacturer for recommendation based
LATICRETE® SpectraLOCK® PRO Grout*. on project parameters.
Cautions: Do not use undiluted white 5. Joint width: ≥1/8" (3 mm) and ≤1" (25 mm).
vinegar on polished marble or limestone 6. Joint width: depth ~2:1 but joint depth
unless a test spot in an inconspicuous area must be ≥1/8" (3 mm) and ≤1/2" (12 mm).
indicates no change in finish appearance;
7. Layout (field defined by joints): 1:1
Do not use acid cleaners on epoxy grout
length: width is optimum but must be
less than 7 days old.
≤2:1. Remove all contaminants and foreign
Use the following LATICRETE System material from joint spaces/surfaces, such
Materials: as dirt, dust, oil, water, frost, setting/
LATICRETE SpectraLOCK PRO Grout grouting materials, sealers and old sealant/
Please visit www.laticrete.com for the most recent copies backer. Use LATICRETE Latasil™ 9118
of Product Data Sheets, Material Safety Data Sheets, Primer for underwater and permanent wet
Detail Drawings, GreenGuard Certificates, and Technical
Data Sheets.
area applications, or for porous stone (e.g.
limestone, sandstone etc…) installations.
F. E
xpansion and Control Joints: Architect must Install appropriate backing material (e.g.
specify type of joint and show location and closed cell backer rod) based on expansion
details on drawings. joint design and as specified in § 07920.
NOTE TO SPECIFIER: The chemical resistance of joint Apply masking tape to face of tile, brick or
sealants for ceramic tile, mosaics, pavers, brick and stone
stone veneer. Use caulking gun, or other
will typically depend on.
132
Section 9 – Specifications for Swimming Pool/Fountain/Spa Installations
G. Adjusting: Correction of defective work for a Filling Pool – fill pool with water at rate of
period of one (1) year following substantial 2' (600 mm) per 24 hours to allow gradual
completion, return to job and correct all exposure to water pressure, thermal and
defective work. Defective work includes, moisture differentials. Initial alkalinity of pool
without limitation, tiles broken in normal water is very high from exposure to portland
abuse due to deficiencies in setting bed, cement based finishes, grouts, and mortars;
loose tiles or grout, and all other defects careful and frequent balance is required. Do
which may develop as a result of poor not fill if potential thermal gradients exist (very
workmanship. cold source water, exterior pool exposed to
several days of solar radiation.
3.5 CLEANING Emptying Pool – empty pool water at rate
Clean excess mortar/epoxy from veneer of 2' (600 mm) per 24 hours to prevent
surfaces with water before they harden and hydrostatic pressure from de-laminating tiles
as work progresses. Do not contaminate open of leveling mortar (in pools without waterproof
grout/caulk joints while cleaning. Sponge and membrane).
wash veneers diagonally across joints. Do not
use acids for cleaning. Polish with clean dry PART 4 – HEALTH AND SAFETY
cloth. Remove surplus materials and leave The use of personal protection such as rubber
premises broom clean. gloves, suitable dust masks, safety glasses
and industrial clothing is highly recommended.
3.6 PROTECTION Discarded packaging, product wash and waste
A. P
rotect finished installation under provisions water should be disposed of as per local, state
of §01500 and §01535. Close areas to other or federal regulations.
trades and traffic until tile being installed has
set firmly. Keep traffic off horizontal portland
cement thick bed mortar installations for at
least 72 hours at 70°F (21°C).
B. Keep floors installed with epoxy adhesive
closed to traffic for 24 hrs at 70°F (21°C),
and to heavy traffic for 48 hours at 70°F
133
Section 9 – Specifications for Swimming Pool/Fountain/Spa Installations
Section 9: 9.6 P604 Fiberglass Shell – the 1/8" (6 mm) subsurface tolerance into
Pool/Spa Thin Bed compliance with the 1/8" (6 mm) tolerance
desired;
PART 3 – EXECUTION
5. Not leveled with gypsum or asphalt based
3.1 SUBSTRATE EXAMINATION
compounds;
A. Verify that surfaces to be covered with
ceramic tile, mosaics, pavers, brick, stone, 6. Dry as per American Society for Testing
trim or waterproofing are: and Materials (ASTM) D4263 “Standard
Test for Determining Moisture in Concrete
1. Sound, rigid and conform to good design/
by the Plastic Sheet Method.”
engineering practices;
B. Concrete surfaces shall also be:
2. S
ystems, including the framing system
and panels, over which tile or stone will 1. Cured a minimum of 28 days at 70°F (21°C),
be installed shall be in conformance with including an initial seven (7) day period of
the International Residential Code (IRC) for wet curing;
residential applications, the International NOTE TO SPECIFIER: LATICRETE® latex portland cement
mortars do not require a minimum cure time for concrete
Building Code (IBC) for commercial
substrates or mortar beds.
applications, or applicable building codes.
The project design should include the 2. Wood float finished, or better, if the
intended use and necessary allowances installation is to be done by the thin bed
for the expected live load, concentrated method;
load, impact load, and dead load including C. Advise General Contractor and Architect of
the weight of the finish and installation any surface or substrate conditions requiring
materials; correction before tile work commences.
3. Clean and free of dust, dirt, oil, grease, Beginning of work constitutes acceptance of
sealers, curing compounds, laitance, substrate or surface conditions.
efflorescence, form oil, loose plaster, paint, 3.2 SURFACE PREPARATION
and scale; A. FIBERGLASS SURFACES
4. Thin-set tile installations have a specified Wash fiberglass surfaces with strong detergent
subsurface tolerance, for instance 1/4" in to ensure that all potential bond breaking
10' (6 mm in 3 m) and 1/16" in 1' (1.5 mm materials are removed; rinse completely
in 300 mm), to conform with the ANSI and allow to dry. Scuff the fiberglass surface
specifications. Because thin-set is not slightly with medium sandpaper and clean the
intended to be used in truing or leveling surface thoroughly. Allow to dry.
the work of others, the subsurface typically
B. CONCRETE SUBSTRATES
should not vary by more than 1/16" over
1' (1.5 mm over 300 mm), nor more than (Insert any Special Means of Preparation –
1/32" (0.8 mm) between adjoining edges In addition to the surface preparation
where applicable (e.g. between sheets requirements listed above; …)
of exterior glue plywood or between C. (List other Substrates as required and means
adjacent concrete masonry units). of preparation as required)
Should the architect/designer require a (Insert any Special Means of Preparation –
more stringent tolerance (e.g. 1/8" in 10' In addition to the surface preparation
[3 mm in 3 m] ), the subsurface requirements listed above; …)
specification must reflect that tolerance,
or the tile specification must include a
specific and separate requirement to bring
134
Section 9 – Specifications for Swimming Pool/Fountain/Spa Installations
3.3 INSTALLATION – ACCESSORIES Please visit www.laticrete.com for the most recent copies
of Product Data Sheets, Material Safety Data Sheets,
A. Waterproofing: Detail Drawings, GreenGuard Certificates, and Technical
NOTE TO SPECIFIER: Adhesives/mastics, mortars and Data Sheets.
grouts for ceramic tile, mosaics, pavers, brick and stone
are not replacements for waterproofing membranes and 3.4 INSTALLATION – TILE, BRICK and
will not prevent water penetration into occupied or storage STONE
spaces below.
A. General: Install in accordance with current
Install the waterproofing membrane in versions of American National Standards
compliance with current revisions of ANSI Institute, Inc. (ANSI) “A108 American
A108.01 (2.7 Waterproofing) and ANSI National Standard Specifications for
A108.13. Review the installation and plan Installation of Ceramic Tile” and TCNA
the application sequence. Main application: “Handbook for Ceramic Tile Installation.”
apply product to steel substrate using 3/16" Cut and fit ceramic tile, brick or stone neatly
x 5/32"v-notch trowel. Allow the trowel to around corners, fittings, and obstructions.
gauge the appropriate amount of material Perimeter pieces to be minimum half tile,
onto the surface using the v-notch side. Once brick or stone. Chipped, cracked, split
material is applied, use the flat side of the pieces and edges are not acceptable. Make
trowel to “knock down” or flatten all ridges to joints even, straight, plumb and of uniform
produce a smooth, flat surface. Be sure to look width to tolerance +/- 1/16" over 8' (1.5 mm
for any “pinholes” or areas not covered by the in 2.4 m). Install divider strips at junction of
material. If any voids appear, cover same or flooring and dissimilar materials.
next day with LATAPOXY® 24hr HydroProofing™. B. Thin Bed Method: Install epoxy adhesive in
Make sure all 90° angles at coves and corners compliance with current revisions of ANSI
are properly filled. A108.02 (3.11) and ANSI A108.6. Use the
Drain and pipe penetrations: Make sure that appropriate trowel notch size to ensure
pipes and drains are free from rust, oil, dirt, proper bedding of the tile or stone selected.
and any other contaminants that might prevent Work the epoxy adhesive into good contact
adequate bonding. For PVC penetrations, with the substrate and comb with notched
scarify pipe with sandpaper where membrane side of trowel. Spread only as much epoxy
will be applied. Ensure that pipes and drains adhesive as can be covered while the
are securely fastened, stable, rigid, and do adhesive surface is still wet and tacky. When
not allow movement. Pack all voids around installing large format (>8" x 8"/200 mm x
pipes or penetrations with closed cell backer 200 mm) tile/stone, rib/button/lug back
rod in appropriate manner. Apply LATAPOXY tiles, pavers or sheet mounted ceramics/
24hr HydroProofing directly to the pipe mosaics, spread epoxy adhesive onto the
penetration, extending 3" above point of back of (i.e. ‘back-butter’) each piece/sheet
installation. No fabric or sealant is required. in addition to trowelling epoxy adhesive
The membrane will bond directly to the pipe. over the substrate. Beat each piece/sheet
Ensure that proper thickness of 1 mm (40 mil) into the epoxy adhesive with a beating block
is achieved. For metal drains, flash LATAPOXY or rubber mallet to insure full bedding and
24hr HydroProofing directly over metal flange flatness. Allow installation to set until firm.
of drain – do not cover the weep holes. A two- Clean excess epoxy adhesive from tile or
part clamping ring style drain should be used. stone face and joints between pieces.
Use the following LATICRETE® System Use the following LATICRETE System
Materials: Materials:
LATAPOXY 24hr HydroProofing LATAPOXY 300 Adhesive
135
Section 9 – Specifications for Swimming Pool/Fountain/Spa Installations
Please visit www.laticrete.com for the most recent copies removed, a thin film/haze will be left. Initial
of Product Data Sheets, Material Safety Data Sheets,
cleaning of the remaining film/haze can
Detail Drawings, GreenGuard Certificates, and Technical
Data Sheets. begin approximately 20–30 minutes after
grouting (wait longer at colder
C. Grouting or Pointing:
temperatures). Begin by mixing cleaning
NOTE TO SPECIFIER: Select one of following and specify additive packet with 2 gallons (7.6 l ) of
color for each type/color of ceramic tile, mosaic, paver,
trim unit. clean water in a clean bucket to make
cleaning solution. Dip a clean sponge into
1. C
hemical Resistant, Water Cleanable Tile-
the bucket and then wring out cleaning
Grouting Epoxy (ANSI A118.3): Follow
solution until sponge is damp. Using a
manufacturer‘s recommendations for
circular motion, lightly scrub grouted
minimum cure time prior to grouting.
surfaces with the damp sponge to dissolve
Store liquid components of LATICRETE
grout film/haze. Then drag sponge
SpectraLOCK® PRO Grout* for 24 hours
diagonally over the scrubbed surfaces to
at 70–80°F (21–27°C) prior to use to
remove froth. Rinse sponge frequently
facilitate mixing and application. Substrate
and change cleaning solution at least every
temperature must be 40–95°F (4–35°C).
50 ft2 (4.7 m2). Discard sponges as they
Verify joints are free of dirt, debris or
become “gummy” with residue. Within one
grout spacers. Sponge or wipe dust/dirt
(1) hour of finishing first cleaning, clean
off tile faces and remove water standing
the same area again following the same
in joints. Apply grout release to face of
procedure but utilizing a clean white scrub
absorptive, abrasive, non-slip or rough
pad and fresh cleaning solution. Rinse
textured ceramic tile, pavers, bricks, stone
scrub pad frequently. Drag a clean sponge
or trim units that are not hot paraffin
diagonally over the scrubbed surfaces to
coated to facilitate cleaning. Cut open
remove froth. Use each side of sponge only
pouch and pour LATICRETE SpectraLOCK
once before rinsing and change cleaning
PRO Grout Part A Liquid into a clean
solution at least every 50 ft2 (4.7 m2). Allow
mixing pail. Then open pouch and pour
cleaned areas to dry and inspect tile/
LATICRETE SpectraLOCK PRO Grout Part B
stone surface. For persistent grout film/
Liquid into the mixing pail. Mix by hand or
haze (within 24 hours), repeat scrubbing
with a slow speed (<300 rpm) mixer until
procedure with undiluted white vinegar
the two liquids are well blended. Then,
and clean pad. Rinse with clean water and
while mixing, add LATICRETE SpectraLOCK
allow surface to dry. Inspect grout joint for
PRO Grout Part C Powder and blend until
pinholes/voids and repair them with freshly
uniform. Install LATICRETE SpectraLOCK
mixed LATICRETE SpectraLOCK PRO Grout.
PRO Grout in compliance with current
Cautions: Do not use undiluted white
revisions of ANSI A108.02 (3.13) and ANSI
vinegar on polished marble or limestone
A108.6 (3.0 – 4.0). Spread using a sharp
unless a test spot in an inconspicuous area
edged, hard rubber float and work grout
indicates no change in finish appearance;
into joints. Using strokes diagonal (at 45°
Do not use acid cleaners on epoxy grout
angle) to the grout lines, pack joints full
less than 7 days old.
and free of voids/pits. Then hold float face
at a 90° angle to grouted surface and use Use the following LATICRETE System
float edge to “squeegee” off excess grout, Materials:
stroking diagonally to avoid pulling grout LATICRETE SpectraLOCK PRO Grout
out of filled joints. Once excess grout is
136
Section 9 – Specifications for Swimming Pool/Fountain/Spa Installations
Please visit www.laticrete.com for the most recent copies area applications, or for porous stone (e.g.
of Product Data Sheets, Material Safety Data Sheets,
Detail Drawings, GreenGuard Certificates, and Technical
limestone, sandstone etc…) installations.
Data Sheets. Install appropriate backing material (e.g.
closed cell backer rod) based on expansion
D. Expansion and Control Joints:
joint design and as specified in § 07920.
NOTE TO SPECIFIER: The chemical resistance of joint
Apply masking tape to face of tile, brick or
sealants for ceramic tile, mosaics, pavers, brick and stone
will typically depend on: stone veneer. Use caulking gun, or other
applicator, to completely fill joints with
1. Reagent composition and/or concentration;
sealant. Within 5–10 minutes of filling
2. Temperature; joint, ‘tool’ sealant surface to a smooth
3. Duration of exposure. finish. Remove masking tape immediately
Review manufacturer’s performance data and after tooling joint. Wipe smears or excess
recommendations, in the context of expected sealant off the face of non-glazed tile,
chemical exposures. brick, stone or other absorptive surfaces
immediately.
Provide control or expansion joints as located
in contract drawings and in full conformity, Use the following LATICRETE® System
especially in width and depth, with architectural Materials:
details. LATICRETE Latasil
1. S
ubstrate joints must carry through, full LATICRETE Latasil 9118 Primer
width, to surface of tile, brick or stone. Please visit www.laticrete.com for the most recent copies
of Product Data Sheets, Material Safety Data Sheets,
2. Install expansion joints in tile, brick or
Detail Drawings, GreenGuard Certificates, and Technical
stone work over construction/cold joints Data Sheets.
or control joints in substrates.
E. Adjusting: Correction of defective work for
3. Install expansion joints where tile, brick or a period of one year following substantial
stone abut restraining surfaces (such as completion, return to job and correct all
perimeter walls, curbs, columns), changes defective work. Defective work includes,
in plane and corners. without limitation, tiles broken in normal
4. Joint width and spacing depends on abuse due to deficiencies in setting bed,
application – follow TCNA “Handbook loose tiles or grout, and all other defects
for Ceramic Tile Installation” Detail which may develop as a result of poor
“EJ-171 Expansion Joints” or consult sealant workmanship.
manufacturer for recommendation based
on project parameters.
3.5 CLEANING
Clean excess mortar/epoxy from veneer
5. Joint width: ≥1/8" (3 mm) and ≤1" (25 mm).
surfaces with water before they harden and
6. Joint width: depth ~2:1 but joint depth as work progresses. Do not contaminate open
must be ≥1/8" (3 mm) and ≤1/2" (12 mm). grout/caulk joints while cleaning. Sponge and
7. Layout (field defined by joints): 1:1 length: wash veneers diagonally across joints. Do not
width is optimum but must be ≤ 2:1. use acids for cleaning. Polish with clean dry
Remove all contaminants and foreign cloth. Remove surplus materials and leave
material from joint spaces/surfaces, such premises broom clean.
as dirt, dust, oil, water, frost, setting/
grouting materials, sealers and old sealant/
backer. Use LATICRETE® Latasil™ 9118
Primer for underwater and permanent wet
137
Section 9 – Specifications for Swimming Pool/Fountain/Spa Installations
3.6 PROTECTION
A. P
rotect finished installation under provisions
of §01500 and §01535. Close areas to other
trades and traffic until tile being installed has
set firmly. Keep traffic off horizontal portland
cement thick bed mortar installations for at
least 72 hours at 70°F (21°C).
B. Keep floors installed with epoxy adhesive
closed to traffic for 24 hrs. at 70°F (21°C),
and to heavy traffic for 48 hours at 70°F
(21°C) unless instructed differently by
manufacturer. Use kneeling boards, or
equivalent, to walk/work on newly tiled
floors. Cure tile work in swimming pools,
fountains and other continuous immersion
applications for 10 days for epoxy based
grout and 14 days for latex portland cement
based grout at 70°F (21°C) before flood
testing or filling installation with water.
Extend period of protection of tile work at
lower temperatures, below 60°F (15°C), and
at high relative humidity (>70% RH) due
to retarded set times of mortar/adhesives.
Replace or restore work of other trades
damaged or soiled by work under this
section.
138
Section 10 – Swimming Pool,
Section 1: Introduction
Fountain and Spa Detail
Drawings
139
Section 10 – Swimming Pool, Fountain and Spa Detail Drawings
The following section includes typical details for use in specifying and installing ceramic tile and
stone installations in swimming pools, fountains, spas, and water features. Details are subject
to change without notice. For the most current revision of these details and the corresponding
specifications please visit www.laticrete.com/ag.
140
Section 10 – Swimming Pool, Fountain and Spa Detail Drawings
As a professional courtesy, LATICRETE offers technical servcies free of charge. The user maintains all ©2009 LATICRETE International, Inc. All rights reserved. The right to utilize LATICRETE details for
responsibility for verifying the applicability and suitability of the technical service or information provided. commercial purposes is granted excluisvely to contractors, architects, quantity surveyors, engineers, and
specifications writers. LATICRETE®, LATAPOXY® and SpectraLOCK® are registered trademarks of LATICRETE
International, Inc. US and foreign patent and trademark offices. Marca registrada. All other trademarks are
property of their respective companies.
141
Section 10 – Swimming Pool, Fountain and Spa Detail Drawings
Revision Date: 4/09 Scale: NTS For latest revision of this and all LATICRETE details please visit www.laticrete.com/ag
As a professional courtesy, LATICRETE offers technical servcies free of charge. The user maintains all ©2009 LATICRETE International, Inc. All rights reserved. The right to utilize LATICRETE details for
responsibility for verifying the applicability and suitability of the technical service or information provided. commercial purposes is granted excluisvely to contractors, architects, quantity surveyors, engineers, and
specifications writers. LATICRETE®, LATAPOXY® and SpectraLOCK® are registered trademarks of LATICRETE
International, Inc. US and foreign patent and trademark offices. Marca registrada. All other trademarks are
property of their respective companies.
142
Section 10 – Swimming Pool, Fountain and Spa Detail Drawings
As a professional courtesy, LATICRETE offers technical servcies free of charge. The user maintains all ©2009 LATICRETE International, Inc. All rights reserved. The right to utilize LATICRETE details for
responsibility for verifying the applicability and suitability of the technical service or information provided. commercial purposes is granted excluisvely to contractors, architects, quantity surveyors, engineers, and
specifications writers. LATICRETE®, LATAPOXY® and SpectraLOCK® are registered trademarks of LATICRETE
International, Inc. US and foreign patent and trademark offices. Marca registrada. All other trademarks are
property of their respective companies.
143
Section 10 – Swimming Pool, Fountain and Spa Detail Drawings
Revision Date: 4/09 Scale: NTS For latest revision of this and all LATICRETE details please visit www.laticrete.com/ag
As a professional courtesy, LATICRETE offers technical servcies free of charge. The user maintains all ©2009 LATICRETE International, Inc. All rights reserved. The right to utilize LATICRETE details for
responsibility for verifying the applicability and suitability of the technical service or information provided. commercial purposes is granted excluisvely to contractors, architects, quantity surveyors, engineers, and
specifications writers. LATICRETE®, LATAPOXY® and SpectraLOCK® are registered trademarks of LATICRETE
International, Inc. US and foreign patent and trademark offices. Marca registrada. All other trademarks are
property of their respective companies.
144
Section 10 – Swimming Pool, Fountain and Spa Detail Drawings
As a professional courtesy, LATICRETE offers technical servcies free of charge. The user maintains all ©2009 LATICRETE International, Inc. All rights reserved. The right to utilize LATICRETE details for
responsibility for verifying the applicability and suitability of the technical service or information provided. commercial purposes is granted excluisvely to contractors, architects, quantity surveyors, engineers, and
specifications writers. LATICRETE®, LATAPOXY® and SpectraLOCK® are registered trademarks of LATICRETE
International, Inc. US and foreign patent and trademark offices. Marca registrada. All other trademarks are
property of their respective companies.
145
Section 10 – Swimming Pool, Fountain and Spa Detail Drawings
Revision Date: 4/09 Scale: NTS For latest revision of this and all LATICRETE details please visit www.laticrete.com/ag
As a professional courtesy, LATICRETE offers technical servcies free of charge. The user maintains all ©2009 LATICRETE International, Inc. All rights reserved. The right to utilize LATICRETE details for
responsibility for verifying the applicability and suitability of the technical service or information provided. commercial purposes is granted excluisvely to contractors, architects, quantity surveyors, engineers, and
specifications writers. LATICRETE®, LATAPOXY® and SpectraLOCK® are registered trademarks of LATICRETE
International, Inc. US and foreign patent and trademark offices. Marca registrada. All other trademarks are
property of their respective companies.
146
Section 10 – Swimming Pool, Fountain and Spa Detail Drawings
As a professional courtesy, LATICRETE offers technical servcies free of charge. The user maintains all ©2009 LATICRETE International, Inc. All rights reserved. The right to utilize LATICRETE details for
responsibility for verifying the applicability and suitability of the technical service or information provided. commercial purposes is granted excluisvely to contractors, architects, quantity surveyors, engineers, and
specifications writers. LATICRETE®, LATAPOXY® and SpectraLOCK® are registered trademarks of LATICRETE
International, Inc. US and foreign patent and trademark offices. Marca registrada. All other trademarks are
property of their respective companies.
147
Section 10 – Swimming Pool, Fountain and Spa Detail Drawings
As a professional courtesy, LATICRETE offers technical servcies free of charge. The user maintains all ©2009 LATICRETE International, Inc. All rights reserved. The right to utilize LATICRETE details for
responsibility for verifying the applicability and suitability of the technical service or information provided. commercial purposes is granted excluisvely to contractors, architects, quantity surveyors, engineers, and
specifications writers. LATICRETE®, LATAPOXY® and SpectraLOCK® are registered trademarks of LATICRETE
International, Inc. US and foreign patent and trademark offices. Marca registrada. All other trademarks are
property of their respective companies.
148
Section 10 – Swimming Pool, Fountain and Spa Detail Drawings
Revision Date: 4/09 Scale: NTS For latest revision of this and all LATICRETE details please visit www.laticrete.com/ag
As a professional courtesy, LATICRETE offers technical servcies free of charge. The user maintains all ©2009 LATICRETE International, Inc. All rights reserved. The right to utilize LATICRETE details for
responsibility for verifying the applicability and suitability of the technical service or information provided. commercial purposes is granted excluisvely to contractors, architects, quantity surveyors, engineers, and
specifications writers. LATICRETE®, LATAPOXY® and SpectraLOCK® are registered trademarks of LATICRETE
International, Inc. US and foreign patent and trademark offices. Marca registrada. All other trademarks are
property of their respective companies.
149
Section 10 – Swimming Pool, Fountain and Spa Detail Drawings
Revision Date: 4/09 Scale: NTS For latest revision of this and all LATICRETE details please visit www.laticrete.com/ag
As a professional courtesy, LATICRETE offers technical servcies free of charge. The user maintains all ©2009 LATICRETE International, Inc. All rights reserved. The right to utilize LATICRETE details for
responsibility for verifying the applicability and suitability of the technical service or information provided. commercial purposes is granted excluisvely to contractors, architects, quantity surveyors, engineers, and
specifications writers. LATICRETE®, LATAPOXY® and SpectraLOCK® are registered trademarks of LATICRETE
International, Inc. US and foreign patent and trademark offices. Marca registrada. All other trademarks are
property of their respective companies.
150
Section 10 – Swimming Pool, Fountain and Spa Detail Drawings
Revision Date: 4/09 Scale: NTS For latest revision of this and all LATICRETE details please visit www.laticrete.com/ag
As a professional courtesy, LATICRETE offers technical servcies free of charge. The user maintains all ©2009 LATICRETE International, Inc. All rights reserved. The right to utilize LATICRETE details for
responsibility for verifying the applicability and suitability of the technical service or information provided. commercial purposes is granted excluisvely to contractors, architects, quantity surveyors, engineers, and
specifications writers. LATICRETE®, LATAPOXY® and SpectraLOCK® are registered trademarks of LATICRETE
International, Inc. US and foreign patent and trademark offices. Marca registrada. All other trademarks are
property of their respective companies.
151
Section 10 – Swimming Pool, Fountain and Spa Detail Drawings
Revision Date: 4/09 Scale: NTS For latest revision of this and all LATICRETE details please visit www.laticrete.com/ag
As a professional courtesy, LATICRETE offers technical servcies free of charge. The user maintains all ©2009 LATICRETE International, Inc. All rights reserved. The right to utilize LATICRETE details for
responsibility for verifying the applicability and suitability of the technical service or information provided. commercial purposes is granted excluisvely to contractors, architects, quantity surveyors, engineers, and
specifications writers. LATICRETE®, LATAPOXY® and SpectraLOCK® are registered trademarks of LATICRETE
International, Inc. US and foreign patent and trademark offices. Marca registrada. All other trademarks are
property of their respective companies.
152
Section 10 – Swimming Pool, Fountain and Spa Detail Drawings
As a professional courtesy, LATICRETE offers technical servcies free of charge. The user maintains all ©2009 LATICRETE International, Inc. All rights reserved. The right to utilize LATICRETE details for
responsibility for verifying the applicability and suitability of the technical service or information provided. commercial purposes is granted excluisvely to contractors, architects, quantity surveyors, engineers, and
specifications writers. LATICRETE®, LATAPOXY® and SpectraLOCK® are registered trademarks of LATICRETE
International, Inc. US and foreign patent and trademark offices. Marca registrada. All other trademarks are
property of their respective companies.
153
Section 10 – Swimming Pool, Fountain and Spa Detail Drawings
Revision Date: 4/09 Scale: NTS For latest revision of this and all LATICRETE details please visit www.laticrete.com/ag
As a professional courtesy, LATICRETE offers technical servcies free of charge. The user maintains all ©2009 LATICRETE International, Inc. All rights reserved. The right to utilize LATICRETE details for
responsibility for verifying the applicability and suitability of the technical service or information provided. commercial purposes is granted excluisvely to contractors, architects, quantity surveyors, engineers, and
specifications writers. LATICRETE®, LATAPOXY® and SpectraLOCK® are registered trademarks of LATICRETE
International, Inc. US and foreign patent and trademark offices. Marca registrada. All other trademarks are
property of their respective companies.
154
Section 10 – Swimming Pool, Fountain and Spa Detail Drawings
As a professional courtesy, LATICRETE offers technical servcies free of charge. The user maintains all ©2009 LATICRETE International, Inc. All rights reserved. The right to utilize LATICRETE details for
responsibility for verifying the applicability and suitability of the technical service or information provided. commercial purposes is granted excluisvely to contractors, architects, quantity surveyors, engineers, and
specifications writers. LATICRETE®, LATAPOXY® and SpectraLOCK® are registered trademarks of LATICRETE
International, Inc. US and foreign patent and trademark offices. Marca registrada. All other trademarks are
property of their respective companies.
155
Section 10 – Swimming Pool, Fountain and Spa Detail Drawings
10.16 CEMENT BACKER BOARD – STEEL FRAMING – EXTERIOR AND WET AREAS
W244(E)
Revision Date: 4/09 Scale: NTS For latest revision of this and all LATICRETE details please visit www.laticrete.com/ag
As a professional courtesy, LATICRETE offers technical servcies free of charge. The user maintains all ©2009 LATICRETE International, Inc. All rights reserved. The right to utilize LATICRETE details for
responsibility for verifying the applicability and suitability of the technical service or information provided. commercial purposes is granted excluisvely to contractors, architects, quantity surveyors, engineers, and
specifications writers. LATICRETE®, LATAPOXY® and SpectraLOCK® are registered trademarks of LATICRETE
International, Inc. US and foreign patent and trademark offices. Marca registrada. All other trademarks are
property of their respective companies.
156
Section 10 – Swimming Pool, Fountain and Spa Detail Drawings
As a professional courtesy, LATICRETE offers technical servcies free of charge. The user maintains all ©2009 LATICRETE International, Inc. All rights reserved. The right to utilize LATICRETE details for
responsibility for verifying the applicability and suitability of the technical service or information provided. commercial purposes is granted excluisvely to contractors, architects, quantity surveyors, engineers, and
specifications writers. LATICRETE®, LATAPOXY® and SpectraLOCK® are registered trademarks of LATICRETE
International, Inc. US and foreign patent and trademark offices. Marca registrada. All other trademarks are
property of their respective companies.
157
Section 10 – Swimming Pool, Fountain and Spa Detail Drawings
As a professional courtesy, LATICRETE offers technical servcies free of charge. The user maintains all ©2009 LATICRETE International, Inc. All rights reserved. The right to utilize LATICRETE details for
responsibility for verifying the applicability and suitability of the technical service or information provided. commercial purposes is granted excluisvely to contractors, architects, quantity surveyors, engineers, and
specifications writers. LATICRETE®, LATAPOXY® and SpectraLOCK® are registered trademarks of LATICRETE
International, Inc. US and foreign patent and trademark offices. Marca registrada. All other trademarks are
property of their respective companies.
158
Section 10 – Swimming Pool, Fountain and Spa Detail Drawings
Revision Date: 4/09 Scale: NTS For latest revision of this and all LATICRETE details please visit www.laticrete.com/ag
As a professional courtesy, LATICRETE offers technical servcies free of charge. The user maintains all ©2009 LATICRETE International, Inc. All rights reserved. The right to utilize LATICRETE details for
responsibility for verifying the applicability and suitability of the technical service or information provided. commercial purposes is granted excluisvely to contractors, architects, quantity surveyors, engineers, and
specifications writers. LATICRETE®, LATAPOXY® and SpectraLOCK® are registered trademarks of LATICRETE
International, Inc. US and foreign patent and trademark offices. Marca registrada. All other trademarks are
property of their respective companies.
159
160
Section 11 – Pool Water and
TileSection 1: Introduction
Installation Maintenance
161
Section 11 – Pool Water and Tile Installation Maintenance
11.1 Fill and Drain Rates 11.2 Opening and Closing Seasonal
Swimming pools and fountains which have Swimming Pools and Water Features
had tile and stone installed should be filled Opening – Opening a swimming pool,
and drained at a prescribed rate of 1" (25 mm) depending on the climate, is an annual rite of
per hour. Following this prescribed fill rate spring for pool owners. The process of opening
will help to alleviate the rapid expansion of a swimming pool involves many different
the pool walls due to the weight of the water, tasks and allows for routine inspection and
moisture expansion of the tile and thermal maintenance to be performed.
gradient variation. While the movement joints For swimming pools in northern climates the
and sealant will accommodate most of this list includes;
movement they will be stressed during the fill n emoving, cleaning and storing the pool
R
period so a slow fill can help the movement
cover
joints better fulfill their intended purpose.
n T esting water balance, pH, calcium,
During the drain periods the slow rate will
hardness, and alkalinity levels
allow the movement joints and tile system to
shrink back at a slower and safer rate. As the
n Inspecting electrical service, filters, ladders,
tile or stone, immersed in water for extended diving boards, plugs, gauges, and other
periods, dry out they will experience shrinkage important components of the system
movement due to the loss of moisture. The n Lubricate fittings, valves, o-rings, and plugs
weight of the water in the pool goes down n Inspect tile and grout installations, and
and the walls can shrink back due to the loss clean tiles and skimmer with cleanser
of pressure. The slow empty rate allows for a n Clean and inspect pool deck
normal process to take place without damage
to the pool or tile system. The slow drain rate
n kim pool water surface and vacuum pool
S
also helps to prevent hydrostatic pressure from bottom
causing delamination of tile in pools without a n Backwash filter if necessary
waterproofing membrane. n Shock pool water to breakpoint levels
NOTE: The prescribed fill and drain rate described above Failure to inspect and correct any problems
is recommended for pools, fountains and water features
which have received a tile or stone installation. Filling or
during the opening may result in down time of
emptying these vessels which have received other finish the pool during the warmer season when the
types may not be necessary or recommended. Please pool will be utilized the most.
check with the finish material manufacturer for their
recommended fill and drain rates. For swimming pools in southern climates,
where the pool will be open year round, it is still
While the prescribed rate of 1" (25 mm) per
necessary for an inspection and maintenance
hour is rather slow, damage caused by filling
regimen to be followed. This will help keep
or emptying too quickly can be far more time
the pool sanitary and safe for the users and
consuming and costly than waiting a few days
prevent significant down time due to improper
longer to fill the pool.
upkeep.1
Initial alkalinity of pool water may be very high,
In many cases a professional pool maintenance
due to exposure to plaster, grouts and mortars
company is utilized to make sure that the
so careful and frequent balance of the pool
pool is running efficiently, the pool mineral
water is required. The pool or fountain should
and chemical levels are properly maintained,
not be filled if potential thermal gradients
and that the entire pool system is working
are present (e.g. very cold water source,
properly.
pool exposed to direct sunlight for extended
periods, etc…).
162
Section 11 – Pool Water and Tile Installation Maintenance
Closing – Closing a pool for the winter is also 11.3 Water Treatments and Tile
a common sight in cold weather climates. The Installations
process of closing a pool is just as important It is not the goal of this manual to provide
to the long term performance of the pool as advice or recommendations for the proper
the opening. Some of the steps to closing treatment of swimming pool, fountain, water
the pool properly typically include (check feature, or spa water. The best advice that
local guidelines for proper pool closing we can offer along these lines is to consult
requirements); with a pool professional who knows the water
n alance the pool water chemistry, typically
B conditions and best water treatment options
to the following levels; available for your pool and geographical region.
– pH: 7.2 – 7.6 For more information on locating a qualified
pool professional in your area, please contact
– Alkalinity: 80 – 120 parts per million (ppm)
The Association of Pool and Spa Professionals
[80 – 120 mL/L]
at www.apsp.org.
– Calcium Hardness: 180 – 220 ppm
Water Chemistry – Water, by itself, is rarely
n emove skimmer baskets, cleaners, ladders,
R free of harsh minerals and various chemicals
wall fittings, and solar blankets from the or contaminants (e.g. bacteria, ammonia,
pool living organisms, and other pollutants). Some
n L ower the water level in the pool to below of these contaminants are evident in the
the skimmer level in the pool water used to fill the pool, some come from
n rain all pumping, filtering, heating, and
D certain environmental factors, and others
sanitizing equipment to prevent damage result from pool chemistry. The fact is that
caused by freezing the majority of these minerals and impurities
must be eliminated from your pool. To do this
n L ubricate o-rings, valves and plugs to make
requires the addition of certain chemicals to
opening the pool in the spring easier
combat the undesired effects caused by the
n Clean and vacuum the pool contamination, and to have the proper amount
n interize the plumbing by blowing out the
W of minerals to achieve “balanced water”.
lines and plug the lines with expansion Alkalinity, pH, and hardness are your water
plugs balancers and are responsible for creating
n Add winterizing algaecide optimal water chemistry. If these levels are
within their desired ranges, if water circulation
n Cover the pool with a tight fitting cover
is adequate, and a proper maintenance
In warmer climates many people simply reduce program is followed, the result will be clean,
the amount of filtration times per day and also clear sparkling blue water.
find that the pool requires fewer chemicals. As
When water is considerably less than saturated
the use of the pool decreases, the opportunity
(minerals) it is said to be in a corrosive or
to inspect and provide maintenance to the pool
aggressive condition. When water is over
increases.2
saturated and can no longer hold the minerals
NOTE: It is important to note that swimming pools and in solution it is in a scaling condition. Balanced
water features which are in use year round also require
the same regular attention and maintenance as seasonal water is that which is neither over-saturated
swimming pools and water features. nor under-saturated. Water which is under
saturated will attempt to saturate itself by
dissolving everything in contact with it in order
to increase its own mineral content. Water
163
Section 11 – Pool Water and Tile Installation Maintenance
which is over saturated will attempt to rid itself n isinfecting – kills all potential disease-
D
of this content by precipitating minerals out of carrying capabilities of these bacteria, living
solution in the form of scale. This gives a whole organisms and other contaminates
new meaning to the phrase “water seeks its n xidizing – oxidizes any ammonia that is
O
own level”.3 present in the pool due to environmental
The Saturation Index (SI), also known as factors, fertilizers blowing into the pool,
the Langelier Index, is used to equate the or swimmer waste (e.g. urine, saliva,
saturation of pool water. The formula is SI = pH perspiration, suntan lotions, saliva, body
+ TF + CF + AF – 12.1, or, Saturation Index = pH oils, etc…). Ammonia is usually only oxidized
+ Temperature + Calcium Hardness + Alkalinity using a pool shock suitable for use with the
minus 12.1. A result of between -0.3 and +0.5 sanitizer being used in the pool
indicates balanced water. The first step in There are currently several methods for
properly balancing water is, knowing how to sanitizing pools, fountains and water features;
test the water. Once the test procedures are
Chlorine – Chlorine is the most commonly used
properly performed it is necessary to know
pool sanitizer in the industry today. Chlorine
how to read the data and treat the water
will take a leadership role in sanitizing,
accordingly. Tests for pH, alkalinity, water
disinfecting and oxidizing when present in
hardness, mineral content, and sanitizer levels
any water. Unfortunately, it is not as easy
must be performed on a regular basis. In order
as adding chlorine to your pool from time
to combat the effects of bacteria, improper
to time, expecting the water to stay crystal
mineral levels, wrong pH levels, and poor
clear and sparkling. The chlorine levels must
sanitizer levels the person who is monitoring
be monitored on a continual basis based on
the pool water should know what treatment
environmental conditions (e.g. temperature,
must be provided to correct the problems).
humidity, sunlight, rain, wind, and evaporation)
Once water chemistry is balanced, though, it and bather load. Failure to do so can cause the
can be lost within 24 hours. Maintaining proper water to turn murky and green with the growth
water balance requires constant monitoring, of algae.
testing and chemical additions. Unfortunately,
For a better understanding of chlorine and
water chemistry balance is not as easy as
how it works we will look at some terminology
adding one pound of treatment every other
regarding this type of chemistry;
day; it requires knowledge, good record-
keeping, patience, and dedication to keep the Chlorine Demand – the amount of chlorine
pool functioning properly and the users of the needed to kill bacteria, living organisms and
pool safe. other pollutants in the water.
To get a better understanding of pool water Free Chlorine – the chlorine not presently being
balance we will look at several aspects of water used to kill bacteria, living organisms or other
treatment; pollutants in the water.
Sanitizers – a pool sanitizer and its Chloramines – formed when chlorine combines
accompanying shock is commonly referred with ammonia in pool water. Chloramines
to as either a sanitizer, a disinfectant or an are ineffective at sanitizing, disinfecting and
oxidizer, but, these products must be able to oxidizing pool water.
perform all 3 tasks. Total Chlorine – the combined reading
n Sanitizing – killing all bacteria, living combination of Free Chlorine and
organisms and other contaminates that are Chloramines.
present in water Chlorine levels are measured on two scales;
Total Chlorine and Free Chlorine. The
164
Section 11 – Pool Water and Tile Installation Maintenance
results of testing for Total Chlorine tells you n L iquid Chlorine – Liquid chlorine is
when to shock the pool to get rid of excess inexpensive, easy to use, and begins
chloramines and ammonia, and, the test working immediately after it is added to
results for Free Chlorine tells you when to the pool or fountain. Disadvantages include
add chlorine to the pool. When chlorine is the fact that liquid chlorine provides only
added to water, a dissociation occurs. In other about 12 – 15% available chlorine which
words, Cl2 (chlorine) + 2H2O (water) = HOCl can be exhausted quickly due to exposure
(hypochlorous acid) + HCl (hydrochloric acid). to sunlight and a short shelf life. The use of
Hypochlorous acid is the active by product liquid chlorine may also add unwanted salts
of this reaction that is responsible for killing to the pool water (a result of the production
bacteria, living organisms or other pollutants process of the liquid chlorine)
in the pool water. The chlorine molecule or n hlorine Gas – Chlorine gas is reasonably
C
ion kills microorganisms by entering through inexpensive, provides 100% available
cell walls and destroying inner enzymes, chlorine and adds no by-products to the
structures and processes. When this occurs pool water. This form of chlorine is rarely
the cell is effectively deactivated or oxidized. used in swimming pools mainly because
The hypochlorous molecule or ion continues of its one significant disadvantage – if
working until it combines with a nitrogen or misused, chlorine gas is deadly. Chlorine
ammonia compound, becoming a chloramine, gas is difficult to handle, making misuse
or is broken down into its component atoms, easy
becoming deactivated itself.
Cyanuric acid is a necessary addition to any
Chlorine is available in many forms for use in a pool treated with a chlorine product. Chlorine
swimming pool; tablets and granular chlorine are Cyanurates,
n Granular Chlorine – Granular chlorine has which simply means they contain cyanuric
many advantages; it is fast dissolving, acid. Typically sold as either “Conditioner” or
typically has 63% available chlorine, “Stabilizer” cyanuric acid protects chlorine
contains cyanuric acid, has a long shelf from being destroyed by sunlight. Cyanuric
life, has a pH level of 6.8 (fairly close to acid needs to be added whenever a pool is
the desired level), does not add any by- drained, cleaned and refilled because tap
products to the water, and can be used both water contains almost none of this chemical.
for sanitizing and shocking. Disadvantages The recommended range for cyanuric acid is
include a cost higher than chlorine tablets 30 – 80 ppm (30 – 80 mL/L) with a maximum
and less available chlorine than tablets of 100 ppm. If the level of cyanuric acid rises
n Chlorine Tablets – easily the most common above 100 ppm the only way to achieve a
form of chlorine sold for pool treatments. suitable reading is to drain the pool completely
Chlorine tablets contain about 90% and refill with new water. Cyanuric acid has a
available chlorine, contains cyanuric acid, pH of 4.0, so if the pH level is not monitored
have long shelf life, and are less expensive and corrected often then degradation of metal
than granular chlorine. The disadvantages in the pool, as well as cement based tile and
are few and are easily corrected. Chlorine stone installation materials can occur.
tablets have a pH between 2.8 – 3.0, which Bromine – Bromine is an effective alternative
can lower the pH level in the pool water. If to chlorine that comes in both tablet (far more
the pH level is not monitored and corrected commonly used) and granular forms. Bromine
often then degradation of metal in the pool, is far more stable at higher temperatures,
as well as cement based tile and stone and, as such, is used more often than chlorine
installation materials (e.g. grout) can occur
165
Section 11 – Pool Water and Tile Installation Maintenance
to sanitize, disinfect and oxidize spas. Due to purify, clean and sanitize pool water faster
to the presence of ammonia in pool water, and more effectively than traditional chlorine
bromamines (like chloramines) will be present or bromine alone.
in pool water. But, unlike chloramines, When used in conjunction with chlorine or
bromamines are at least marginally effective bromine, ozone will kill or get rid of all bacteria,
at assisting in sanitizing, disinfecting and living organisms, ammonia, swimmer wastes,
oxidizing the water. Unlike chloramines, algae, dirt, debris, and other contaminants
bromamines will breakdown by themselves virtually on contact. This is done with no odor
but they should be removed from the water and without leaving any by-products in the
by regular shocking to maintain a stable water water, other than oxygen.
environment.
The ozone sanitizing process works by placing
The main drawback of bromine, coupled an ozonator inline with the pool circulation
with its non-chlorine shock, Potassium equipment after the filter. Water flows through
Peroxymonosulfate (required to get rid of the pump and passes through the filter where
ammonia and bromamines), is its expense. any dirt, debris or particles are trapped. The
Bromine is more expensive than chlorine and water continues through the heater (if present)
only equally effective at producing results. and then through the ozonator where the
Another drawback is that it will be destroyed water will be exposed to a specific wavelength
by sunlight and that it cannot be protected of UV light. The UV light converts oxygen
by the use of cyanuric acid. Bromine has a pH molecules into ozone molecules where the
of 4.0, therefore, constant monitoring of the water is cleaned naturally.
pool water will be necessary to avoid possible
problems caused by low pH (acidic).
Bromine by itself, cannot oxidize. In
other words, to be effective, bromine requires
a catalyst; and the catalyst is often chlorine.
The tablet mixture is typically around 60%
bromine, 28% chlorine and 12% inert
ingredients. Bromine levels should be Figure 11.1 – Diagram of how ozone is created by an ozone
generator.
maintained at 2.5 – 4.0 ppm (2.5 – 4.0 mL/L)
with an industry accepted minimum level of 2.0 Salt Water – Salt water pools are becoming
ppm (2.0 mL/L). It is best to add bromine when more and more prevalent, and this method of
the level reaches 2.5 to avoid any potential sanitizing a pool is very effective. A salt water
problems. pool has 3 main components; salt, a salt cell
and a control box.
Ozone – In its natural state, ultraviolet (UV) light
from the sun converts oxygen molecules into First, it will be best to explain that the level
ozone molecules. Ozone is the earth’s natural of salt used to sanitize a swimming pool or
purifier and cleaner; and this fact makes it a fountain is not the same as ocean salt water.
perfect choice to assist in the sanitization of Ocean salt water contains about 20,000 ppm
swimming pool water. Ozone is a supplement (20 mL/L) of salt, while a salt water pool
to be used with chlorine or bromine to fully contains only about 3,000 ppm (3 mL/L). At
sanitize the pool water. In combination, the 3,000 ppm (3mL/L) you generally cannot even
end result is crystal clear, sparkling water at taste the salt; in fact, your eyes contain about
a fraction of the cost of using chlorine and 9,000 ppm (9 mL/L) of salt. Any water under
bromine alone. In fact, ozone has been proven 6,000 ppm (6 mL/L) is still considered fresh
water.
166
Section 11 – Pool Water and Tile Installation Maintenance
A salt water pool system works to sanitize a referred to as the universal solvent. As a
pool based on the fact that chlorine can be solvent, when water chemistry is out of balance,
produced by running the salt water through water will dissolve any metallic material that it
a series of plates (the salt cell) with opposite comes in contact with to satisfy its own needs
electrical charges. As the water passes through for certain minerals and to achieve saturation
these plates electrolysis takes place which point. After achieving saturation point, water
releases the chlorine in the salt. The control box will rid itself of any excess dissolved material
sends electricity to the salt cell and controls (known as the precipitation point of water). In
how much chlorine is produced by regulating fact, water has the ability to dissolve, corrode,
how long the electricity is applied to the cell. stain, scale, or calcify any surface in your pool
Salt water pools do not have the ability to in which the water comes in contact. This list of
shock the pool water so a chlorine shock surfaces includes walls, floors, ladders, hand
(super chlorinator) is used to quickly raise rails, light fixtures, internal pump and filter
the chlorine level when necessary. Cyanuric parts, grout, adhesives, and stone. The fact
acid would also be required at 30 – 80 ppm that water is volatile and must be kept under
(30 – 80 mL/L) since chlorine is the end result close supervision is critical to the long term
of the salt water electrolysis process. Another performance of any pool system. The effects
benefit of salt water pools is that the water is of improper mineral (metal) balance can also
softer, since salts are commonly used to soften lead to colored water, stains and the formation
water. Salt water may have an effect on a tile of scale.
or stone installation system as well as many Measurement of pool chemicals and minerals
other cement based finishes; efflorescence. utilize parts per million (PPM) as their reading ,
and pH is measured using the pH scale.
Chemical Minimum Ideal Maximum
Chlorine 1 ppm 2 – 3 ppm 3.5 ppm
(0.001 mL/L) (0.002 – (0.0035 mL/L)
0.003 mL/L)
Cyanuric Acid 25 ppm 30 – 80 ppm 100 ppm
(0.025 mL/L) (0.03 – (0.1 mL/L)
0.08 mL/L)
Bromine 2 ppm 2.5 – 4 ppm 5 ppm
(.0002 mL/L) (0.0025 – (0.005 mL/L)
Figure 11.2 – A typical salt water circulation and treatment 0.004 mL/L)
system4.
Alkalinity 70 ppm 80 – 140 ppm 150 ppm
There are other water treatment options but (0.07 mL/L) (0.08 – (.15 mL/L)
these are used infrequently, and will not be 0.14 mL/L)
mentioned in this text. However, choosing the Hardness 150 ppm 200 – 450 ppm 500 ppm
water treatment option best suited for your (.15 mL/L) (0.25 – (.5 mL/L)
conditions is very important and the decision 0.45 mL/L)
should be after consultation with a qualified Copper 0 ppm 0 ppm 0.1 ppm
pool professional. (0 mL/L) (0 mL/L) (0.0001 mL/L)
Mineral Balance – When discussing minerals in Iron 0 ppm 0 ppm 0.1 ppm
(0 mL/L) (0 mL/L) (0.0001 mL/L)
water chemistry the reference is usually to the
presence of copper, iron, calcium, manganese, pH 7.2 7.4 – 7.6 7.8
and magnesium, as well as various other Figure 11.3 – Ideal PPM (parts per million) Readings for
Successful Pool Water Chemistry.
minerals. Water is a solvent, in fact, it is often
167
Section 11 – Pool Water and Tile Installation Maintenance
168
Section 11 – Pool Water and Tile Installation Maintenance
chlorine shock clean and sparkling (water has odd tint but
Red, blue, gray, you can still see pool bottom)
Cobalt Fiberglass shells
or black n lgae growth despite a good chlorine
A
Copper algaecides, reading and pool water chemistry
Blue, green, blue/
ionizers, corrosion arying and false readings on chemical
V
Copper green, black, dark
n
n Etched cement based grout or plaster which means that the grout will not become
n Cement based grout or plaster erosion blotchy or fade due to imbalanced pool water
chemistry.
n Blotchy cement based grout or plaster
LATAPOXY® 300 Adhesive will provide the
n Fading cement based grout color
ultimate in adhesive performance in
n alcite loss in marble and limestone (loss of
C submerged installations. Providing incredible
stone surface material) bond strength and high chemical resistance,
n alcium loss in portland cement based
C LATAPOXY 300 Adhesive is the product of
installation materials which can lead to choice for installations in pools and spas with
weakening and erosion of materials steel or fiberglass shells.
n Stains on horizontal grout or plaster 11.5 Tile Installation Maintenance and
If the pH of the pool water gets too high Repairs
(alkaline) the effects on the tile or stone It will be necessary, from time to time, to
installation can be; inspect the pool for possible problems with
n Scale formation on pool walls and floor plumbing, lighting, fixtures, tile or stone,
and fittings/connections. Improper water
n Greater potential for algae growth
balance and exposure to chemicals can lead to
If the Total Alkalinity and/or Total Hardness
potential problems with these installations so
of the pool water get outside of their specific
routine inspection is required. During some of
ranges there could be an effect on a tile or
these inspections, repairs and water balancing
stone installation. If the Alkalinity or Hardness
treatments it will be necessary to drain the
gets too low the effects on tile or stone can
pool.
be;
Replacing tile, stone or grout should only
n taining and etching of cement based grout
S
be attempted when a pool is drained and
or plaster
sufficiently dry to accept a tile or stone
n tains (in the stone and/or grout) caused by
S installation. There should be no repairs or
dissolving metallic components of the pool replacement attempted while submerged.
A problem resulting from Alkalinity and/or To replace any tile, stone or grout in a pool,
Total Hardness of the pool water being too fountain, water feature or spa the use of any
high can lead to this effect on the tile or stone of the LATICRETE materials listed in Section
installations; 7 can be used for the particular substrate in
n Scale formation on pool walls and floors question.
Pool water balance issues are very common Proper maintenance of pool water chemistry
in public pools and water features. The use will help to prevent problems and limit the
of epoxy based grouts and setting material down time of the swimming pool, fountain,
is a great choice to help overcome some spa, or water feature.
of these potential issues. Epoxy materials Unless otherwise noted, much of the
are typically not affected by the etching or information used in this section was
erosion problems inherent in cement based excerpted from the outstanding resource
products by pH, alkalinity and hardness at www.poolmanual.com. For more
imbalance. LATICRETE recommends the use complete information please visit
of LATICRETE® SpectraLOCK® PRO Grout* for www.poolmanual.com.
all submerged pool, fountain, spa, or water
feature installations. LATICRETE SpectraLOCK
PRO Grout utilizes non-pigmented technology
170
Section 11 – Pool Water and Tile Installation Maintenance
Section 12 - Appendix
171
172
Section 12 – Troubleshooting
andSection
Case 1: Introduction
Study
173
Section 12 – Troubleshooting and Case Study
174
Section 12 – Troubleshooting and Case Study
175
Section 12 – Troubleshooting and Case Study
176
Section 12 – Troubleshooting and Case Study
177
Section 12 – Troubleshooting and Case Study
178
Section 12 – Troubleshooting and Case Study
179
Section 12 – Troubleshooting and Case Study
180
Section 12 – Troubleshooting and Case Study
Case Study 10 – The swimming pool is now Case Study 12 – The installation of the tile
in the flood test stage. The waterproofing in the horizontal areas is now complete.
membrane must be allowed to reach its full Once the tiles are installed and grouted; the
cure prior to flood testing. Full cure will vary installation must cure for a full 14 days after
by manufacturer and product type. The pool is the final grouting period at 70°F (21°C) if a latex
filled at a rate of 1" (25 mm) per hour. Generally fortified portland cement based grout (e.g.
the water level will be continually monitored LATICRETE PermaColor™ Grout) is used or 10
during the length of the flood test (typically days if an epoxy based grout (e.g. LATICRETE
24 - 72 hours) to determine a vessel’s ‘water- SpectraLOCK® PRO Grout*) is used.
tightness’. The water is then drained at a rate After the installation materials have fully cured,
of 1" (25 mm) per hour. the water feature can be filled with water. Use
the same water fill and drain rate of 1" (25 mm)
per hour whenever a tiled water feature is filled
and drained.
187
Section 13 – Appendix
188
Section 13 – Appendix
189
Section 13 – Appendix
9. What approvals are available for (e.g. LATICRETE PermaColor™ Grout) is used, or
LATICRETE® 9235 Waterproofing Membrane 10 days if an epoxy based grout (e.g. LATICRETE
and LATICRETE Hydro Ban™? SpectraLOCK® PRO Grout*) is used.
Related Documents: Related Documents:
IAPMO Waterproofing Membrane Approval For Installation of Tile in Swimming Pools TDS 192
Shower Pan/Waterproofing Membrane – File 12.What types of sealant are compatible with
No. 3524 (www.icc-es.org) LATICRETE 9235 Waterproofing Membrane
ICC ES Evaluation Report – LATICRETE® Hydro or LATICRETE Hydro Ban?
Ban™ Shower Pan/Waterproofing Membrane – Use LATICRETE Latasil along with LATICRETE
ESR-2417 (www.icc-es.org/pmg) Latasil 9118 Primer for submerged installations
ICC PMG Listing – LATICRETE 9235 or in steam rooms
Waterproofing Membrane – PMG-1005 Related Documents:
City of Los Angeles Approval for 9235 Shower Detail ES-WP300
Pan / Waterproofing Membrane
LATICRETE Latasil™ DS 6200.1
10. Will LATICRETE 9235 Waterproofing
Membrane or LATICRETE Hydro Ban LATICRETE Latasil 9118 Primer DS6528.1
control moisture or water from entering LATICRETE Installation Instructions for
the underside of the tile system due to Membranes (DS WPAF.5)
negative hydrostatic pressure or excessive LATICRETE Hydro Ban Installation Instructions
moisture content? (DS 663.5)
No! LATICRETE 9235 Waterproofing Membrane
13. How do I treat the drains when using
and LATICRETE Hydro Ban are both designed
LATICRETE 9235 Waterproofing Membrane
to contain water from the positive side only.
or LATICRETE Hydro Ban?
These products are not recommended where
You must use a 2-part clamping ring style drain.
negative hydrostatic pressure or excessive
The LATICRETE waterproofing membranes
moisture vapor transmission exists. The
must be installed down into the drain assembly
moisture vapor emission rate should not
and clamped down.
exceed 5 lbs./1,000ft2/24 hours (283 µg/s
m2) as tested per ASTM F1869 or 75% RH as Related Documents:
measured with in situ moisture probes (ASTM Drawing WP301
F2170). LATICRETE Installation Instructions for
Related Documents: Membranes (DS WPAF.5)
LATICRETE 9235 Waterproofing Membrane DS LATICRETE Hydro Ban Installation Instructions
236.0 (DS 663.5)
LATICRETE Hydro Ban DS 663.0 14. If I find an air bubble or blister in the
LATICRETE Installation Instructions for waterproofing membrane, what can I do?
Membranes (DS WPAF.5) When using LATICRETE 9235 Waterproofing
Membrane cut out the bubble or blister
LATICRETE Hydro Ban Installation Instructions
back to sound and well-adhered membrane.
(DS 663.5)
Apply a liberal amount of waterproofing
11. H
ow soon can I fill a water feature for use? liquid overlapping the existing membrane
The installation must cure for a full 14 days by 6" (150 mm). Place the reinforcing
after the final grouting period at 70°F (21°C) if membrane fabric into the liquid
a latex fortified portland cement based grout and immediately coat with additional
190
Section 13 – Appendix
192
Section 13 – Appendix
AVAILABLE CHLORINE – A rating of a chemical's BATHER – Any person using a pool, spa or hot
total chlorine content, based on a comparison tub and adjoining deck area for the purpose
to elemental (gaseous) chlorine having 100 of water sports, recreation, therapy or related
percent available chlorine. activities. Also user.
BACK-BUTTER – The spreading of a bond BATHER LOAD—See USER LOAD.
coat to the back of tile or stone just before it is BEACH ENTRY or ZERO ENTRY – A sloping
placed to improve coverage of the mortar. entry starting above the waterline at deck level
BACK PRESSURE – Resistance to flow, and ending below the waterline in a pool or
normally expressed in pounds per square inch spa. (Does not refer to sand only.)
(kilograms per square centimeter). BEGINNER'S AREA – In a pool, a water area
BACTERIA – Single-celled microorganisms of that is three feet or less in depth.
various forms, some of which cause infections BLEACH (sodium hypochlorite) – Also called
or disease. liquid chlorine. A chlorine source typically
BACTERICIDE – Any chemical that kills having between 5- and 16 percent available
bacteria. chlorine.
BACKWASH – The process of cleansing the BODY COAT – A layer of diatomaceous earth or
filter medium and/or elements by the reverse similar material on a filter element that acts as
flow of water through the filter. the filtering medium.
BACKWASH CYCLE – The time required to BODY FEED – A controlled amount of
backwash the filter medium and/or elements diatomaceous earth that is continuously added
and to remove debris in the filter vessel. to the filter element during the course of a filter
BACKWASH RATE – The rate of flow water run to help maintain filter porosity.
through the filter medium per unit of area (U.S. BOND COAT – A material used between the
gallons per minute per square foot). back of the tile or stone and the properly
BALANCE – In pools and spas, refers to a prepared substrate.
condition of the water that is neither scaling BOND STRENGTH – A bond coat’s ability to
nor corrosive. resist separating from the tile and setting bed,
BALL VALVE – A device that can partially or usually measured in pounds per square inch
totally obstruct the flow of water, using a ball- (psi).
shaped diverter. BOOSTER PUMP SYSTEM – A pump that is
BARRIER – A means to limit, delay or restrict completely independent of the filtration and
access to a pool, spa or hot tub (refer to ANSI/ heating system, used to provide support for
NSPI-8 Model Barrier Code for Residential hydrotherapy jets, cleaning systems and gas
Swimming Pools, Spas and Hot Tubs). chlorinators or special water features.
BASE – A chemical used to raise the pH and/or BREAK IN GRADE – Occurs when the slope of a
total alkalinity of pool or spa water. Opposite pool floor changes to a greater slope.
of acid. BREAKPOINT CHLORINATION – The practice of
BASE DEMAND – A measure of the amount of adding a sufficient amount of chlorine to water
alkaline material required to raise the pH to a to destroy the combined inorganic chlorine
predetermined level. This can be accomplished present. Normally, the amount added is 10
by use of a base demand test, whereby a times the combined chlorine concentration.
standard base is added by drops to the pH test BRIDGING—Build up of body coat on
solution until the desired pH is reached. diatomaceous earth filter elements to the point
BASIC – Having a pH above 7.0. Opposite of that the body coats of two adjacent elements
acidic. touch.
193
Section 13 – Appendix
194
Section 13 – Appendix
195
Section 13 – Appendix
196
Section 13 – Appendix
197
Section 13 – Appendix
FILTER – A vessel that removes undissolved FLOAT COAT – The final mortar coat over which
particles from water by recirculating the water a skim coat is applied.
through a porous substance (a filter medium
FLOAT VALVE – A valve controlled by the level
or elements).
of a fluid.
Cartridge filter – Uses a porous element
FLOATING – A method of using a straightedge
that acts as a filter medium.
to align mortar with screeds.
Diatomaceous earth filter – Uses a thin
FLOCCULANT (floc) – A chemical substance
coating of diatomaceous earth (DE) over a
or compound that promotes the combination,
porous fabric as its filter medium.
agglomeration or coagulation of suspended
Permanent medium filter – Uses a filter particles in water.
medium (sand).
FLOODED SYSTEM – An underwater pump that
FILTER AGITATION – Mechanical or manual does not require priming.
movement to dislodge the filter aid and dirt
FLOOR – The interior bottom surface of a pool
from the filter element.
or spa.
FILTER AID – A powder-like substance such as
FLOOR SLOPE – The slope of the pool floor,
diatomaceous earth or volcanic ash used to
usually expressed in feet or inches of vertical
coat a septum-type filter.
rise per feet or inches of horizontal distance.
FILTER CARTRIDGE – A filtering element,
FLOW – The rate of the movement of water,
usually of fibrous material.
typically in gallons per minute.
FILTER CYCLE – The operating time between
FLOW METER – A device that measures the
cleaning or backwash cycles.
rate of flow of liquid through piping.
FILTER ELEMENT – A device within a filter tank
FLOW RATE – The volume of liquid flowing past
designed to entrap solids and conduct water
a given point in a specified time period. Usually
to a manifold, collection header, pipe or similar
expressed as U.S. gallons per minute (gpm) or
conduit and return it to the pool, spa or hot tub.
gallons per hour (gph).
A filter element usually consists of a septum
and septum support, or a cartridge. FLOW RIDER – Pool at a waterpark that uses
wave sheet technology for body boarding or
FILTER MEDIUM – A finely graded material
body surfing activity.
(such as sand, diatomaceous earth, polyester
fabric, anthracite, etc.) that removes solid FLOW SWITCH – A safety device that prevents
particles from water. a heater from firing if water flow through the
system is not adequate.
FILTER SAND – A hard, silica-like substance
free of carbonates or other foreign material FLUME – A trough-like or tubular structure,
and used as the medium in sand filters. generally recognized as a water slide, that
directs the path of travel and rate of descent
FILTRATION – The process of capturing
of the rider.
suspended particles and clarifying water.
FLUME SLIDE – Slides of various configurations
FILTRATION FLOW – The design rate of flow, in
that are characterized by having deep riding
volume over time (gallons per minute, gallons
channels, vertical and lateral curves, and
per hour), through the filter system when
high water flows, and accommodate riders
installed per the manufacturer's instructions
using or not using mats, tubes, rafts and other
with a new, clean filter medium.
transport vehicles. Included but not limited to
FILTRATION RATE – The rate of water flowing family raft rides, inner-tube rides, body slides,
through a filter during a given period of time, speed slides, etc.
expressed in U.S. gallons per minute per
square foot of effective filter area. Also known
as filtration flow rate. 199
Section 13 – Appendix
200
Section 13 – Appendix
* Direct heaters heat the tubes in which water HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE – The upward
circulates. pressure of a liquid, commonly ground water,
on the bottom of an empty pool or spa.
* Indirect heaters circulate steam or hot water
inside a heat exchanger, through which pool HYDROSTATIC RELIEF VALVE – A fitting installed
water flows. in the bottom of a main drain, designed to open
automatically or manually to relieve upward
HIGH LIMIT SWITCH – A temperature control
ground-water pressure by allowing water to
switch that can deactivate a control circuit at
flow into the pool or spa.
a preset temperature. Normally preset at the
factory and nonadjustable; must be manually HYDROTHERAPY JET – A fitting that blends air
reset. and water, creating a high-velocity turbulent
stream of air-enriched water.
HIGH PERMEABILITY ELEMENT – Mechanically
interlocked, nonwoven filter material designed HYDROTHERAPY SPA – A spa unit having a
to remove suspended solids. therapeutic use, but which is not drained,
cleaned or refilled for each user. Includes, but is
HOOP – A circumferential constraint that
not limited to, hydrotherapy jet circulation, hot
prohibits the staves of a hot tub from
water, cold water mineral baths, air induction
separating. Also, a device used to secure two
bubbles or any combination thereof, industry
halves of a filter together. See band.
terminology includes, but is not limited to,
HOOP CONNECTOR – A tightening and "therapeutic pool," "hydrotherapy pool,"
connecting device. "whirlpool," "hot spa," etc. NSPI standards
HOT TUB – A spa constructed of wood with exclude facilities under direct supervision and
sides and bottom formed separately, and control of licensed medical personnel.
joined together by pressure from surrounding HYPOBROMOUS ACID – The most powerful
hoops, bands or rods; as distinct from spa disinfecting form of bromine in water.
units formed of plastic, concrete, metal or
other materials.
201
Section 13 – Appendix
202
Section 13 – Appendix
LANGELIER INDEX – A numerical calculation MAKE-UP WATER – Fresh water used to fill or
based on the Langelier water balance equation, refill a pool or spa. See also source water.
which indicates whether water is corrosive or MANIFOLD – A pipe with several openings for
scaling. See also SATURATION INDEX. making multiple connections.
LATEX-PORTLAND CEMENT GROUT – A MANOMETER – An instrument that measures
combination of portland cement grout with a vacuum or pressure differential across an
latex additive. orifice by means of a column of liquid, usually
LATEX-PORTLAND CEMENT MORTAR – A mercury. In pools, usually calibrated to show
mixture of portland cement, sand and either a rate or flow of water in gallons per minute
liquid latex additive or dry, redispersible latex (gpm).
polymers used as a tile setting mortar. MARBLE TILE – Marble cut into tiles and
LATH – Metal mesh which acts as a backing available in several finishes; including polished,
or reinforcing agent for the scratch coat or honed and split face.
mortar. MARCITE – See plaster.
LIFELINE – A rope line laid across a pool to MASTER GRADE CERTIFICATE – A certificate
designate a change in slope at the bottom, which states that the tile listed in the shipment
especially where deep water begins. and described on the certificate are made in
LINE LEVEL – A small spirit level that can be accordance to industry standards.
suspended from a string line. When the string MECHANICAL SEAL – A device used to prevent
line is level, the bubble will be centered within the passage of water in or out of a centrifugal
the tube. pump at the motor shaft.
LINER – See vinyl liner. MICRON – One-millionth of a meter. Used to
LINT STRAINER – A device attached to the front describe the size of particles that filters are
of a pump to which the influent line (suction capable of trapping.
line) is connected, used to entrap lint, hair or MICROORGANISM – A microscopic plant or
other debris that could damage the pump. animal.
LIQUID ACID – A chemical used to lower pH and MORTAR BED – The layer of mortar on which a
total alkalinity, most commonly muriatic acid. waterproofing membrane or tile is set.
LIQUID CHLORINE – Sodium hypochlorite. MOTOR – A machine that converts electrical
LIQUID PROPANE GAS – The liquid form of energy into mechanical energy. When electrical
propane gas, a heavy hydrocarbon that occurs current is supplied to a series of wires
naturally in petroleum. (windings), a magnetic field is created that
LITHIUM HYPOCHLORITE – A solid, white, drives the rotor and shaft of a pump impeller.
granular form of inorganic chlorine that has a MUD – A slang term for a mortar bed.
pH of approximately 9 and contains an available MULTIPLE FILTER-CONTROL VALVE – A
chlorine content (ACC) of 35 percent. multiport valve having a number of control
LOWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM (Under positions for various filter operations,
drain) – A device in the bottom of a permanent combining the function of two or more single
medium filter used to collect water during valves in one unit.
filtering and distribute it during backwashing. MULTIPORT VALVE – A device that allows for
MAGNESIUM HARDNESS – A measure of the the multidirectional control of the passage or
amount of magnesium dissolved in water. flow of water through a system.
MAIN DRAIN – An outlet located at the bottom MURIATIC ACID – Used to lower pH and/or
of a pool or spa that conducts water to the total alkalinity in pool and spa water. See also
recirculating pump. hydrochloric acid.
203
Section 13 – Appendix
205
Section 13 – Appendix
Class D: Other Pool – Any pool operated PRECIPITATE – A solid material that is forced
for medical treatment, therapy, exercise, lap out of a solution by some chemical reaction and
swimming, recreational play and other special settles out or remains as a haze in suspension
purposes, including, but not limited to, wave (turbidity).
or surf action pools, activity pools, splasher PRECOAT – The coating of filter aid on the
pools, kiddie pools and play areas. These septum of a diatomaceous earth-type filter at
pools are not intended to be covered within the the beginning of each filter cycle.
scope of NSPI standards. PRECOAT FEEDER – A chemical feeder designed
Public pools – may be diving or non-diving. to inject diatomaceous earth into a filter in
If diving, they shall be further classified into sufficient quantity to coat the filter septum at
types as an indication of the suitability of a the start of a filter run.
pool for use with diving equipment. PREFLOAT – The term used to describe mortar
Type VI–XI – Public pools suitable for the that has been placed and allowed to harden
installation of diving equipment by type. prior to bonding tile to it with thin-set or
Diving equipment classified at a higher type adhesive.
is not prohibited from being used on a pool PRESSURE – In a liquid, a form of energy
of lesser type (i.e., Type VIII equipment with a proportional to the depth of a column of liquid.
Type VI pool). Expressed as pounds per square inch, feet of
Type N – A non-diving public pool (no diving liquid or feet of head.
allowed). PRESSURE CHECK – A test for the rate of water
Splasher (Wader) Pools – A pool that has flow; also a test for leaks in a system.
a minimum water depth of 24" and a maximum PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL – The difference
water depth of 36". in pressure between two parts of a hydraulic
Wading Pool – A pool that has a shallow depth system, such as the influent and effluent of a
used for wading. There are no requirements filter.
for residential wading pools (refer to NSPI-1 PRESSURE GAUGE – A gauge that measures
Standard for Public Swimming Pools for public the amount of pressure built up within a closed
wading pools). container, such as a filter.
POOL USER – Any person using a pool and PRESSURE SWITCH – A device that will not
adjoining deck area for the purpose of water allow a heater to fire unless there is adequate
activity such as swimming, wading, diving or water pressure in the system. See flow switch.
other related activities.
PRIMING – Refers to re-establishing the water
POT LIFE – The period of time during which flow by the recirculating pump.
a material maintains its workable properties
PSI – Abbreviation for pounds per square
after it has been mixed.
inch.
POTABLE WATER – Any water, such as an
PUMP – A mechanical device, usually powered
approved domestic water supply, which is
by an electric motor, which causes hydraulic
bacteriologically safe and otherwise suitable
flow and pressure for the purpose of filtration,
for drinking.
heating and circulation of pool and spa water.
PPM – Abbreviation for parts per million, Typically, a centrifugal pump design is used for
the unit of measurement used in chemical pools and spas.
testing that indicates the parts by weight in
PUMP CAPACITY – The volume of liquid a pump
relation to one million parts by weight of water.
is capable of moving during a specified period
Essentially identical to the term milligrams per
of time against a given total head.
liter (mg/L).
206
Section 13 – Appendix
207
Section 13 – Appendix
SELF-PRIMING – A rating given to centrifugal SKIMMER COVER – A device or lid to close the
pumps to indicate that the pump is capable deck opening to the skimmer housing.
of operating above pool water level, after the SKIMMER EQUALIZER PIPE – The connection
initial filling with water. from the skimmer housing to the pool, spa or
SEPTUM – The part of a filter made of cloth, hot tub below the weir; sized to satisfy pump
wire screen or other porous material on which demand and prevent air lock or pump loss of
the filter medium or aid is deposited. prime.
SEQUESTERING AGENT – Synonymous with a SKIMMER EQUALIZER VALVE – The check
chelating or metal complexation agent, reacts valve on the equalizer line that opens to draw
with potential stain-producing metal ions (i.e., water when the water level inside the skimmer
copper, iron, etc.) to reduce staining of pool/ body drops below operating level, and remains
spa surfaces and associated colored water. closed during normal skimming.
SERVICE FACTOR – The degree to which an SKIMMER HOUSING – The structure that
electric motor can be operated above its attaches to or contains the skimmer weir,
rated horsepower without danger of overload strainer basket, float valve and other devices
failure. used in the skimming operation.
SETTING BED – The layer of mortar on which SKIMMER WEIR – The part of a skimmer that
the tile is set. adjusts automatically to small changes in the
SHALLOW AREAS – Areas of a pool or spa with water level to ensure a continuous flow of
water depths less than five feet. water to the skimmer.
SHOCK TREATMENT – The practice of adding SLAKE – Allowing the mixture of mortar, thin-
significant amounts of an oxidizing chemical set or grout to stand for a brief period of time
to water to destroy ammonia and nitrogenous after the ingredients have been thoroughly
and organic contaminants. combined and before final mixing occurs. This
enables the moisture in the mix to penetrate
SHOTCRETE – A mixture of cement and sand
lumps in the dry components, making it easier
that is applied to contoured and supported
to complete the mixing procedure.
surfaces to build a pool or spa. Shot-crete is
premixed and pumped wet to the construction SLIP-RESISTING – Refers to a surface that
site. has been treated or constructed so as to
significantly reduce the chance of a user
SHUT-OFF HEAD – The amount of head at
slipping. The surface shall not be an abrasion
which the pump can no longer circulate water.
hazard.
SIGHT BARRIER – The available open space in
SLOPE – An inclined surface.
any given or total fence area.
SLURRY COAT – A bond coat for installation of
SKIMMER (also SURFACE SKIMMING
or onto a mortar bed.
SYSTEM) –
SLURRY FEED – Diatomaceous earth
Thru-wall – A device installed in the wall
continuously added to filter elements during
of an in ground pool or spa or aboveground/
the course of a filter run to help maintain filter
on ground pool that allows for continuous
porosity. Also body feed.
removal of floating debris and surface water to
the filter. SODA ASH (also SODIUM CARBONATE) – A
chemical compound in white powder form
Over-the-wall – A device installed over the
used to raise pH of water.
wall of an aboveground/on ground pool that
allows for continuous removal of debris and SODIUM BICARBONATE (baking soda) – A
surface water to the filter. chemical compound in white powder form
used to raise total alkalinity of water.
208
Section 13 – Appendix
SODIUM BISULFATE (also DRY ACID) – A Residential Portable Spa (two types) –
granule used to lower the pH and/or total Non-Self-Contained Spa – A spa in which
alkalinity of water. the water-heating and water-circulating
SODIUM CARBONATE – See soda ash. equipment is not an integral part of the
SODIUM DICHLORO-ISOCYANURATE (also product. Non-self-contained spas may employ
SODIUM ICHLORO-S-TRIAZINETRIONE) – separate components such as an individual
An organic chlorine that in granular form has filter, pump, heater and controls, or they may
approximately 62 percent chlorine, and in employ assembled combinations of various
dehydrate form has approximately 56 percent components (refer to ANSI/NSPI-6 Standard
chlorine. Contains 58.7 percent stabilizer by for Residential Portable Spas).
weight and has a pH of 6.0. Self-Contained Spa – A spa in which all
SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE – The clear, liquid control, water-heating and water-circulating
form of an inorganic chlorine compound equipment is an integral part of the product.
obtainable in concentrations of 5- to 16 percent Self-contained spas may be permanently wired
available chlorine. or cord-connected.
SODIUM THIOSULFATE – A chemical compound SPLASH POOL – A pool having a water depth
used to destroy chlorine. not exceeding 18 inches, primarily intended
SOFT WATER – Water that has very low calcium for the use of small children. May include
and magnesium content – less than 6 grains constructed play devices such as small, flume-
per gallon (less than 100 ppm). type waterslides.
SOOT – A black, powdery, carbonaceous SPREAD – The clear distance between the side
substance created by an improper air-fuel rails of a ladder.
mixture in the combustion of fossil fuels. A STABILIZER (also CYANURIC ACID, isocyanuric
byproduct of incomplete combustion. acid, conditioner or triazenetrione) – A
SOURCE WATER – Water used to fill or refill a chemical that helps reduce the excess loss of
pool or spa. See also make-up water. chlorine in water due to the ultraviolet rays of
the sun.
SPA (also HYDROTHERAPY SPA) – A
hydrotherapy unit of irregular or geometric STATIC COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION (C.O.F.) –
shell design. Slip resistance. The degree of slip resistance
presented in a quantitative number that
Permanent Residential Spa – A spa in
expresses the degree of slip resistance.
which the water-heating and water-circulating
equipment is not an integral part of the STATIC HEAD – Head loss caused by the weight
product. Intended as a permanent plumbing of a standing water column to be moved;
fixture and not intended to be moved (refer encountered on both the suction and discharge
to ANSI/NSPI-3 Standard for Permanently sides of a pump.
Installed Residential Spas). STATIC SUCTION HEAD – The vertical dimension
Public Spa – Any spa, other than a permanent between the pump center line and the level of
residential spa or residential portable spa, the liquid being pumped when it is below the
intended to be used for bathing and operated impeller plane, expressed in feet of head.
by an owner, lessee, operator, licensee or STATIC SUCTION LIFT – The vertical distance
concessionaire, regardless of whether a fee is in meters (or feet) from the center line of the
charged for use (refer to ANSI/NSPI-2 Standard pump impeller to the pool water level.
for Public Spas).
209
Section 13 – Appendix
210
Section 13 – Appendix
VENTING – A system that introduces air for Skimmer System – The waterline is at
combustion into the combustion chamber and the midpoint of the operating range of the
disperses spent fossil fuel or flue products. skimmers when there are no users in the pool/
VENTURI JET – See hydrotherapy jet. spa.
VENTURI TUBE – A tube mounted in a WATERPROOFING MEMBRANE – A covering
waterline, meant to cause restriction of flow. applied to a substrate before tiling to protect
The constriction causes a change in velocity of the substrate and framing from damage by
water through the tube, resulting in a pressure water.
differential that is proportional to the flow WATER PRESSURE SWITCH – A switch that,
rate. from water flow, detects abnormally low
VERTICAL WALL – Refers to the wall up to a pressures on a piece of equipment and can
positive 11° angle toward the pool's interior shut it off.
from plumb. WATTS VALVE – A mechanical valve that opens
VINYL LINER – A plastic membrane constructed with high pressure or high temperature, used
of vinyl or vinyl compounds that acts as a as a safety device on fossil-fuel heaters.
container for water. WEIR – A device included with a through-the-
Expandable Liner – Constructed of a wall or over-the-wall skimmer that controls
material that has the capacity to stretch into the amount of surface water (flow) drawn into
a shape other than the original construction the skimmer and filtration system. See also
dimensions. skimmer weir.
Hopper Liner – Used to obtain greater depth WET AREAS – surfaces that are either soaked,
by geometrical pattern construction on the saturated, or regularly and frequently subjected
liner bottom or floor to fit a predetermined size to moisture or liquids (usually water).
and shape. WET NICHE – See underwater light.
VOLUME – Capacity; the amount of water WINTERIZED LINER – A plastic liner that is
expressed in gallons or liters that a pool/spa manufactured with sufficient plasticizers
will hold. to withstand exposure to its lowest rated
WADING POOL – A pool that has a maximum of temperature of -20°F (-29°C).
18" in depth (shallow depth) used for wading. WINTERIZING – The process of preparing a pool
There are no requirements for residential or spa for freezing weather. Includes chemical
wading pools (refer to ANSI/NSPI-1 Standard treatment of the standing water, plus physical
for Public Swimming Pools for public wading and chemical protection against freezing of the
pools). pool or spa, and its equipment.
WALLS – The interior pool or spa wall surfaces WRINKLE – A small ridge or crease in an
consisting of surfaces from the plumb to a 45° otherwise smooth surface.
slope.
1 http://www.allbusiness.com/arts-entertainment-
WASTEWATER DISPOSAL SYSTEM – All water recreation/507693-1.html
disposal systems approved by (state or local)
authority, such as a storm sewer, sanitary sewer,
open pit, leach field or irrigation system.
WATERLINE –
Overflow System – The waterline is at the
top of the overflow rim.
212
Section 13 – Appendix
213
Section 13 – Appendix
214
Section 13 – Appendix
Expansion Joints
Expansion Joints Manufacturers Association
25 North Broadway
Tarrytown, NY 10591
Fax: 914.332.1541
www.ejma.org
Swimming Pools and Spas
The Association of Pool and Spa Professionals
(APSP)
2111 Eisenhower Ave.
Suite 500
Alexandria, VA 22314-4695
+1.703.838.0083
Fax: 703.549.0493
www.apsp.org
Plumbing
American Society of Mechanical Engineers
(ASME)
Three Park Ave.
New York, NY 10016-5990
800.843.2763 (USA/Canada)
001.800.843.2763 (Mexico)
973.882.1170 (Outside North America)
www.asme.org
215
Section 13 – Appendix
216
Corporate Headquarters:
LATICRETE International, Inc.
www.laticrete.com
DS–725.0–0509
©2009 LATICRETE International, Inc.
LATICRETE, LATAPOXY, SPECTRALOCK and the logo are Registered Trademarks of LATICRETE International, Inc.
Microban is a registered trademark of Microban Products Company.
Kevlar is a registered trademark of Dupont Products Company.
GREENGUARD Indoor Air Quality Certified® Product.
Masonite is a registered trademark of Masonite International, Inc
Liquid Nails is a registered trademark of Liquid Nails Products Company.
Buildex is a Registered Trademarks of Buildex, Inc., Ottawa, Kansas.
†
United States Patent No.: 6881768 (and other Patents).