MELANE L.

AYUYU
CHEM 115
Hydrogen Is the simplest atom
Consist of positively large proton and a negatively charge
electron
Hydrogen reacts with oxygen and forms H20 and an oxygen
atom that reacts to another oxygen atom to form another
water molecule.
Reaction generates a lot of heat that heat more gas and
goes faster which creates an explosion
Reaction of hydrogen and oxygen involves activation energy
that provides certain amount of energy to keep it going.
Helium
Very small gas
Used to find leaks
Very light
One of the most unreactive element
Cannot be synthesized in nature
Found as a natural component of gas in some places like U.S
When a balloon filled with helium was exposed to heat, it
explode but not the the same as hydrogen
When the balloon was cooled with nitrogen, the gas inside is
slowing down and taking much less balloon which causes
change in the shape of the balloon.
But when the nitrogen stopped, helium started to warm up
and balloon went back to its shape and became light again.
If helium is inhaled, the persons voice sounds like Donald
duck because in helium, the speed of sound traveled faster
than ordinary gases.
Helium is also useful as a liquid.. it liquefies at very low
temp. boiling point -269C.
Liquid helium used for magnets for example magnetic
resonance in hospitals

Lithium
Lightest metal
An experiment was conducted to compare lithium and
sodium.
A same size of both substances was dropped at the same
time on a beaker with hexane. Hexane has less density than
water.
Sodium sank at the bottom while lithium float
2nd experiment, both substances was dropped in water. Both
substances floated but lithium is less reactive in water than
sodium. With sodium, it exploded.
The lithium quietly burst around the water
Burning lithium in air vs in nitrogen
o N2 has strongest bond between any two atoms- a lot fo
energy is needed to break the bond
o Lithium was set on fire on air and poured nitrogen on
beaker. The burning lithium was plunged into the
beaker with nitrogen. The lithium was still glowing in
red.
Lithium- treatment for bipolar disorder or manic depression
o Imbalance of chemicals in the brain
Lithium is also used in factories
Lithium is also used in hydrogen bomb
Beryllium
Transparent to x-rays
Very toxic and can cause an industrial lung disease
Allows the x-ray to come in and out without interacting at all
Boron
Metalloid- mix properties of metal and nonmetal
Boron complexes or borax are used in washing substances
When water inside the washer reach 60C, it turns into
hydrogen peroxide and bleach the clothes.
Produces green flame
Carbon

 Form chains very easily

No limits on bonds it will make

Theres a lot of carbon in our body

Human brain contains large part of carbon
Comes in different allotropes or forms
Graphite- consist of layers of hexagon rings of carbon
o Bonds less strongly bond and conduct electricity
o Looks black coz none of the light is reflected on it
Diamond - Tetrahedron pattern
o The bonds between carbon atoms that used all the
electrons.
o Electrons are tightly bond and none are in its energy
state- no absorption
C60- shaped like a football
o First discovered in the late 1980s
o Purple color with the solvent
C70- similar molecule C60
o Reddish brown color with the solvent
Nanotubes- like a basket
Graphine- can peel off graphite with cullotape
o Can start making electronics
Coal- doesnt conduct electricity
Graphite- conducts electricity but not much
C60- not electricity conductor
Carbon nano tubes- conducts electricity really well
Nitrogen:
Exist as a gas
Bond between two nitrogen atoms- strongest bonds that you
can get between two atoms
Explosive compounds all contain nitrogen
Coolant- liquefied nitrogen can be used as
Very cold

 When other materials are put in a liquid nitrogen, the

material becomes very rigid

Oxygen:
Liquid oxygen- blue color
Exists in two forms
o O2
o Ozone- three atoms arranged like letter V
o Unpaired electrons give rise to color- blue
o Liquid oxygen- very reactive
liquid oxygen sticks to the magnet- it is magnetic
ozone- much more reactive than oxygen
o absorbs ultraviolet rays from the sun
Flourine
will react with any element except Neon and Helium
liquid fluorine - yellow
nucleus is relatively highly charged- right hand hand of the
periodic table
electrons dont shield the nucleus- attracts electrons to itself
from other elements
toothpaste uses fluoride- enamel of the tooth is a compound
of calcium (appetite)which can dissolve in acid.
o Brushing it with fluoride, some of the appetite will be
replaced by fluoride
Neon
o Inert gas
o Does not form any compounds
o Can freeze at 10 degrees
o Used in signs
Sodium:
o Very reactive metal

o
o
o
o
o
o

Stored under oil to stop it from oxidizing

Melting point of 96 degrees
Shiny material
Reacts quickly with air and water
Sodium dropped into water- reacts explosively
Sodium is dangerous

Magnesium
o Lightest element
o Sodium and lithium- reacts violently with water
o Be- poisonous
o Mg- lightest element that you can use
o Milk of magnesium- used in indigestion
o Used for photographic flashlights
o Will burn in nitrogen
o Magnesium is found in chrlorophyll
Alumiunum
o One of the most abundant metals
o Very thin coating that prevents reaction
o But as soon as the coating goes, it becomes very reactive
o Good electrical conductivity
o Aluminum oxide- white powder
o Fantastic catalyst
o Acts as a solid acid
o Melting aluminum oxide- can create single crystals
Silicon
o Found on sand- oxide of silicon
o Most electronic devices are made of silicon
o Defract the light and get a rainbow effect
Phosphorous
o Very reactive
o White phosphorous- stored under water
o very reactive in air/ very flammable
o Four phosphorous atoms connected like a pyramid (P4)
o Molecular and easily dissolves

o Red- less reactive

o Used in matches
o Black- stable
o Phosphorous oxidize in the air and produce flame

Sulfur
o Barking dog experiment- mixture of carbon disulfide(CS2)
will react with the laughing gas (N2O)
o Laughing gas is a source of oxygen so the sulfur will blowbluish purple light emission
o Used as flash to take photographs early years- makes people
have a surprise look in their picture
o In the tube, as reaction takes place, it generates heat
o As the flame goes down the tube, it accelerates and gives a
louder noise because of the pressure
o A thin layer of sulfur is found at the side of the tube
o When sulfur was burned and dipped into the flask, it emit a
color blue flame
Chlorine:
o Reactive
o Poisonous
o Greenish yellow gas which consists of two chlorine atoms
o Much heavier than air
o Reacts with water to create an acid which can attack the
lungs
o Salt and chlorine are very common element
o Made from passing electric current
o Chlorine + iron(heated)= rapid reaction
o form iron chloride
o chlorine will removes an electron from the metal
o Chlorine will react with all sorts of metal
o Salt- burning of metal sodium with chlorine
o Lead will not react with chlorine

o Chloride can be consumed or eaten but chlorine is very

poisonous
Argon
o Noble gases
o 1 percent of the atmosphere
o non reactive
o making it difficult to identify

Potassium
o very reactive
o explosive
o low melting point metal
o sodium+potassium= NaK
o silver liquid
o burst into flame before it hits the floor because it reacts
with air
o boiling point of potassium in one atmosphere- over 700
degrees
o by removing atmosphere- lowers the boiling point
Calcium
o 3rd element in group 2
o hard compared to heavier groups of elements
o bones are made of calcium phosphates
o calcium looks metallic than calcium metals- good metal
conductor
o has no free electrons that can go from one energy to another
o calcium phosphate- colorless
o hard water = high levels of calcium
o caves
o calcium chloride flame testbrick red classic calcium
color
o metallic calcium is very reactive with water
o magnesium- doesnt react with water because of its layer
outside
o as people gets older- calcium comes out from their bones

Chromium
o transition metal
o used to protect metal components
o used for plating materials
Rubidium
o alkali metal
o very reactive
o comes between potassium and caesium
o characteristic color is different from lilac of sodium
o main uses- physicis
o heat up rubidium metal to a high temp and get a
vapour of rubidium
o shining very intense lase light into rubidium atoms

Nickel
o can produce allergies to some people
o can be extracted from the ore using carbon monoxide
o it boils at room temperature
o used in the plating industry
Radium:
o radioactive
o used widely for treatment for cancer
o cancer cells are likeable to be killed by radiation
o cancer cells die quicker when radiated
o as you go down the periodic table, the heavier elements
tend to be more dangerous
o radioactive elements- can get it the body and when they
decay, they kills cells
o change the DNA so cells mutate in some more
regressive form
Iron(Fe)
o iron oxide= used to make iron
o aluminum has much stronger bonds to oxygen than ironreaction produces an enormous amount of heat can be
used for welding pieces of metals together
o iron that gives the red color of hemoglobin of the blood

o essential element to life

o iron + Sulphur- iron sulfide
Zinc
o part of enzymes
o metal we all need for life
o soft metal
o grayish in color
o reacts easily with acids to produce hydrogen
o found in roofs
o used as a coating on iron- galvanizing
o stops the iron from rusting

o carbonic anhydrase- catalyze at the reaction of CO2 and

water
o without Zinc= we will not survive
o same group as Cadmium and Mercury- Cadmium and
Mercury are poisonous but zinc is essential to life
Bromine
o red color, unpleasant smell
o Greek word bromos stenchhorrible smell
o Found in sea water as bromide
o Make bromine by bubbling chlorine into a solution of bromide
Dead Sea water
o Used in plastics as an additive to make it less flammable
o Strongly oxidizing
o Two isotopes which have almost equal quantities
Mercury
o Liquid metal- at room temperature
o Very dense, very poisonous
o Used in making barometers, thermometers
o Forms balls
o Can get into the brain- shows signs of madness
o Associated with toxicity- do not touch with your hands
o Forms easily alloys called amalgams

o Silver amalgams- used in the teeth

Strontium
o Soft
o Can be absorbed by people when floating in the ear
o Strontium mixed with combustion mixture- hot steam come
out- red color flame
o Radioactive element- Can damage the cells of the body
Xenon
Dense, will sink and colorless
Gas molecules are large and heavy
Do not exist in air
Balloon filled with air vs balloon filled with xenon- the balloon
filled with xenon fell down the floor faster than the other
balloon