A summary of Dynamic determination of pile capacity
By Frank Rausche, George G Goble and Garland E Likins, Jr.
A summary By : Fakhrur Rozy Harnas G0801005BThe purpose of the paper is to present the derivation of the Case method and to discuss the assumptions contained in the governing equations. Sources of error are identified and means of avoiding or correcting the difficulties are considered. When a pile subjected to axial force, a stress wave that travels away from the point of force application is induced. As long as no reflections arrive at the point under consideration, the force in the pile is proportional to the velocity of the particle.For compression waves, the particle velocity is in the direction of the propagation whereas for tension waves, the particle velocity is opposite to the direction of wave propagation, and a negative sign is induced. Two extreme conditions, free boundary condition (no axial forces acted on the pile toe) and fixed toe are considered. In a free boundary condition, the velocities in the 2 waves superimpose during reflection, causing the pile end velocity to double. While, in a fixed boundary condition the force can double during reflection. Resistance forces create a more complex wave behavior. However the derivation shows that the resistance can be calculated as the average of the two forces selected at a time interval of 2L/c apart, plus the average acceleration over the same time interval, times the pile mass. The resistance distribution calculated by CAPWAP was often criticized as lacking uniqueness. However, the resistance calculation derivation is unique within the assumptions contained in the derivation. The assumptions are uniform pile cross section, linear elastic pile behavior, only axial stresses in the pile and a rigid plastic soil resistance. This assumptions caused several possible type of errors; Capacity is not fully mobilized at time t*+x/c, impact energy is insufficient to activate all soil resistance forces, the stress wave is short relative to the pile length over which resistance forces act and resistance forces are therefore not maintained at full value during the time period considered. The resistance may not be fully mobilized at time t*+L/c. Some resistance is velocity dependent and must be subtracted to determine the static capacity. The capacity can change due to setup or relaxation effects. Nevertheless, several techniques based on experience or large databases have shown that the possible errors could be handled. An example of the use of the database is by correlating the viscous damping constant J where dynamic measurements had been made on piles that had been statically load-tested to failure.
Negative Mass and Negative Refractive Index in Atom Nuclei - Nuclear Wave Equation - Gravitational and Inertial Control: Part 6: Gravitational and Inertial Control, #6
Negative Mass and Negative Refractive Index in Atom Nuclei - Nuclear Wave Equation - Gravitational and Inertial Control: Part 2: Gravitational and Inertial Control, #2