T=
40.1
*40.2
40.3
2.898 10 3 m K
= 5.18 10 3 K
560 10 9 m
(a)
max =
2.898 10 3 m K 2.898 10 3 m K
~
T
10 4 K
(b)
max ~
2.898 10 3 m K
107 K
(a)
Using
40.4
ultraviolet .
~ 10 10 m .
ray
maxT = 2.898 10 3 m K
we get max =
(b)
~ 10 7 m
2.898 10 3 m
= 9.99 10 7 m = 999 nm
2900 K
The peak wavelength is in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum, which is
much wider than the visible region of the spectrum.
Planck's radiation law gives intensity-per-wavelength. Taking E to be the photon energy and
n to be the number of photons emitted each second, we multiply by area and wavelength
range to have energy-per-time leaving the hole:
P=
2 hc 2 ( 2 1 ) (d / 2)2
5
1 +2
e
2hc
( 1 + 2 )k B T
= En = nhf
8 2c d 2 ( 2 1 )
P
=
n= =
E ( + )4 e 2hc ( 1 + 2 )kBT 1
1
2
n=
5.90 1016 / s
(e
3.84
E = hf =
where
)(
2hc
1 +2
(1001 10
) (1.00 10
2
2( 6.626 10 34 Js ) ( 3.00 10 8 m s )
23
3
4 (100110 m )(1.38 10
J K )( 7.50 10 K )
m e
1
= 1.30 1015 / s
*40.5
Chapter 40 Solutions
)(
(a)
(b)
(c)
)(
)(
(580 10
2 hc 2 A
, and
5 exp( hc kBT ) 1
P ( ) = A I ( ) =
) (20.0 10 ) = 7.50 10
2
7.50 10 19 J m 4 s
9
) [exp(2.88 m 0.580 m) 1]
5
19
J m4
s
1.15 1013 J m s
= 7.99 1010 W m
e 4.973 1
hc/k B T
e hc/ kB T 1
2 hc 2A/ 5
P (), W/m
(d)
1.00 nm
2882.6
7.96 101251
7.50 1026
9.42 101226
(e)
5.00 nm
576.5
2.40 10250
2.40 1023
1.00 10227
(f)
400 nm
7.21
1347
7.32 1013
5.44 1010
(c)
580 nm
4.97
143.5
1.15 1013
7.99 1010
(g)
700 nm
4.12
60.4
4.46 1012
7.38 1010
(h)
1.00 mm
0.00288
0.00289
7.50 10 4
0.260
(i)
10.0 cm
2.88 105
2.88 105
7.50 1014
2.60 109
(j)
We approximate the area under the P ( ) versus curve, between 400 nm and 700 nm, as two
trapezoids:
10 W
9
10 W
9
( 5.44 + 7.99) 10 m ( 580 400) 10 m
(7.99 + 7.38) 10 m (700 580) 10 m
P
+
2
2
P = 2.13 10 4 W
Chapter 40 Solutions
40.6
(a)
P = eA T 4 , so
P
T=
eA
40.7
40.8
3.77 10 26 W
=
2
W
1 4 6.96 108 m 5.67 10 8
m 2 K 4
14
= 5.75 10 3 K
2 .898 10 3 m K 2 .898 10 3 m K
=
= 5.04 10 7 m = 504 nm
T
5.75 10 3 K
(b)
max =
(a)
1.00 eV
E = hf = 6.626 10 34 J s 620 1012 s 1
= 2.57 eV
1.60 10 19 J
(b)
1.00 eV
5
E = hf = 6.626 10 34 J s 3.10 10 9 s 1
= 1.28 10 eV
1.60 10 19 J
(c)
1.00 eV
7
E = hf = 6.626 10 34 J s 46.0 106 s 1
= 1.91 10 eV
1.60 10 19 J
(d)
c 3.00 108 m s
=
= 4.84 10 7 m = 484 nm, visible light (blue)
f
620 1012 Hz
c 3.00 108 m s
=
= 9.68 10 2 m = 9.68 cm, radio wave
f
3.10 10 9 Hz
c 3.00 108 m s
=
= 6.52 m, radio wave
f
46.0 106 Hz
)(
)(
)(
)(
589.3 10 9 m
n=
40.9
14
10.0 J s
P
=
= 2 .96 1019 photons s
E 3.37 10 19 J photon
*40.10
Chapter 40 Solutions
hc
3.98 10 19 J/photon
40.11
40.12
=
2 2
f=
g L = 0.498 Hz
E = nhf
Therefore,
E
4.41 103 J
n =hf =
= 1.34 1031
(6.626 1034 J s)(0.498 s1)
The radiation wavelength of = 500 nm that is observed by observers on Earth is not the true
wavelength, , emitted by the star because of the Doppler effect. The true wavelength is
related to the observed wavelength using:
c
c
=
1 (v c)
1 + (v c)
1 (v c)
1 (0.280)
= ( 500 nm )
= 375 nm
1 + (v c)
1 + (0.280)
2.898 10 3 m K 2.898 10 3 m K
=
= 7.73 10 3 K
max
375 10 9
Chapter 40 Solutions
40.13
This follows from the fact that at low T or long , the exponential factor in the denominator
of Planck's radiation law is large compared to 1, so the factor of 1 in the denominator can be
neglected. In this approximation, one arrives at Wien's radiation law.
*40.14
I ( ,T ) =
ex = 1 + x +
I ( ,T ) =
2 hc 2
5 e hc
kBT
x2 x3
+
+. . .
2! 3!
2 hc 2
2 hc 2
2 ckBT
=
5
5
(1 + hc kBT + . . .) 1 ( hc kBT )
4
40.15
(a)
c =
fc =
(b)
hc
hc
= + e(V S):
V S = 2.71 V
Therefore,
2
= 2 (9.11 10 31)(4.60 105) 2 = 9.64 10 20 J = 0.602 eV
Kmax = 21 mvmax
40.16
(a)
= E Kmax =
(b)
fc =
1240 eV nm
0.602 eV = 1.38 eV
625 nm
1.60 10 19 J
1.38 eV
= 3.34 1014 Hz
=
h
1 eV
6.626 10 34 J s
Chapter 40 Solutions
40.17
hc
c =
(a)
(6.626 10
=
Li:
Be:
c =
Hg:
34
)(
J s 3.00 108 m / s
(2.30 eV)(1.60 10
(6.626 10
34
)(
34
J / eV
J s 3.00 108 m / s
(3.90 eV)(1.60 10
(6.626 10
=
19
)(
19
J / eV
J s 3.00 108 m / s
( 4.50 eV)(1.60 10
19
J / eV
) = 540 nm
) = 318 nm
) = 276 nm
< c for photo current. Thus, only lithium will exhibit the photoelectric effect.
(b)
hc
= + Kmax
For lithium,
(6.626 10
34
)(
J s 3.00 108 m / s
400 10
) = (2.30 eV)(1.60 10 ) + K
40.18
and
hf = e(V S 2) + 2
(V S 1) = (V S 2) + 1.48 V
2 1 = 1.48 eV
Then
h fc 1 = 1 = 0.600hfc 2 = 0.6002
2 0.6002 = 1.48 eV
2 = 3.70 eV
40.19
1240 nm eV
0.376 eV = 1.90 eV
546.1 nm
(a)
e( VS ) =
hc
(b)
e( VS ) =
hc
1240 nm eV
=
1.90 eV
587.5 nm
1 = 2.22 eV
VS = 0.216 V
19
max
Chapter 40 Solutions
Goal Solution
Two light sources are used in a photoelectric experiment to determine the work function for a particular
metal surface. When green light from a mercury lamp ( = 546.1 nm) is used, a retarding potential of
0.376 V reduces the photocurrent to zero. (a) Based on this measurement, what is the work function for
this metal? (b) What stopping potential would be observed when using the yellow light from a helium
discharge tube ( = 587.5 nm)?
G:
According to Table 40.1, the work function for most metals is on the order of a few eV, so this metal
is probably similar. We can expect the stopping potential for the yellow light to be slightly lower
than 0.376 V since the yellow light has a longer wavelength (lower frequency) and therefore less
energy than the green light.
O:
In this photoelectric experiment, the green light has sufficient energy hf to overcome the work
function of the metal so that the ejected electrons have a maximum kinetic energy of 0.376 eV.
With this information, we can use the photoelectric effect equation to find the work function, which
can then be used to find the stopping potential for the less energetic yellow light.
A:
(a)
Einsteins photoelectric effect equation is Kmax = hf , and the energy required to raise an
electron through a 1 V potential is 1 eV, so that Kmax = eV s = 0.376 eV.
A photon from the mercury lamp has energy:
hf =
)(
546.1 10 9 m
E = hf = 2.27 eV
(b)
hf =
)(
587.5 10 9 m
E = 2.11 eV
Therefore, Kmax = hf = 2.11 eV 1.90 eV = 0.216 eV ,
L:
so
V s = 0.216 V
The work function for this metal is lower than we expected, and does not correspond with any of the
values in Table 40.1. Further examination in the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics reveals
that all of the metal elements have work functions between 2 and 6 eV. However, a single metals
work function may vary by about 1 eV depending on impurities in the metal, so it is just barely
possible that a metal might have a work function of 1.90 eV.
The stopping potential for the yellow light is indeed lower than for the green light as we expected.
An interesting calculation is to find the wavelength for the lowest energy light that will eject
electrons from this metal. That threshold wavelength for K max = 0 is 658 nm, which is red light in the
visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.)
40.20
Chapter 40 Solutions
Since VS2
*40.21
e( VS1 ) = E 1
and
e( VS2 ) = E 2
e( VS2 ) = 0.700(E 1 ) = E 2
or
(1 0.700) = E 2 0.700E 1
E 1 =
hc 1240 nm eV
=
= 3.03 eV
410 eV
1
and
E 2
hc 1240 nm eV
=
= 2 .79 eV
445 eV
2
potassium .
E 2 0.700E 1
0.300
E = 1.00 eV = 1.60 10 19 J
so
1.60 10 19 J
= 1.28 107 s = 148 days
(500 J/s m2)[ (2.82 10 15 m)2]
The gross failure of the classical theory of the photoelectric effect contrasts with the success of
quantum mechanics.
*40.22
Ultraviolet photons will be absorbed to knock electrons out of the sphere with maximum
kinetic energy Kmax = hf , or
Kmax =
(6.626 10
34
)(
1.60 10 19 J
200 10 9 m
The sphere is left with positive charge and so with positive potential relative to V = 0 at r = .
As its potential approaches 1.51 V, no further electrons will be able to escape, but will fall back
onto the sphere. Its charge is then given by
V=
keQ
r
or
Q=
5.00 10 2 m (1.51 N m C)
rV
=
= 8.41 10 12 C
ke
8.99 10 9 N m 2 C 2
Chapter 40 Solutions
40.23
(a)
By having the photon source move toward the metal, the incident photons are Doppler
shifted to higher frequencies, and hence, higher energy.
(b)
If v = 0.280 c ,
f = f
Therefore,
At v = 0.900 c ,
f = 3.05 1015 Hz
(c)
E=
*40.24
p=
hc
1.28
= 9.33 1014 Hz
0.720
)(
= 2.84 10 19 J = 1.78 eV
6.626 10 34 J s
h
=
= 9.47 10 28 kg m/s
700 10 9 m
6.626 10 3 4
h
(1 cos ) =
(1 cos 37.0)
(9.11 10 31)(3.00 108)
me c
(b)
E0 = hc / 0 :
(300 10
0 = 4.14 10 12 m
E =
40.26
)(
(a)
(c)
1+ v/c
= 7.00 1014
1 v/c
1.00 eV
Kmax = hf = 6.626 10 34 J s 3.05 1015 Hz
3.87 eV = 8.78 eV
1.60 10 19 J
and
40.25
)(
) (
)(
= 0 + = 4.63 10 12 m
and
= 4.88 10 13 m
)(
4.63 10 12 m
hc
(6.626 10 34 J s)(3.00 108 m/s)
=
= 11.3 keV
0
(0.110 10 9 m)(1.60 1019 J/eV)
h
(1 cos ) = (2.43 10 12 m)(1 cos 180) = 4.86 10 12 m
me c
hc
= 10.8 keV
= 0 + = 0.115 nm so
E =
Momentum conservation:
h
h
i = (i) + pe (i)
)(
and
1
1
pe = h
0
3.00 108 m / s / c
1
1
pe = 6.626 10 34 J s
+
= 22.1 keV/c
10
Chapter 40 Solutions
Energy conservation:
so that
K e = 478 eV
Check:
E 2 = p 2 c 2 + me2 c 4
or
40.27
K e = E 0 E
With K e = E ,
40.28
E0
E = 2
E = E0 E :
hc
hc
hc
= E = 1
= 2 E = 2 0
0
E
2 0
= 0 + C (1 cos )
2 0 = 0 + C (1 cos )
1 cos =
0.00160
0
= 0.00243 = 70.0
C
We may write down four equations, not independent, in the three unknowns 0 , , and v
using the conservation laws:
hc hc
=
+ me c 2 me c 2
0
(Energy conservation)
h
= me v cos 20.0 (momentum in x-direction)
0
0=
h
me v sin 20.0
(momentum in y-direction)
h
(1 cos 90.0).
me c
It is easiest to ignore the energy equation and, using the two momentum equations, write
h/0
h/
me v cos 20.0
me v sin 20.0
or 0 = tan 20.0
0.00243 nm
= 0.00382 nm = 3.82 pm
1 tan 20.0
Chapter 40 Solutions
40.29
(a)
11
or since = ,
[1]
2h
h
=
cos , or
0
[2]
= 2 0 cos
giving
2 0 cos 0 =
or
2 cos 1 =
or
h
(1 cos )
me c
hc 1
(1 cos )
0 me c 2
E
2 cos 1 =
(1 cos )
me c 2
hc
, this may be written as:
0
cos =
[3]
h
(1 cos )
me c
0 =
E
E
cos = 1 +
2 +
2
me c
me c 2
(c)
Since E
(b)
pe = p =
me c 2 + E
2me c 2 + E
so that
= = 43.0
E
hc
hc
0.880 MeV
=
=
=
= 0.602 MeV = 602 keV
0 ( 2 cos ) 2 cos 2 cos 43.0
E
Then,
p =
12
Chapter 40 Solutions
The energy of the incident photon is E0 = p c = hc 0 .
40.30
(a)
E0
= pe + p cos
c
[1]
pe = p =
[2]
2hc
cos
E0
[3]
h
(1 cos ) ,
me c
2hc
h
2hc
cos
=
(1 cos )
E0
me c
E0
(2m c
which reduces to
(c)
Therefore,
+ E0 cos = me c 2 + E0
m c2 + E
= = cos 1 e 2 0
2me c + E0
Thus,
(b)
E =
hc
hc
=
2
( 2hc E0 ) me c + E0
) (2m c
e
+ E0
E0 2me c 2 + E0
,
2 me c 2 + E0
E0 2me c 2 + E0
2c me c 2 + E0
and
p =
Ke = E0 E = E0
or
Ke =
pe = p =
2hc
2hc me c 2 + E0
cos =
E0
E0 2me c 2 + E0
E0 2me c 2 + E0
2 me c 2 + E0
2
me c 2 + E0
2 me c 2 + E0
E0 2me c 2 + E0
2c me c 2 + E0
Chapter 40 Solutions
40.31
(a)
13
(energy conservation)
[1]
h
h
=
cos 2 + me v cos
0 '
(momentum in x direction)
[2]
h
sin 2 me v sin
(momentum in y direction)
[3]
(Compton equation)
[4]
0=
0 =
h
(1 cos 2 )
me c
2h
cos .
Substituting this into Equation [2] and using cos 2 = 2 cos 2 1 yields
h
2h
h
h
= (2 cos 2 1) +
cos 2 = (4 cos 2 1),
0
or
' = 4 0 cos 2 0
[5]
[ (
)]
h
hc
1 2 cos 2 1 = 2
1 cos 2 .
2
me c
me c
For x =
(b)
me c 2 + E0
E
1+ x
=
where x 0 2 .
2me c 2 + E0 2 + x
me c
0.700 MeV
1+ x
= 1.37 , this gives = cos 1
= 33.0
0.511 MeV
2+x
1+ x
2 + 3x
1 = 0
.
From Equation [5], = 0 4 cos 2 1 = 0 4
2+x
2 + x
Then, Equation [1] becomes
hc hc 2 + x
+ me c 2 me c 2
=
0 0 2 + 3x
Thus, = 1 + x x
Therefore,
or
E0
E 2+x
+1= .
0
me c 2 me c 2 2 + 3x
2+x
, and with x = 1.37 we get = 1.614.
2 + 3x
v
= 1 2 = 1 0.384 = 0.785 or v = 0.785 c .
c
14
Chapter 40 Solutions
40.32
h
(1 cos )
me c
h
[1 cos( )]
me c
h
h
h
h
cos( ) +
cos
me c me c
me c me c
= 2
40.33
(a)
h
= 0.00486 nm
me c
)(
= 8.93 10 19 J = 5.58 eV
hc 1240 eV nm
=
= 1550 eV
0.800 nm
0
E = E0 K , and =
hc
1240 eV nm
=
= 0.803 nm
E 1550 eV 5.58 eV
= 0 = 0.00288 nm = 2.88 pm
(b)
= C (1 cos ) cos = 1
0.00288 nm
= 1
= 0.189, so
0.00243 nm
C
= 101
Maximum energy loss appears as maximum increase in wavelength, which occurs for
scattering angle 180. Then = (1 cos 180)( h / mc ) = 2h / mc where m is the mass of the
target particle. The fractional energy loss is
*40.34
2h mc
E0 E hc 0 hc 0
=
=
=
=
E0
0 + 0 + 2h mc
hc 0
Further, 0 = hc E0 , so
(a)
2h mc
E0 E
2E0
=
=
.
E0
hc E0 + 2h mc mc 2 + 2E0
(b)
Chapter 40 Solutions
40.35
1
1
1
= RH 2 2 ,
n
2
or =
15
(4n 2 / RH )
.
(n 2 4)
40.36
(a)
Using
1
1
1
= RH 2 2
n f ni
4n2
RH n2 4
) (2.00 10
4n2
7
)(
m 1 n2 4
(200.0)n2
n2 4
nm
(b)
Using n 3 , =
4n2
RH n2 4
) (0.500 10
4n2
7
)(
m 1 n2 4
(800.0)n2
nm
n2 4
40.37
(a)
Lyman series:
1
1
= R 1 2
1
1
1
=
= (1.097 107 ) 1 2
94.96 10 9
n
(b)
Paschen series:
1
1
1
=R 2 2
3
n = 2, 3, 4, . . .
n=5
n = 4, 5, 6, . . .
1
1
1
=R 2 2
4
1
1
1
= 1.097 107
16 n2
16
40.38
Chapter 40 Solutions
(a)
(b)
min =
hc
Emax
min =
hc 1240 eV nm
=
= 91.2 nm
E1
13.6 eV
(Ultraviolet)
Balmer (n f = 2):
min =
hc 1240 eV nm
= 1
= 365 nm
E2
13.6
eV
4
(UV)
Emax =
Lyman:
Emax = 13.6 eV
(= E1 )
Balmer:
Emax = 3.40 eV
(= E2 )
Paschen:
Emax = 1.51 eV
(= E3 )
Brackett:
Emax = 0.850 eV
E=
(Infrared)
hc
min
Liquid O2
40.39
()
(= E4 )
abs = 1269 nm
hc 1.2398 10 6
=
= 0.977 eV
1.269 10 6
hc
= 634 nm, red
2E
*40.40 (a)
v1 =
ke e 2
2
where r 1 = (1) a 0 = 0.00529 nm = 5.29 10 11 m
me r 1
v1 =
(8.99 10 N m C )(1.60 10 C)
(9.11 10 kg)(5.29 10 m)
9
19
31
11
)(
= 2.19 106 m s
(b)
(c)
8.99 10 9 N m 2 C 2 1.60 10 19 C
ke e 2
U1 =
=
r1
5.29 10 11 m
)(
= 2.18 10 18 J = 13.6 eV
= 4.35 10 18 J = 27.2 eV
Chapter 40 Solutions
40.41
(a)
r 2 = (0.0529 nm )( 2) = 0.212 nm
2
(9.11 10
me ke e 2
=
r2
31
)(
)(
kg 8.99 10 9 N m 2 C 2 1.60 10 19 C
= 9.95 10 25 kg m s
(b)
me v2 =
(c)
(d)
K2 =
(e)
8.99 10 9 N m 2 C 2 1.60 10 19 C
k e2
U2 = e =
r2
0.212 10 9 m
(f)
1 m v2
2 e 2
0.212 10 9 m
)(
( m v )2
= e 2
2me
(9.95 10 kg m s)
=
2(9.11 10
kg )
25
= 5.43 10 19 J = 3.40 eV
31
)(
= 1.09 10 18 J = 6.80 eV
1
1
E = (13.6 eV) 2 2
n
i nf
40.42
Where for E > 0 we have absorption and for E < 0 we have emission.
(A) for ni = 2 and nf = 5 E = 2.86 eV (absorption)
(B) for ni = 5 and nf = 3 E = 0.967 eV (emission)
(C) for ni = 7 and nf = 4 E = 0.572 eV (emission)
(D) for ni = 4 and nf = 7 E = 0.572 eV (absorption)
40.43
17
hc
(a)
E=
(b)
(c)
(b)
1
1
1
1
1
= R 2 2 = (1.097 107 m 1 ) 2 2
2
6
f ni
(a)
E=
410 10 9 m
(c)
f=
c 3.00 108
=
= 7.32 1014 Hz
410 10 9
so
= 410 nm
18
Chapter 40 Solutions
We use En =
*40.44
13.6 eV
n2
To ionize the atom when the electron is in the n th level, it is necessary to add an amount of
energy given by
E = En =
13.6 eV
n2
(a)
(b)
In the n = 3 level, E =
13.6 eV
= 1.51 eV
9
k ee 2
k ee 2
1
Starting with 2 m e v 2 = 2r , we have v 2 = m r
e
*40.45
and using rn =
gives vn 2 =
*40.46 (a)
(b)
(c)
n2h2
me ke e 2
ke e 2
n2h2
me
me ke e 2
or
vn =
ke e 2
nh
2 r
2 (3.84 108 m)
v= T =
= 1.02 103 m/s
2.36 106 s
So,
L = mvr = (7.36 1022 kg)(1.02 103 m/s)(3.84 108 m) = 2.89 1034 kg m2/s
We have
L = nh
or
n=
We have
so
r=
L
2.89 1034 kg m2/s
=
= 2.74 1068
h
1.055 10 34 J s
h2
n 2 = Rn 2
2
m GM e
and
r
(n + 1)2 R n 2R
2n + 1
=
=
2
r
n R
n2
2
= 7.30 10 6 9
n
Chapter 40 Solutions
The batch of excited atoms must make these six transitions to get back to state one: 2 1, and
also 3 2 and 3 1, and also 4 3 and 4 2 and 4 1. Thus, the incoming light must
have just enough energy to produce the 1 4 transition. It must be the third line of the
Lyman series in the absorption spectrum of hydrogen. The absorbing atom changes from
energy
40.47
Ei =
13.6 eV
13.6 eV
= 13.6 eV to E f =
= 0.850 eV ,
12
42
)(
19
E f Ei
0.850 eV ( 13.6 eV )
1.60 10
J
40.48
1
2
mv 2 =
hc
(6.626 10 34 J s)(3.00 108 m/s)
=
(1.216 10 7 m)
= 1.63 1018 J
40.49
19
(a)
(b)
54.4 eV
n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
n2
( 13.6 eV)(2)2
(1)2
= 54.4 eV
20
Chapter 40 Solutions
40.50
r=
n2h2
n 2 h2
=
;
Zme ke e 2 Z me ke e 2
r=
5.29 10 11 m
1
(1.055 10 34 J s)2
=
Z (9.11 10 31 kg)(8.99 10 9 N m 2 / C 2 )(1.602 10 19 C)2
Z
(a)
For He+, Z = 2
r=
5.29 10 11 m
= 2.65 10 11 m = 0.0265 nm
2
(b)
For Li2+, Z = 3
r=
5.29 10 11 m
= 1.77 10 11 m = 0.0177 nm
3
(c)
For Be3+, Z = 4
r=
5.29 10 11 m
= 1.32 10 11 m = 0.0132 nm
4
Since F = qvB =
40.51
or
40.52
n=1
(a)
mv 2
r
qrB = mv,
we have
qr 2B = mvr = nh
rn =
so
T=
nh
qB
2 r
v
(b)
T=
2 me r 2 2 me (a0n 2 )2 2 me a02 3
=
=
n
nh
nh
h
t0 =
or
T = t0n3
where
(c)
nh
me r
Chapter 40 Solutions
h
h
6.626 1034 J s
=p = mv =
= 3.97 1013 m
(1.67 1027 kg)(1.00 106 m/s)
*40.53
40.54
(a)
p2
= (50.0)(1.60 1019 J)
2m
p = 3.81 1024 kg m/s
h
= p = 0.174 nm
(b)
p2
= (50.0 103)(1.60 1019 J)
2m
p = 1.20 10 22 kg m/s
h
= p = 5.49 10 12 m
The relativistic answer is slightly more precise:
*40.55 (a)
h
hc
=
p (mc 2 + K)2 m2 c 4
Electron:
h
= p
so
p = 2me K
and
1/2
= 5.37 10 12 m
and
h
=
2me K
p2
m2 v 2
K = 21 me v 2 = e
=
2me
2me
6.626 10 34 J s
= 7.09 10 10 m = 0.709 nm
(b)
21
22
Chapter 40 Solutions
40.56
m = 2d sin = 2d cos ( 2)
But, d = a sin ( 2) where a is the lattice spacing.
Thus, with m = 1,
h
=
p
h
=
2me K
6.626 10 34 J s
2 9.11 10
31
)(
kg 54.0 1.60 10
19
= 1.67 10 10 m
*40.57 (a)
1.67 10 10 m
=
= 2.18 10 10 m = 0.218 nm
sin 50.0
sin
~ 10 14 m or less.
p=
h 6.6 10 34 J s
~
= 10 19 kg m s or more.
10 14 m
E = p 2 c 2 + me2 c 4 ~ 10 19
) (3 10 ) + (9 10 ) (3 10 )
2
8 2
31 2
(b)
~ 108 eV
12
8 4
~ 10 11 J~ 108 eV or more,
or more.
)(
9 10 9 N m 2 C 2 10 19 C ( e )
ke q1q2
~
~ 10 5 eV
r
10 14 m
With its kinetic energy much larger than its negative potential energy,
the electron would immediately escape the nucleus .
Chapter 40 Solutions
23
Goal Solution
The nucleus of an atom is on the order of 10 14 m in diameter. For an electron to be confined to a
nucleus, its de Broglie wavelength would have to be of this order of magnitude or smaller. (a) What
would be the kinetic energy of an electron confined to this region? (b) On the basis of this result, would
you expect to find an electron in a nucleus? Explain.
G:
The de Broglie wavelength of a normal ground-state orbiting electron is on the order 10 10 m (the
diameter of a hydrogen atom), so with a shorter wavelength, the electron would have more kinetic
energy if confined inside the nucleus. If the kinetic energy is much greater than the potential energy
from its attraction with the positive nucleus, then the electron will escape from its electrostatic
potential well.
O:
If we try to calculate the velocity of the electron from the de Broglie wavelength, we find that
v=
h
6.63 10 34 J s
=
= 7.27 1010 m / s
-31
14
me
m
9.11 10 kg 10
)(
which is not possible since it exceeds the speed of light. Therefore, we must use the relativistic
energy expression to find the kinetic energy of this fast-moving electron.
A:
(a)
( )
p=
E=
6.63 10 34 J s
= 6.63 10 20 N s
10 -14 m
(1.99 10
11
) + (8.19 10
2
14
= 1.99 10 11 J
1.99 10 11 J 8.19 10 14 J
= 124 MeV ~ 100 MeV
1.60 10 19 J / eV
The electrostatic potential energy of the electron 10 14 m away from a positive proton is :
K = E mc 2 =
(b)
9 Nm
19
8.99
10
C
1.60 10
C2
2
U = ke e r =
10 14 m
L:
Since the kinetic energy is nearly 1000 times greater than the potential energy, the electron would
immediately escape the protons attraction and would not be confined to the nucleus.
It is also interesting to notice in the above calculations that the rest energy of the electron is
negligible compared to the momentum contribution to the total energy.
24
40.58
Chapter 40 Solutions
(a)
From E = m e c2
(b)
p=
(c)
E
c
h
6.626 1034 J s
=p =
= 6.22 1017 m
1.07 1017 kg m/s
Since the size of a nucleus is on the order of 10 14 m, the 20-GeV electrons would be small
enough to go through the nucleus.
40.59
(a)
(b)
E2 = p 2 c 2 + m 2c4
with E = hf ,
p=
h
,
so
h 2f
For a photon
f / c = 1/ .
h 2c2
h2c 2
2C
h
C
and
mc =
and
1
1
f
= 2+ 2
c
(Eq. 1)
The third term 1/ C in Equation 1 for electrons and other massive particles shows that
they will always have a different frequency from photons of the same wavelength
40.60
(a)
The wavelength of the student is = h p = h mv. If w is the width of the diffraction aperture,
then we need w 10.0 = 10.0 ( h mv) , so that
v 10.0
6.626 10 34 J s
h
34
= 10.0
ms
= 1.10 10
mw
(80.0 kg)(0.750 m)
d
we get:
v
0.150 m
= 1.36 10 33 s
1.10 10 34 m / s
(b)
Using t =
(c)
Chapter 40 Solutions
40.61
C =
= C,
VS =
40.62
h
me v
This gives:
1 v /c
2
25
h
me c
it is necessary that
= c , or
v = c.
v
v
= 1
, yielding v =
c
c
c
.
2
h
f
e
e
h
4.1 1014 Hz
e
e
0=
and
3.3 V =
h
12 1014 Hz
e
e
= 1.7 eV
(b)
h
= 4.2 10 15 V s
e
(c)
hc
h ec
= = e
c
c = (4.2 10 15 V s)(1.6 10 19 C)
40.63
= hf K max =
hc
(4.14 10 15 eV s)(3.00 108 m/s)
Kmax=
1.40 eV = 1.36 eV
450 10 9 m
26
Chapter 40 Solutions
From the path the electrons follow in the magnetic field, the maximum kinetic energy is seen
to be:
e 2B2 R 2
Kmax =
2me
40.64
Kmax = hf =
hc
hc
hc e 2B2 R 2
Kmax =
2me
40.65
, nm f, 1014 Hz
Kmax, eV
588
5.10
0.67
505
5.94
0.98
445
6.74
1.35
399
7.52
1.63
0.402 eV
8%
1014 Hz
(a)
slope =
(b)
e(V S ) = hf
h = (0.402)
(c)
1.60 10 19 J s
= 6.4 10 34 J s 8%
1014
= hf = 2.32 10 19 J = 1.4 eV
40.66
h
(6.626 10 34 J s)
(1 cos ) =
(0.234) = 3.09 10 16 m
mp c
(1.67 10 27 kg)(3.00 108 m / s)
0 =
= 0 + = 6.51 10 15 m
hc
= 191 MeV
(a)
E =
(b)
K p = 9.20 MeV
f ( THz)
Chapter 40 Solutions
40.67
27
M is the mass of the positron which equals m e, the mass of the electron.
reduced mass =
So
rpos =
me M
m
= e
me + M
2
n2h2
n2h2
2n2h2
=
=
Z ke e 2 Z( me / 2)ke e 2 Zme ke e 2
or
or
Epos =
me ke 2 e 4 1
ke 2 e 4 1
;
=
2h2 n2
4h2 n2
n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
EHyd
2
6.80 eV
n2
Goal Solution
Positronium is a hydrogen-like atom consisting of a positron (a positively charged electron) and an
electron revolving around each other. Using the Bohr model, find the allowed radii (relative to the
center of mass of the two particles) and the allowed energies of the system.
G:
Since we are told that positronium is like hydrogen, we might expect the allowed radii and energy
levels to be about the same as for hydrogen: r = a0n2 = 5.29 10 11 m n2 and En = ( 13.6 eV ) / n2 .
O:
Similar to the textbook calculations for hydrogen, we can use the quantization of angular
momentum of positronium to find the allowed radii and energy levels.
A:
Let r represent the distance between the electron and the positron. The two move in a circle of
radius r/2 around their center of mass with opposite velocities. The total angular momentum is
quantized according to
Ln =
ke e 2 mv 2
=
r/2
r2
to find
ke e 2
,
2r
E = K + U = 21 mv 2 + 21 mv 2
E=
ke e 2
r
ke e 2 ke e 2
k e 2 k e 2
6.80 eV
= e = e 2 =
2r
r
2r
n2
4a0n
It appears that the allowed radii for positronium are twice as large as for hydrogen, while the energy
levels are half as big. One way to explain this is that in a hydrogen atom, the proton is much more
massive than the electron, so the proton remains nearly stationary with essentially no kinetic
energy. However, in positronium, the positron and electron have the same mass and therefore both
have kinetic energy that separates them from each other and reduces their total energy compared
with hydrogen.
28
40.68
Chapter 40 Solutions
b
v2
=
:
2
c
b + c2
1
2 cos
1
= 2 me2 v 2
h2 2 + 2
0
0
b=
h2
me2
1
2 cos
1
2 + 2
0
0
h 1
1
b
1+
= = 1
me c 0
b + c2
h2 1
2 cos
2hc 1
1 h2 1
1
1
c +
+ 2
= c2+ 2 2 + 2
me 0 me 0
0
me 0
0 = ( h me c )[1 cos ]
40.69
hf = E =
4 2 me ke2 e 4 1
1
2
2
2
n
(n 1)
2h
f=
so
2 2 me ke2 e 4 2
n3
h3
v
1
=
2 r 2
ke e 2 1
me r 3/2
where
40.70
2 2 me ke2 e 4 2n 1
(n 1)2 n2
h3
r=
n2 h 2
4 me ke e 2
f=
2 2 me ke2 e 4 2
n3
h3
Show that if all of the energy of a photon is transmitted to an electron, momentum will not
be conserved.
hc
hc hc
Energy:
=
+ Ke = me c 2 ( 1) if
=0
(1)
0
Momentum:
h
h
=
+ me v = me v if =
0
From (1),
(2)
h
+1
0 me c
(3)
0 me c
v = c 1
h + 0 me c
(4)
Substitute (3) and (4) into (2) and show the inconsistency:
2
0 me c
0 me c + h h(h + 2 0 me c)
h
h
h
= 1 +
=
=
me c 1
2
0
0 me c
0
0
(h + 0 me c)
h + 0 me c
40.71
h + 2 0 me c
h
Chapter 40 Solutions
v
h 1 C
=
=
c mc
( v c )2 = C 2
2
1 (v c)
Thus,
v=
giving
(a)
2
2
2
C
C
C v 2
v
=
c
c
1+ C
or
40.72
29
) ( C )
2
+1
c
1 + ( / C )2
hc
E1 =
E2 E1 =
series limit
1240 eV nm
= 8.16 eV
152.0 nm
hc 1240 nm eV
=
= 6.12 eV
202.6 nm
E2 = E1 + 6.12 eV = 2.04 eV
(b)
1240 nm eV
= 7.26 eV
170.9 nm
E3 E1 =
so
E3 = 0 . 9 0 2 e V
E4 E1 =
and
E4 = 0 . 5 0 8 e V
E5 E1 =
so
E5 = 0 . 3 2 5 e V
1240 nm eV
hc
= E i E 2 , or =
Ei E 2
1240 nm eV
= 7.65 eV
162.1 nm
1240 nm eV
= 7.83 eV
158.3 nm
1240 nm eV
= 1090 nm
0.902
eV ) ( 2.04 eV)
(
Similarly, the wavelengths of the line, line, and the short wavelength limit are found to
be: 811 nm , 724 nm , and 609 nm .
30
Chapter 40 Solutions
(c)
Computing 60.0% of the wavelengths of the spectral lines shown on the energy-level diagram
gives:
0.600(202.6 nm) = 122 nm , 0.600(170.9 nm) = 103 nm , 0.600(162.1 nm) = 97.3 nm ,
0.600(158.3 nm) = 95.0 nm , and 0.600(152.0 nm) = 91.2 nm .
These are seen to be the wavelengths of the , , , and lines as well as the short
wavelength limit for the Lyman series in Hydrogen.
(d) The observed wavelengths could be the result of Doppler shift when the source moves away
from the Earth. The required speed of the source is found from
1 (v c)
f
=
=
= 0.600
f
1 + (v c)
40.73
(a)
yielding
v = 0.471c
I ( ,T ) =
2 hc 2
5 e hc
kBT
I ( ,T ) d =
x=
hc
kBT
and
dx =
2 hc 2
5 e hc kBT 1
d .
hc d
kBT 2
Therefore,
(b)
I ( ,T ) d =
2 kB4T 4
h3c 2
(e
x3
x
dx =
2 kB4T 4 4
h 3 c 2 15
2 k
4
4
0 I ( ,T ) d = 15 h3cB2 T = T
5 4
2 5 1.38 10 23 J K
2 5 kB4
=
=
15 h 3 c 2 15 6.626 10 34 J s 3 3.00 108 m s
= 5.67 10 8 W m 2 K 4
)(
Chapter 40 Solutions
*40.74
2 hc 2
e
5
hc k B T
= 2 hc 2 5 e hc
kBT
31
dI
= 2 hc 2 5 6 e hc
d
kBT
5 e hc
kBT
2 hc 2
hc
dI
e hc kBT
= 6 hc k T
5 +
B 1
d e
kBT e hc kBT 1
Letting x =
hc
2
= 0
kBT
2 hc k T
B
=0
hc
xe x
, the condition for a maximum becomes x
= 5.
kBT
e 1
We zero in on the solution to this transcendental equation by iterations as shown in the table
below. The solution is found to be
xe x e x 1
4.00000
4.50000
5.00000
4.90000
4.95000
4.97500
4.96300
4.96900
4.96600
4.96450
4.96550
4.96500
4.96525
4.96513
4.96507
4.96510
4.965115
4.0746294
4.5505521
5.0339183
4.9367620
4.9853130
5.0096090
4.9979452
5.0037767
5.0008609
4.9994030
5.0003749
4.9998890
5.0001320
5.0000153
4.9999570
4.9999862
5.0000008
x=
Thus, max
hc
= 4.965115
max kBT
(6.626075 10
T=
34
)(
maxT =
and
J s 2.997925 108 m s
4.965115 1.380658 10
23
J K
)=
hc
4.965115 kB
2.897755 10 3 m K
32
40.75
Chapter 40 Solutions
h
(1 cos ) = 0
me c
E =
hc
h
hc
=
= hc 0 +
(1 cos )
me c
0 +
E =
hc
hc
1 +
(1 cos )
2
0 me c 0
hc
hc
1 +
(1
cos
)
E =
0 me c 2 0
40.76
r1 =
E1 =
40.77
(1)2 h2
Z ke e 2
E
= E0 1 + 0 2 (1 cos )
me c
a0
h2
0.0529 nm
=
=
= 3.12 fm
2
82
207
(82)(207me )ke e ( )( ) (82)(207 )
2
13.6 eV 207 82
= 18.9 MeV
(1)2 1 1
E0 =
h
2h
1 cos 180) =
(
me c
me c
hc
hc
, so 0 =
E0
0
and = 0 + =
2E0
hc 2h
hc
+
=
1+
E0 me c E0
me c 2
1 + 2E0 me c 2 1
2E02 me c 2
E0
hc
= E0
=
E
=
0
1 + 2E m c 2 1 + 2E m c 2
1 + 2E0 me c 2
0
e
0
e
2E 0 a 2( hf )a
1
=
= 2h f a (1 + 2a)
1 + 2a 1 + 2a
Chapter 40 Solutions
40.78
(a)
33
Planck's radiation law predicts maximum intensity at a wavelength max we find from
d
dI
2 5 (hc/ k B T )
=0=
1
2 hc e
d
d
hc e(hc/ kBT )
or
6 e(hc/ kBT ) 1
=0
which reduces to
Define x = hc kBT .
Then we require 5 e x 5 = xe x .
I ( ,T)d = A + B =
So
2 hc 2 d
2 hc 2 x 5 kB5T 5 hc dx
0
x =
h 5 c 5 x 2 kBT e x 1
2 kB4T 4
h3c 2
x 3 dx
(e
A+B=
2 5 kB4 T 4
15 h 3 c 2
I( ,T)d = A =
max
0
2 hc 2 d
5 e(hc/ kBT ) 1
A=
2 kB4 T 4
h3c 2
4.965
x 3 dx
ex 1
A
=
A+B
4.965 x 3 dx
2 kB4T 4 4
0
h 3 c 2 15
e x 1
2 5 kB4T 4
3 2
= 1
15
4
4.965
x 3 dx
ex 1
15 h c
e(hc/ kBT ) 1
5
34
Chapter 40 Solutions
(b)
Here are some sample values of the integrand, along with a sketch of the curve:
40.79
C =
h
me c
and
h
:
p
E 2 = c 2 p 2 + (me c 2 )2 :
40.80
15
A
1 4 ( 4.870) = 0.2501
A+B
E2
(me c)2
c2
p=
1 E2
1
(me c)2 =
me c c 2
(me c)2
p
h / me c
=
;
me c
h/p
E2
E
2
2 (me c) =
1
me c 2
c
h
= m v = 1.43 10 10 m = 0.143 nm
This is of the same order of magnitude as the spacing between atoms in a crystal so diffraction
should appear.
40.81
[1]
h
h
+ me u
cos = me u cos
0
[2]
h
sin = me u sin
[3]
= 1 u 2 c 2
1/2
We must
Chapter 40 Solutions
35
= 2 me2u 2
2
0
0
2 h me u 2 h me u cos 2 h 2 cos
me2 u 2
h2
h2
+ 2 + 2 me2u2 +
=
2
0
0
0
1 u 2 / c 2
Call the left-hand side b. Then b
b u 2
= me2u 2
c2
and u 2 =
b
c 2b
=
me2 + b c 2 me2 c 2 + b
=
= me2 c 2 + b
2
0
0
1 u 2 / c 2
So we have
2h me c 2h me c 2h 2
h2
h2
2 2 2
+
+
m
c
+
e
0
0
20 2
= me c 2 +
2h me u 2h me ucos 2h 2 cos
h2
h2
2 2 2
+
+
m
u
+
e
0
0
20 2
0 2 +
0 2 u2 2 h u 2 h 0 u cos 2 h 2 cos
2h
2 h 0
2 h2
2 2 = 0 +
+
me c
me c
me c
c2
me c 2
me c 2
me2 c 2
2 u2 2 h
u cos 2 h 2
u 2 h 0
=
0 2 1 2 +
1
1
+
(1 cos )
c
me c
me c
c me2 c 2
c
1 (u cos ) c h 1 1
= 0
+ m c 1 u c (1 cos )
1 u c
1 = 1 (u c ) =
2
Since
(1 u c)(1 + u c)
1 (u cos ) c
h 1+ u c
+
= 0
(1 cos )
1 u c
me c 1 u c