Procedures
Problem
discovery
Problem Discovery
and Definition
Sampling
Selection of
exploratory research
technique
Secondary
(historical)
data
Experience
survey
Probability
Pilot
study
Case
study
Data
Gathering
Data
Processing
and
Analysis
Problem definition
(statement of
research objectives)
Experiment
Laboratory
Conclusions
and Report
Survey
Field
Interview
Nonprobability
Collection of
data
(fieldwork)
Editing and
coding
data
Data
processing
Selection of
basic research
method
Research Design
Selection of
exploratory research
technique
Questionnaire
Observation
Secondary
Data Study
Interpretation
of
findings
Report
Sampling Terminology
Stages in the
Selection
of a Sample
Conduct fieldwork
Systematic Errors
Nonsampling errors
Unrepresentative sample results
Not due to chance
Due to study design or imperfections in
execution
Probability sampling
No probability sampling
Nonprobability Sampling
Probability Sampling
Quota Sampling
Page 393.
What is the
Appropriate Sample Design?
Degree of accuracy
Resources
Time
Advanced knowledge of the population
National versus local Scope of study
Need for statistical analysis Final Analysis
Method
Fieldwork
Fieldworker
FIELD INTERVIEWING
SERVICE
FIELDFIELDWORKERS
IN-HOUSE
ININTERVIEWERS
BRIEFING SESSIONS
In-House Training
RECORDING
RESPONSES
MAKING INITIAL
CONTACT
PROBING
ASKING
QUESTIONS
TERMINATING
INTERVIEWS
Exactly as worded
Read slowly
Questions in the proper order
Ask every question
Repeat questions that are not understood
Probing
Probing Tactics
SILENT
PROBE
REPEAT QUESTION
NEUTRAL
QUESTION
REPEAT REPLY
Fieldwork Management
Select
Train
Supervise
Control
Interviewer Cheating
Descriptive statistics.
Inferential statistics.
Frequency distributions
Proportions
Central tendency
Mean
Median
Mode
Measures of dispersion
Amount
less than $3,000
$3,000 - $4,999
$5,000 - $9,999
$10,000 - $14,999
$15,000 or more
Frequency (number of
people making deposits
in each range)
499
530
562
718
811
3,120
Percent
16
17
18
23
26
100
Probability
.16
.17
.18
.23
.26
1.00
, Population;
, sample
X of the distribution
Median - midpoint
Mode - the value that occurs most often
Population Mean
X
=
N
Sample Mean
Xi
X=
n
Measures of Dispersion
or Spread
Range
Mean absolute deviation
Variance
Standard deviation
The Range
as a Measure of Spread
Deviation Scores
d x x
i =
Average Deviation
(X i X)
=0
n
(Xi X)
n
The Variance
Population
Sample
S
Variance
( X X )
S =
n 1
2
Variance
2
( Xi X )
=
n1
S= S
Normal curve
Bell shaped
Almost all of its values are within plus or
minus 3 standard deviations
Normal Distribution
MEAN
Normal Distribution
68.26%
27.18%
13.59%
2.14%
34.13%
34.13%
13.59%
4.28%
2.14%
-2
-1
Standardized Values
z=
Population distribution
Sample distribution
Sampling distribution
Population Distribution
Sample Distribution
Sampling Distribution
SX
Sx =
Notations
Distribution
Mean
Population
Sample
SX
Sampling
Standard
Deviation
Parameter Estimates
Point estimates
Confidence interval estimates
Confidence Interval
=X E
S
n
= X Z cl
S
n
Sample Size
Variance (standard
deviation)
Magnitude of error
Confidence level
zs
n=
E
zs
n =
E
(1.96)(29.00)
=
2.00
56.84
2
=
(
)
=
28
.
42
2.00
= 808
zs
(1.96)(29.00)
n = =
4.00
E
56.84
2
=
(
)
=
14
.
21
4.00
= 202
(
2
.
57
)(
29
)
n=
74.53
=
2
2
= [37.265]
=1389
(
2
.
57
)(
29
)
n=
74.53
=
4
2
= [18.6325]
= 347
or
p (1 p )
n
pq
n
pZ S
cl
Z pq
n=
E
2
z 2pq
n=
2
E
Where:
n = Number of items in samples
Z2 = The square of the confidence interval
in standard error units.
p = Estimated proportion of success
q = (1-p) or estimated the proportion of failures
E2 = The square of the maximum allowance for error
between the true proportion and sample proportion
or zsp squared.
CODING
DATA ENTRY
DATA ANALYSIS
ERROR
CHECKING
AND
VERIFICATION
Editing
for omissions
for legibility
for consistency
1873?
1973 more likely
Coding
Editing
FIELD
EDITING
IN-HOUSE
EDITING
CONSISTENCY
COMPLETENESS
QUESTIONS
ANSWERED
OUT OF ORDER
I Dont Know
Codes
1a. How many years have you been playing tennis on a regular basis?
Number of years: __________
b. What is your level of play?
Novice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lower Intermediate . . . . .
Upper Intermediate . . . . .
-1
-2
-3
Advanced . . . . . . .
Expert . . . . . . . . .
Teaching Pro . . . .
-4
-5
-6
c. In the last 12 months, has your level of play improved, remained the
same or decreased?
Improved. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Remained the same . . . . .
-1
-2
Decreased. . . . . . .
-3
Yes . . . . . . .
No . . . . . . .
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-1
-2
4. Please rate each of the following with regard to this flight, if applicable.
Excellent Good
Courtesy and Treatment from the:
Skycap at airport . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Airport Ticket Counter Agent . . . . .
Boarding Point (Gate) Agent . . . . .
Flight Attendants . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Your Meal or Snack. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Beverage Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Seat Comfort. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Carry-On Stowage Space. . . . . . . .
Cabin Cleanliness . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Video/Stereo Entertainment . . . . . .
On-Time Departure . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fair
Poor
1
2
3
4
5
Strongly agree
Mildly agree
Neither agree
nor disagree
Mildly agree
Strongly disagree
+1
+2
0
-1
-2
Code Book
Data Entry
Marked-sensed questionnaires
Recode
Data cleaning