MBA Project Report An Empirical PDF

[AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF CORPORATE DIVIDEND POLICY]
CHAPTER -1
DIVIEND POLICY- THE MECHANISAM
N R Institute of Business Management
1.1 Introduction
Dividends are payments made by a corporation to its shareholder members. It is the portion of
corporate profits paid out to stockholders. When a corporation earns a profit or surplus, that
money can be put to two uses: it can either be re-invested in the business (called retained
earnings), or it can be paid to the shareholders as a dividend. Many corporations retain a portion
of their earnings and pay the remainder as a dividend.
For a joint stock company, a dividend is allocated as a fixed amount per share. Therefore, a
shareholder receives a dividend in proportion to their shareholding. For the joint stock company,
paying dividends is not an expense; rather, it is the division of an asset among shareholders.
Public companies usually pay dividends on a fixed schedule, but may declare a dividend at any
time, sometimes called a special dividend to distinguish it from a regular one.
Cooperatives, on the other hand, allocate dividends according to members' activity, so their
dividends are often considered to be a pre-tax expense.
Dividends are usually settled on a cash basis, store credits (common among retail consumers'
cooperatives) and shares in the company (either newly-created shares or existing shares bought
in the market.) Further, many public companies offer dividend reinvestment plans, which
automatically use the cash dividend to purchase additional shares for the shareholder.
Several factors must be considered when establishing a firms dividend policy. These include
The liquidity position of the firm just because a firm has income doesnt mean that
it has any cash to pay dividends.
Need to repay debt oftentimes there are negative covenants that restrict the
dividends that can be paid as long as the debt is outstanding.
The rate of asset expansion the greater the rate of expansion of the firm, the greater
the need to retain earnings to finance the expansion.
Control of the firm if dividends are paid out today, equity may have to be sold in
the future causing a dilution of ownership.
Legal Considerations:
Technically, it is illegal to pay a dividend except out of retained earnings. This is

to prevent firms from liquidating themselves out from underneath the creditors.
Internal Revenue Service Section 531 Improper Accumulation of funds. This is

to prevent individuals from not paying dividends in order to avoid the personal
income taxes on the dividend payments.
Is it in the best interests of shareholders to pay out earnings as dividends or to reinvest them in
the company? The answer to this depends upon the investment opportunities that the firm has.
There are three fundamental policies to paying cash dividends that firms employ:
1)
Pay a constant dollar amount each year regardless of earnings per share. This is what
most firms do.
2)
Use a constant payout ratio (for example, 50% of EPS)
3)
Pay a low, fixed dividend amount plus dividend extras or special dividends. This
allows the company to avoid having to cut dividends since the basic dividend is low, but
also avoids the improper accumulation of funds during good years.
A cut in dividends generally hurts a stocks price because it sends a signal to stockholders that
managements outlook for the future is that the company cannot continue to pay the dividend.
Most companies therefore start off with a low dividend and only increase it when they feel that
the earnings prospects have improved sufficiently to allow for maintaining a higher dividend.
Many companies will even borrow money in a bad year in order to avoid cutting the dividends.
The market price is influenced by dividends through what is called the clientele effect. That is,
some investors want dividends (such as retirees and pension funds) while others do not want
dividends (wealthy individuals) but would prefer capital gains (which are taxed at a lower rate
and deferred).
Flotation costs encourage a company to retain earnings in order to minimize having to sell
additional stock in the future. As we saw in the cost of capital calculations, the flotation costs
make new equity more expensive than retained earnings.
Some companies pay no dividends. Why? Because they have good investment opportunities
and reinvest the earnings.
1.2 Forms of Payment

Cash dividends (most common) are those paid out in the form of a cheque. Such dividends are a
form of investment income and are usually taxable to the recipient in the year they are paid. This
is the most common method of sharing corporate profits with the shareholders of the company.
For each share owned, a declared amount of money is distributed. Thus, if a person owns 100
shares and the cash dividend is $0.50 per share, the person will be issued a cheque for $50.
Stock or scrip dividends are those paid out in form of additional stock shares of the issuing
corporation, or other corporation (such as its subsidiary corporation). They are usually issued in
proportion to shares owned (for example, for every 100 shares of stock owned, 5% stock
dividend will yield 5 extra shares). If this payment involves the issue of new shares, this is very
similar to a stock split in that it increases the total number of shares while lowering the price of
each share and does not change the market capitalization or the total value of the shares held.
Property dividends or dividends in specie (Latin for "in kind") are those paid out in the form of
assets from the issuing corporation or another corporation, such as a subsidiary corporation.
They are relatively rare and most frequently are securities of other companies owned by the
issuer, however they can take other forms, such as products and services.
Other dividends can be used in structured finance. Financial assets with a known market value
can be distributed as dividends; warrants are sometimes distributed in this way. For large
companies with subsidiaries, dividends can take the form of shares in a subsidiary company. A
common technique for "spinning off" a company from its parent is to distribute shares in the new
company to the old company's shareholders. The new shares can then be traded independently.
1.3 Dates
Dividends must be "declared" (approved) by a companys Board of Directors each time they are
paid. For public companies, there are four important dates to remember regarding dividends.
These are discussed in detail with examples at the Securities and Exchange Commission site
The declaration date is the day the Board of Directors announces its intention to pay a dividend.
On this day, a liability is created and the company records that liability on its books; it now owes
the money to the stockholders. On the declaration date, the Board will also announce a date of
record and a payment date.
The in-dividend date is the last day, which is one trading day before the ex-dividend date, where
the stock is said to be cum dividend ('with [including] dividend'). In other words, existing holders
of the stock and anyone who buys it on this day will receive the dividend, whereas any holders
selling the stock lose their right to the dividend. After this date the stock becomes ex dividend.
The ex-dividend date (typically 2 trading days before the record date for U.S. securities) is the
day on which all shares bought and sold no longer come attached with the right to be paid the
most recently declared dividend. This is an important date for any company that has many
stockholders, including those that trade on exchanges, as it makes reconciliation of who is to be
paid the dividend easier. Existing holders of the stock will receive the dividend even if they now
sell the stock, whereas anyone who now buys the stock will not receive the dividend. It is
relatively common for a stock's price to decrease on the ex-dividend date by an amount roughly
equal to the dividend paid. This reflects the decrease in the company's assets resulting from the
declaration of the dividend. The company does not take any explicit action to adjust its stock
price; in an efficient market, buyers and sellers will automatically price this in.
Whenever a company announces a dividend pay-out, it also announces a "Book closure Date"
which is a date on which the company will ideally temporarily close its books for fresh transfers
of stock. Read "Book Closure" for a better understanding.
Shareholders who properly registered their ownership on or before the date of record, known as
stockholders of record, will receive the dividend. Shareholders who are not registered as of this
date will not receive the dividend. Registration in most countries is essentially automatic for
shares purchased before the ex-dividend date.
The payment date is the day when the dividend checks will actually be mailed to the
shareholders of a company or credited to brokerage accounts.
1.4 Types of Dividend Policies
There are many distinct dividend policies, but most policies fall into one of three categories.
A. A stable dividend policy is characterized by the tendency to keep a stable dollar amount of
dividends per share from period to period.
Corporations tend to establish a predetermined target dividend payout ratio in which
dividends are increased only after management is convinced that future earnings can support
the higher dividend payment. Under this policy, dividend changes will normally lag behind
earnings changes. Firms are reluctant to lower their dividend payments, even in times of
financial distress. Most firms follow a relatively stable dividend policy for four reasons:
1. Many business executives believe that stable dividend policies lead to higher stock prices.
The empirical evidence on the relationship between dividend policy and stock prices is
inconclusive.
2. Investors may view constant or steadily increasing dividends as more certain than a
fluctuating cash dividend payment.
3. There is less chance to signal erroneous informational content with a stable dividend
policy. Thus, firms tend to avoid reducing the annual dividend because of the information
content that a dividend cut may Convey.
EXAMPLE: Americana Products, Inc. earned $4,000,000 last year and paid $1.40 per share in
dividends on 1,000,000 outstanding shares. Because of a temporary slump in the market, the firm
expects to earn $3,600,000 this year. If the Company maintains a stable dividend policy, it will
maintain a $1.40 dividend per share, despite the expected decline in earnings.
B. A constant dividend payout ratio policy is one in which a firm pays out a constant
percentage of earnings as dividends.
This policy is easy to administer once the firm selects the initial payout ratio. A constant
dividend payout policy will cause dividends to be unstable and unpredictable, if earnings
fluctuate. Few firms follow a constant dividend payout policy because stock prices may be
adversely affected by highly volatile dividends.
1.5 FACTORS AFFECTING DIVIDEND POLICY
1. Stability of Earnings. The nature of business has an important bearing on the dividend policy.
Industrial units having stability of earnings may formulate a more consistent dividend policy
than those having an uneven flow of incomes because they can predict easily their savings and
earnings. Usually, enterprises dealing in necessities suffer less from oscillating earnings than
those dealing in luxuries or fancy goods.
2. Age of corporation. Age of the corporation counts much in deciding the dividend policy. A
newly established company may require much of its earnings for expansion and plant
improvement and may adopt a rigid dividend policy while, on the other hand, an older company
can
formulate
clear
cut
and
more
consistent
policy
regarding
dividend.
3. Liquidity of Funds. Availability of cash and sound financial position is also an important
factor in dividend decisions. A dividend represents a cash outflow, the greater the funds and the
liquidity of the firm the better the ability to pay dividend. The liquidity of a firm depends very
much on the investment and financial decisions of the firm which in turn determines the rate of
expansion and the manner of financing. If cash position is weak, stock dividend will be
distributed and if cash position is good, company can distribute the cash dividend.
4. Extent of share Distribution. Nature of ownership also affects the dividend decisions. A
closely held company is likely to get the assent of the shareholders for the suspension of
dividend or for following a conservative dividend policy. On the other hand, a company having a
good number of shareholders widely distributed and forming low or medium income group,
would face a great difficulty in securing such assent because they will emphasise to distribute
higher
dividend.
5. Needs for Additional Capital. Companies retain a part of their profits for strengthening their
financial position. The income may be conserved for meeting the increased requirements of
working capital or of future expansion. Small companies usually find difficulties in raising
finance for their needs of increased working capital for expansion programmes. They having no
other alternative, use their ploughed back profits. Thus, such Companies distribute dividend at
low
rates
and
retain
big
part
of
profits.
6. Trade Cycles. Business cycles also exercise influence upon dividend Policy. Dividend policy
is adjusted according to the business oscillations. During the boom, prudent management creates
food reserves for contingencies which follow the inflationary period. Higher rates of dividend
can be used as a tool for marketing the securities in an otherwise depressed market. The financial
solvency can be proved and maintained by the companies in dull years if the adequate reserves
have been built up.
7. Government Policies. The earnings capacity of the enterprise is widely affected by the
change in fiscal, industrial, labour, control and other government policies. Sometimes
government restricts the distribution of dividend beyond a certain percentage in a particular
industry or in all spheres of business activity as was done in emergency. The dividend policy has
to
be
modified
or
formulated
accordingly
in
those
enterprises.
8. Taxation Policy. High taxation reduces the earnings of he companies and consequently the
rate of dividend is lowered down. Sometimes government levies dividend-tax of distribution of
dividend beyond a certain limit. It also affects the capital formation. N India, dividends beyond
10
of
paid-up
capital
are
subject
to
dividend
tax
at
7.5
%.
9. Legal Requirements. In deciding on the dividend, the directors take the legal requirements
too into consideration. In order to protect the interests of creditors an outsiders, the companies
Act 1956 prescribes certain guidelines in respect of the distribution and payment of dividend.
Moreover, a company is required to provide for depreciation on its fixed and tangible assets
before declaring dividend on shares. It proposes that Dividend should not be distributed out of
capita, in any case. Likewise, contractual obligation should also be fulfilled, for example,
payment
of
dividend
on
preference
shares
in
priority
over
ordinary
dividend.
10. Past dividend Rates. While formulating the Dividend Policy, the directors must keep in
mind the dividend paid in past years. The current rate should be around the average past rat. If it
has been abnormally increased the shares will be subjected to speculation. In a new concern, the
company should consider the dividend policy of the rival organisation.
11. Ability to Borrow. Well established and large firms have better access to the capital market
than the new Companies and may borrow funds from the external sources if there arises any
need. Such Companies may have a better dividend pay-out ratio. Whereas smaller firms have to
depend on their internal sources and therefore they will have to built up good reserves by
reducing the dividend pay out ratio for meeting any obligation requiring heavy funds.
12. Policy of Control. Policy of control is another determining factor is so far as dividends are
concerned. If the directors want to have control on company, they would not like to add new
shareholders and therefore, declare a dividend at low rate. Because by adding new shareholders
they fear dilution of control and diversion of policies and programmes of the existing
management. So they prefer to meet the needs through retained earing. If the directors do not
bother about the control of affairs they will follow a liberal dividend policy. Thus control is an
influencing
factor
in
framing
the
dividend
policy.
13. Repayments of Loan. A company having loan indebtedness are vowed to a high rate of
retention earnings, unless one other arrangements are made for the redemption of debt on
maturity. It will naturally lower down the rate of dividend. Sometimes, the lenders (mostly
institutional lenders) put restrictions on the dividend distribution still such time their loan is
outstanding. Formal loan contracts generally provide a certain standard of liquidity and solvency
to be maintained. Management is bound to hour such restrictions and to limit the rate of dividend
payout.
14. Time for Payment of Dividend. When should the dividend be paid is another consideration.
Payment of dividend means outflow of cash. It is, therefore, desirable to distribute dividend at a
time when is least needed by the company because there are peak times as well as lean periods of
expenditure. Wise management should plan the payment of dividend in such a manner that there
is no cash outflow at a time when the undertaking is already in need of urgent finances.
15. Regularity and stability in Dividend Payment. Dividends should be paid regularly because
each investor is interested in the regular payment of dividend. The management should, inspite
of regular payment of dividend, consider that the rate of dividend should be all the most constant.
For this purpose sometimes companies maintain dividend equalization Fund.
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Chapter 2 Research Methodology
11
Research Problem:
Efficient Market Hypothesis states that it is impossible to beat the market because the stock
market efficiency causes the stock prices to incorporate and reflect all the new information in the
stock prices. We want to study whether the markets are efficient when the dividend policy is
announced by the corporate. There are certain issues which are to be focused upon. They are:
To find out any relation between corporate dividend policy and market value of a
company.
To analyze the effect of corporate dividend decisions in terms of creating abnormality in

the price and volume of the company.
To check whether the markets are efficient when any news about dividend decisions of a
company is received.
Literature Review:
Modigliani and Miller (1961) have shown, investors may be indifferent about the
amount of dividend as it has no influence on the value of a firm. Any investor can create
a home made dividend if required, or can invest the proceeds of a dividend payment in
additional shares as and when a company makes dividend payment. Similarly, managers
may be indifferent as funds would be available or could be raised without any floatation
costs for all positive net present value projects.
Lintner (1956) analyzes as to how firms set dividends and concluded that firms have
four important concerns. Firstly, firms have long-run target dividend payout ratios. The
payout ratio is high in case of mature companies with stable earnings and low in case of
growth companies. Secondly, the dividends change follows shift in long-term sustainable
earnings. The managers are more concerned with dividend changes than on absolute
level. Finally, managers do not intend to reverse the change in dividends. He finds that
firms pay predictable and regular dividends to investors; whereas the earnings of
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corporate firms could be erratic. This implies that shareholders prefer smoothened
dividend income.
Brealey (1992) poses the dividend policy decision as What is the effect of change in
cash dividends, given the firms capital-budgeting and borrowing decisions? In other
words, he looks at dividend policy in isolation and not as a by-product of other corporate
financial decisions.
Baker, Veit and Powell (2001) study the factors that have a bearing on dividend policy
of corporate firms traded on the Nasdaq. The study, based on a sample survey (1999)
response of 188 firms out of a total of 630 firms that paid dividends in each quarter of
calendar years 1996 and 1997, finds that the following four factors have a significant
impact on the dividend decision: pattern of past dividends, stability of earnings, and
the level of current and future expected earnings. The study also finds statistically
significant differences in the importance that managers attach to dividend policy in
different industries such as financial versus non-financial firms.
Fama and French (2001) analyzed the issue of lower dividends paid by corporate firms
over the period 1973-1999 and the factors responsible for the decline. In particular, they
analyzed whether the lower dividends were the effect of changing firm characteristics or
lower propensity to pay on the part of the firms. They observed that proportion of
companies paying dividend has dropped from a peak of 66.5% in 1978 to 20.8% in 1999.
They attributed this decline to the changing characteristics of firms: The decline in the
incidence of dividend payers is in part due to an increasing tilt of publicly traded firms
toward the characteristics- small size, low earnings, and high growth- of firms that
typically have never paid dividends.
Objectives of the Study:

To explore the insight f a corporate event named Dividend Policy which drags lot of
attention and results into may drastic changes in the market valuaton of he firm.
To study the impact of dividend on the price and volume before and after such vidend is
announced.
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To check whether abnormality exists in the price and volume of the share as the
dividend is announced.
To find out the room for leakage of any insider information about dividend policy of a
company
To check whether any insider information plays any part in abnormal trading effect and
abnormal price effect in a script.
To analyze the bearing of such abnormality (if it does exist) on the market capitalization
and volumes traded on the stock market a month before the Announcement Date and a
month after the ex-dividend date for all the scripts under the study.
To measure the cumulative impact of corporate dividend policy and try to conceive a
general trend based on it.
Research Design:
Exploratory Research
Scope of the Study:

To do a relative analysis between BSE-500 index and share prices of selected companies.
Limited to Top 30 companies according to market capitalization and which have declared
dividend in the year 2009.
Limited to BSE-500 companies only.
Sampling:
Sampling Technique : Judgmental sampling
Sampling Unit
: One company of BSE-500
Sampling Size
: 30 companies from BSE-500 index
14
Data Sources:
Secondary Data
Prowess software of CMIE
Internet Sources
Business Journals
Research papers
Method of Analysis:
CAPM (Regression Model)
Limitation of the Survey:
The results of the analysis might differ if any model other than CAPM (Regression
Model) is used.
The study is limited to the top 30 companies from BSE-500 index, which have declared
dividend in the year 2009.
While studying the effect of corporate dividend policy on the market price of the script, it
is assumed that all the other factors affecting the market price are constant.
In this part, we will explain you how we have calculated the abnormal return using the excel
worksheet from the data that we got from the Prowess Database. We will also explain you how
to read each and every data and information that we generated and mentioned in the report.
15
Steps to find out Abnormal Price Effect

A. Collect data from Prowess Database and sent it to Excel Worksheet
As we mentioned earlier, we gathered daily share price data from Prowess Database software
and then to process on the data we sent them to the excel worksheet. The above sheet represents
the type of data that we got. We got closing price data, total volume traded, number of trade took
place during the day, total turnover took place during the day, total market capital of BSE 500
and closing value of BSE 500 index.
16
B. Find out daily script return
To process further, we need to find out daily script return of each day in comparison with the
previous days closing price. As this sheet represents how we found out the daily script return
in percentage terms by taking previous days closing as base.
17
C. Find out daily Market Return
To find out the daily market return, we used the same formula as we had used in finding out
the daily script return. As we can see in this sheet, we found out the BSE 500 return by
taking previous days closing as a base. The return that we found out by the mentioned
formula was in terms of numbers, but we turned it into percentage to make it meaningful
interpretation.
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D. Find out the regression between script return and market return
After finding out the daily script and market return for the event period, the next step is to
find out the regression between script and market return. To find out the regression, we
selected the period of 3 months before the Announcement Date of the dividend to 1 month
before the Announcement of the dividend (AD-90 to AD-30). This is because we assume that
most of abnormality in trading can start at max 1 month before the dividend announcement
due to some insider leakage of information. Before that period, script tends to react in a
normal manner.
19
So in our research, that period would be the standard normal period which could be used to
find out expected return. As we can see in this window, the Y range indicates script return for
the above mentioned period and X range indicates market return for the above mentioned
period. Then using the MS Excel Regression analysis tool (which is there in the Tools menu),
we found out the regression analysis chart which is shown below. [To get the Regression
tool, go to Tools menu, then to Add Inn and select Analytical Tool Pack, after that go to
tools menu again and you will find Data Analysis in the list, go into that and regression
option.]
Once we feed data in the above model, we could find out the summary output as mentioned
in this sheet. From the summary that we got, there are 3 things important for our research.
They are shown here: R-Square, Alpha and Beta. The explanation of each of the terms and
how to read that data is given below:
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R-Square:
The R-Squared value shows how reliable the dependent variable on the independent variable
is. It varies between 0 and 1. An R-Squared value of 1 indicates perfect correlation with the
index. The higher the R-Square, the better correlation exists between the script return and
market return. So that leads to some of good decision making and helps in proper judgment
and interpretation. Generally, R-Square of more than 0.50 is considered to be good.
21
Y-Intercept (a) :(Alpha)

The a is called the Y-intercept because its value is the point at which the regression line
crosses the Y-axis that is the vertical axis. It is also called Alpha.
Slope of line (b) :(Beta)
The b is called the slope of the line. It represents how much each unit change of the
independent variable X changes the dependent variable Y. It is also called Beta of script in
comparison of market.
Both a and b are numerical constants because for any given straight line, their values do
not change.
E. Find out Expected Return
So from the above figures, we can frame a regression line for each of the script as follows:
Y= a+bX
22
Suppose we know that a is 3 and b is 2. Let us determine what Y would be for an X equal
to 5. When we substitute the values of a, b and x in the above equation, we find the
corresponding value of Y to be 13. As mentioned in the above regression line, we found out
the expected return for the event period (AD-30 to ED+30). The formula used can be seen in
this sheet.
F. Find out the abnormal return
The abnormal return for a given day can be found out by subtracting expected return for a
day (which is found by using regression line as shown above) from the actual return for a day
(which is found out in step B). This sheet represents the same thing. Positive abnormal return
indicate that how much positive effect is generated by the event among the investors. In the
same way, negative abnormal return indicate clearly the opposite scenario for the script. As
we can see in this sheet, the abnormal for
script is
is
because the actual return on the
which is indeed very high than the expected return of
for that day. This return
is for only one day. The real effect of such event can be seen by taking broader view and
seeing cumulative effect through a particular period.
23
G. Find out Cumulative abnormal return
As mentioned above, to study the long term and short term effect of the event, we have
divided the event period in different windows. So to check the cumulative effect of the
abnormal return in a given window can be found out by getting cumulative abnormal return
for that period. So we have found out the cumulative abnormal return for each window by
using the formula which can be seen in this sheet. The detail of cumulative abnormal return
for each script is shown in the next chapter.
24
H. Find out the Cumulative abnormal return for a given window
From the above sheet, we can see how to find out cumulative abnormal return for a given
window. As we can see that in window AD-30 to AD-1, the cumulative abnormal return is
so there is positive abnormality in return can be seen 1 month before the split was announced
but we can see in other window AD-10 to AD-1 that the cumulative abnormal return is large
negative and
which indicates some kind of leakage in information must be done before
the dividend was actually announced. In the same way, we can observe cumulative abnormal
return (CAR) for different window.
In order to draw overall inferences for the event of interest, the abnormal return observations
are aggregated along the 2 dimensions- through time and across securities. The following
measures of abnormal performance are used:
Cumulative Abnormal Return (CAR): cumulative sum of stock is prediction error
(abnormal returns) over the window (t1,t2)
CARi(t1,t2)=1/T ARij
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Average Abnormal Return (AAR): stock is cumulative abnormal return divided by

the number of days in the window (t1,t2)
AARi (t1,t2)= CARi (t1,t2)/ni (t1,t2)
Mean Cumulative Abnormal Return (MCAR): average of the cumulative abnormal
returns sample average of firm AARs. This measure of abnormal performance takes into
account the fact that the number of days in that window (t1,t2) may be different across firms
and therefore gives a greater weight to the ARs of firms for which this window is shorter. On
the contrary, MCAR gives same weight to every ARs. This implies that MAAR is more
powerful when the abnormal behavior of returns is concentrated in short window, while
MCAR is more powerful in detecting abnormal performance over long window.across
observations (firms); it is a measure of the abnormal performance over the event period,
MCAR (t1,t2)= 1/N
CARi (t1,t2)
Mean Average Abnormal Return (MAAR):

MAAR (t1,t2)=1/N
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AARi (t1,t2)
Steps to find out Abnormal Volume Effect
A. Find out average daily volume
We found out the abnormal volume trading by using simple average and deviation of actual
volume from the average volume. So to find out abnormal volume the very first step is to find
out average volume. As we assume that there is normal trading takes place from the 3 months
before the announcement date to the 1 month before the announcement date. So we took the
average of that period using simple average formula as can be seen un this data sheet. The
average we get is the daily average volume and it becomes the benchmark for our study and we
can compare the actual volume with this average volume.
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B. Find out abnormal volume
To find out abnormal volume trading we subtract average volume from the total volume for a
day given. The abnormal volume can be positive of negative. But in real life the volume traded
cant be negative. Here negative abnormal volume indicates how much less volume trading takes
place in comparison to expected volume traded.
C. Find out cumulative abnormal volume
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As we have found in cumulative price effect in the same way we can found out the cumulative
volume traded for a given time period. This sheet represents the same thing. Cumulative
abnormal volume is useful as it indicate how much abnormality in volume can be seen in given
window period or time period.
D. Find out cumulative abnormal volume for a given window

As already explain in the price effect, in the same way cumulative abnormal volume for a given
window can be found out using the above mentioned formula. As we can see that there is huge
abnormal volume trading can be seen on announcement date and dividend date.
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Chapter 3 Efficient Market Hypothesis And

Random Walk Theory
30
3.1 Introduction
In finance, the efficient-market hypothesis (EMH) asserts that financial markets are
"informationally efficient". The weak version of EMH suppose that prices on traded assets (e.g.,
stocks, bonds, or property) already reflect all past publicly available information. The semistrong version supposes that prices reflect all publicly available information and instantly change
to reflect new information. The strong version supposes that market reflects even hidden/inside
information. There is some disputed evidence to suggest that the weak and semi-strong versions
are valid while there is powerful evidence against the strong version. Therefore, according to
theory, it is improbable to consistently outperform the market by using any information that the
market already has, except through inside trading. Information or news in the EMH is defined as
anything that may affect prices that is unknowable in the present and thus appears randomly in
the future. The hypothesis has been attacked by critics who blame the belief in rational markets
for much of the financial crisis of 20072010, with noted financial journalist Roger Lowenstein
declaring "The upside of the current Great Recession is that it could drive a stake through the
heart of the academic nostrum known as the efficient-market hypothesis."
The efficient-market hypothesis was developed by Professor Eugene Fama at the University of
Chicago Booth School of Business as an academic concept of study through his published Ph.D.
thesis in the early 1960s at the same school. It was widely accepted up until the 1990s, when
behavioral finance economists, who were a fringe element, became mainstream. Empirical
analyses have consistently found problems with the efficient-market hypothesis, the most
consistent being that stocks with low price to earnings (and similarly, low price to cash-flow or
book value) outperform other stocks. Alternative theories have proposed that cognitive biases
cause these inefficiencies, leading investors to purchase overpriced growth stocks rather than
value stocks. Although the efficient-market hypothesis has become controversial because
substantial and lasting inefficiencies are observed, Beechey et al. (2000) consider that it remains
a worthwhile starting point.
31
3.2 The Efficient Market Hypothesis

When the term efficient market was introduced into the economics literature thirty years ago, it
was defined as a market which adjusts rapidly to newinformation (Fama et al 1969).It soon
became clear, however, that while rapid adjustment to new information is an important element
of an efficient market, it is not the only one. A more moderndefinition is that asset prices in an
efficient market fully reflect all available information (Fama 1991). This implies that the
market processes information rationally, in the sense that relevant information is not ignored, and
systematic errors are not made. As a consequence, prices are always at levels consistent with
fundamentals.The words in this definition have been chosen carefully, but they nonetheless
mask some of the subtleties inherent in defining an efficient asset market. For one thing, this is a
strong version of the hypothesis that could only be literally true if all available information was
costless to obtain. If information was instead costly, there must be a financial incentive to obtain
it. But there would not be a financial incentive if the information was already fully reflected in
asset prices (Grossman and Stiglitz 1980). A weaker, but economically more realistic, version of
the hypothesis is therefore that prices reflect information up to the point where the marginal
benefits of acting on the information (the expected profits to be made) do not exceed the
marginal costs of collecting it (Jensen 1978).
Secondly, what does it mean to say that prices are consistent with fundamentals? We must have a
model to provide a link from economic fundamentals to asset prices. While there are candidate
models in all asset markets that provide this link, no-one is confident that these models fully
capture the link in an empirically convincing way. This is important since empirical tests of
market efficiency especially those that examine asset price returns over extended periods of
time are necessarily joint tests of market efficiency and a particular asset-price model.When
the joint hypothesis is rejected, as it often is, it is logically possible that this is a consequence of
deficiencies in the particular asset-price model rather than inthe efficient market hypothesis. This
is the bad model problem (Fama 1991).
32
Finally, a comment about the word efficient. It appears that the term was originally chosen
partly because it provides a link with the broader economic concept of efficiency in resource
allocation. Thus, Fama began his 1970 review of the efficient market hypothesis (specifically
applied to the stockmarket):
The primary role of the capital [stock] market is allocation of ownership of theeconomys
capitalstock. In general terms, the ideal is a market in which pricesprovide accurate signals for
resource allocation: that is, a market in which firms canmake production-investment decisions,
and investors can choose among the securities that represent ownership of firms activities under
the assumption that securities prices at any time fully reflect all available information.The link
between an asset market that efficiently reflects available information (atleast up to the point
consistent with the cost of collecting the information) and its role in efficient resource allocation
may seem natural enough. Further analysis has made it clear, however, that an informationally
efficient asset market need not generate allocative or production efficiency in the economy more
generally. The two concepts are distinct for reasons to do with the incompleteness of markets and
the information-revealing role of prices when information is costly, and therefore valuable
(Stiglitz 1981).
3.3 Predictions of Efficient Market Hypothesis

The efficient market hypothesis yields a number of interesting and testable predictions about the
behaviour of financial asset prices and returns. Consequently, a vast amount of empirical
research has been devoted to testing whether financial markets are efficient. While the bad
model problem plagues some of this research, it is possible to draw important conclusions about
the informational efficiency of financial markets from the existing body of empirical research.
This section presents a selective survey of the evidence. Our conclusions are summarised in the
table and explained in more detail in the pages that follow.
33
Prediction Empirical Evidence

Asset prices move as random
walks over time.
Approximately true. However:

Small positive autocorrelation for shorthorizon (daily, weekly and
monthly) stock returns.
Fragile evidence of mean reversion in stock
prices at long horizons
(35 years).
New information is rapidly

incorporated into asset prices,
and currently available
information cannot be used to
predict future excess returns.
New information is usually incorporated

rapidly into asset prices,
although there are some exceptions.
On current information:
In the stockmarket, shares with high returns
continue to produce
high returns in the short run (momentum
effects)
In the long run, shares with low price-earnings
ratios, high booktomarket-value ratios, and other measures of
value outperform
the market (value effects).
In the foreign exchange market, the current
forward rate helps to
predict excess returns because it is a biased
predictor of the future
exchange rate.
Technical analysis should

provide no useful information
Technical analysis is in widespread use in

financial markets.
Mixed evidence about whether it generates
excess returns.
Fund managers cannot

systematically outperform the
market.
Approximately true. Some evidence that fund

managers
systematically underperform the market.
Asset prices remain at levels

consistent with economic
fundamentals; that is, they are
not misaligned.
At times, asset prices appear to be significantly

misaligned, for
extended periods.
34
3.4 Random Walk Theory

What It Is:
The random walk theory states that market and securities prices are random and not influenced
by past events. The idea is also referred to as the "weak form efficient-market hypothesis."
Princeton economics professor Burton G. Malkiel coined the term in his 1973 book A Random
Walk Down Wall Street.
3.5 How it Works/Example:
The central idea behind the random walk theory is that the randomness of stock prices renders
attempts to find price patterns or take advantage of new information futile. In particular, the
theory claims that day-to-day stock prices are independent of each other, meaning that
momentum does not generally exist and calculations of past earnings growth does not predict
future growth. Malkiel states that people often believe events are correlated if the events come in
"clusters and streaks," even though streaks occur in random data such as coin tosses.
The random walk theory also states that all methods of predicting stock prices are futile in the
long run. Malkiel calls the notion of intrinsic value undependable because it relies on subjective
estimates of future earnings using factors like expected growth rates, expected dividend payouts,
estimated risk, and interest rates.
The random walk theory also considers technical analysis undependable because, according to
Malkiel, chartists buy only after price trends are established and sell only after price trends are
broken; essentially, the chartists buy or sell too late and miss the boat. According to the theory,
this happens because stock prices already reflect the information by the time the analyst moves
on the stock. Malkiel also notes that the widespread use of technical analysis reduces the
advantages of the approach.
Further, Malkiel finds fundamental analysis flawed because analysts often collect bad or useless
information and then poorly or incorrectly interpret that information when predicting stock
35
values. Factors outside of a company or its industry may affect a stock price, rendering further
the fundamental analysis irrelevant.
There are two forms of the random walk theory. In both forms, the rapid incorporation of
information is disadvantageous for investors and analysts. The semi-strong form states that
public information will not help an investor or analyst select undervalued securities because the
market has already incorporated the information into the stock price. The strong form states that
no information, public or private, will benefit an investor or analyst because even inside
information is reflected in the current stock price.
Malkiel acknowledges some statistical anomalies pointing to some exceptions to the random
walk theory:
1. Prices of small, less liquid stocks seem to have some serial price correlation in the short-term
because they do not incorporate information into their prices as quickly.
2. Contrarian strategies tend to outperform other strategies because reversals are often based on
economic facts rather than investor psychology.
3. There are seasonal trends in the stock market, especially at the beginning of the year and the
end of the week.
4. Stocks with low P/E ratios tend to outperform those with high P/Es, although the tendency is
volatile over time.
5. High-dividend stocks tend to provide higher returns over time because during down markets
the high dividend yields often create demand for these stocks and thus increases the price.
3.5 Why It Matters:
The random walk theory proclaims that it is impossible to consistently outperform the market,
particularly in the short-term, because it is impossible to predict stock prices. This may be
controversial, but by far the most controversial aspect of the theory is its claim that analysts and
professional advisors add little or no value to portfolios. As Malkiel put it, "Investment advisory
services, earnings predictions, and complicated chart patterns are useless... Taken to its logical
36
extreme, it means that a blindfolded monkey throwing darts at a newspaper's financial pages
could select a portfolio that would do just as well as one carefully selected by the experts."
Malkiel and the random walk theory provide considerable support to the intimidated individual
investor, but Malkiel in particular encourages investors to understand the theories and investment
methods that the random walk theory challenges. Malkiel therefore advocates a buy-and-hold
investment strategy as the best way to maximize returns.
3.6 Do Asset Prices Move as Randon Walks?

Asset prices in an efficient market should fluctuate randomly through time in response to the
unacticipated component of news (Samuleson 1985). Prices may exhibit trends over time, in
order that the total return on a financial asset exceed the return on a risk-free asset by an amount
commensurate with the level of risk undertaken in holding it. However, even in this case,
fluctuations in the asset price away from trend should be unpredictable. This section examines
the emphirical evidence for this random walk hypothesis for stock prices. On balance, the
evidence suggests that the hypothesis is at least approximately true. While stock returns are
partially predictable, both in the short run and the long run, the degree of predictability is
generally small compared to the high variability of returns.
In the aggregate US share market; above-average stock returns over a daily, weekly or monthly
interval increase the likelihood of further above-average returns in the subsequent period
(Campbell, Lo and Mackinlay 1997). However, for example, only about 12 per cent of the
variance in the daily stock price index can be predictability than portfolios of large stocks. There
is also some weak evidence that the degree of predictability has diminished over time. In a
related literature, a number of studies have found evidence of mean reversion in returns on stock
portfolios at horizons of three to five years or longer (Poterba and Summers 1988; Fama and
French 1988). This implies that a ling period of below-average stock returns increases the
likelihood of a period of above-average returns in the future. These conclusions are less robust,
however, than the findings of short-run predictability in returns. The most important problem is
that since long-horizon return are measured over years, rather than days or weeks, there are
fewer data points available, making precise statistical inference difficult.
37
38
Chapter -4 Dividend Decisions:

Practical Facts
39
4.1 Dividend decisions

Dividends decisions are an important aspect of corporate financial policy since they can hae an
effect on the availability as well as the cost of capital. The Lintner proposition which asserts that
the corporate management maintains a constant target payout ratio has been the most influential.
However, the concepts of primary of dividend decisions as well as the reasons for it are not
unambiguously defined. There is a variety of theories which attempt to rationalize the observed
secular constancy of the dividend payout ratio. These studies examine the factors underlying the
secular constancy of the dividend payout ratio. These studies examine the factors underlying the
structure of the management, the nature of the product and financial markets, as well as the
influence of the shareholders in their attempt to explain the Lintner proposition. However, in the
case of any one firm, the following two pertinent questions need to be examined on an empirical
basis to provide substance to the notion of primary of dividend decisions. (a) What are dividend
decisions primary for? And (b) for whom are they primary? An attempt has been made to
develop a theoretical framework to approach these questions and identify the appropriate concept
of primary and determine empirically the relationship of the primary notion with the objectives
of the share holders and the management.
The modelling framework postulates that (a) the dividend decisions may be primary to
management of the firm and/or the shareholder, and (b) each of the decision makers can have a
short run and/or long run objective when they evaluate dividend decisions. Share price increases
have been postulated as the basic short run objective of both the groups of decisions. Share price
increases have been postulated as the basic short run objective of both the groups of decision
makers. Similarly, both the share holders and the management are viewed as net worth
maximizes over long run.
The fundamental hypothesis for the short run models is that the management increases the
dividend per share whenever the share price, and that the share holder responds, to these in such
a way as to increase the share price. This result is expected if dividend decisions are primary for
both the groups.
In the long run context, it was felt that a progressive management would increase the net worth
the firm by investments in fixed assets of through building the reserve base. Dividends would be
primary decision if the internal financing of investment is constrained by the necessity to pay
dividends at a constant rate.
40
These are two extreme forms on which dividend decisions can be considered to be primary. A
variety of intermediate positions are possible in any specific case of a firm. The models were
designed to accommodate a rich variety of such behavioural patterns. The theoretical structure
was empirically tested for 71 firms of the corporate sector in 6 industries using the data of the
Bombay Stock Exchange Directory for the period 1967-68 to 1980-1. The results generally
indicate indicate that the methodology of the present study would be helpful in examine the
notion of the primary of corporate dividend policy.
The following are the salient features of the empirical results.
(a) In the case of 17 firms dividend decisions were found to be primary. The factors which
accounted for primary were the following:
(1) Need to build the desired internal reserve base in the long run, and
(2) Inadequacy of funds to finance available investment opportunities while maintaining a
desired payout ratio.
(b) The Lintner hypothesis was validated under the following circumstance:
(1) The managers are oriented towards building up reserves to minimize dependence on
external funds,
(2) There is a lack of motivation or market opportunity for growth of the firm and
(3) There is no shortage of funds to pursue the desired objectives.
(c) Primary of dividends in the long run was observed in the case of 27 firms. The significant
reasons were
(1) Shortage of funds to take care of growth opportunities as well as requisite dividends, and
(2) Inadequacy of funds the desired reserve base.
Throughout this analysis dividend decisions were considered to be primary, if and only if, both
the groups of decision makers agree to the same objective and respond to each others perception
of goal satisfaction. Viewed from this vantage point dividend decision were primary only in a
few cases. The Lintner hypothesis of a constant dividend payout ratio appears to hold only
because of managerial motivations and not as a response to share holders desire. To that extent
attributing primary to dividend decisions in such content appears to be misplaced. Most of the
management in the corporate sector appears to desire the security of internal financing and build
reserves s a priority after paying certain minimum dividend per share. Despite these conclusions
from the models of the present study two inadequacies became apparent during the course of
work: (a) the goals pursued by the management and the share holders can be at variance. The
41
conflict resolution mechanism has not been explicitly modeled. (b) The interrelationships
between the short run and long run models are as yet tenuous. Further progress along these lines
is possible. But it will be an agenda for the future.
42
4.2 Role of insider Trading

The existence and implications of asymmetric information in financial markets has been the
subject of extensive research in the finance literature. Two of the major propositions in this
literature are that (1) corporate insiders take advantage of asymmetric information by trading on
their informational advantage and (2) dividend policy is related to asymmetric information.
Taken together, these propositions imply that the dividend policy of a firm and the trading gain
realized by its insiders may be related because both are related to the level of information
asymmetry between the firms insider and outside investors.
The first proposition arises from the widely accepted notion that corporate insiders often possess
and trade on information about the value of their firms shares (relative to the current stock price)
that outside investors do not possess. This information asymmetry gives insiders the ability to
identify and take advantage of mispricing in the shares of their own firms. Jaffe(1974), finnerty
(1976), seyhun (1986), jeng, Metrick, and Zeckhauser (1999), and Lakonishok and Lee (2001)
provide evidence that insiders earn significant abnormal profits from trading in their own firms
shares, though estimates of the sizes of the size of these profits vary widely. It should be noted
that this trading is within the legal boundaries set by the securities and exchange commission
(SEC) and is therefore not illegal insider trading.
The second proposition is consistent with three different theories about the role of dividend
policy in financial markets. The first theory is what we shall refer to as the free cash flow
theory of dividends. This theory focuses on the divergence of interest between managers and
shareholders and on dividends as a disciplining mechanisam that reduces the agency cost
associated with such a divergence. The payment of dividend reduces free cash flow, forcing
firms to enter the capital market more frequently and divulge information as they attempt to get
financing for their operations and investments. This subject them to the scrutiny of investment
bankers, analysts, and potential new investors more often and serves to reduce the investors.
Thus, higher dividend should be associated with reduced information asymmetry, all else being
equal.
The second theory is what we shall call the institutional monitoring theory which is based on
allen bernardo and Welch (2000). This theory rests on two assumptions. The first is that
insitiutional investors are more effective at monitoring management than retail investors. Due to
the size of their investments and the resources at their disposal, institutional investors have
greater incentive and ability to gather and analyze information pertaining to their investments, as
well as a greater ability to discipline management and push for changes when management
performs poorly. The second assumption is that institutional investors prefer high dividends
relative to individual investors due to mainly the tax effects.
43
Chapter 5 Empirical Research on

Dividend Decisions
44
AUTO SECTOR
1. Hero Honda
Abnormal Return (Price): (In Percentage)
Time Window
AD-30 TO AD-01
AD-10 TO AD-1
AD
AD+1-ED-1
ED
ED+1-ED+10
ED+1-ED+30
Mean Daily Ab. Return
45
Cum. Ab. Volume

-11.63%
2.32%
-13.39%
-2.12%
-0.57%
0.49%
6.93%
0.05%
46
Interpretation
We can see that before announcement date of dividend within the period of 30 days there was
huge abnormal effect on price. This might be because of leakeage of insider information. Before
ten days of announcement date there was a sharp rise in prices. Prices tend to fluctuate during the
period between AD to ED. But after effective date nominal changes took place in price. But no
positive cumulative returns are generated. So investors have to think before they invest in this
company.
47
Abnormal Return (Volume):
N
o
AD-30 to AD-1
AD-10
to AD-1
AD
AD+1 to ED-1
ED
ED+1 to
ED+10
ED+1 to
ED+30
Cum.
AB
2,433.26
866.75
192.74
28,629,179.75
373,877.20
3,697,713.39
8,055,547.7
7
2
3
Days
Ave.
Daily
AB
(1/2)
Ave.
Vol.
AB/Ave
(3/4)
30
81.11
10
86.68
1
192.74
53
540173.20
1
373877.19
10
369771.34
30
268518.26
4
5
48
913.80
0.09
0.09
0.21
200.83
409.14
404.65
293.85
Interpretation
The above chart and table suggest that there is abnormality in the volume to considerable extent.
Till announcement date there was no huge volume of trade taking place. But after announcement
date the volume trading goes on increasing. On announcement date there was fall in price of the
script but after AD price went on increasing and also the volume was increasing. On ED
maximum volume of trading took place and sharp rise in price was also seen on that date. This
indicates the impact of distribution of dividend news on stock market. However after that the
volume trading went on decreasing as well price after ED+30 has shown a rising trend
49
2. Maruti Suzuki
Time Window
AD-30 TO AD-01
AD-10 TO AD-1
AD
AD+1-ED-1
ED
ED+1-ED+10
ED+1-ED+30
50
Cum. Ab. Volume

-16.78%
-9.31%
-1.50%
-31.58%
0.24%
-0.78%
-0.68%
-0.30%
Interpretation
We can find that there is a perfect negative trend line in the price effect chart. The Cum AB
returns are falling. However on Announcement date a positive rise was seen in price of script but
after that again it went on reducing. Again on during period near ED there was nominal rise in
prices but after that it went on fluctuating and after ten days of ED there was fall in price and
after that it again had rise. So we can interpret that announcement and effective dates had a short
term impact on price but after that price always decreased. This shows the bearish trend in
market has affected the script. This might be due to high positive beta of the script. However this
is not a good script for the investors to invest as it does not generate positive abnormal returns.
51

N
o
AD-30 to
AD-1
AD-10 to
AD-1
AD
AD+1 to ED-1
ED
ED+1 to
ED+10
ED+1 to
ED+30
Cum. AB
-1,670,679.03
-405,328.69
272,920.0
5
-14,078,952.95
-218,981.95
-1,328,906.59
2,972,149.8
2
2
3
Days
Ave.
Daily AB
(1/2)
30
-55689.30085
10
-40532.86923
1
272920.05
13
130
-265640.6217
1
-218981.9487
10
-132890.659
30
99071.6606
8
Ave.
Vol.
AB/Ave
(3/4)
52
322488.948
7
-0.17
-0.13
0.85
-0.34
-0.68
-0.41
-0.31
Interpretation
We can see positive abnormal volume on announcement date but after that the volume has shown a
decreasing trend. Before announcement date also there was a negative abnormal volume in script.
But on announcement date maximum volume of trade took place and even there was increase in
price of script on announcement date. This is due to the news of declaration of dividend. We can
say that the move of declaring dividend has not been able to generate either positive abnormal
volume or positive cum AB return for the investors
53
3.
Tata Motors
Time Window
AD-30 TO AD-01
AD-10 TO AD-1
AD
AD+1-ED-1
ED
ED+1-ED+10
ED+1-ED+30
54
Cum. Ab. Volume

-26.62%
2.00%
-3.85%
17.09%
-1.22%
16.13%
25.56%
0.11%
55
Interpretation
We can observe a positive Cum AB return before 30 days of announcement date. But before 10
days of announcement date there was sharp fall in the price. However after that again had rise
but for very short period and again on announcement date there was no positive effect on price.
After announcement date there was nominal rise in price but again it followed a declining trend.
But after effective date price started increasing and showed a positive trend. It generated positive
cumulative abnormal return after effective date. This chart shows positive trend in price of script.
Investors have positive expectation about this script so that dividend and other factors in market
are not able to change their expectations. Thus we can say that it is good script to invest.
56

N
o
AD-30 to
AD-1
AD-10 to
AD-1
AD
AD+1 to ED-1
ED
ED+1 to
ED+10
ED+1 to
ED+30
Cum. AB
-139919.63
-40050.05
2902.87
-162581.92
357.87
131518.95
179215.97
2
3
Days
Ave.
Daily AB
(1/2)
Ave.
Vol.
AB/Ave
(3/4)
30
10
53
10
30
-4663.99
-4005.01
2902.87
-3067.58
357.87
13151.89
5973.87
4
5
21016.13
-0.22
-0.19
0.14
-0.15
0.02
0.63
0.28
Interpretation
We can see that there has been a positive effect on volume on announcement and effective date.
However during the period between ED to ED+10 there was maximum effect on volume. During
that time period price also showed a continuous rise. Though after 10 days of effective date there
was a decline seen volume but the price still had shown the rising trend. But still it generates a
57
positive abnormal volume effect. This indicates a signal of removal of abnormality in the script
volume.
58
BANKEX SECTOR
4. SBI Bank
Time Window
AD-30 TO AD-01
AD-10 TO AD-1
AD
AD+1-ED-1
ED
ED+1-ED+10
ED+1-ED+30
59
Cum. Ab. Volume

7.47%
-2.30%
-2.15%
0.70%
-2.87%
10.73%
14.49%
13.28%
Interpretation
We can view that before the dividend was announced there was a negative Cum.AB. Return. This
chart indicates that on announcement date and effective date the script gave maximum negative
Cum. AB return. But after announcements and effective dates there was a positive cumulative
abnormal return generated. From this chart thus we can generate that this generates positive
cum.AB.
60
Returns
for
the
investors.
So
this
is
good
script
to
invest
in.

N
o
AD-30 to
AD-1
AD-10 to
AD-1
AD
AD+1 to ED-1
ED
ED+1 to
ED+10
ED+1 to
ED+30
Cum. AB
-1,602,983.21
-1,827,976.31
360,368.2
8
-4,492,536.08
-363,218.72
-2,915,610.74
9,034,619.7
9
2
3
Days
Ave.
Daily AB
(1/2)
Ave.
Vol.
AB/Ave
(3/4)
30
-53432.77
10
-182797.63
1
360368.28
28
-84764.83
1
-363218.72
10
-291561.07
30
-301153.99
4
5
1036962.72
-0.05
-0.18
0.35
-0.15
Interpretation
61
-0.35
-0.28
-0.29
As we see that there is a big amount of positive abnormality in volume on announcement date.
This could be due to great amount of liquidity in script and price could be such that small investors
tempted to invest in it. But there is fall in AB volume after announcement date. After annocement
date the volume has decreased. Moreover the price chart also indicates the positive return. This
shows that the decrease in volume is due to the few buyers who are ready to buy this share at higher
price.
62
5. ICICI Bank
Time Window
AD-30 TO AD-01
AD-10 TO AD-1
AD
AD+1-ED-1
ED
ED+1-ED+10
ED+1-ED+30
63
Cum. Ab. Volume

-8.95%
-3.81%
-8.95%
-7.44%
-6.15%
13.88%
19.57%
0.11%
Interpretation
We can see that before the dividend was announced the script generated negative Cum.AB.
Return. But before 10 days of announcement date a sharp rise in price was seen. This might be
due to the inside information leakage. On announcement date again there was a negative
cumulative abnormal return but after that the script generated good positive return. So we can
say that the declaration of news of announcement and effective date generated positive returns
for the company. Also we can infer from the chart that there as positive trends in price of
company. Thus this is the good script to invest in for the investors.
64
AD-30 TO
AD-1
No
1. CUM. AB
AD+1 TO EDED+1 TO
ED+1 TO
1
ED
ED+10
ED+30
16987202.77 999433.85 3814968.69 32821128.23 14163260.08 17125798.15 48899142.77
2. DAYS
AVE.DAILY
3. AB (1/2)
4. AVE.VOL.
AB/AVE
5. (3/4)
30.00
566240.09
AD-10 TO
AD-1
10.00
AD
1.00
-99943.38 3814968.69
44.00
1.00
-619266.57 14163260.08
10.00
30.00
-1712579.82
-1629971.43
4281562.31
0.13
-0.02
0.89
-0.17
-3.31
-0.40
Interpretation
We can see that there is abnormality generated in volume on announcement and effective date. On
announcement date the script generated highest positive cum. AB. Return and on effective date it
generated highest negative cum.AB. Return. However when we compare it with price effects. We
can see that inverse relation is there. Though the share price is rising but the investors are not ready
65
-0.38
to purchase at high price. And more of selling has taken place. Due to this negative abnormal
volume
is
66
created.
6.
HDFC Bank

Time Window
Cum. Ab. Volume
AD-30 TO AD-01
AD-10 TO AD-1
AD
AD+1-ED-1
ED
ED+1-ED+10
ED+1-ED+30
67
7.61%
3.29%
-2.15%
10.05%
0.44%
-4.63%
-7.85%
0.06%
Interpretation
We can see from the above chart that there was a negative abnormal return in the script before 30
days of the announcement date. But after that it is generating positive cum abnormal return till
the period nearer to effective date. But in the remaining half period between AD to ED the prices
started declining. After the effective date it again showed a rising trend. This indicates that after
the effective date the investors would have shown more interest in selling of shares. From the
above chart we can interpret that no drastic effect has been seen on announcement date and
effective date.
68
No
1
CUM. AB
DAYS
AVE.DAILY AB
(1/2)
AVE.VOL.
AB/AVE (3/4)
AD-30
TO AD-1
AD-10 TO
AD-1
AD
ED
ED+1 TO
ED+10
739209.92
-525920.08
109142.15
6712620.00
-267248.15
1998830.23
-4730018.38
30.00
10.00
1.00
53.00
1.00
10.00
30.00
-24640.33
-52592.01
109142.15
126653.21
-267248.15
-199883.02
-157667.28
ED+1 TO
ED+30
365010.15
-0.07
-0.14
Interpretation
69
AD+1 TO
ED-1
-0.30
0.35
-0.73
-0.55
-0.43
We can see from the above chart that on announcement date and effective date there was a
negative cumulative abnormal volume generated. During that time price was also rising. But on
the effective date price had rise to maximum level. At that time even the maximum abnormal
volume was also generated. From this we can interpret that investors were waiting for the
effective distribution date. After the distribution of dividend investors started selling of their
shares and the abnormality began to reduce gradually after the effective dividend distribution
date.
70
CAPITAL GOODS SECTOR

7.
BHEL Ltd.

Time Window
AD-30 TO AD-01
AD-10 TO AD-1
AD
AD+1-ED-1
ED
ED+1-ED+10
ED+1-ED+30
71
Cum. Ab. Volume

0.12%
1.50%
0.01%
11.45%
-1.19%
-2.48%
-2.48%
0.04%
72
Interpretation
We can see from the above chart that before one month of announcement date the script
generated positive cum abnormal return. But during the period between AD 30 to AD 10 there
was negative effect on price. After that price it had again shown a rising trend from the period
between AD 10 to ED 10. This indicates that during this time period investors had shown more
interest in purchasing the script. After the 10 days of effective dividend distribution date again
the negative effect on the price was seen. This indicates that after the effective distribution date
share holders began to sell of the scripts.
73

AD-30 TO
AD-1
No
1 CUM. AB
2 DAYS
AVE.DAILY
AB (1/2)
3
4 AVE.VOL.
5
AB/AVE
(3/4)
AD-10 TO
AD-1
AD
AD+1 TO
ED-1
ED
ED+1 TO
ED+10
ED+1 TO
ED+30
-989480.90
3945425.56
10.00
30.00
-98948.09
-131514.19
-1322302.31
-39453.77
-165658.13
10505270.97
110721.13
30.00
10.00
1.00
53.00
-44076.74
-3945.38
-165658.13
-198212.66
1.00
110721.13
325027.13
-0.14
-0.01
-0.51
-0.61
-0.34
-0.30
Interpretation
We can observe from the above chart that the script generated overall negative cumulative
abnormal return for the share holders. On the announcement date maximum abnormal volume
74
-0.40
was there. This is because of announcement of dividend. Lots of intra day trading would have
taken place on this day. And this might be one of the reason for huge abnormality in volume on
that day. Before the announcement date script volume effect tend to react in normal manner. But
after the drastic impact on volume on the announcement date it again tried to rise and become
normal. With the rising prices investors had shown more interest in selling the shares and there
by earn the short term gains.
75
8.
L & T Ltd.

Time Window
AD-30 TO AD-01
AD-10 TO AD-1
AD
AD+1-ED-1
ED
ED+1-ED+10
ED+1-ED+30
76
Cum. Ab. Volume

-0.60%
2.40%
0.84%
-10.07%
2.05%
-0.78%
-8.27%
-0.12%
Interpretation
We can see from the above chart that before the announcement date script generated positive
cumulative abnormal return. Again during the period from announcement date to effective date
there was a rising trend. But after the effective date the script again began to generate negative
cumulative abnormal return. This indicates that large amount of buying took place during the
period upto the effective date. But after the dividend were distributed the investors started selling
their shares. This created a huge selling pressures and due to this price had come down.
77
No
1 CUM. AB
2 DAYS
AD-30
TO AD1
AD-10
TO AD1
AD+1
TO ED1
7498.84
4652.10
628.61
43904.49
764.56
6655.20
19902.48
30.00
10.00
1.00
80.00
548.81
1.00
10.00
30.00
249.96
465.21
628.61
764.56
665.52
663.42
AD
AVE.DAILY AB
3 (1/2)
ED
ED+1
TO
ED+10
4 AVE.VOL.
5 AB/AVE (3/4)
ED+1
TO
ED+30
713.19
0.35
0.65
0.88
0.77
1.07
0.93
0.93
Interpretation
We can see from the above chart that this script generated a good positive cumulative abnormal
return. Before the announcement date it tend to be high. On the effective date it generated
maximum positive cum abnormal volume. This indicates that lots of intra day trading would
78
have taken place on that day. However in overall sense it creates positive cumulative abnormal
return and it can be considered a good script to invest.
79
9. BEML LTD
Time Window
AD-30 TO AD-01
AD-10 TO AD-1
AD
AD+1-ED-1
ED
ED+1-ED+10
ED+1-ED+30
80
Cum. Ab. Volume

1.75%
-1.87%
15.79%
-51.52%
-1.41%
-8.86%
-20.32%
-0.41%
Interpretation
From the above chart we can see that before announcement date the script generated positive
cumulative abnormal return. But after announcement date the price showed a negative trend.
Again on effective date it had shown some rise but immediately after that it began to fall down.
This shows that there is positive impact of declaration of announcement date and effective date.
81

AD-30
TO AD-1
AD-10
AD+1 TO
ED+1 TO ED+1 TO
TO AD-1 AD
ED-1
ED
ED+10
ED+30
235732.84 87812.19 26164.86 118530.70 11627.86 128602.19 418740.57
No
1 CUM. AB
2 DAYS
AVE.DAILY
3 AB (1/2)
4 AVE.VOL.
AB/AVE
5 (3/4)
30.00
7857.76
10.00
1.00
-8781.22 26164.86
77.00
1.00
1539.36 11627.86
10.00
30.00
-12860.22
-13958.02
46522.86
0.17
-0.19
-0.56
0.03
-0.25
-0.28
-0.30
Interpretation
From the above chart we can see that on announcement date huge amount of abnormality was seen
in the script. Before one month of announcement date the script generated positive cum AB return
but again on effective date abnormality was seen in the script and after that it continued in the
82
entire event period. One have to think before investing in this script because it generates negative
cum AB Return.
83
HEALTH CARE SECTOR

10. Apollo Hospitals
Time Window
AD-30 TO AD-01
AD-10 TO AD-1
AD
AD+1-ED-1
ED
ED+1-ED+10
ED+1-ED+30
84
Cum. Ab. Volume

6.94%
16.66%
-6.60%
-26.13%
-0.25%
-6.27%
-9.23%
-0.31%
Interpretation
We can see from the above chart that before announcement date the script gives negative
cumulative abnormal return. On announcement date it gave positive cumulative abnormal return.
But after that the script gave negative cumulative return upto the ED+10. After that it had again
start rising. However the overall the script generates negative cum abnormal return.
85
No
1 CUM. AB
2 DAYS
AVE.DAILY AB
3 (1/2)
AD-30 TO
AD-1
AD-10
TO AD-1
24492.99
16414.4
4
30.00
10.00
AD
AD+1
TO ED1
ED
ED+1 TO
ED+10
ED+1 TO
ED+30
8997.3
9
1818.5
8
12307.39
62890.0
3
21368.2
0
50.00
1.00
10.00
30.00
-36.37
12307.39
6289.00
712.27
17917.3
9
-0.002
-0.687
0.351
0.040
816.43
1641.44
1.00
8997.3
9
0.046
0.092
-0.502
4 AVE.VOL.
5 AB/AVE (3/4)
86
Interpretation
From the above chart we can see that before announcement date script generated positive
cumulative return. But on and after announcement date upto effective date it generated negative
cumulative abnormal return. This suggests that before announcement date maximum transaction
took place. During the period form announcement date to effective date the volume of
transaction was very low. This means that investors were waiting for the distribution of dividend.
But after effective date again it stated generating positive cumulative abnormal return. It means
that investors started selling their shares after earning dividend income. This increased the
volume of transactions and thereby generated positive cumulative abnormal return which is in
the interest of shareholders.
87
11. Siemens Health

Time Window
AD-30 TO AD-01
AD-10 TO AD-1
AD
AD+1-ED-1
ED
ED+1-ED+10
ED+1-ED+30
88
Cum. Ab. Volume

16.26%
26.02%
-3.59%
-3.33%
-1.63%
7.19%
10.76%
0.17%
Interpretation
From the above chart we can see that before announcement date the script generated negative
cumulative abnormal return, but before ten days of announcement date the price had drastically
rose. But after that it had noticed a sudden fall. From effective date onwards again it began to
rise and generate positive cumulative abnormal return. Overall this script generates positive cum
abnormal return. This is good script to invest in.
89

AD-30 TO
AD-1
No
1 CUM. AB
-2601.59
2 DAYS
30.00
AVE.DAILY AB
3 (1/2)
-86.72
AD-10 TO
AD-1
AD
AD+1 TO
ED-1
ED
ED+1
TO
ED+10
-52440.41 679.56 65912.74 55.44 5812.38

10.00
1.00
-5244.04 679.56
51.00
19585.85
1.00
10.00
30.00
1292.41 55.44
581.24
652.86
4 AVE.VOL.
1011.44
5 AB/AVE (3/4)
90
ED+1 TO
ED+30
-0.09
-5.18
0.67
1.28
-0.05
0.57
0.65
Interpretation
we can see from the above chart that on announcement date there was a big cumulative abnormal
return. But on effective date there was no such effect and the volume was not so abnormal to a
large extent. Overall the script generated positive cumulative abnormal return. Positive
cumulative abnormal return is considered a good criteria for investment. This script generates
good
cumulative
91
positive
abnormal
return.
So
it
is
good
script
to
invest.
12. Opto Circuits

Time Window
AD-30 TO AD-01
AD-10 TO AD-1
AD
AD+1-ED-1
ED
ED+1-ED+10
ED+1-ED+30
92
Cum. Ab. Volume

11.95%
-14.46%
6.03%
-24.56%
-1.95%
-5.09%
-8.16%
-0.21%
Interpretation
From the above chart we can see that the script generated positive cumulative return before
announcement date. But declaration of announcement of dividend created a negative effect. After
that it went on decreasing. Overall this script generated negative cum abnormal return. It is not a
good company to invest as it generates negative cum abnormal return.
93

AD-30 TO
AD-1
No
1 CUM. AB
2 DAYS
AVE.DAILY
3 AB (1/2)
4 AVE.VOL.
AB/AVE
5 (3/4)
94
AD+1 TO EDED+1 TO
ED+1 TO
1
ED
ED+10
ED+30
3745014.28 3591132.36 344507.79 13914872.87 437621.79 2590964.97 7810699.10
30.00
-124833.81
AD-10 TO
AD-1
AD
10.00
1.00
-359113.24 344507.79
89.00
1.00
-156346.89 437621.79
10.00
30.00
-259096.50
-260356.64
722137.79
-0.17
-0.50
-0.48
-0.22
-0.61
-0.36
-0.36
Interpretation
From the above chart we can observe that the script generated a huge negative cumulative
abnormal return. On effective date also the script generated huge negative cumulative abnormal
return. Overall the script generated negative cumulative return throughout the event period which
is against the interest on the investors. So we can say that this is not a good script to invest.
95
FMCG SECTOR
13. Colgate Pamolive
Time Window
AD-30 TO AD-01
AD-10 TO AD-1
AD
AD+1-ED-1
ED
ED+1-ED+10
ED+1-ED+30
96
Cum. Ab. Volume

8.49%
1.65%
0.64%
-10.79%
-1.11%
-1.88%
-4.00%
-0.05%
Interpretation
From the above chart we can see that the script generated negative cumulative abnormal return.
But starting from before ten days of announcement date the script started generating positive
cumulative abnormal return. One of the reason for this might be the leakage of insider
information which might have cause such a price hike. But again starting from before few days
of effective date of dividend it again began to fall downwards. Overall the script generated
negative cumulative abnormal return. So this is not a good script to invest in.
97

No
AD-30 TO
AD-1
1177893.23
CUM. AB
DAYS
30.00
AVE.DAILY
AB (1/2)
-39263.11
3
4
5
AVE.VOL.
AB/AVE
(3/4)
98
AD-10 TO
AD-1
AD
187461.72 45185.53
AD+1 TO
ED-1
ED
1594751.70 102838.47
10.00
1.00
33.00
-18746.17
45185.53 -48325.81
ED+1 TO
ED+10
822364.72
1.00
10.00
102838.47 -82236.47
ED+1 TO
ED+30
1795212.23
30.00
-59840.41
116674.47
-0.34
-0.16
0.39
-0.41
-0.88
-0.70
-0.51
Interpretation
From the above chart we can see that the script generated positive cumulative abnormal return on
announcement date. But again on effective date it again generated a huge negative cumulative
abnormal return. We can say that maximum intraday trading might have taken place on
announcement date with the declaration of news. Overall the script have generated negative
cumulative abnormal return which is not good on the part of the investors. So this is not the good
script
to
99
invest.
14.
HUL Ltd

Time Window
AD-30 TO AD-01
AD-10 TO AD-1
AD
AD+1-ED-1
ED
ED+1-ED+10
ED+1-ED+30
100
Cum. Ab. Volume

3.75%
-0.46%
-1.78%
11.52%
-0.59%
6.65%
18.15%
0.33%
Interpretation
From the above chart we can observe that the script generated negative cumulative abnormal
return in the beginning but on announcement date there was a cumulative positive abnormal
return. Till the effective date no such huge abnormal changes were apperent in price effect but
starting from few days of effective date there was a drastic positive change in price effect and it
generated a huge positive cumulative abnormal return for the shareholders. This is good on part
of investors. So it is good script to invest.
101

N
o
CUM. AB
AD-30 TO
AD-1
1707260.6
2
DAYS
30.00
10.00
AVE.DAILY
AB (1/2)
-56908.69
142121.8
101437.38 5
4
5
AVE.VOL.
AB/AVE
(3/4)
102
AD-10 TO
AD-1
AD
1014373.7 142121.8
7
5
539240.4
6
31.00
1.00
AD+1 TO
ED-1
17394.85
ED
345653.1
5
1.00
345653.1
5
ED+1 TO
ED+10
2080499.9
2
ED+1 TO
ED+30
6339884.2
3
10.00
30.00
208049.99 211329.47
578620.15
-0.10
-0.18
0.25
0.03
-0.60
-0.36
-0.37
Interpretation
We can see from the above chart that the script generated positive cumulative abnormal return on
announcement date. But on effective date a huge negative cumulative abnormal return. But overall
abnormal return generated from the project is negative. Negative abnormal return is not in the
interest of the investors. But the price effect is positive.
103
15. Dabur India Ltd

Time Window
AD-30 TO AD-01
AD-10 TO AD-1
AD
AD+1-ED-1
ED
ED+1-ED+10
ED+1-ED+30
104
Cum. Ab. Volume

2.39%
1.49%
0.95%
0.02%
1.12%
3.76%
3.64%
0.05%
Interpretation
We can see from the above chart that in the beginning the script generated positive cumulative
abnormal return. But in the period between before AD 30 to AD 10 it generated negative
cumulative abnormal return. On announcement date it again fell down till the effective date.
After that it again rose and generated positive cumulative abnormal return. Overall return
generated
105
from
the
script
is
positive
so
it
is
good
script
to
invest
in.

N
o
1
CUM. AB
DAYS
AVE.DAILY
AB (1/2)
3
4
5
AVE.VOL.
AB/AVE
(3/4)
106
AD-30 TO
AD-1
1639089.
10
AD-10 TO
AD-1
1860744.
93
AD
559583.5
6
30.00
10.00
186074.4
9
1.00
559583.5
6
54636.30
AD+1 TO
ED-1
11787492.
44
60.00
196458.21
ED
58671.5
6
1.00
58671.5
6
ED+1 TO
ED+10
869090.4
9
ED+1 TO
ED+30
1932615.
34
10.00
30.00
86909.05
64420.51
84381.44
0.65
2.21
6.63
2.33
0.70
1.03
0.76
Interpretation
From the above chart we can observe that the script generated maximum cumulative abnormal
return on announcement date. One of the reason for such a drastic rise in cumulative abnormal
volume might be that lots of intraday trading might have taken place on that day. But after
announcement it began to reduce and get normalized over the event time period. However
overall the script generated positive cumulative abnormal return. This is good on the part of
investors. It is good script to invest in.
107
IT SECTOR
16.
Tcs Ltd

Time Window
AD-30 TO AD-01
AD-10 TO AD-1
AD
AD+1-ED-1
ED
ED+1-ED+10
ED+1-ED+30
108
Cum. Ab. Volume

-19.47%
-13.23%
-0.92%
-10.31%
-51.54%
2.97%
10.37%
-0.22%
Interpretation
We can see that before the Announcement Date of Dividend, there was a big negative
Cumulative Abnormal Return. The return is somewhat better on the Announcement Date. But
the period between the day after the Announcement Date and a day before the Ex-dividend date,
there was a negative return. But on the Ex-dividend date the script reached at the bottom,
generating a negative Cumulative Abnormal Return of 51.54%. This negative return is due to the
109
heavy selling on the Ex-dividend date. After the ex-dividend date, the script has generated a
return in positive. The return has increased subsequently

N
o
CUM. AB
DAYS
AVE.DAILY AB
(1/2)
AD-30
TO AD-1
637265.
67
30.00
21242.1
9
AD-10
TO AD-1
691224.
33
10.00
69122.4
3
AD
768359.
67
1.00
768359.
67
AD+1 TO
ED-1
6188982.
67
55.00
112526.9
6
ED
211483.
67
1.00
211483.
67
ED+1 TO
ED+10
1487268.
33
10.00
148726.8
3
4
5
AVE.VOL.
AB/AVE (3/4)
0.09
0.31
3.44
0.50
0.95
0.66
1
2
110
ED+1 TO
ED+30
4501477.
67
30.00
150049.2
6
223657.3
3
0.67
Interpretation
We can see that there is a big amount of abnormality in the volume on the Announcement Date.
This could be due to huge selling pressure on the Announcement Date. The Absolute volume
rises gradually before the Announcement Date and reaches on a high peak on the Announcement
Date. After the Announcement of Dividend, the Absolute volume falls down slowly. This
indicates that on the Announcement Date, there must have been some adverse impact on the
investors so that the volume had been shot up. In all, we can see that there exist abnormality in
the volume due to poor return generated by the script.
111
17.
Infosis ltd.

Time Window
AD-30 TO AD-01
AD-10 TO AD-1
AD
AD+1-ED-1
ED
ED+1-ED+10
ED+1-ED+30
112
Cum. Ab. Volume

11.95%
-14.46%
6.03%
-24.56%
-1.95%
-5.09%
-8.16%
-0.21%
Interpretation
We can see that before the Announcement Date of Dividend, there was a big positive Cumulative
Abnormal Return. The return has somewhat worsened on the Announcement Date. The return
has turned negative on the Announcement date. But the situation after the Announcement date
has been somewhat good till the ex-dividend date. But on the ex-dividend date, the return has
also worsened. But then after, the returns have reached its peak. So this is a good script to invest
in.
113

N
o
1
2
CUM. AB
DAYS
AD-30
TO AD-1
237499.6
8
30.00
AVE.DAILY AB
(1/2)
-7916.66
AD-10
AD+1 TO
TO AD-1 AD
ED-1
226313.7 142094.3 343275.4
6
9
2
10.00
1.00
49.00
142094.3
22631.38 9
-7005.62
4
5
AVE.VOL.
AB/AVE (3/4)
-0.04
-0.10
114
-0.63
-0.03
ED
116541.3
9
1.00
116541.3
9
-0.52
ED+1 TO
ED+10
866006.1
6
10.00
ED+1 TO
ED+30
1986191.
08
30.00
86600.62 -66206.37
225166.3
9
-0.38
-0.29
Interpretation
This could be due to huge selling pressure on the Announcement Date. The script has generated
a negative return prior to the Announcement Date, but it became more negative on the
Announcement Date. The script generated negative returns during the entire period of study
except on the ex-dividend date.
115
18.
Wipro Ltd

Time Window
AD-30 TO AD-01
AD-10 TO AD-1
AD
AD+1-ED-1
ED
ED+1-ED+10
ED+1-ED+30
116
Cum. Ab. Volume

-11.30%
-8.01%
3.61%
-14.97%
-2.43%
5.38%
13.34%
-0.09%
Interpertation
We can see that before the Announcement date of dividend, there was a big negative Cumulative
Abnormal Return. The return is somewhat better on the Announcement Date. But immediately
after the announcement date the returns had fallen sharply. This indicates that on the
announcement date, there must have been some adverse impact on the investors because of
which the returns have fallen down. The situation has improved on the ex-dividend date and
thereafter. So it is a good script to invest in.
117
118
1
2
CUM. AB
DAYS
AD-30
TO AD1
6013.4
5
30.00
AVE.DAILY AB
(1/2)
200.45
94532.29
684291.6
6
4
5
AVE.VOL.
AB/AVE (3/4)
0.00
0.40
2.87
N
o
AD-10
TO AD-1
AD
AD+1 TO
ED-1
72252.23
ED
112800.3
4
1.00
112800.3
4
ED+1 TO
ED+10
1058515.
74
10.00
105851.5
7
945322.9
5
10.00
684291.6
6
1.00
4840899.
61
67.00
0.30
-0.47
-0.44
ED+1 TO
ED+30
729500.4
7
30.00
24316.68
238753.3
4
0.10
Interpretation
119
120
METAL SECTOR
19.
Sterlite India
Ltd.

Time Window
AD-30 TO AD-01
AD-10 TO AD-1
AD
AD+1-ED-1
ED
ED+1-ED+10
ED+1-ED+30
121
Cum. Ab. Volume

-22.32%
-6.43%
-3.32%
-56.19%
-4.12%
-4.09%
-4.86%
-0.53%
Interpretation
which the returns have fallen down.
122

N
o
AD-30 TO
AD-1
1
2
CUM. AB
DAYS
2472715.
67
30.00
AVE.DAILY AB
(1/2)
82423.86
AD-10
TO AD-1
534961.
85
10.00
53496.1
8
4
5
AVE.VOL.
AB/AVE (3/4)
0.09
-0.06
123
AD
201881.
64
1.00
201881.
64
-0.21
AD+1 TO
ED-1
3157.29
ED
461724.
64
1.00
461724.
64
ED+1 TO
ED+10
3291757.
49
10.00
329175.7
5
0.00
-0.48
-0.34
435706.
46
138.00
ED+1 TO
ED+30
7431672.
54
30.00
247722.4
2
956294.6
4
-0.26
Interpretation
This could be due to huge selling pressure on the Announcement Date. The script generated a
positive volume 30 days prior to the Announcement Date. Then 1 day after the Announcement
Date and 1 day prior to the ex-dividend date, the script generated positive cumulative abnormal
volume. On the other days, there was a negative cumulative abnormal volume generated by the
script.
124
20. HindZinc Ltd.

Time Window
AD-30 TO AD-01
AD-10 TO AD-1
AD
AD+1-ED-1
ED
ED+1-ED+10
ED+1-ED+30
125
Cum. Ab. Volume

-5.05%
-5.33%
-0.75%
-24.43%
-2.50%
1.64%
-8.80%
-0.29%
Interpetation
which the returns have fallen down.
126

N
o
1
2
CUM. AB
DAYS
3
4
5
AVE.DAILY AB
(1/2)
AVE.VOL.
AB/AVE (3/4)
AD-30
TO AD-1
547039.0
0
30.00
AD-10
TO AD-1
324809.0
8
10.00
18234.63
32480.91
AD
55979.8
5
1.00
55979.8
5
-0.21
-0.37
-0.63
AD+1 TO
ED-1
1445679.6
9
97.00
ED+1
TO
ED+10
40529.7
7
10.00
-14903.91
ED
58012.8
5
1.00
58012.8
5
4052.98
-0.17
-0.66
-0.05
ED+1 TO
ED+30
860385.4
6
30.00
28679.52
88401.85
-0.32
Interpertation
127
128
21. TINPLATE Ltd.

Time Window
AD-30 TO AD-01
AD-10 TO AD-1
AD
AD+1-ED-1
ED
ED+1-ED+10
ED+1-ED+30
129
Cum. Ab. Volume

18.84%
19.00%
2.26%
-21.68%
4.96%
19.92%
33.26%
2.29%
Interpretation
Abnormal Return. The return has somewhat worsened on the Announcement Date and thereafter.
But again on the ex-dividend date, the returns have increased. Even after the ex-dividend date,
the returns have increased. So this is a good script to invest for the investors.
130

N
o
1
2
CUM. AB
DAYS
3
4
5
AVE.DAILY AB
(1/2)
AVE.VOL.
AB/AVE (3/4)
131
AD-30
TO AD-1
AD-10
TO AD-1
AD
492712.2
3
30.00
557122.6
4
10.00
108204.9
5
1.00
AD+1
TO ED-1
41583.4
9
40.00
16423.74
55712.26
108204.9
5
1039.59
ED
10283.0
5
1.00
10283.0
5
0.85
2.89
5.62
-0.05
-0.53
ED+1 TO
ED+10
ED+1 TO
ED+30
510117.5
9
10.00
1149279.8
2
30.00
51011.76
38309.33
19268.05
1.99
2.65
Interpretation
investors so that the volume had been shot up. But after the ex-dividend date, the situation has
improved and the script has started generating positive absolute volume.
132
OIL AND GAS SECTOR

22.
ONGC

Time Window
AD-30 TO AD-01
AD-10 TO AD-1
AD
AD+1-ED-1
ED
ED+1-ED+10
ED+1-ED+30
133
Cum. Ab. Volume

1.60%
-0.96%
-1.82%
12.87%
-0.22%
-4.46%
3.92%
0.13%
Interpretation
Abnormal Return. The return is further worsened on the Announcement Date. But after the
Announcement date, the returns have shot up sharply. This indicates that there has been some
positive impact on the investors on the announcement date. But the returns have turned negative
on the ex-dividend date and thereafter.
134
135

N
o
1
2
CUM. AB
DAYS
AVE.DAILY AB
(1/2)
AD-30
TO AD-1
640881.
16
30.00
21362.7
1
4
5
AVE.VOL.
AB/AVE (3/4)
-0.05
136
AD-10
TO AD-1
244134.
08
10.00
24413.4
1
-0.06
62220.8
6
1.00
AD+1 TO
ED-1
1913508.
43
75.00
62220.8
6
-25513.45
ED
265278.
14
1.00
265278.
14
0.15
-0.06
-0.63
AD
ED+1 TO
ED+10
1017406.
81
10.00
101740.6
8
-0.24
ED+1 TO
ED+30
3236460.
43
30.00
107882.0
1
423018.1
4
-0.26
Interpretation
137
23. GAIL Ltd.

Time Window
AD-30 TO AD-01
AD-10 TO AD-1
AD
AD+1-ED-1
ED
ED+1-ED+10
ED+1-ED+30
138
Cum. Ab. Volume

-10.08%
-8.89%
1.45%
13.81%
-0.26%
0.87%
0.41%
0.04%
Interpretation
after the announcement date the returns had shot up sharply. This indicates that on the
announcement date, there must have been some positive impact on the investors because of
which the returns have increased. After the ex-dividend date, there has been fluctuation in the
returns.
139

N
o
AD-30 TO
AD-1
AD-10
TO AD-1
AD
AD+1 TO
ED-1
1
2
CUM. AB
DAYS
1710199.
38
30.00
246481.
19
10.00
378046.
65
1.00
4965535.
14
64.00
AVE.DAILY AB
(1/2)
57006.65
24648.1
2
378046.
65
4
5
AVE.VOL.
AB/AVE (3/4)
0.17
0.07
1.10
140
77586.49
ED
244895.
35
1.00
244895.
35
ED+1 TO
ED+10
564680.
46
10.00
56468.0
5
0.23
-0.71
-0.16
ED+1 TO
ED+30
861797.
27
30.00
28726.5
8
344464.
35
0.08
Interpretation
the volume due to poor return generated by the script. The situation has improved after the exdividend date i.e. from the day after the ex-dividend date till the month after the ex-dividend date
141
24. Aban Off Shore

Time Window
AD-30 TO AD-01
AD-10 TO AD-1
AD
AD+1-ED-1
ED
ED+1-ED+10
ED+1-ED+30
142
Cum. Ab. Volume

-16.82%
-0.42%
-2.85%
8.01%
-2.52%
-13.20%
-26.19%
-0.36%
Interpretation
143

N
o
1
2
CUM. AB
DAYS
966687.
24
30.00
1732845.
12
10.00
283586.
39
1.00
AVE.DAILY AB
(1/2)
32222.9
1
173284.5
1
283586.
39
AD+1 TO
ED-1
351260.
85
34.00
10331.2
0
4
5
AVE.VOL.
AB/AVE (3/4)
0.02
0.13
0.22
-0.01
144
AD-30
TO AD-1
AD-10 TO
AD-1
AD
ED
631461.
61
1.00
631461.
61
ED+1 TO
ED+10
4343231.
88
10.00
434323.1
9
-0.49
-0.33
ED+1 TO
ED+30
12981201.
59
30.00
432706.72
1297227.6
1
-0.33
Interpretation
145
POWER SECTOR
25. NTPC Ltd
Time Window
AD-30 TO AD-01
AD-10 TO AD-1
AD
AD+1-ED-1
ED
ED+1-ED+10
ED+1-ED+30
146
Cum. Ab. Volume

5.15%
6.18%
1.54%
-4.05%
-0.62%
-1.27%
-0.16%
0.01%
Interpretation
Abnormal Return. The return has somewhat worsened on the Announcement Date. The returns
after the Announcement date have been negative throughout which indicates that there has been
some adverse impact on the investors on the Announcement date.
147

N
o
1
2
CUM. AB
DAYS
AVE.DAILY
AB (1/2)
AD-30 TO
AD-1
8566194.
56
30.00
285539.8
2
AVE.VOL.
AB/AVE
(3/4)
-0.18
4
5
148
AD-10 TO
AD-1
1375448.
11
10.00
137544.8
1
1171726.
11
1.00
AD+1 TO
ED-1
9400108.
89
98.00
1171726.
11
-0.09
0.73
AD
ED+1 TO
ED+10
7952860.
22
10.00
795286.0
2
ED+1 TO
ED+30
19805663.
89
30.00
95919.48
ED
341898.
89
1.00
341898.
89
-0.06
-0.21
-0.50
-0.41
660188.80
1599144.8
9
Interpretation
149
26.
Power Grid Ltd.

Time Window
AD-30 TO AD-01
AD-10 TO AD-1
AD
AD+1-ED-1
ED
ED+1-ED+10
ED+1-ED+30
150
Cum. Ab. Volume

15.32%
0.59%
-0.05%
0.44%
0.17%
-0.20%
1.02%
0.13%
Interpretation
We can see that before the announcement date of dividend there was a big positive Cumulative
Abnormal Return. But it falls substantially on the announcement date. This negative return is due
to heavy selling on the announcement day. The situation has improved thereafter till the exdividend date. After the ex-dividend date, the returns have reduced.
151
Abnormal Return (Volume)

N
o
1
2
CUM. AB
DAYS
AVE.DAILY
AB (1/2)
AD-30 TO AD-10 TO
AD-1
AD-1
AD
9775476. 1493536. 411865.
21
34
24
30.00
10.00
1.00
325849.2 149353.6 411865.
1
3
24
AVE.VOL.
AB/AVE
(3/4)
0.24
4
5
0.11
-0.30
AD+1 TO
ED-1
5564769.
13
63.00
88329.67
ED
1036178.
24
1.00
1036178.
24
ED+1 TO
ED+10
3478473.
42
10.00
347847.3
4
-0.07
-0.76
-0.26
ED+1 TO
ED+30
14519236.
97
30.00
483974.57
1356979.2
4
-0.36
Interpretation
The period of a month before the Announcement date had a positive absolute volume. But then
after, the absolute volume turned negative. Thus, it is not advisable to invest in such a script.
152
27. Tata Ltd.

Time Window
AD-30 TO AD-01
AD-10 TO AD-1
AD
AD+1-ED-1
ED
ED+1-ED+10
ED+1-ED+30
153
Cum. Ab. Volume

-0.84%
-1.29%
0.10%
11.84%
-2.66%
0.10%
12.34%
0.18%
Interpretation
after the announcement date the returns had shot up sharply. This indicates that on the
announcement date, there must have been some positive impact on the investors because of
which the returns have increased. The returns were negative on the ex-dividend date but
thereafter the returns have increased substantially.
154

N
o
1
2
CUM. AB
DAYS
AD-30
TO AD-1
463004.4
2
30.00
AD-10
TO AD-1
589144.3
3
10.00
AVE.DAILY AB
(1/2)
15433.48
58914.43
AD
75328.4
2
1.00
75328.4
2
4
5
AVE.VOL.
AB/AVE (3/4)
-0.11
-0.41
-0.52
AD+1 TO
ED-1
2003953.
33
44.00
-45544.39
ED
88426.4
2
1.00
88426.4
2
-0.32
-0.61
ED+1 TO
ED+10
335100.3
3
10.00
33510.03
-0.23
ED+1 TO
ED+30
1173314.
58
30.00
-39110.49
144315.4
2
-0.27
Interpretation
Date. However, after the Announcement of Dividend, the Absolute volume increases till the exdividend date. But after the ex-dividend date, it again starts falling.
155
REALITY SECTOR
28. DLF Ltd.
Time Window
AD-30 TO AD-01
AD-10 TO AD-1
AD
AD+1-ED-1
ED
ED+1-ED+10
ED+1-ED+30
156
Cum. Ab. Volume

3.74%
7.95%
1.11%
16.18%
-0.45%
0.41%
19.44%
0.28%
Interpretation
This is a good script to invest in. The returns have remained positive before and after the
Announcement date. Only on the ex-dividend date, the script showed negative returns, but after
that the returns have been positive. This indicates there has been some positive impact on the
investors on the ex-dividend date.
157

N
o
1
2
CUM. AB
DAYS
1756546.
23
30.00
AVE.DAILY
AB (1/2)
58551.54
AD-10
TO AD-1
1733861.
03
10.00
173386.1
0
AVE.VOL.
AB/AVE
(3/4)
0.05
-0.14
4
5
AD-30
TO AD-1
AD
423734.
72
1.00
423734.
72
-0.34
AD+1 TO
ED-1
ED
ED+1 TO
ED+10
ED+1 TO
ED+30
33637807.
87
103.00
1891299.
28
1.00
6091186.
69
10.00
20522644.
36
30.00
326580.66
1891299.
28
609118.6
7
0.26
1.50
0.48
684088.15
1258961.7
2
0.54
Interpretation
The abnormality in the volume on the Announcement Date reached at its peak in terms of
negativity. The situation improved thereafter leading to an increase in the absolute volume. The
158
absolute volume reached at its peak on the ex-dividend date. This can be due to huge selling
pressure on the Ex-dividend date. Thereafter the absolute volume has decreased subsequently.
29. Anantraj Ltd.

Time Window
AD-30 TO AD-01
AD-10 TO AD-1
AD
AD+1-ED-1
ED
ED+1-ED+10
ED+1-ED+30
159
Cum. Ab. Volume

-74.99%
-13.06%
0.14%
-38.77%
-9.32%
-0.99%
-30.06%
-1.45%
Interpretation
which the returns have fallen down. The returns have remained negative after the Announcement
Date.
160

N
o
1
2
CUM. AB
DAYS
AVE.DAILY AB
(1/2)
AD-30 TO
AD-1
4321347.
70
30.00
144044.9
2
4
5
AVE.VOL.
AB/AVE (3/4)
-0.32
161
AD-10 TO
AD-1
1292864.
43
10.00
129286.4
4
AD
272972.
92
1.00
272972.
92
-0.29
-0.62
-43384.53
ED
216773.
92
1.00
216773.
92
ED+1
TO
ED+10
67089.
51
10.00
6708.9
5
-0.10
-0.49
-0.02
AD+1 TO
ED-1
1475073.
89
34.00
ED+1 TO
ED+30
2831575.
30
30.00
-94385.84
443745.9
2
-0.21
Interpretation
162
Ackruti City Ltd.
30.
Time Window
AD-30 TO AD-01
AD-10 TO AD-1
AD
AD+1-ED-1
ED
ED+1-ED+10
ED+1-ED+30
163
Cum. Ab. Volume

27.50%
13.95%
-0.82%
31.11%
2.65%
2.41%
27.23%
0.72%
Interpretation
Abnormal Return. The return has somewhat worsened on the Announcement Date. But after the
positive impact on the investors on the announcement date. So this is a good script to invest in
for the investors.
164

N
o
1
2
3
4
5
CUM. AB
DAYS
AVE.DAILY AB
(1/2)
AVE.VOL.
AB/AVE (3/4)
AD-30
TO AD-1
208679.6
3
30.00
AD-10
TO AD-1
461323.5
3
10.00
6955.99
46132.35
AD
50292.7
9
1.00
50292.7
9
0.18
1.18
1.28
AD+1 TO
ED-1
2297931.4
7
30.00
76597.72
ED
49021.7
9
1.00
49021.7
9
1.96
1.25
ED+1
TO
ED+10
20871.5
3
10.00
2087.15
0.05
ED+1 TO
ED+30
2194418.3
7
30.00
73147.28
39140.21
1.87
Interpretation
This script is a good one to invest as it has positive absolute volume prior to the Announcement
date and also after the Announcement date. The script also has positive absolute volume prior
and after the ex-dividend date.
165
Chapter 6 Findings
166
Mean Cumulative Abnormal Return

TIME WINDOW
AD-30 TO AD-01
AD-10 TO AD-01
AD
AD+01 TO ED-01
ED
ED+01 TO ED+10
ED+01 TO ED+30
167
Mean Cumulative Abnormal Return

-1.36%
-2.91%
0.43%
-6.23%
-2.58%
-10.75%
-9.75%
Interpretation
Mean cumulative Abnormal Return shows the average abnormal return for a given window
among the firms. We can see that it is low before the announcement date. As dividend is
announced cumulative abnormal return rises, this shows that abnormality is created due to
declaration of dividend. So we can consider that on the basis of analysis of above 30 companies
that on average on announcement date maximum price rise is seen because declaration of
dividend brings about positive impression in the mind of investors towards the company. More
over many intraday traders also participate for short term gain during the entire day. This yields
positive cumulative abnormal return for the average companies. In addition if we think rationally
this is the normal and general tendency among the investors. There is a big negative cumulative
abnormal return between the announcement date and effective date. The reason is that there is
general tendency among investors to wait till the effective date to realize the dividend income.
Due to this number of transaction taking place reduces. This brings about negative cumulative
abnormal effect during this period. This is the normal market scenario. And we can see that
market runs accordingly. Even after the effective date the return goes on reducing. It means big
supply pressure is created by dividend effect which brought the price down and so the abnormal
value also comes down. The reason is that after realizing the dividend income the share holders
want to sell of the shares but at that time other investors are not ready to purchase shares. So
This also shows the general tendency of investors of buying shares after the dividend is
announced
168
and
selling
out
on
the
ex-dividend
date.
Mean Average Abnormal Return

TIME WINDOW
AD-30 TO AD-01
AD-10 TO AD-01
AD
AD+01 TO ED-01
ED
ED+01 TO ED+10
ED+01 TO ED+30
Mean average Abnormal Return

-0.20%
0.07%
0.43%
-0.10%
-2.58%
0.16%
0.12%
Interpretation
Mean Average Abnormal Return indicates the daily average return in a given window among the
firms. We can see in the above chart that the average abnormal return is highest positive on
announcement date. Gradually from the period AD to ED it again goes on decreasing. This is
because of higher participation among investors in market. But in long run that is after effective
date it again start rising. This is again because of huge buying pressure that is generated by
dividend effect. Thus it is better for any new investor to invest in company as soon as divided is
announced and should sell of the shares immediately after the dividend is paid out.
169
Mean of Average Daily Cumulative Abnormal Volume

TIME WINDOW
AD-30 TO AD-01
AD-10 TO AD-01
AD
AD+01 TO ED-01
ED
ED+01 TO ED+10
ED+01 TO ED+30
170
MADCAV
556231.972
-160613.327
217554.3427
1087939.343
-167032.854
-846716.415
-2465219.33
Interpretation
MADCAV indicates the average daily cumulative abnormal volume among the firms. As we can
see form the above chart that maximum trading takes place between announcement date to
effective date time period. Before the announcement date however, mainly before three months
to one month maximum trading take place. This indicates that there is good supply of shares and
at the same time new and small participation might also take place. After effective date the
abnormal return drastically reduces due to non participation of large investors. When we see
such huge abnormal effect in comparison of price effect we can clearly say that there is huge
abnormal trading taking place after the dividend. But the supply pressure is so high that it leads
to decrease in price of shares resulting into negative cumulative abnormal return.
171
Mean Ratio of AB. Volume To Avg Volume

TIME WINDOW
AD-30 TO AD-01
AD-10 TO AD-01
AD
AD+01 TO ED-01
ED
ED+01 TO ED+10
ED+01 TO ED+30
172
MRABAV
0.01
0.04
0.70
0.00
-0.24
0.01
0.21
Interpretation
This ratio indicates how much times the abnormal volume traded greater than the average
volume traded. During the period from AD-30 to AD the script generated positive cumulative
abnormal volume. We can see that the ratio is very less before one month of announcement date.
This is because there is huge liquidity problem before announcement date in shares. On
announcement date ratio have reached to 0.70 which means that lot many investors have
participate to gain long term as well as short term gains. Intra traders participate on this day to
gain short term profits arising from price fluctuations. This leads to very high positive
cumulative abnormal return. Between announcement date and ex-dividend date the ratio is very
low. This is because after dividend is announced people prefer dividend to be paid and price to
be come down in more tradable range. So in order to earn the dividend income the investors
retain their shares upto effective date. Thus no transactions takes place as there are buyers but no
sellers. This brings about negative impact on volume of transactions thereby leading to negative
cumulative abnormal return. After effective date the ratio is seem to be rising which means that
investors have realized the dividend income and now they want to sell of their shares. Buying
pressure was already there during the period between AD to ED. But now after the effective date
selling pressure have also generated. This neutralizes the effect and thereby generate positive
cumulative abnormal volume as more number of takes place. Thus the market behaves in a
rational manner.
173
Chapter 7 Recommendations
174
Recommendations
The dividend news in the market creates abnormality in the return and volume of the script,
so that investor should not treat that markets are always efficient.
Investors should behave rationally while taking their decision regarding investment in any
script. They should wait for the abnormality in the script to be removed before investing in
it.
For long term investor, dividend decision of a company should not be a major influencing
factor in their investment decision.
Investors should consider the fundamentals of the company before investing in it and should
consider the actual performance of the company over the period of time.
Dividend as a corporate event affects the share prices of the firm for a specific time period
only. As dividend event gets over the abnormality in the script is removed and the stock
prices start reflecting its actual value. So investors should not get lured by the dividends.
Directors should adopt a dividend policy which gives consideration to the interests of each
of the group comprising a substantial proportion of shareholders.
A definite dividend policy, followed for a long period in the past trends to create clientele
effect. That is it attracts those investors that consider the dividend policy in accord with their
investment requirements. If the company suddenly changes its dividend policy, it may work
to the detriment to those shareholders as they may have to switch to other companies to
fulfil their needs. Thus an established dividend policy should be changed only after having
an analyzed its probable effect on existing shareholders. It should be changed slowly and
not abruptly.
A huge positive abnormal return before the announce date of dividend indicates the sins of
leakage of any insider information. So the investor must check room for such insider
information before investing in that company. This will help them to protect themselves
from future losses.
175
176
Chapter 8 Conclusions
177
Conclusions
This project examines the relation between dividend decision and its impact on the
market price of the stock.
The information about the corporate dividend policies brings abnormality in the market
and market does perform efficiently.
The movements in stock prices and trading volume are influenced by the flow of new
information into the market.
The dividend effect are reflected into the market price of the company within the time
period of few days before the announce date to few days after the ex-dividend date.
Insider information plays vital role in the fluctuations of stock price and trading volume
of and company which has declared dividend.
We can conclude from this project that there is linear relationship between dividend
decision and market price of the company for a limited duration. Thereafter the markets
start behaving efficiently and absorb all the available information in the market.
178
Refrences
1.
Anand,
M.
(2004).
Factors influencing dividend policy decisions of corporate india. ICFAI Journal of

Applied Finance, 10(2), 5 -16
2.
Beechey, M, Gruen, D
& Vickery, J.(2000). The efficient market Hypothesis: A survey. Reserve Bank of
Australia, Economic Research Department.
3.
Dr. Y.S.R (2003, june

11). Dividend Policy of Indian corporate firm: An analysis of trends and determinants.
Retrieved
Feburary
28,
2009,
from
www.ssrn.com:
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/results.cfm? Request Timeout = 50000000

4.
Farouqui,
S.U.,
&
saiyed, A.A. (2008, April). Dividend A lure for investors. Banking Finance,5
5.
Black,
F.
(1976),
Dividend Puzzle Journal for portfolio Management, Vol. 2, No 2, winter,pp. 5-8

6.
Mahahjan, S & Singh,

B, (2008). Trading Volume and Return Volatility Dynamics in Indian Stock Market.
The ICFAI journal of Applied Finance.,14(2),20.
7.
Rijwani,
p.
(2007).
Stock split The mystery Unleashed, Research Development Association Journal,

December 2007.
8.
Singla,
H.K.
(2007,
May). An Empirical Test Stock Split Announcement in Indian Market. Portfolio

Organiser, 9
9.
Miller, M and K. Rock

(1985), Dividend Policy under Asymmetric Information, Journal of Finance, Vol. 40,
No.4, pp. 1031-1051
10.
179
Data Collected from

a.
www.bseindia.com
b.
www.moneycontrol.co
m
c.
Prowess
CMIE
180
software
of
APPENDIX
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[AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF CORPORATE DIVIDEND POLICY]

DIVIEND POLICY- THE MECHANISAM

N R Institute of Business Management

[AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF CORPORATE DIVIDEND POLICY]

N R Institute of Business Management

[AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF CORPORATE DIVIDEND POLICY]

Technically, it is illegal to pay a dividend except out of retained earnings. This is

Internal Revenue Service Section 531 Improper Accumulation of funds. This is

Use a constant payout ratio (for example, 50% of EPS)

N R Institute of Business Management

[AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF CORPORATE DIVIDEND POLICY]

1.2 Forms of Payment

N R Institute of Business Management

[AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF CORPORATE DIVIDEND POLICY]

N R Institute of Business Management

[AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF CORPORATE DIVIDEND POLICY]

N R Institute of Business Management

[AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF CORPORATE DIVIDEND POLICY]

N R Institute of Business Management

[AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF CORPORATE DIVIDEND POLICY]

N R Institute of Business Management

[AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF CORPORATE DIVIDEND POLICY]

N R Institute of Business Management

[AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF CORPORATE DIVIDEND POLICY]

N R Institute of Business Management

[AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF CORPORATE DIVIDEND POLICY]

Chapter 2 Research Methodology

N R Institute of Business Management

[AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF CORPORATE DIVIDEND POLICY]

To analyze the effect of corporate dividend decisions in terms of creating abnormality in

N R Institute of Business Management

[AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF CORPORATE DIVIDEND POLICY]

Objectives of the Study:

N R Institute of Business Management

[AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF CORPORATE DIVIDEND POLICY]

Scope of the Study:

: One company of BSE-500

: 30 companies from BSE-500 index

N R Institute of Business Management

[AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF CORPORATE DIVIDEND POLICY]

N R Institute of Business Management

[AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF CORPORATE DIVIDEND POLICY]

Steps to find out Abnormal Price Effect

N R Institute of Business Management

[AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF CORPORATE DIVIDEND POLICY]

B. Find out daily script return

N R Institute of Business Management

[AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF CORPORATE DIVIDEND POLICY]

C. Find out daily Market Return

N R Institute of Business Management

[AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF CORPORATE DIVIDEND POLICY]

N R Institute of Business Management

[AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF CORPORATE DIVIDEND POLICY]

N R Institute of Business Management

[AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF CORPORATE DIVIDEND POLICY]

N R Institute of Business Management

[AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF CORPORATE DIVIDEND POLICY]

Y-Intercept (a) :(Alpha)

N R Institute of Business Management

[AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF CORPORATE DIVIDEND POLICY]

because the actual return on the

which is indeed very high than the expected return of

for that day. This return