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JA304 Internal Combustion Engine

POLYTECHNICS
MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION MALAYSIA
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

COURSE

: JA 304 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

INTSRUCTIONAL DURATION

: 15 WEEKS

CREDIT( S )

: 2

PREREQUISITE (S )

JJ 207 THERMODYNAMICS 1

SYNOPSIS

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE covers various types of engines, piston engine

process analysis, combustion process and fuel characteristics, engines criterions
and comparison, as well as various engine parts and their functions.

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES ( CLO )

Upon completion of this course, students should be able to:

1. Explain the classification of external and internal combustion engines.(C4)

2. Sketch the diagram of processes involved in spark ignition and compression
ignition.(P4)

3. Apply mathematical equations and solve the problems that are related to
engine's criterion and comparison.(A5)

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JA304 Internal Combustion Engine

SUMMARY

( 30 LECTURE : 15 TUTORIAL)
RTA

1.0

TYPES OF ENGINES

(02 : 01)

This topic covers the Classification of engines such as external

combustion engine and internal combustion engine, Spark
Ignition and Compression Ignition engine, Reciprocating engine,
Rotary engine, and Gas Turbine engine.
2.0

PISTON ENGINE PROCESS ANALYSIS

(06 : 03)

This topic covers the principle of air standard cycle and the
analysis for piston engine combustion process in Otto cycle,
Diesel cycle and Dual cycle.
3.0

COMBUSTION AND FUEL CHARACTERISTICS

(04 : 02)

This topic covers the understanding of combustion process in

spark ignition as well as compression ignition engine. It also
includes knocking phenomenon and fuel characteristics.
4.0

ENGINES CRITERIONS AND COMPARISON

(06 : 03)

This topic covers analysis of indicator power, brake power,

torque specific fuel consumption, thermal efficiency, volumetric
efficiency, mechanical efficiency as well as Morse test analysis.
5.0

CYLINDER BLOCK AND CYLINDER HEAD

(04 : 02)

This topic covers cylinder block, cylinder sleeves and cylinder

head construction, materials and design consideration.
6.0

PISTON AND PISTON RINGS

This topic covers various types of piston and piston rings,
operation of piston rings, methods of controlling piston
expansion as well as types of installation for piston pin.

(04 : 02)

7.0

VALVE AND COOLING VALVE

(04 : 02)

This topic covers valve construction and materials, valve

rotation, valve cooling, and hydraulic valve lifter.
RTA

: Recommended Time Allocation

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JA304 Internal Combustion Engine

SYLLABUS
1.0

TYPES OF ENGINES
1.1

Understand engine classification and operation

1.1.1 Distinguish between Internal Combustion Engine and External
Combustion Engine
1.1.2 Distinguish between reciprocating engine and rotary engine
1.1.3 Explain the operation of various types of engine cycles
a. 2-Stroke Spark Ignition Engine
b. 2 -Stroke Compression Ignition Engine
c. 4-Stoke Spark Ignition Engine
d. 4-Stroke Compression Ignition Engine
1.1.4
1.1.5
1.1.6

2.0

Explain the operation of Rotary (Wankel) engine

Explain the operation of Gas Turbine engine
Define the term of power to weight ratio

PISTON ENGINE PROCESS ANALYSIS

2.1

Understand air-standard cycle

2.1.1 Define air-standard cycle
2.1.2 List the assumptions used to define air standard cycle

2.2

Understand Constant volume and constant pressure heating

2.2.1 Define constant volume heating
2.2.2 Define constant pressure heating

2.3

Understand compression ratio

2.3.1 Define the term of compression ratio
2.3.2 Calculate compression ratio based on given parameters

2.4

Understand various types of air standard cycles

2.4.1 Draw P-V and T-S diagram and explain the thermodynamic
process in Otto Cycle
2.4.2 Draw P-V and T-S diagram and explain the thermodynamic
process in Diesel Cycle
2.4.3 Draw P-V and T-S diagram and explain the thermodynamic
process in Dual Cycle

2.5

Understand the thermal efficiency

2.5.1 Define the term thermal efficiency
2.5.2 Calculate the thermal efficiency of Otto Cycle
2.5.3 Calculate the thermal efficiency of Diesel cycle
2.5.4 Calculate the thermal efficiency of Dual Cycle
2.5.5 Compare the thermal efficiency among Otto, diesel and dual
cycles based on P-V and T-S diagram

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3.0

JA304 Internal Combustion Engine

COMBUSTION AND FUEL CHARACTERISTICS

3.1

Understand the combustion process terms

3.1.1 Define the term of Normal Combustion
3.1.2 Define the term of Abnormal Combustion
3.1.3 Define the term of Ignition
3.1.4 Define the term of Pre-ignition
3.1.5 Define the term of Ignition Delay
3.1.6 Define the term of advance and retard

3.2

Understand the combustion process of Spark Ignition engine

3.2.1 Draw the Pressure vs crankshaft position diagram and label
the important points on the diagram as follows;
a. Ignition point
b. Combustion start point
c. Combustion end point
3.2.2 Explain the combustion process based on the Pressure vs
crankshaft position diagram
3.2.3 Explain the effect of engine speed on ignition timing
3.2.4 Describe the effect of advance and retard ignition timing on
combustion process

3.3

Understand the knocking or detonation process in Spark Ignition

engine
3.3.1 Define the term of knocking or detonation
3.3.2 Define the term of surface ignition
3.3.3 Describe the knocking phenomenon in Spark Ignition engine
3.3.4 List down the factors that contribute knocking
3.3.5 List down the effects of knocking to engine
3.3.6 List down the method to control or reduce knocking

3.4

Understand the combustion process of Compression Ignition engine

3.4.1 Draw a Ricardo diagram and explain the combustion process
in compression ignition engine
3.4.2 Discuss the effect of the following items that promote to
knocking phenomenon in compression ignition engine
a. Charge temperature
b. Injection timing
c. Atomization
d. Engine speed (RPM)
e. The quality of fuel

3.5

Understand Fuel Characteristics

3.5.1 Define Research Octane Number (RON)
3.5.2 Define Cetane Number
3.5.3 List the need of evaporative characteristics of fuel to engine
operation
3.5.4 List types of fuel additives and explain their purpose

3.6

Understand the term of stoichiometric ratio

3.6.1 Write the balance chemical equation of air-fuel combustion
process
3.6.2 Define the term of stoichiometric ratio
3.6.3 Define the term of Rich mixture
3.6.4 Define the term of Lean mixture

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4.0

ENGINES CRITERIONS AND COMPARISON

4.1

5.0

JA304 Internal Combustion Engine

Understand engine operating parameters

4.1.1 Define the term of the following engine operating parameters
a. Indicated Power
b. Brake Power
c. Friction Power
d. Torque
e. Mean Effective Pressure (m.e.p)
f. Specific Fuel Consumption (s.f.c)
g. Volumetric Efficiency
h. Indicated Thermal Efficiency
i. Brake Thermal Efficiency
j. Mechanical Efficiency
4.1.2

Calculate the following engine operating parameters

a. Indicated Power
b. Brake Power
c. Friction Power
d. Torque
e. Mean Effective Pressure (m.e.p)
f. Specific Fuel Consumption (s.f.c)
g. Volumetric Efficiency
h. indicated Thermal Efficiency
i. Brake Thermal Efficiency
j. Mechanical Efficiency

4.1.3
4.1.4

List the factors that influence the volumetric efficiency

List the factors that influence the thermal efficiency

4.2

Understand Engine's Performance Curves

4.2.1 Sketch and Explain the following Engine's Performance Curves
a. Torque vs Engine Speed
b. Brake Power vs Engine Speed
c. Indicated power vs Engine Speed
d. Specific Fuel Consumption (s.f.c) vs Engine Speed

4.3

Understand Morse Test

4.3.1 List Morse Test Procedure
4.3.2 Analyze Morse Test Data and calculate Indicated Power
4.3.3 Discuss Morse Test result

CYLINDER BLOCK AND CYLINDER HEAD

5.1

5.2

Understand the construction, function and operation of Cylinder Block

and its components
5.1.1 List down the factors that contribute to cylinder block design
considerations
5.1.2 List down materials used in making cylinder block and explain
the reasons to use them
Understand Cylinder Sleeve or Liner
5.2.1 Define Dry Sleeve and Wet Sleeve
5.2.2 Draw the construction of Dry Sleeve and Wet Sleeve

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5.2.3

5.3

6.0

JA304 Internal Combustion Engine

Compare the advantages and disadvantages between Dry

Sleeve and Wet Sleeve

Understand the construction, function and operation of Cylinder Head

5.3.1 List down the factors that contribute to cylinder head design
considerations
5.3.2 List down types of combustion chamber design
5.3.3 List down the factors that contribute to combustion chamber
design considerations
5.3.4 List down materials used in making cylinder head and explain
the reason to use them

PISTON AND PISTON RINGS

6.1

Understand the construction, function and operation of piston

6.1.1 State the function of piston
6.1.2 Draw the various types of piston and piston head
6.1.3 list down materials used in making piston and explain the
reason to use them
6.1.4 List down the factors that contribute to piston design
considerations
6.1.5 Explain the importance of reducing piston weight and size
6.1.6 Explain the importance of piston clearance
6.1.7 Sketch and compare between full skirt piston and semi skirt
piston

6.2

Understand the method of reducing piston expansion

6.2.1 List down methods use to reduce piston thermal expansion
6.2.2 Explain the advantage of using cam ground piston
6.2.3 Identify the major diameter and minor diameter of a cam
ground piston

6.3

Understand the construction of piston pin

6.3.1 Sketch and label three types of Piston pin construction
a. Full floating
b. Press Fit on piston
c. Press Fit on connecting rod

6.4

Understand the construction, function and operation of piston rings

6.4.1 State the functions of compression rings
6.4.2 Sketch and label various types of Compression ring
crosssections
6.4.3 Explain the operation of compression rings during intake,
compression and power stroke
6.4.4 Explain why the engine needs two compression rings
6.4.5 Discuss compression ring wears
6.4.6 State the functions of oil rings
6.4.7 Sketch and label various types of oil ring crosssections
6.4.8 Explain the operation of oil rings during engine cylce

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7.0

JA304 Internal Combustion Engine

VALVE AND COOLING VALVE

7.1

Understand the construction, function and operation of Valves

7.1.1 State the various types of valve arrangement
7.1.2 Draw and label valve construction
7.1.3 Explain why the intake valve usually larger than exhaust valve
7.1.4 List down materials used in making valve and explain the
reason to use them
7.1.5 Explain how the lead in petrol help to protect the valve
7.1.6 Explain why interference angle exist between valve face and
valve seat
7.1.7 Explain why the valve needs rotation
7.1.8 Explain how valve rotation occurs

7.2

Understand valve cooling

7.2.1 Sketch and label hot zones on an exhaust valve
7.2.2 Explain how the intake and exhaust valve are cooled
7.2.3 Explain how a sodium-cooled valve could maintain lower
temperature

7.3

Understand the construction, function and operation of hydraulic valve

lifter
7.3.1 State the function of hydraulic valve lifter
7.3.2 Sketch and label the construction of a hydraulic valve lifter
7.3.3 Explain the operation of hydraulic valve lifter

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JA304 Internal Combustion Engine

ASSESSMENT

The course assessment is carried out in two sections:

i.

Coursework (CA)
Coursework is continuous assessment that measures knowledge,
technical skills and soft skills.

ii.

Final Examination (FE)

Final examination is carried out at the end of the semester.

The percentage ratio of FE to CA shall follow the guideline stated in the ArahanArahan Peperiksaan dan Kaedah Penilaian which is approved by the Lembaga
Peperiksaan dan Penganugerahan Sijil/ Diploma Politeknik.
ASSESSMENT SPECIFICATION TABLE (AST)
ASSESSMENT METHODS FOR COURSEWORK
(CA)

TYPES OF ENGINES

CLO 3

CLO 2

CONTEXT

CLO 1

CLO

Test

Quiz

End of
chapter

Case
Study

*(2) 40%

*(4) 20%

*(2) 20%

*(2) 20%

PISTON ENGINE PROCESS

ANALYSIS

COMBUSTION AND FUEL

CHARACTERISTICS

ENGINES CRITERIONS AND

COMPARISON

CYLINDER BLOCK AND

CYLINDER HEAD

PISTON AND PISTON

RINGS

VALVE AND COOLING

VALVE

Remark:
CLO1 : Explain the classification of external and internal combustion engines.
CLO2 : Sketch the diagram of processes involved in spark ignition and compression ignition
CLO3 : Apply mathematical equations and solve the problems that are related to engine's
criterion and comparison

*(x) refers to the quantity of assessment

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REFERENCES

Jack Erjavec (2000), Automotive Technology. 3rd Edition, Delmar Thomson

Learning. ISDN 0-7668-0673-1

Glencoe (2004), Automotive Excellence. Part 1, The Mc Graw Hill Companies. ISDN
0-07-821285-4

Darrell L. Parks (2004), Automotive Excellence Volume 2, The Mc Graw Hill

Companies. ISDN 0-07-860010-3

Crouse Anglin (1995), Automotive Engineers. 8th Edition, Glencoe Division. ISDN 002-801099-x

Dick H. King (1998), Computers Engine Controls. 5th Edition, Delmar Publishing.
ISDN 0-7668-0290-6

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MATRIX OF COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES (CLO) VS PROGRAMME LEARNING OUTCOMES (PLO)

Course Learning Outcome (CLO)

Explain the classification of external and

internal combustion engines.

Compliance to PLO
LO-1

LO-2

LO-3

LO-4

LO-5

LO-6

LO-7

LO-8

LO-9

Recommended
Delivery
Methods

Assessment

Quizes and Tests

C2,
A4

Sketch the diagram of processes involved in

spark ignition and compression ignition.

Apply mathematical equations and solve the

problems that are related to engine's criterion
and comparison.

Total

Interactive
Lecture,
Discussion and
presentation

P4,
A2

Quizes, Tests and

Case study

A2,
P4

Quizes, Tests and

End Of Chapter.

Remark :
LD1 Knowledge
LD2 Practical Skills
LD3 Communication Skills
LD4 Critical Thinking and Problem Solving Skills
LD5 Social Skills and Responsibilities
LD6 Continuous Learning and Information Management Skills
LD7 Management and Entrepreneurial Skills
LD8 Professionalism, Ethics and Moral
LD9 Leadership and Teamwork Skills

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DISTRIBUTION OF STUDENT LEARNING TIME

ACCORDING TO COURSE LEARNING - TEACHING ACTIVITY

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