MT 247

POWER ELECTRONICS
Lecture 1: Introduction

Instructor: Mariam Saleem

10/4/2016

POWER ELECTRONICS

Name : Mariam Saleem

mariam.saleem71@ee.ceme.edu.pk [U can send subject related questions or assignments ]

PhD in Electrical Engineering

: SEECS NUST (in progress)

MS in Signal Processing

: CE&ME NUST

BE

: Air University

in Electrical Engineering

Work Experience
Visiting Lecturer

Lecturer
General Manager
( Quality Enhancement Cell)
Research Assistant/ Lab
Engineer
Engineering Mentor
Trainee Engineer
10/4/2016

Air University, Islamabad

Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi
Bahria University, Islamabad

University of Lahore, Islamabad

National Project of Science &
Engineering Trust (SET)
College of E&ME (NUST),Rawalpindi
Presto-Experts ( New York Based Organization)
Ministry of Defense, Chaklala Garrison
POWER ELECTRONICS

International Publications
Mariam Saleem Development and Comparison of Blind Cloning
Book
Techniques in Digital Image Forensics, ( Indexed in University of
Regensburg ,Germany)
Mariam Saleem et al. A Key-Point Based Robust Algorithm For Detecting
Cloning Forgery, International Journal Of Current Engineering &
Technology, ISSN 2277-4106, Vol.4, No.4, Pp.2775-2779, August 2014.
Journal Papers Mariam Saleem et al., An Iterative Approach To Reconstruct Depth Map
For Image Relighting And Matching, (INPRESSCO),ISSN 2277-4106
Vol.4,No.4,Pp.2780-2783,August 2014.
Mariam Saleem, Dr.Qaiser Chaudry, A PROSAC-Based Robust Forensic
Method for Cloning Detection, ACEEE (ISI indexed).

Conference
Papers

10/4/2016

Mariam Saleem, A Comparative Analysis on Pixel-Based Blind Cloning

Techniques ,in IEEE 4th International Conference on Control System,
Computing & Engineering , Penang (Malaysia), November 2014
Mariam Saleem, Dr. Qaiser Chaudry, Survey on Blind Cloning
Techniques in Digital Image Forensics in IEEE 12th International
Conference on Applied Science & Technology (IBCAST) , Islamabad
(Pakistan), January 2015
Mariam Saleem et al., Exposing Post Processed Cloning forgeries
through PROSAC, ISSN 2321-5992, Beijing China , March 2015.
3

Course Structure
The course consists of Theory and Lab sessions, Theory Marks are distributed
as

Theory

80%

1) Assignments
2) Quizzes
3) Midterm
4) Final Exam

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5%
10%
20%
45%

POWER ELECTRONICS

Course Material

Textbook:

Power Electronics: Circuits, Devices, and Applications by Muhammad H.

Rashid

Reference Books:
Power Electronics by P. C. Sen
Power Electronics and Motor Control By W. Shepherd, L. N. Hulley and D. T.
W. Liang

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POWER ELECTRONICS

Topic
Week
1
2,3
4
5,6,7

Basic concepts, History of Power Electronics, Types of PE devices, Application of

Power Electronics.
Diodes, Ideal & Reverse recovery characteristics, Power diode types, Diodes
connection, diodes with loads, recovery of trapped energy.
Diode rectifiers, rectifier circuit design & performance parameters.
Power Transistors, BJTs, MOSFETS,IGBTs, COOLMOS, SITs, Series & Parallel
Operation
Mid Term Exams

9,10

Thyristors, Characteristics & models, Types of Thyristors, Operating conditions.

11,12

Controlled Rectifiers, Operating conditions & performance parameters, AC voltage

Controllers

13,14

Static Switches & Power Supplies

15,16
Introduction to AC/DC drives.

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POWER ELECTRONICS

Course Objective
The course will cover the fundamental knowledge & basic principles behind
Power Electronics.

In addition, the course will present an overview of power semi-conductor

devices their characteristics & fundamental principles of power conversion

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POWER ELECTRONICS

Outline of Lecture 1
1.1 Overview of Power Electronics

1.2 History of Development

1.3 Power Semi-Conductor Devices

1.4 Types of Power Convertors

1.5 Application of Power Electronics

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Power Electronics:
It combines

Power
Electronics &
Control

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POWER
It deals with power equipment's for generation, transmission
& distribution of electrical energy

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ELECTRONICS
It deals with solid-state devices & circuits for signal
processing

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Solid-State Devices
Circuits or devices built entirely from solid materials and in which the
electrons, or other charge carriers, are confined entirely within the solid
material.
Example : A metal-oxide Semi-Conductor FET

Source

Gate

Drain

Gate Oxide
Field Oxide

n+
p-Si

Bulk (Substrate)
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Electric Circuits
An electric circuit is a collection of circuit elements that have been
connected together to achieve a specific goal.

Wire
Capacitor
Inductor
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Resistors
Ability to resist flow of current in such away as to maintain a linear
proportional relationship between current and voltage.
Ohms law : Relate terminal voltages & currents of individual elements

i-v Characteristic

Short & Open Circuit

A straight line with slope 1/R.

The line goes through origin & its slope is
constant through out.

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A circuit with zero or minimal resistance (R=0) is

termed as short circuit
A circuit with very large resistance (R=) is
termed as open circuit

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Circuit Configuration of Resistors

I

Two or more elements are

connected in series if they carry
the same current and are
connected sequentially.
Two or more elements are
connected in parallel if they are
connected to the same two nodes
& consequently have the same
voltage across them.
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POWER ELECTRONICS

R1

R2

V0

I
I1

R1

I2

R2

15

Capacitors
A passive element that consists of two conducting surfaces which are
separated by non conducting/dielectric material.
Capacitance :The ability of circuit element to store charge in response
to voltage is called capacitance.
Basic capacitance law

Q f (VC )

Capacitance is measured in Farad (F).

One Farad(F)is the capacitance of a device that

can store one Coulomb of charge at one Volt.

Coulomb
Farad
Volt

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16

Current-Voltage (i-v characteristic)

A capacitance is said
perform the operation
voltage differentiation.

to
of

The capacitive current depend

upon rate of change of voltage.
The more rapidly the voltage
changes the larger the current.

q Cv

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dq
dv(t )
i (t ) C
dt
dt
17

Current-Voltage (i-v characteristic)

Since it involves time so we cant
visualize it in i-v plane , we will
separately examine v(t) & i(t)

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Voltage current (v-i characteristic)

To find voltage developed by
capacitance in response to an applied
current.
Since it involves time so we cant
visualize it in i-v plane , we will
separately examine v(t) & i(t)

VC (t )

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1
Q
C

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Energy stored in the capacitor

The instantaneous power delivered to the capacitor is

dv
p (t ) vi Cv
dt
The energy stored in the capacitor is thus

t
dv
w p (t )dt C v dt C vdv

dt
1 2
w Cv (t ) joules
2
t

Inductors
A passive element that consists of a conducting wire usually in a form
of coil. It stores energy in its magnetic field.
Inductance: The property whereby an inductor exhibits opposition to
the change of current flowing through it.
Basic inductance law

vL

di
d
vL L L
dt
dt

Inductance is measured in Henry (H).

HENRY

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Volt
Amp
sec

POWER ELECTRONICS

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Voltage current (v-i characteristic)

diL
vL L
dt

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Inductance is said to perform the

operation of current differentiation.
Since it involves time so we cant
visualize it in i-v plane , we will
separately examine v(t) & i(t).
If current constant no voltage across
an inductance, if i increases
inductance is absorbing energy & if I
decreases v is releasing energy.

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Current-Voltage (i-v characteristic)

An inductance is said to
perform operation of voltage
integration.

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Energy stored in an inductor

The instantaneous power delivered to an inductor is

di
p (t ) vi Li
dt

The energy stored in the magnetic field is thus

t
di
wL (t ) p (t )dt L i dt L idi
dt

1 2
wL (t ) Li (t ) joules
2

CONTROLS
It deals with steady-state & dynamic characteristics of a
closed-loop system

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25

Closed-Loop System i.e with Feedback

Error

Output

Reference
(Standard)

+-

Result

Controller

Actuator

Sensor

Plant

What is a Actuator?
Actuator is a device which
produce
mechanical energy (output motion) in
response to some type of energy input.
Complex

Electrical
Mechanical
Thermal

Energy

Fluid
Hydraulic
Pneumatic

Actuator

Motion

ElectroMechanical
Rotary

Chemical

DR.FIDA

Linear

What is a sensor?
Sensors are transducers that produce (transform) electrical
energy (signals) as a result of some type of stimulation
(measurement space)
Temperature
Distance

Measurement

Sensor

Electrical
Signals

Voltage
Voltage
Current
Digital

Force
Speed

Types of Sensors
Active..

Need External Power

Passive.. No External Power

Power Electronics
Electronics applied for the conversion and control of electric power.
to process and control the flow of electric energy by supplying
voltages and currents in a form that is suited for user loads.

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Relationship of Power Electronics to power,

electronics & controls
Power

Electronics

Power
Electronics

Continuous,
discrete

Control

Relation with multiple

disciplines
Systems &
Control theory

Signal
processing

Circuit
theory
Electric
machines

Simulation &
computing

Power
electronics

Power
systems

Electronics

Solid state
physics
Electromagnetics

Power electronics is currently the most active

discipline in electric power engineering worldwide.

Desired power out

(V, I, P, F)

Raw power in
Power & Electronic
Circuits

To loads:
Electronic ckts
Motor
Computer
Equipment

Battery
Fuel Cell
AC Outlet
Solar
Power Supply

Control

1.2 History of Development

Application of
fast-switching
Invention of
fully-controlled
Thyristor
semiconductor
devices
GTO
GTR
Mercury arc rectifier
Power MOSFET
Power diode
Vacuum-tube rectifier
Thyristor
Thyristor
Thyratron
(microprocessor)
1900

1957

Pre-history

late 1980s

mid 1970s

1st phase

IGBT
Power MOSFET
Thyristor
(DSP)

2nd phase

3rd phase

1.3 Types of Power

Semiconductors Devices

Semiconductor switches:
Diodes
MOSFETs
IGBTs
SCRs
Energy storage elements
Inductors
Capacitors

Diode

IGBT

MOSFET

SCR

1.4 Types of power electronics

converters
Electronic power converter is the term that is used to refer to a power
electronic circuit that converts voltage and current from one form to
another
Power
output
Power
input

AC to DC: RECTIFIER

AC input

DC output

DC to DC: CHOPPER
DC input

DC output

DC to AC: INVERTER
DC input

AC output

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1.5 Applications of Power

Electronics

Power supplies for electronic equipment

Telecommunications

Computers
server

computer

Office equipment

Electronic instruments

Portable or mobile electronics

Telecommunication

Utility systems applications

High-voltage dc transmission(HVDC)
Supplemental energy sources :
solar, wind, photovoltaic, fuel cells
Uninterruptible Power Supplies

Transportation applications
Trains & locomotives
Magnetic levitation
Electric vehicles
Hybrid cars
Automotive electronics
Ship power systems
Aircraft power systems

Residential and home appliances

Temperature maintenance
Air conditioning
Refrigeration & freezers
Cooking
Cleaning
Entertaining ( Audio Amplifier)

Applications in space technology

Spaceship power systems

Satellite power systems

Space vehicle power systems

Power electronic interfaces

Power electronic converters provide the necessary adaptation functions to
integrate all different microgrid components into a common system.