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Dr. Arindam Dey

Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
IIT Guwahati

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Blast: The Literal Meaning

A highly
exciting
experience

Strong gust
of wind
A
sudden
loud
noise/
bang
An
explosion
A hard
hit

An intense
adverse
criticism

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Blast and Geotechnics

Sudden release of accumulated intense energy

Blasts in geotechnical engineering

Causative agents


Explosions

Fault and Tectonic Movement

Impact loading (as in dynamic compaction)

Manifestations


Ground shaking and Tremors

Liquefaction and lateral spreading

Rock Fracturing

Applications


Underground Mining

Tunneling and Drilling operations

Identification of subsurface stratigraphy

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Drill and Blast Tunneling

Tunnel construction suitable for all geology

Rocks of low strength - Marl, Loam, Clay, Gypsum, Chalk

Rocks of high strength Granite, Gneiss, Basalt, Quartz

Advantage

Can accommodate changeable ground conditions

Economic for short-length tunnels (TBM is not suitable in these cases)

Desirable for development of non-circular tunnel cross-sections

Sequential work progression guided by local site geology

Caution

Generation of ground vibrations in urban areas

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Drill and Blast Tunneling: Work Sequence

Drilling

Formation of drill holes which are used to carry charges

Commonly used diameter : 40 50 mm

Two- and
Four-Boom
Drilling Rigs
Formation of Drill Holes

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Drill and Blast Tunneling: Work Sequence

Charging

Insertion of explosive charges within the drill holes

Common size of charges: Packets of 40 x 300 mm or 90 x 400 mm

Explosive material: Cartridge, Emulsion or Powder


Powder explosives (Ammonium Nitrate-Carbon Carrier Explosives)

Blown into drill hole by pressurized air

Restricted to horizontal drill holes which are in dry state

Emulsions (Explosive Slurries)

Cartridges (Gelatin-Dynamite Explosives)

Common since the drill hole can be completely filled depending upon its consistency
Available in packets (12.5 70 cm long and 2-12 cm diameter) with hand-held charge

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Drill and Blast Tunneling: Work Sequence

Stemming

Sealing of the drill-hole to retain the explosive gases

Detonating

Blasting of the explosive

Effect of detonation

Detonators


Charges required to set off the explosion

Electrical and Electronic Detonators

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Drill and Blast Tunneling: Work Sequence

Detonation Scheme

Face ready to be blasted in the

Heidkopf Tunnel, Germany)

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Drill and Blast Tunneling: Work Sequence

Ventilation

Fresh air is to be passed through ducts as artificial ventilation so that the

oxygen level does not fall below threshold during construction

Mucking

Cleaning up of the excavated material and it transportation out of the

tunnel

Support system

Installation of support system for the newly created void


Steel arches, anchors, steel mesh, concrete and other conventional timber
supports

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Drill and Blast Tunneling: Patterns

Drill Hole Patterns: Wedge cut

Parallel drill holes detonated within short interval of time

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Drill and Blast Tunneling: Patterns

Drill Hole Patterns: Fan cut

Different lengths of drill hole positioned against the invert

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Drill and Blast Tunneling: Patterns

Drill Hole Patterns: Parallel Drill Hole cut

Drill holes of same length running parallel to each other

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Drill and Blast Tunneling: Patterns

Drill Hole Patterns: Burn cut

Closely spaced unloaded and loaded drill holes running parallel to the

direction of advance and perpendicular to the face

Unloaded drill holes provide free surface for the reflection of shock waves

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Drill and Blast Tunneling: Patterns

Drill Hole Patterns: Smooth cut

Same as a wedge cut

Peripheral drill holes are smaller in diameter and filled with lesser

amount of explosives

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Blast Energy

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Blast Energy from Earthquakes

Generation of variety of seismic waves

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Seismic Body Waves

Compression or P-Waves

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Seismic Body Waves

Dilatational or S-Waves

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Seismic Body Waves

P-wave

SV-wave

SH-wave

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Seismic Surface Waves

Rayeigh Waves
Retrograde Ellipse
x
R-wave

Prograde Ellipse

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Seismic Surface Waves

Love Waves

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Reflection and Refraction of Waves

Case 1: A P-wave is incident on an interface

P1

P
2

Reflected P-wave

1 = 2

Following Snells law

Layer 1
vp1 , vs1
Layer 2
vp2 , vs2

sin 1 sin 2 sin 1 sin 3 sin 3

=
=
=
=
vp
vp
vs
vp
vs 2
1
1
1
2

SV1

3
3
P2
SV2

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Reflection and Refraction of Waves

Case 2: A SV-wave is incident on an interface

SV1

SV
2

Reflected SV-wave

1 = 2

Layer 1
vp1 , vs1

P1

Layer 2
vp2 , vs2

Following Snells law

sin 1 sin 2 sin 2 sin 3 sin 3

=
=
=
=
vs
vs
vp
vp
vs 2
1
1
1
2

3
SV2
P2

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Reflection and Refraction of Waves

Case 3: A SH-wave is incident on an interface

SH1

SH

Reflected SH-wave

1 = 2

Following Snells law

sin 1 sin 2 sin 3

=
=
vs
vs
vs 2
1
1

Layer 1
vp1 , vs1

Layer 2
vp2 , vs2
3

SH2

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Seismic Reflection Survey

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Seismic Refraction Survey

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Seismic Refraction Survey

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Dispersion and Dispersive Waves

Dispersion

Waves of different frequency (and wavelength) propagate with different

velocities

Love waves are dispersive waves

Rayleigh waves are dispersive in heterogeneous medium


Mathematically R-waves are non-dispersive in homogeneous medium

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Identification of Subsurface Stratigraphy

Multichannel Analysis of Spectral Waves (MASW)

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Identification of Subsurface Stratigraphy

Multichannel Analysis of
Spectral Waves (MASW)

Active MASW survey using

Impact Hammer, Sledge

Hammer, Electromechanical
Shaker or Explosive Blast


Data Acquisition

Dispersion Analysis

Inversion Analysis

Shear wave velocity profile

with depth

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Seismic Borehole Survey

Up-Hole Survey

Blast charge or Impact

energy is generated at
the bottom of the hole,
while the receivers are
placed at the surface

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Seismic Borehole Survey

Down-Hole Survey

Impact

or Blast energy is
generated at the surface, while
the receivers are along the
depth of the borehole

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Seismic Borehole Survey

Cross-Hole Survey

Impact

or Blast energy is
generated at a specific depth of
one of the borehole, while the
receivers are placed at the same
depth in the other boreholes

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Blast Loading and Ground Response Analysis

Response of the soil medium subjected to blast loading

Vertically propagating shear waves

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SSI of Pile Foundation under Blast Loading

Sequence of blasts to generate liquefaction scenario

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SSI of Pile Foundation under Blast Loading

Sudden generation of excess pore-pressure ratio

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SSI of Pile Foundation under Blast Loading

Surface displacement vectors

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SSI of Pile Foundation under Blast Loading

P-y model for single pile

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SSI of Pile Foundation under Blast Loading

P-y model for pile group

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SSI of Pile Foundation under Blast Loading

Response of Single and

Group of Piles

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Summary

Application of blast loads and shock waves in geotechnical

engineering

Tunneling and Drilling Problems

Identification of Subsurface Stratigraphy

Ground Response Analysis

SSI of Embedded Geotechnical Elements

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Thank You for Patient Hearing

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